NASA / TM--2002-211500

Aeronautical Communications Research and

Development Needs for Future Air Traffic
Management Applications

Robert J. Kerczewski
Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

May 2002
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NASA / TMm2002-211500

Aeronautical Communications Research and

Development Needs for Future Air Traffic
Management Applications

Robert J. Kerczewski
Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Prepared for the

2002 Aerospace Conferel_ce
sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Big Sky, Montana, Marcl_ 9-16, 2002

National Aeronautics an :!
Space Administration

Glenn Research Center

May 2002
 Available from

NASA Center for Aerospace Information National Technical Information Service

7121 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road
Hanover, MD 21076 Springfield, VA 22100

Available electronically at http: / / gltrs.grc.nasa.gov / GLTRS

 Aeronautical Communications Research and Development Needs
for Future Air Traffic Management Applications
Robert J. Kerczewski
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glenn Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Abstract-Continuing growth in r :gional and global air ultimately constrain the total system throughput, with the
travel has resulted in increasing tramc congestion in the air result that system inefficiencies increase as traffic levels
and on the ground. In spite of occasional temporary increase and any perturbation to the system can result in
downturns due to economic reces ,ions and catastrophic schedule upsets affecting the entire system. Even with total
events, average growth rates of ail travel have remained air traffic volume decreasing significantly immediately
high since the 1960s. The result: ng congestion, which following the terrorist attacks of II September, 200 I, the air
constrains expansion of the air transportation industry, traffic control system faced congestion during peak midday
inflicts schedule delays and dec 'cases overall system times equal to that before II September.
efficiency, creating a pressing n<:ed to develop more
efficient methods of air traffic management (ATM). New Recent efforts within the aviation community aim to
ATM techniques, procedures, airspa:'e automation methods develop a more flexible system to increase capacity and
and decision support tools are jeing researched and reduce inefficiencies by allowing users more freedom in
developed for deployment in time f'rames stretching from attaining their operational objectives. Concepts such as
the next few years to the year 2020 and beyond. As these "free flight" are being developed and implemented. NASA
methods become more advanced and increase in complexity, researchers, under the Advanced Air Transportation
the requirements for information gt'neration, sharing and Technologies (AATT) Project~ are developing key decision
transfer among the relevant entitie; in the A TM system support tools and automation methodologies to enable free
increase dramatically. Howevel, current aeronautical flight concepts. In AATT, NASA is also researching more
communications systems will be inadequate to meet the advanced. far-reaching ATM concepts known as Distributed
future information transfer demallds created by these Air/Ground Traffic management (DAG-TM). Free flight
advanced A TM systems. Therefc re, the NASA Glenn and DAG-TM are further described below.
Research Center is undertaking research programs to
develop communications methods and key technologies that A challenge for those developing and implementing
can meet these future requirements. As part of this process, advanced air traffic management tools and methods is the
studies, workshops, testing and experimentation, and increased amount of information required. For example,
research and analysis have established a number of research DAG-TM concepts for enabling more autonomous en-route
and technology development needs. The purpose of this aircraft operations may require the collection and
paper is to outline the critical research and technology needs distribution of constantly updated position, speed and intent
that have been identified in these activities, and explain how information for each aircraft, the "negotiation" of
these needs have been determined. trajectories for conflict avoidance among two or more
aircraft, the coordination of trajectory changes with airline
INTRODUCTJ(tN operations centers and airports, and a number of other
transactions requiring significant exchanges of information
As the aviation industry has grown during the nearly 100 that do not take place in today's ATM system. Many of
years of its existence, air traffic control has evolved to deal these requirements were unanticipated when current and
with the constantly increasing tramc volume. Air traffic near-term future aeronautical communications links were
control today depends primarily on human air traffic specified. Therefore, it is anticipated that additional
controllers. Such measures as airspace sectorization, aeronautical communications capabilities will be required.
airspace structure, procedures and tlow restrictions have Determining the future communications requirements and
been employed to prevent traffic le,c\s from exceeding the developing optimum architectures and technologies to meet
human capability of the controllers'. But these methods those requirements is the goal of the aeronautical

