CLOVE AS A MEDICINAL HERB

A SEMINAR

BY

EMEKWURU UCHECHI NNEDINMA

2019/HND/SLT/83314

A SEMINAR PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY, IMO STATE POLYTECHNIC
UMUAGWO

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN SCIENCE
LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY 

SUPERVISED BY: MR. ONWUBUCHE D.C

NOVEMBER, 2021

1
 OVERVIEW

Clove is an herb. People use the oils, dried flower buds, leaves, and stems
to make medicine.Clove is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant.
Expectorants make it easier to cough up phlegm. Clove oil is used for
diarrhea, hernia, and bad breath. Clove and clove oil are used for intestinal
gas, nausea, and vomiting.Clove is applied directly to the gums (used
topically) for toothache, for pain control during dental work, and for a
complication of tooth extraction called “dry socket.” It is also applied to the
skin as a counterirritant for pain and for mouth and throat inflammation. In
combination with other ingredients, clove is also applied to the skin as part
of a multi-ingredient product used to keep men from reaching orgasm too
early (premature ejaculation).In foods and beverages, clove is used as a
flavoring.In manufacturing, clove is used in toothpaste, soaps, cosmetics,
perfumes, and cigarettes. Clove cigarettes, also called kreteks, generally
contain 60% to 80% tobacco and 20% to 40% ground clove. Eugenol, one
of the chemicals in clove, acts like menthol to reduce the harshness of
tobaccosmoke.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page i

Overview ii

Table of contents iii

Introduction 1

History of clove 2

Botanical features of clove 3

Uses of clove 4

Non-culinary uses of clove 4

Uses & effectiveness 5

side effects of clove 8

Clove as a medicinal herb 11

Health benefits of cloves 17

Conclusion 21

References 22

3
 INTRODUCTION

Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family myrtaceae

Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas)
in Indonesia , and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are available
throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons in different
countries, (ANDAYA, 1993).

In foods and beverages, clove is used as a flavoring. In manufacturing, clove

is used in toothpaste, soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, and cigarettes. Clove
cigarettes, also called kreteks, generally contain 60% to 80% tobacco and
20% to 40% ground clove.

Clove is a common flavoring agent in foods and beverages, and is used as

a flavoring or fragrance in other products such as toothpaste, soaps, and
cosmetics. When used as a food product, clove is not likely to produce
health benefits or side effects. When used as a medicinal product, clove
may produce both desired and unwanted effects on the body, (Kamatou,
2012).

Clove has been used in alternative medicine as a possibly effective aid in

treating premature ejaculation, when it is combined with other ingredients
and applied to the outer skin of the penis before sexual intercourse. Clove
may have been combined with other plants or extracts in a specific
preparation to treat this condition.

4
Other uses not proven with research have included tooth pain, "dry socket"
after oral surgery, mouth or throat irritation, cough, upset
stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, and other conditions.

It is not certain whether clove is effective in treating any medical condition.

Medicinal use of this product has not been approved by the FDA. Clove
should not be used in place of medication prescribed for you by your
doctor, (Bisset, 1994).

Clove is often sold as an herbal supplement. There are no regulated

manufacturing standards in place for many herbal compounds and some
marketed supplements have been found to be contaminated with toxic
metals or other drugs. Herbal/health supplements should be purchased
from a reliable source to minimize the risk of contamination.

HISTORY OF CLOVE

Evidence of cloves has been found at Terqa, Syria dating to 1720 BCE but
these have since largely been discredited as misidentifications. In the third
century BC, Chinese emperors of the Han Dynasty required those who
addressed them to chew cloves to freshen their breath. Cloves reached the
Roman world by the first century AD, where they were described by Pliny
the Elder. By 176 AD, cloves had reached Egypt.

The first clearly dated archeological find of a clove is substantially later

than the written evidence, with two examples found at a trading port in Sri
Lanka, dated to around 900-1100 AD, (Kingwell, 2017).

5
Cloves were traded by Omani sailors and merchants trading goods from
India to the mainland and Africa during the Middle Ages in the
profitable Indian Ocean trade.

Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in

the Moluccas (historically called the Spice Islands),
including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. In fact, the clove tree
that experts believe is the oldest in the world, named Afo, is on Ternate;
the tree is between 350 and 400 years old. Tourists are told that seedlings
from this very tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre in
1770, transferred to the Isle de France (Mauritius), and then later
to Zanzibar, which was once the world's largest producer of cloves, (Lape,
2010).

