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Inclusion of Switching Loss in The Averaged Equivalent Circuit Model

The document describes how to extend the averaged modeling approach to include switching loss effects. The converter waveforms are sketched including switching transitions, and the usual steady-state relationships are used to construct an equivalent circuit model. Examples are provided for buck and boost converters, modeling diode reverse recovery effects. The results can predict efficiency degradation and output voltage variations due to switching losses.

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Ulises
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47 views

Inclusion of Switching Loss in The Averaged Equivalent Circuit Model

The document describes how to extend the averaged modeling approach to include switching loss effects. The converter waveforms are sketched including switching transitions, and the usual steady-state relationships are used to construct an equivalent circuit model. Examples are provided for buck and boost converters, modeling diode reverse recovery effects. The results can predict efficiency degradation and output voltage variations due to switching losses.

Uploaded by

Ulises
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inclusion of Switching Loss in the

Averaged Equivalent Circuit Model

The methods of Chapter 3 can be extended to include switching loss in


the converter equivalent circuit model (NOTE: This is not an exact
calculation of the switching loss, rather, a quick estimate of the loss.
Detail loss calculation will be done in Chapter 4)
• Include switching transitions in the converter waveforms
• Model effects of diode reverse recovery, etc.
To obtain tractable results, the waveforms during the switching
transitions must usually be approximated
Things that can substantially change the results:
• Ringing caused by parasitic tank circuits
• Snubber circuits

1
The Modeling Approach
Extension of Chapter 3 Methods

Sketch the converter waveforms


– Including the switching transitions (idealizing assumptions
are made to lead to tractable results)
– In particular, sketch inductor voltage, capacitor current, and
input current waveforms
The usual steady-state relationships:
〈 vL 〉 = 0, 〈 iC 〉 = 0, 〈 ig 〉 = Ig
Use the resulting equations to construct an equivalent
circuit model, as usual

2
Buck Converter Example

• Ideal MOSFET, p–n diode with reverse recovery


• Neglect semiconductor device capacitances, MOSFET
switching times, etc.
• Neglect conduction losses
• Neglect ripple in inductor current and capacitor voltage
3
Assumed
waveforms
Diode recovered charge Qr,
reverse recovery time tr
These waveforms assume
that the diode voltage
changes at the end of the
reverse recovery transient
• a “snappy” diode
• Voltage of soft-recovery
diodes changes sooner
• Leads to a pessimistic
estimate of induced
switching loss

4
Inductor volt-second balance
and capacitor charge balance

As usual: 〈 vL 〉 = 0 = DVg – V

Also as usual: 〈 iC 〉 = 0 = IL – V/R

5
Average input current

〈 ig 〉 = Ig = (area under curve)/Ts


= (DTsIL + trIL + Qr)/Ts
= DIL + trIL /Ts + Qr /Ts

6
Construction of Equivalent Circuit Model

From inductor volt-second balance: 〈 vL 〉 = 0 = DVg – V


From capacitor charge balance: 〈 iC 〉 = 0 = IL – V/R

7
Input port of model

〈 ig 〉 = Ig = DIL + trIL /Ts + Qr /Ts

8
Combine for complete model

The two independent current sources consume power

Vg (trIL /Ts + Qr /Ts)


equal to the switching loss induced by diode reverse recovery

9
Solution of model

Output:
V = DVg

Efficiency: η = Pout / Pin


Pout = VIL Pin = Vg (DIL + trIL /Ts + Qr /Ts)
Combine and simplify:
η = 1 / [1 + fs (tr /D + Qr R /D2Vg )]
10
Predicted Efficiency vs Duty Cycle

Switching frequency 100 kHz Buck converter with diode reverse recovery
Input voltage 24 V 100.00%
Load resistance 15 Ω
90.00%
Recovered charge 0.75 µCoul
80.00%
Reverse recovery time 75 nsec
70.00%

60.00%
(no attempt is made here to
model how the reverse 50.00%

recovery process varies with 40.00%

inductor current) 30.00%

20.00%
• Substantial degradation of
10.00%
efficiency
0.00%
• Poor efficiency at low duty 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
cycle Duty cycle

11
Boost Converter Example

Model same effects as in previous buck converter example:


• Ideal MOSFET, p–n diode with reverse recovery
• Neglect semiconductor device capacitances, MOSFET
switching times, etc.
• Neglect conduction losses
• Neglect ripple in inductor current and capacitor voltage
12
Boost
converter

Transistor and diode


waveforms have same
shapes as in buck
example, but depend
on different quantities

13
Inductor volt-second balance
and average input current

As usual: 〈 vL 〉 = 0 = Vg – D′V

Also as usual: 〈 ig 〉 = IL

14
Capacitor
charge balance

〈 iC 〉 = 〈 id 〉 – V/R = 0
= – V/R + IL(D′Ts – tr)/Ts – Qr /Ts
Collect terms: V/R = IL(D′Ts – tr)/Ts – Qr /Ts

15
Construct model

The result is:

The two independent current sources consume power

V (trIL /Ts + Qr /Ts)


equal to the switching loss induced by diode reverse recovery

16
Predicted V/Vg vs duty cycle

Switching frequency 100 kHz Boost converter with diode reverse recovery
Input voltage 24 V
8
Load resistance 60 Ω
Recovered charge 5 µCoul 7
With RL only
Reverse recovery time 100 nsec 6

Inductor resistance RL = 0.3 Ω


5
(inductor resistance also inserted
into averaged model here) 4

1
With RL and diode reverse recovery
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Duty cycle

17
Summary

The averaged modeling approach can be extended to


include effects of switching loss
Transistor and diode waveforms are constructed,
including the switching transitions. The effects of the
switching transitions on the inductor, capacitor, and
input current waveforms can then be determined
Inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge
balance are applied
Converter input current is averaged
Equivalent circuit corresponding to the the averaged
equations is constructed

18

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