NASAffM-2002-21IS00
communications research efforts at the NASA Glenn 2. User Request Evaluation Tool allows air traffic
Research Center. The following sections of this paper controllers to evaluate requests by pilots wishing to
describe the approach being taken to assess communications change directions or altitude from their prescribed flight
system requirements and develop and validate appropriate path in en-route airspace. Controllers can use URET to
aeronautical communication system architectures, and key evaluate a trial flight plan by identifying potential
research and development activities which have been aircraft-to-aircraft conflicts up to 20 minutes ahead.
identified as needed to bring about the next-generation
aeronautical communications systems. 3. CTAS, the Center TRACON (Terminal Radar
Approach Control) Automation System, has an En
FREE FLIGHT Route tool and a Terminal tool. CTAS En Route
assists controllers in developing arrival sequence plans
The prevailing concept for enabling higher capacity, more for selected airports, helping controllers optimize traffic
efficient air transportation systems is called free flight. Free flow into the airport and efficiently use available
flight is defined as " ... a safe and efficient flight operating runways and surrounding airspace.
capability under instrument flight rules (lFR) in which
operators have the freedom to select their path and speed in 4. The CTAS Terminal tool assists controllers in
real time. Air traffic restrictions are only imposed to ensure optimizing traffic flow to touchdown, maximizing
separation, to prevent unauthorized flight through Special runway utilization and providing enhanced situational
Use Airspace (SUA), and to ensure safety of flight. awareness at the TRACON.
Restrictions are limited in extent and duration to correct the
identified problem. Any activity which removes restrictions 5. Surface Movement Advisor (SMA) provides increased
represents a move toward free flight. 3 awareness of traffic flow into the airport, providing
precise touchdown times to ramp control operators.
Free flight is intended to allow users or fleets of aircraft to This information enables the airlines to more efficiently
optimize their use of airspace to meet their specific manage ground operations.
objectives. But there will always remain an air traffic
management element to maintain flight safety. In addition, The Free Flight Phase 2 Program will continue the
the airspace in the terminal areas will require significant introduction of new tools and initiatives currently in
control to maintain safety of arriving and departing aircraft. development and expand the coverage of tools implemented
The level to which aircraft can operate autonomously is an in Phase I. Phase 2 is scheduled for 2003 to 2005.
area of significant debate and on-going research.
ADVANCED A TM CONCEPTS
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration is
implementing a free flight program within the National NASA researchers at the Ames and Langley Research
Airspace System (NAS)4. The Free Flight Phase I Program Centers are now involved in research and development of
was established in 1998 and is intended to achieve, by 2002, Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM)
the implementation of five decision support tools intended concepts. DAG-TM is defined by a set of concept elements
as the first steps to a future free flight environment. The that describe advanced or "mature" free flight as defined by
five decision support tools are: the RTCA Task Force 33 •

I. Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) provides airline The DAG-TM concept was defined by the DAG-TM Team
operations centers and the FAA with real-time NAS under NASA's AATT Project. Whereas much of the AATT
status information to improve airspace management. Project is focused on the development of decision support
CDM includes three components: Ground Delay tools that may be implemented in the FAA's Free Flight
Program Enhancements, which enable the FAA Air Phase 2 or later phases, the DAG-TM concepts represent
Traffic Control System Command Center and airline more far term research to investigate and evaluate the
operations centers to share information on airline feasibility of individual DAG-TM concept elements. If
schedules, projected airport demand and capacity rates proven feasible, future projects will develop the concepts
to optimize airline operations; Initial Collaborative into implementable tools.
Routing to allow traffic management coordinators to
share real-time traffic flow information with airline The fundamental characteristics ofDAG-TM are defined as
operations centers to improve overall NAS operational follows: "Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management is a
efficiency; and NAS Status Information tool, which National Airspace System concept in which flight deck
enables real-time sharing of information about the (FD) crews, air traffic service providers (ATSP), and
status of the NAS. aeronautical operational control (AOC) facilities use

NASAffM-2002-211500 2
distributed decision-making to enabk user preferences and procedural and technological innovations. The innovations
increase system capacity, while meeting air traffic include automation aids, information sharing, and
management requirements. DAG-TH will be accomplished Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/ATM
with a human-centered operational paradigm enabled by technologies. "