Until cloves were grown outside of the Maluku Islands, they were traded
like oil, with an enforced limit on exportation. As the Dutch East India
Company consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century,
they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in nutmeg. However,
"unlike nutmeg and mace, which were limited to the minute Bandas, clove
trees grew all over the Moluccas, and the trade in cloves was beyond the
limited policing powers of the corporation.", (Turner, 2004).

BOTANICAL FEATURES OF CLOVE

The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8–12 metres (26–39 ft)

tall, with large leaves and crimson flowers grouped in terminal clusters.

6
USES OF CLOVE

Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian, African, Mediterranean, and

the Near and Middle East countries, lending flavor to meats, curries,
and marinades, as well as fruit (such as apples, pears, and rhubarb).
Cloves may be used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages,
often combined with other ingredients such as lemon and sugar. They are
a common element in spice blends, including pumpkin pie
spice and speculoos spices, (Krondl, 2007).

In Mexican cuisine, cloves are best known as clavos de olor, and often
accompany cumin and cinnamon. They are also used in Peruvian cuisine, in
a wide variety of dishes such as carapulcra and arroz con leche.

A major component of clove taste is imparted by the chemical eugenol, and

the quantity of the spice required is typically small. It pairs well with
cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine, basil, onion, citrus peel, star anise,
and peppercorns, (Worrall, 2012).

NON-CULINARY USES OF CLOVE

The spice is used in a type of cigarette called kretek in Indonesia. Clove

cigarettes have been smoked throughout Europe, Asia, and the United
States. Since 2009, clove cigarettes have been classified as cigars in the
US.

Because of the bioactive chemicals of clove, the spice may be used as an

ant repellent, (Yun, 2018).

7
 Cloves can be used to make a fragrant pomander when combined with an
orange. When given as a gift in Victorian England, such a pomander
indicated warmth of feeling.

Potential medicinal uses and adverse effects of clove

Long-used in traditional medicine, there is evidence that clove oil

containing eugenol is effective for toothache pain and other types of
pain, and one review reported efficacy of eugenol combined with zinc
oxide as an analgesic for alveolar osteitis. Studies to determine its
effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent, and to
prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive. It remains unproven
whether blood sugar levels are reduced by cloves or clove oil. Use of clove
for any medicinal purpose has not been approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration, and its use may cause adverse effects if taken orally by
people with liver disease, blood clotting and immune system disorders,
or food allergies.

Traditional Medicinal Usesof Clove

Cloves are used in traditional medicine as the essential oil, which is used as

an anodyne (analgesic) mainly for dental emergencies and other
disorders. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy, (Rovio, 2000).

USES & EFFECTIVENESS

Possibly Effective for...

 Premature ejaculation. Research shows that applying a cream

containing clove flower plus Panax ginseng root, Angelica root,

8
 Cistanchesdeserticola, Zanthoxyl species, Torlidis seed, Asiasari root,
cinnamon bark, and toad venom (SS Cream) to the skin of the penis
improves premature ejaculation.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

 Anal fissures. Early research suggests that applying a clove oil

cream to anal fissures for 6 weeks improves healing compared to using
stool softeners and applying lignocaine cream.
 Dental plaque. Early research suggests that using a specific
toothpaste (Sudantha, Link Natural Products Ltd.) containing a combination
of clove, Acacia chundra Willd., malabar nut, bullet wood tree, black
pepper, Indian beech, gall oak, Terminalia, and ginger twice daily for 12
weeks can reduce dental plaque, bleeding, and amount of bacteria in the
mouth.
 Mosquito repellent. Early research suggests that applying clove oil
or clove oil gel to the skin can repel mosquitos for up to 5 hours.
 Pain. Early research suggests that applying a gel containing ground
cloves for 5 minutes before being stuck with a needle can reduce needle
stick pain similarly to benzocaine.
 Toothache. Clove oil and eugenol, one of the chemicals it contains,
have long been used topically for toothache, but the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has reclassified eugenol, downgrading its
effectiveness rating. The FDA now believes there is not enough evidence to
rate eugenol as effective for toothache pain.

9
 Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Clove is LIKELY SAFE when taken by
mouth in amounts commonly found in food. There isn't enough reliable
information to know if clove is safe to use in larger medicinal amounts when
pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and stick to food amounts.
Bleeding disorders: Clove oil contains a chemical called eugenol that
seems to slow blood clotting. There is a concern that taking clove oil might
cause bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.
Diabetes: Clove contains chemicals that might affect blood sugar levels in
people with diabetes. Watch for signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and
monitor your blood sugar closely if you have diabetes and take clove.

