Complex power
If V and I are given in rms, then the complex power is defined as
S = V I = VI(V − I ) = P + jQ
*
VA
Amplitude
(apparent power):
V I = P +Q 2 2
Power factor angle:
V − I = Z
Power factor:
pf = cos(V − I )
Example (one phase circuit). A load is rated 15KVA at a power factor of 0.8 lagging, determine
(a) The power factor angle
(b) The complex power
(c) The average power
(d) The reactive power
z = cos (0.8) = 36.87
−1 o
S = 15 z = 12 + j 9 kVA
P = 12 kW
Q = 9 kVAR
V and I are in rms
S =V I * V
Ohm' s Law : I =
Z
Ohm' s Law
V = I Z
Complex power expression using V and Z:
2
|V |
S= *
Z
Complex power expression using I and Z:
Z can be determined from V and S:
S =| I | Z
2
Example-1 (one phase circuit). A load is rated 20 kVA at 0.75 pf lagging. If the current in the load is
32 A rms (with zero phase), determine
The voltage across the load
The load impedance.
Solution:
−1
S = 20 cos (0.75) = 2041.41 kVA o
= 15.00 + j13.23 kVA
S
S =V I *
V = * = 62541.41 Vrms
o
I
S
S =| I | Z Z =2
2
= 19.53 41.41o
|I |
Example-2 (one phase circuit). The voltage on a complex load is 208 /30 (deg) Vrms, if the load is 20+j10
(Ohms), determine:
The complex power and the power factor
The current in the load.
Solution: 2 2
|V | 208
S= = = 1934.826.565 VA o
Z 20 − j10
*
pf = cos(26.565 ) = 0.8944 lagging
o
*
S 1934.8(−26.565 ) o
S = V I I = =
*
V 208(−30 )
o
= 9.33.435 Arms
o
Power Calculation for balanced Wye−Wye connection
𝑆ሜ𝑇 = 3𝑉ሜ𝑎𝑛 𝐼ሜ𝑎∗ = 3|𝑉ሜ𝑎𝑛 | × |𝐼ሜ𝑎 |∠𝜃
three phase systems
𝜃 = Angle ( Zሜ Y )
Delta connected load:
ሜ𝑆𝑇 = 3𝑉ሜ𝐴𝐵 𝐼ሜ𝐴𝐵
∗
= 3 𝑉ሜ𝐴𝐵 × 𝐼ሜ𝐴𝐵 ∠𝜃
𝜃 = angle ( Zሜ Δ )
Example-3: A balanced three phase system supplies power to
wye connected load. If the line voltage on the source side is 280
Vrms, and the load impedance is 40 + j50 Ohms, determine the
total average power delivered to the load (ignore the line
impedances).
Example-4: In a balanced three phase system, the wye-
connected load has impedance of 12+j18 Ohms per phase.
The line voltage of the generator is Vab=280∠0𝑜 V rms.
Determine
(a) The line currents,
(b) The total complex power on the load.
Example-5: In a balanced wye-delta three phase system,
Van=150 V rms (with 0 phase), line impedance is 1.5+j2.5
Ohms per phase, the load impedance is 12 + j16 Ohms per
phase.
Determine: the total complex power on the load.
Outline of solution: Convert Delta-load to Wye-load,
then calculate Ia, S= 3*Van*conj(Ia)
Example-5: In a balanced wye-delta three phase system,
Van=150 V rms (with 0 phase), line impedance is 1.5+j2.5
Ohms per phase, the load impedance is 12 + j16 Ohms per
phase.
Determine: the total complex power on the load.
Example-6: In a balanced three phase system, the delta
connected load consumes total average power of 12 KW at
0.75 pf lagging. If the line voltage at the load side is 500 V
(0 phase angle is assumed), determine the line current.
Example-7: In a balanced three phase system, the line
impedance is 0.8 + j1.4 Ohms per phase. If the total
complex power on the delta connected load is 20 + j15
KVA, and the line voltage on the load side is 380 V,
determine (a) the line voltage on the source side
(b) The power factor of the source.