FigulT I - Overview of DAG-TM Concept Elements

Concept Title
Element
0 Gate-to-Gate: ,. Information
Access/Exchange for Enhanced Decision Support
I Pre-Flight Planning: NAS-Constraint Considerations for Schedule/Flight Optimization

2 Surface Departure: Intelligent Routing for Efficient Pushback times and Taxi
3 Terminal Departure: Free Maneuvering for User-preferred Departures

4 Terminal Departure: Trajectory Negotiation for User-preferred Departures

5 En Route: Free Maneuvering for:

(Departure, Cruise, (a) User-preferred separation assurance, and
Arrival) (b) User-preferred local Traffic Flow Management conformance
6 En Route: frajectory Negotiation for:
(Departure, Cruise, (c) User-preferred separation assurance, and
Arrival) (d) User-preferred local TFM conformance
7 En Route: Collaboration for Mitigating Local TFM Constraints due to Weather, SUA and
(Departure, Cruise, Complexity
Arrival)
8 En RoutelT erminal Collaboration for User-preferred Arrival Metering
Arrival:
9 Terminal Arrival: Free Maneuvering for Weather A\'oidance
\0 Terminal Arrival: Trajectory Negotiation for Weather Avoidance
II Terminal Arrival: Self-Spacing for Merging and In-trail Separation
12 Terminal Arrival: Trajectory Negotiation for Merging and In-trail Separation
13 Terminal Approach: Airborne CD&R for Closely Spaced Approaches

14 Surface Arrival: Intelligent Routing for Efficient Active-Runway Crossings and Taxi

The DAG-TM operational concep is described by 15 Trajectory negotiatIOn, on the other hand, is an ATSP-
concept elements (CE), which rep"esent a solution to a centered solution that requires users to negotiate trajectories
problem or inefficiency in the op' rations of the current with the ATSP. In this case the A TSP always maintains
NAS. They correspond in sl:quence to elements responsibility for safety and separation assurance. These
encountered in the progression of a typical flight. Figure 1 two strategies are not necessarily mutually exclusive within
is a summary of the DAG-TM concept elements. the NAS. Either may be the preferred solution depending
on variables such as airspace complexity and user equipage.
Note that several adjacent pairs of ccncept elements address
the same problem through different '.olution strategies. For However, it is important to note that significant differences
example CE 3 and CE 4 both address user-preferred in communication requirements may occur between the two
departures, but CE 3 uses free man('uvering to accomplish strategies. For example, free maneuvering may require
the solution while CE 4 uses trajectory negotiation. CEs 5 more information exchange from aircraft to aircraft, while
and 6, 9 and 10, and 11 and 12 jorm similar pairs. In trajectory negotiation may require more information
general, free maneuvering is a flight deck focused solution exchange between aircraft and ground facilities.
that allows each user to determine a preferred operation
while maintaining responsibility for safety and separation As part of the AATT Project DAG-TM research program,
assurance (conflict avoidance). Tbls may include direct four of the 15 concept elements are being included in a full
"negotiation" with other users to determine methods of feasibility study. The concept elements chosen for study are
conflict avoidance. The ATSP pro\ ides oversight and can CEs 5, 6, 7, and 11.
enter into a controlling mode when d,:emed necessary.

NASAlTM-2002-211500 3
 DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICA nONS communications links applied to air traffic management,
REQUIREMENTS AND ARCHITECTURES potential benefits and technology needs.