 Surgery: Cloves contain chemicals that might affect blood sugar levels and
slow blood clotting. There is a concern that it might interfere with blood
sugar control or cause bleeding during or after surgery. Stop using clove at
least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Insufficient Evidence for

 Small tears in the lining of the anus (anal fissures). Early research
shows that applying a clove oil cream to anal tears for 6 weeks
improves healing compared to using stool softeners and
applying lidocaine cream.
 Tooth plaque. Early research shows that using a toothpaste or mouth
rinse containing clove and other ingredients helps to reduce plaque on
the teeth.

10
  Hangover. Early research shows that taking an extract from clove
flower buds right before drinking alcohol improves hangover symptoms
in some people.
 Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis). Early research shows that applying
clove oil to the palms for 2 weeks helps reduce excessive sweating of
the palms.
 Mosquito repellent. Early research shows that applying clove oil or
clove oil gel directly to the skin can repel mosquitos for up to 5 hours.
 Pain. Early research shows that applying a gel containing ground
cloves for 5 minutes before being stuck with a needle can reduce
needle stick pain.
 Prediabetes. Early research in people with prediabetes shows that
taking an extract from clove flower buds seems to lower blood sugar
levels before and after a meal. However, this study didn't include a
control group, so the true effects of clove on blood sugar are not clear.
 Itching. Early research shows that putting a solution containing clove
oil gel on the skin can help with severe itching.
 Toothache. Clove oil and eugenol, one of the chemicals it contains,
have long been applied to the teeth and gums for toothache, but the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has reclassified eugenol,
downgrading its effectiveness rating. The FDA now believes there is
not enough evidence to rate eugenol as effective for toothache pain.

SIDE EFFECTS OF CLOVE

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Clove seems LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in food
amounts. Not enough is known about the safety of taking clove by mouth
in larger medicinal amounts.

Clove oil or cream containing clove flower is POSSIBLY SAFE when

applied to the skin. However, frequent and repeated application of clove oil
in the mouth or on the gums can sometimes cause damage to the gums,
tooth pulp, skin, and mucous membranes.

Inhaling smoke from clove cigarettes or injecting clove oil into the veins
is LIKELY UNSAFE and can cause side effects such as breathing problems
and lung infections.

Dried clove can also cause mouth sensitivity and irritation, as well as
damage to dental tissues.

When taken by mouth: Clove is LIKELY SAFE for most people when

taken by mouth in amounts commonly found in food. There isn't enough
reliable information to know if taking clove in larger medicinal amounts is
safe or what the side effects might be.

When applied to the skin: Clove oil or cream containing clove flower
is POSSIBLY SAFE when applied directly to the skin. However, application
of clove oil in the mouth or on the gums can sometimes cause damage to
the gums, tooth pulp, skin, and mucous membranes. Application of clove oil
or cream to the skin can sometimes cause burning and irritation of the skin.
When inhaled: Inhaling smoke from clove cigarettes is LIKELY
UNSAFE and can cause side effects such as breathing problems and lung

12
 disease.
When given by IV: Injecting clove oil into the veins is LIKELY
UNSAFE and can cause side effects such as breathing problems and lung
disease.

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic

reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.

Stop using clove and call your healthcare provider at once if you have
severe burning, redness, pain, or swelling after use on the skin.

Also call your doctor at once if you have taken oral clove and you have:

 lactic acidosis--muscle pain or weakness, numbness or cold feeling in

your arms and legs, trouble breathing, stomach pain, nausea with
vomiting, fast or uneven heart rate, dizziness, or feeling very weak or tired;
 liver problems--nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, tired feeling,
loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the
skin or eyes); or
 signs of infection--fever, chills, sore throat, mouth sores, cold or flu
symptoms, cough, trouble breathing.

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CLOVE AS A MEDICINAL HERB

Cloves are best known as a sweet and aromatic spice, but they have also
been used in traditional medicine.

In fact, animal studies have found that the compounds in cloves may have
several health benefits, including supporting liver health and helping
stabilize blood sugar levels (Andaya, 1993).

1. Contain important nutrients

Cloves contain fiber, vitamins, and minerals, so using whole or ground

cloves to add flavor to your food can provide some important nutrients.

