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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet 1.2.1 Data Transmission

The document discusses data transmission and error checking methods. It defines data transmission as sending digital or analog data over a communication medium. There are two main types of data transmission: serial transmission where bits are sent one by one, and parallel transmission where multiple bits are sent at once. Error checking methods like parity bits and parity blocks are used to detect errors during transmission. Parity bits involve adding an extra bit to ensure an even or odd count of 1s. Parity blocks arrange bits in a table to cross-check row and column parities to pinpoint errors.

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205 views

GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet 1.2.1 Data Transmission

The document discusses data transmission and error checking methods. It defines data transmission as sending digital or analog data over a communication medium. There are two main types of data transmission: serial transmission where bits are sent one by one, and parallel transmission where multiple bits are sent at once. Error checking methods like parity bits and parity blocks are used to detect errors during transmission. Parity bits involve adding an extra bit to ensure an even or odd count of 1s. Parity blocks arrange bits in a table to cross-check row and column parities to pinpoint errors.

Uploaded by

collen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB

CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet


1.2.1 Data Transmission

MEANING OF DATA TRANSMISSION


-process of sending digital or analog data
-over a communication medium to one or more
-computing, network, communication or electronic devices

TYPES OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS


1.

2.

3.

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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission

USES OF DATA TRANSMISSION METHODS

Simplex:

-Microphone to computer
-Sensor to computer
-Computer to printer
-Computer to speaker
-Computer to monitor
-Webcam to computer

Duplex:

-Telephone call
-Voice over IP
-Computer to printer
-Instant messaging
-Broadband connections
-Video conferencing

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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission

TYPES OF DATA TRANSMISSION

1. Serial Transmission
- one bit sent at a time / bits sent sequentially
-over a single wire
-synchronous or asynchronous
Used in: USB / SATA / PCI Express / WiFi

Asynchronous Serial Transmission:


-Data bits can be sent at any point in time
- The time between sending and receiving data bits is not constant

Synchronous Serial Transmission:


- Data bits are transmitted as a continuous stream in time with a master clock.
-data moves faster and timing errors are less frequent
-the transmitter and receiver time is synced

Benefits of Serial Transmission


-Serial data transmission more reliable over distance
-Less likely for the data to be skewed/out of Synchronization
-Less interference as only a single wire
-It is a cheaper connection as only single wire needed

2. Parallel Transmission
-several bits / a byte sent at a time
-using many / multiple wires
-synchronous
-used for transferring data in Integrated Circuits / CPU Buses / RAM

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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission

Benefits of Parallel Transmission


-faster rate of sending bits since multiple sent at once

Use of Integrated Circuits for Data Transmission

-ICs are used for sending data internally


-They use parallel transmission
-Multiple bits are sent simultaneously

Use of Universal Serial Bus (USB) for Data Transmission

-USBs are used for sending data externally, to and from peripherals
-They use asynchronous serial transmission
-Only one bit is sent at once in a sequential manner

Reasons for using a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port

-automatically detects the hardware/installs drivers


-plug only goes in one way/can’t connect incorrectly
-supports different data transmission speeds/a range of data transmission speeds
-has become the industry standard/universally used
-backwards compatible (with earlier versions of USB ports)

ERROR CHECKING USING PARITY BIT


-in order to check if the data has been transmitted correctly, we add a parity bit at data’s end
-we count the total number of 1s in our data
-a system using Even Parity would have even number of 1s in the data
-a system using Odd Parity would have odd number of 1s in the data

Parity 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

-total 7 bits in our data and the left most is left for the parity bit
-if even parity is to be used then number of 1s must be even
-since they are 3 (odd), we add 1 as the parity bit
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

-if odd parity is to be used then number of 1s must be odd


-since they are 3 (odd), we add a 0 as the parity bit

0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission

Example 1
Byte sent:
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

Byte received:

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

-number of 1s in sender’s byte was 4 (even) and the parity was 0


-number of 1s in the receiver’s byte was 3 (odd) and the parity was still 0
-we know that an error has occurred in transmission
-since we received odd number of 1s with an Even parity in place

Example 2
Byte sent:
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

Byte received:
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

-number of 1s in sender’s byte was 3 (odd) and the parity was 1


-number of 1s in the receiver’s byte was 2 (even) and the parity was still 1
-we know that an error has occurred in transmission
-since we sent odd number of 1s but received an even number of 1s with an odd parity

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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission

Example 3

-Register Y has transmitted the data correctly


-Count the number of 1s in each register
-Register X has an even parity while the number of 1s is 3 (odd)
-Register Z has an odd parity while the number of 1s is 4 (even)

Issue with this method


-changing any bit could have led to the transmission error
-it’s not always possible to identify which bit caused the error
-to deal with this issue, we introduce Parity Block method
-Parity block arranges the bytes in form of rows and columns
-we count the 1s in both directions and cross-check them against the parity bit
-it helps us to identify the exact bit that caused the error

[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission

ERROR CHECKING USING PARITY BLOCK


-bytes of data are represented in a table format
-we have a parity byte row that checks the parity of all bits in column order
-we have parity bit column that checks the parity of all bits in row order

-Even parity is being used between sender and receiver. How do we identify the error?

-byte 8 has a parity bit of 0 whereas the number of 1s is 3 (odd)


-if we want to pinpoint the bit which caused the error, we will cross check with each column
-bit 2 has a parity byte of 1 and the number of 1s is 3 (odd) hence correct
-bit 3 has a parity byte of 0 and the number of 1s is 4 (odd) hence correct
-bit 4 has a parity byte of 1 and the number of 1s is 5 (odd) hence correct
-bit 5 has a parity byte of 0 and the number of 1s is 5 (odd) hence incorrect
-the intersection of byte 8 (row) and bit 5 (column) pinpoints the bit that caused the error

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