A major study commissioned under the NASA AATT NRA

The previous discussion on potential communications
Research Task Order contract was the Communications
requirements differences resulting trom different free flight
System Architecture Development for Air Traffic
approaches to solving a NAS problem illustrates the
Management and Aviation Weather Information Study,
difficulty in assessing aeronautical communications
performed by Science Applications International
requirements for future A TM applications. The primary
Corporation (SAle), ARINC, TRW and Crown Consulting
communications links being implemented over the next ten 6 '
completed in May 2000. This study developed a complete
years for safety of flight communications, which includes
set of current and future communications requirements
air traffic management, are already in the final stages of
through assessment of existing documents containing needs
development or early stages of deployment. Therefore, new
and requirements. The contractor team confronted the
communications architectures must be developed to meet
difficulty of ~ec~nciling many conflicting and overlapping
requirements beyond the ten-year time trame. With many
needs and objectIves contained in these documents, as well
new air traffic management tools and methods in the early
as estimating potential future requirements based on
research stages, it is unknown which will end up being
proposed operational concepts, air traffic management
ch~sen for future implementation. Traffic loads can only be
research objectives (such as DAG-TM) and many other
estImated, and many other unknown issues will impact
inputs. This is the first known attempt to gather such a
aviation by the 2015 to 2020 timetrames being considered.
complete set of documented requirements. The study went
The terrorist attacks of II September, 200 I combined with
on to develop potential communications system
economic recession reduced air travel by 10 to 20%
architectural solutions, including various communication
immediately following the event. History indicates that this
links options and approaches based on communications
will be a temporary deviation trom the continuing increase
capacity and functionality requirements. Figure 2 shows the
in aviation traffic over the long term, but it remains to be
overall functional architecture demonstrating the required
seen when air traffic will return to pre-II September levels.
data flow for a future communications system architecture
Hence, communications requirements cannot be derived
and taking into account many systems, datal inks and
with great accuracy.
programs currently in place or under development. The
study broke down the overall system architecture into the
But it is important to attempt to estimate future needs in
various specific communications architectures required to
order to perform useful research and technology
fully specify the overall architecture. The final portion of
development. NASA Glenn has therefore approached the
the study compared current technologies in place or under
development of future communications requirements and
development with technologies needed for implementing
supporting communication system architectures trom
the future architecture to identify technology gaps that need
several tronts.
to be addressed to enable such future systems.
First, several requirements and architecture studies
A follow-on study by Computer Networks and Software,
commissioned by NASA Glenn have been performed by a
Inc., built upon the previous studies and refined the analysis
range of aviation industry and aeronautical communications
of future communication needs to develop a set of specific
experts. Second, simulation and modeling at NASA Glenn
res~arch ~nd technology gaps7. These gaps address a range
to characterize the performance of digital aeronautical
of Issues In both the near/mid term (next 10 years) and long
communication links and eventually develop large scale
term (beyond 10 years) time fTames, and are listed as
communication system models. Third, the development of
follows (not in prioritized order).
hardware-based system testbeds to measure real
performance of aeronautical communication systems.
1. National Communications Traffic Loading Model
Fourth, the first of an annual series of conferences and
2. Commodotized Airspace Research
workshops on communications, navigation and surveillance
3. Frequency Use and Planning
for advanced future air transportation systems, in May,
4. Dynamic Frequency Assignment Process
~OO I, provided of industry, government and academic input
5. RF Improved VHF Data Link Concept
Into future eNS requirements and research and technology
6. CPDLC Latency in Terminal Area
needs.
7. Impact ofCPDLC System Latency
8. Multiple Radio Equipage Mitigation
Communications requirements and architecture studies have
9. Co-site and Antenna Isolation
been completed to address several different issues. The first
10. Datalink Transition Planning
study, by Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems in 19985,
11. Datalink Performance TestlEvaluation
considered the potential use of satellite communications
12. Satellite Based Communication
systems for future air traffic management applications and
13. SecurityNulnerability
reached a number of useful conclusions regarding satellite

NASAlTM-2002-211500 4
 GPS WAAS/LAAS

AIRBORNE WEATHER OBSERVATION

VOICE
OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE
MESSAGING
AIRCRAFT

ADS-B ....
AIRCRAFT
,OSITIONI I
INTENT
AUTOMET FIS TIS APAXS
NEXCOM
ADS-B
-WEATHEf
-NAS
STATUS II -TV, RADIO
-INTERNET
AOC
COMM
CP[lLC

DSSDL
t
NWIS
OTHER
AUTHORIZE
USERS
-INTERNATIONAL
-MILITARY
-FBO'S

NATIONAL AIR AIRLINES

WEATHER TRAFFIC OPERATIONS
SERVICE CONTROL CENTER

Fiplre 2 - Functional aeronautical communication system architecture

14. Network Management performance for supporting future air traffic management
15. Use ofcbTS TCPIIP concepts. OPNET network simulation software is being
16. Airborne Internet (air-to-air network) used to develop and exercise performance models ofVDL-2
17. Low Cost End Systems for (,A and VDL-3. The purpose is to acquire accurate
18. COTS Wireless On-board performance models to determine such things as true data
19. VDL- 3 Performance in Failure Modes throughput capabilities, system performance degradation as
20. Human Factors Related to lJ se of Communications a function of channel loading, and network performance.
Datalinks These results will lead to an understanding of the
capabilities of such systems to support advanced future
Detailed information on these technu[ogy gap issues can be ATM automation tools, and can also lead to potential
found in [7]. system improvements.