One teaspoon (2 grams) of ground cloves contains:

 Calories: 6

 Carbs: 1 gram

 Fiber: 1 gram

 Manganese: 55% of the Daily Value (DV)

 Vitamin K: 2% of the DV

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Manganese is an essential mineral for maintaining brain function and
building strong bones.

Apart from being a rich source of manganese, cloves are only used in small
amounts and do not provide significant amounts of nutrients.

2. High in antioxidants

In addition to containing several important vitamins and minerals, cloves

are rich in antioxidants.

Antioxidants are compounds that reduce oxidative stress, which can

contribute to the development of chronic disease.

Cloves also contain a compound called eugenol, which has been shown to
act as a natural antioxidant.

In fact, a test-tube study found that eugenol stopped oxidative damage

caused by free radicals five times more effectively than vitamin E, another
potent antioxidant.

Including cloves in your diet along with other antioxidant-rich foods can

help improve your overall health.

3. May help protect against cancer

15
Some research suggests that the compounds found in cloves might help
protect against cancer.

One test-tube study found that clove extract helped stop the growth of
tumors and promoted cell death in cancer cells.

Another test-tube study observed similar results, showing that

concentrated amounts of clove oil caused cell death in 80% of esophageal
cancer cells.

The eugenol found in cloves has also been shown to have anticancer
properties.

A test-tube study found that eugenol promoted cell death in cervical cancer
cells.

However, keep in mind that these test-tube studies used very concentrated
amounts of clove extract, clove oil, and eugenol.

Eugenol is toxic in high amounts and overdosing on clove oil may cause
liver damage, especially in children. Further research is needed to
determine how lower amounts may affect humans.

4. Can kill bacteria

Cloves have been shown to have antimicrobial properties, meaning they

can help stop the growth of microorganisms like bacteria.

16
One test-tube study showed that clove essential oil killed three common
types of bacteria, including E. coli, which is a strain of bacteria that can
cause food poisoning.

What’s more, the antibacterial properties of cloves could even help

promote oral health.

In one test-tube study, the compounds extracted from cloves were found
to stop the growth of two types of bacteria that contribute to gum disease.

Another study in 40 people tested the effects of an herbal mouthwash

consisting of tea tree oil, cloves, and basil.

After using the herbal mouthwash for 21 days, they showed improvements
in gum health, as well as the amount of plaque and bacteria in the mouth.

In combination with regular brushing and proper oral hygiene, the

antibacterial effects of cloves may benefit your oral health.

5. May improve liver health

Studies show that the beneficial compounds in cloves could help promote
liver health.

The compound eugenol may be especially beneficial for the liver.

17
One animal study fed rats with fatty liver disease mixtures containing either
clove oil or eugenol.

Both mixtures improved liver function, reduced inflammation, and

decreased oxidative stress.

Another animal study showed that the eugenol found in cloves helped
reverse signs of liver cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver.

6. May help regulate blood sugar

Research shows that the compounds found in cloves may help keep blood
sugar under control.

An animal study found that clove extract helped moderate blood sugar
increases in mice with diabetes.

Another test-tube and animal study looked at the effects of clove extract
and nigericin, a compound found in cloves, both on human muscle cells
and in mice with diabetes.

Cloves and nigericin were found to increase the uptake of sugar from the
blood into cells, increase the secretion of insulin, and improve the function
of cells that produce insulin.

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Insulin is a hormone responsible for transporting sugar from your blood
into your cells. The proper functioning of insulin is essential for maintaining
steady blood sugar levels.

In combination with a balanced diet, cloves could help keep your blood
sugar levels in check.

7. May promote bone health

Low bone mass is a condition that affects an estimated 43 million older

adults in the United States alone.

It can lead to the development of osteoporosis, which may increase the

risk of breaks and fractures.

Some of the compounds in cloves have been shown to help preserve bone
mass in animal studies.

Cloves are also rich in manganese, providing an impressive 30% of the DV

in just 1 teaspoon (2 grams) of ground cloves.

Manganese is a mineral that’s involved in the formation of bone and

incredibly important to bone health.

19
8. May reduce stomach ulcers

Some research indicates that the compounds found in cloves could help
treat stomach ulcers.

Also known as peptic ulcers, stomach ulcers are painful sores that form in
the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus.