The second area of effort in determining future aeronautical As an example of such efforts, recent successes in VDL-2
communications needs is simulation and modeling. NASA system performance modeling and simulation at NASA
Glenn researchers are currently foclIsing on VHF Digital Glenn indicate potential improvements to the VDL-2 carrier
Link (VDL) Modes 2, 3, and 4, aeronautical communication sense multiple access format can achieve significant system
satellite links, and navigation an.! surveillance system improvements 8• In a simulation involving III VDL-2

NASAlTM-2002-211500 5
ground stations, 32 airports, and 1235 flying realistic flight implementation and near-term developments, and research
trajectories. Controller Pilot Datalink Communications and development efforts. The workshop also developed a
(CPDLC) messaging is modeled in this simulation. statement of critical needs in research and technology
Latency, throughput and packet loss measurements in this development for CNS systems. See [10] for further details.
simulation indicate significant system performance
improvements are possible. AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
A long-term simulation and modeling goal is to combine the
individual datalink models into a larger hybrid The efforts described above have led to the understanding of
communication architecture simulation to evaluate various aeronautical communications research and technology
architectural approaches on a NAS-wide basis. development needs for ATM applications described next.
Note that the refining and updating of these needs will be an
The third area of effort in determining future aeronautical on-going process as new information is gained through
communications needs involves the development of studies, modeling and simulation, and testing and
hardware-based testbeds. Two types of testbeds being experimentation. In addition, constant feedback from the
developed for this purpose are mobile aeronautical terminals aviation community will be solicited. Of course, the
and laboratory-based testbeds. purpose of developing this needs list is to maximize the
value of NASA's research efforts, as well as the research
An aeronautical satellite communications terminal has been efforts of many other government, academic and private
developed to demonstrate and evaluate wideband satellite institutions both in the US and internationally. It also
communications. The terminal is based upon Ku-band serves to s~pport program advocacy and coordination and
phased array antennas developed by Boeing and is described collaboration efforts between institutions.
in detail in [9]. The terminal has been developed for use in
a ground mobile platform, enabling low-cost mobile testing The results below summarize the current understanding of
of components, network concepts and applications. It can research and technology development needs. They are
also be used in occasional flight tests, as has already been organized into two groups: the first involves near/mid term
accomplished using NASA Dryden Flight Research Center's needs covering the next ten years' needs, the second covers
DC-8 experiment aircraft. These successful tests long term needs beyond ten years. For each of these groups,
demonstrated several different network protocols, including three categories of research and technology needs are listed:
Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) and IP, systems research and analysis, which includes requirements
and a number of network applications over IP (e-mail, web analyses, architecture development, simulation and
browsing, voice-over-IP) and ATN (CPDLC). The addition modeling, and other research issues; component technology
of VDL-2 capabilities to the Ku-band satellite research and development, which deals with hardware
communications terminal will enable testing of advanced component needs; and system/network technology research
hybrid network topologies. and development, covering testing, evaluation and
demonstration of systems and networks, protocol and
Laboratory-based testbeds are now in development to enable standards development, and system level concept and
the testing of VDL communication links. These testbeds applications research.
will enable controlled testing of VDL link performance
under realistic conditions obtained by simulating the VDL NearlMid Term Needs
interactions of up to 160 aircraft combined with several real
VDL links, which can include actual test aircraft or ground Systems Research and AnaZvses
mobile vehicles. Such testing will enable accurate real
world measurements of system performance under Requirements Analysis:
maximum loading conditions and enable hybrid network
performance measurement, leading to an understanding of 1. Requirements analysis for terminal area
the real potential capacity of VDL datal inks. communications.
2. Communications needs for smaller airports.
The fourth area of effort in determining aeronautical 3. Integration and networking of communications,
communications requirements and identifying key research navigation and surveillance infrastructures.
and technology needs is the Workshop on Integrated eNS 4. eNS requirements for collaborative decision
for Future Advanced Air Transportation Systems, hosted by making and moving towards aircraft self-
NASA Glenn May 1-3,2001 10 • The first of an anticipated separation and airspace automation.
annual series of such workshops, it gathered 135 experts 5. Analysis of communications latency, handoff and
from aviation industry, academia, and government agencies related issues.
to discuss current status in aeronautical eNS system

NASAlTM-2002-211500 6
 System Analysis/Architecture DeH'lopment: 4. Long-term performance and reliability
requirements.
I. Development of modeltn!!isimulation capability 5. Security/vulnerability requirements.
and laboratory testbed facility to enable objective
assessment of performanc': of planned digital System Analysis and Architecture Development:
datalinks.
2. Objective evaluations of pt Imed digital datal inks, I. Development of high-fidelity national/global CNS
including VDL-2, 3 and 4. system/network modeling and simulation
3. Analysis/development of noves toward future capability.
"harmonization" of ATN and IPv6 network 2. Development and validation of national/global
protocols. integrated CNS infrastructure architecture.
4. Research and analysis of hybrid system 3. Airborne Internet with "mobile within mobile"
architecture Issues (ac1'ommodating mixed capability.
equipage, datalink vs. non-d. I talink airspace, etc.) 4. Enable implementation of "harmonized" ATNlIP
5. Human factors analysis of Ilformation integration network.
and presentation to human 0 )erators.
Spectrum and Frequency Use Research:
Spectrum and Frequency Use Res"arch:
I. Methodologies for higher spectral efficiencies.
')
I. Datalink, aeronautical spfdrum allocation and Enable dynamic frequency/bandwidth access.
spectrum protection/usage strategies. 3. Move from frequency channel paradigm to
bandwidth allocation paradigm.

Component Technology Research & j Jevelopment

Component Technology Research & Development
I. Antenna technologies, ircluding co-site and
isolation issues. I. Low cost COTS-based communications
2. On-board data distribution t\ l.:hnologies. component technologies.
3. Digital data network compollents. 2. Component/subsystem reconfigurability - pre-
4. Multi Mode Digital f~adios Software planned retrofit technologies.
Reconfigurable Radios.
System1'v'etwork Technology Research & Development
SystemlNefl1'ork Technology Researcil & Development
I. Improved surveillance system technology for
1. Development/demonstration of mobile network advanced airspace automation needs.
technologies. 2. Enable full implementation of satellite
2. Development/demonstratioll of hybrid communications "backbone".
terrestrial/space commur ication system and 3. High speed (ultra wideband) multi function
network technologies. datalinks.
3. Enabling of initial illsertion of satellite 4. Major advances In ground communications
communications technologIes within ten years. process/infrastructure to support collaboration on a
4. International standards de\ clopment for inclusion global basis.
of advanced CNS technolo ::'.ies. 5. High situational awareness on the ground
5. Aeronautical/mobile protocol research and (including synthetic vision technologies).
development.
Other Issues Not Included in the Above Categories:
Long Term Needs
1. Need for new certification paradigm to enable the
Systems Research and AnaZvsis rapid infusion of new technologies.
2. Research work on revolutionary "clean sheet"
Requirements Analysis: approach to a new integrated national/global CNS
system by 2025.
I. Long term national and ~Iobal integrated CNS
infrastructures. CONCLUSIONS
2. Enabling of "quantum leap" in aeronautical system
information flow. Continued growth in aviation can only be accommodated by
3. Enabling of "Dynamic, nl~ar-real-time" aviation developing and implementing new air traffic management
system-level collaboration. techniques. Such techniques will require a "quantum leap"