They’re most commonly caused by reductions in the protective lining of the

stomach, which are due to factors like stress, infection, and genetics.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF CLOVES

Cloves have a variety of potential health benefits, including:

Oral health

Share on PinterestCloves are the dried flower buds from the clove tree.

Researchers are studying clove oil as a natural method for maintaining oral
health due to its effect on plaque, gingivitis, and bacteria in the mouth.

Andala, (2019) compared the effectiveness of an herbal mouth rinse

containing clove, basil, and tea tree oil with a commercially available
essential oil mouth rinse.

20
Both mouth rinses were effective against plaque and gingivitis, showing
that they may help decrease oral inflammation and bacteria.

The researchers also found that the mouth rinse that contained clove
decreased the number of harmful bacteria more than the commercial
mouth rinse.

Diabetes

Kamatou, (2012) in mice found that clove extract and nigericin, a

component of clove extract, reduced insulin resistance in mouse muscle
cells.

Mice with diabetes that consumed nigericin also had less insulin resistance

and improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and beta cell
function.

Khalil, (2017) looked at the effect of clove bud powder on laboratory

markers in a rat model of diabetes. They found that blood sugar level was
lower in rats that received the clove powder compared to those in the
control group that did not receive the clove powder.

Cancer

Many herbs and spices are high in antioxidants, which are chemicals that
play a part in reducing damage to cells that could lead to cancer. According

21
to Today’s Dietitian, “just 1/2 teaspoon of ground clove is said to contain
more antioxidants than 1/2 cup of blueberries.”

Obesity

Scientists have also studied cloves regarding their potential effect

on obesity. Researchers found that clove extract reduced the incidence of
obesity resulting from a high-fat diet.

Mice who received the clove extract had lower body weight, less abdominal
fat, and less liver fat than those in the control group.

Clove's medicinal properties have been known for centuries, and now,
modern science is backing some of those perks. Whether you eat it whole,
ground, or as an oil extract, here are the top benefits of using clove:
1. It’s good for bone health.

As a spice, you might not think clove has much to offer in the way of
nutrients, but it is actually packed with the essential bone-building nutrient
manganese. Just one teaspoon of clove contains over 50% of the daily
adequate intake levels recommended by the FDA.

Manganese is a mineral that, along with calcium, is key for bone formation
and density. It also plays an important role in enzyme activation, which
helps support metabolism, wound healing, and neurotransmitter
production.

22
2. It can temporarily treat a toothache.
As far back as the 13th century, clove has been used to treat
toothaches because of its active compound eugenol, which has analgesic
(pain-relieving) properties.

In one randomized, controlled study in 2015, patients who used a eugenol-

based paste after dental work experienced less pain, inflammation, and
infection than patients who used a typical topical pain reliever or nothing at
all. Added bonus: Clove has been found to help manage plaque and
gingivitis.

3. It may help balance blood sugar.

Studies on mice suggest that clove may promote lower blood glucose levels
for those who are diabetic. And while the research in humans is still
preliminary, it’s promising.

In one small study on 36 people with type 2 diabetes, 1-3 grams of clove a
day for 30 days was enough to help them manage risk factors including
glucose and triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels.

4. It's rich in antioxidants.

When you think of antioxidants, you probably think of blueberries, dark
chocolate, or red wine. But did you know herbs and spices are actually one
of the best sources of antioxidants?

23
CONCLUSION

Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian, African, Mediterranean, and

the Near and Middle East countries, lending flavor to meats, curries,
and marinades, as well as fruit (such as apples, pears, and rhubarb).
Cloves may be used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages,
often combined with other ingredients such as lemon and sugar. They are
a common element in spice blends, including pumpkin pie
spice and speculoos spices, (Turner, 2004).

A major component of clove taste is imparted by the chemical eugenol, and

the quantity of the spice required is typically small. It pairs well with
cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine, basil, onion, citrus peel, star anise,
and peppercorns.

Because of the bioactive chemicals of clove, the spice may be used as an

ant repellent. Cloves can be used to make a fragrant pomander when
combined with an orange. When given as a gift in Victorian England, such
a pomander indicated warmth of feeling, (Worrall, 2012).

Long-used in traditional medicine, there is evidence that clove oil

containing eugenol is effective for toothache pain and other types of
pain, and one review reported efficacy of eugenol combined with zinc
oxide as an analgesic for alveolar osteitis. Studies to determine its
effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent, and to
prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive. It remains unproven
whether blood sugar levels are reduced by cloves or clove oil. 

24
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