NASAlTM-2002-211500 7
in aviation system information flow. To move information [6] Communications System Architecture Development for
on a regional and global basis between aircraft, air traffic Air Traffic Management and Aviation Weather
service providers, airline operations centers and various Information Dissemination, Science Applications
other components, major improvements of the aeronautical International Corporation for NASA Glenn Research
communications infrastructure will be necessary. This Center, Contract NAS2-98002, May, 2000.
reqUIres a robust research and technology development [7] "CNS Gap Analysis", Computer Networks and
program. Software, Inc., for NASA Glenn Research Center,
March 2001.
In order to maximize the value of research and technology [8] CSM4 Versus Prioriti::ed CSMAfor Air-Traffic Control
development resources and support the advocacy of research Improvement, D. Robinson, 2002 IEEE Aerospace
programs, it is necessary to understand well the research and Conference, Mar 2002.
technology development needs. The NASA Glenn Research [9] Satellite Communications for Aeronautics Applications
Center has taken a broad-based approach to identifying - Technology Development and Demonstration. R. J.
those needs. This approach has been described in this paper. Kerczewski, D. J. Hoder, R. 1. Zakrajsek, 2001 IEEE
With the understanding that these requirements must be Aerospace Conference, March 200l.
continuously refined and updated, the current understanding [10] Workshop on Integrated CNS Technologies for
of critical research and technology development needs for Advanced Future Air Transportation Systems,
aeronautical communications have been presented. http://spacecom.grc.nasa.gov/cnsworkshop/.

REFERENCES
Robert J Kerczewski has been involved with research and
[1] Concept Definitionfor Distributed Air-Ground development of satellite communications systems and
Traffic Management (DAG-TM), applications since for the Analex Corporation (1982-1986)
http://www.asc.nasa.gov/aatt/dag.html. and NASA (1986-present). He holds a BEE degree from
[2] Advanced Air Transportation Technologies Project Cleveland State University (1982)
(AATT), http://www.asc.nasa.gov/aatt/. and an MSEE degree from Case
[3] Final Report of RTCA Task Force 3: Free Flight Western Reserve University
Implementation, RTCA, Inc., Washington, D.C., (1987). He is curre1lt~v the
October 26, 1995. Project Manager for the Advanced
[4] Federal Aviation Administration: Free Flight, Communications for Air Traffic
http://ffpl.faa.govlaboutlabout.asp. Management element of NASA's
[5] NASA Advanced Air Transportation Technologies Advanced Air Transportation
(.4AIT) Program Free Flight Satellite Communication Technologies (AA IT) Project.
Study, Final Report, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical
Systems, for NASA Glenn Research Center, August,
1998.

NASAlTM-2002-211500 8
 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

May 2002 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Aeronautical Communications Research and Development Needs for Future

Air Traffic Management Applications

WU-727-01-00--00
6. AUTHOR(S)

Robert J, Kerczewski

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field
E-13267
Cleveland, Ohio 44135 -3191

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001 NASA TM--2002-211500

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Prepared for the 2002 Aerospace Conference sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Big Sky,
Montana, March 9-16, 2002. Responsible person, Robert J. Kerczewski, organization code 6160, 216-433-3434.

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassified- Unlimited

Subject Category: 04 Distribution: Nonstandard

Available electronically at htto://_ltrs._rc.nasa_ov/GLTRS

This publication is available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information. 301-621-0390.
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Continuing growth in regional and global air travel has resulted in increasing traffic congestion in the air and on the ground. In spite of
occasional temporary downturns due to economic recessions and catastrophic events, average growth rates of air travel have remained
high since the 1960s. The resulting congestion, which constrains expansion of the air transportation industry, inflicts schedule delays
and decreases overall system efficiency, creating a pressing need to develop more efficient methods of air traffic management (ATM).
New ATM techniques, procedures, airspace automation methods, and decision support tools are being researched and developed for
deployment in time frames stretching from the next few years to the year 2020 and beyond. As these methods become more advanced
and increase in complexity, the requirements for information generation, sharing and transfer among the relevant entities in the ATM
system increase dramatically. However, current aeronautical communications systems will be inadequate to meet the future information
transfer demands created by these advanced ATM systems. Therefore, the NASA Glenn Research Center is undertaking research
programs to develop communications methods and key technologies that can meet these future requirements. As part of this process,
studies, workshops, testing and experimentation, and research and analysis have established a number of research and technology
development needs. The purpose of this paper is to outline the critical research and technology needs that have been identified in these
activities, and explain how these needs have been determined.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

Radio communication; Telecommunication; Satellite communication; 14

16. PRICE CODE
Aircraft communication

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 tRey. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102