Example-8: In a balanced three phase system, there are
three parallel loads:
Load-1: 300 KVA at 0.8 pf lagging
Load-2: 350 KVA at 0.92 pf lagging
Load-3: 400 KW at unity pf.
Ignore the line impedances. If the line voltage is 10 KV,
determine
(a) The line current amplitude
(b) The power factor of the source.
Example-9: In a balanced three phase system, the line voltage is 400 V rms. Ignore the
line impedances. Determine the total average power on the load if
(a) Z=25 + j18 Ohm per phase is connected in Y
(b) The same Z=25 + j18 Ohms per phase is connected in delta.
Example-10: In a balanced three phase system, there are two wye-connected parallel
loads. The total power on the load is 10 KVA at 0.65 pf lagging. One of the loads draws 4
KW at unity pf. If the line voltage is 380 V rms, determine the impedance per phase of
the second load (ignore the line impedance).
Example-11: Calculate the real
power loss in the line resistance
for VL = 500 kV rms and 50 kV rms.
Outline of the steps:
Step-1: Complex power
Step-2: Line current Ia
Step-3: Line power loss
Example-12: If the line voltage (amplitude)
at the load is 480 V rms in the following
figure, find the line voltage amplitude and
power factor at the source.
Solution
(Example-12:
Continued)
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
1. Performed in the same way as in the single phase case: connecting a capacitor as shown below.
2. Capacitance can be determined by 2
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = −3 𝜔 𝐶 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
Vrms is the voltage across the capacitor.
Qcap = Qnew-Qold
It is the desired change in reactive power (shall be negative).
Solution process:
Step-1: Qold
Step-2: Qnew
Step-3: Vrms (on C)
Step-4: Solve for C
In the circuit of the previous slide, the load apparent power 24MVA with power factor 0.78 (lagging).
The line voltage is 34.5 kV rms at 60 Hz. We wish to find the values of the wye-connected capacitors C
such that the total load has a power factor of 0.94 leading.
Solution: From the line voltage, we get the voltage across the capacitor to be
In the circuit of the previous slide, the load apparent power 24MVA with power factor 0.78 (lagging).
The line voltage is 34.5 kV rms at 60 Hz. We wish to find the values of the wye-connected capacitors C
such that the total load has a power factor of 0.94 leading.
Solution: From the line voltage, we get the voltage across the capacitor to be
Vrms = 34.5kV/ 3 = 19.92 kVrms
Old complex power (before C is connected):
S old = 24(cos −1 (0.78)) = 18.72 + j15.02 MVA
New power factor angle: new = − cos (0.94) = −19.95
−1 o
New complex power:
(
S new = 18.72 + j18.72 tan − 19.95 = 18.82 − j 6.8 MVAo
)
Desired change in reactive power:
3*Qcap=Qnew-Qold = (-6.8-15.02)= -21.82MVAR or Qcap = -7.27MVAR
From Qcap = −3CVrms
2
C = −Qcap /(3Vrms
2
) = 16.21 μF
A balanced three phase source supplies power to the
balanced three phase load as shown. The load receives
a total of 80 KVA at 0.76 pf lagging. VL
Determine the values of the delta-connected capacitors
C in the circuit to increase the load power factor to 0.92
lagging (assume VL=15 kVrms and ignore line
impedances)
For the balanced three-phase system shown on the right side
figure, where the load is rated at 50 KW at 0.72 pf lagging, and
the line voltage is VL=500 Vrms. Determine the value of C in VL
the diagram to increase the load power factor to 0.92 lagging.
Solution process:
Step-1: pf(old) → Qold (or Sold)
Step-2: pf(new) → Qnew (or Snew)
Step-3: Vrms (on C)
Step-4: C
Note on different powers and their units:
W or KW: Average power P
VA or KVA : Apparent power |S| or complex S.
VAR or KVAR : Reactive power Q
SUMMARY
1. Relations of Van, Vbn, and Vca
2. Relations of Ia, Ib, Ic
3. Relations of Vab, Vbc, Vca
4. Relations of Van and Vab
5. Relations of Ia and Iab
6. Convert delta load to wye load
7. Convert wye load to delta load
8. Complex power, apparent power, average power, reactive power
9. How the various powers are associated with the voltage/current/impedance.
10. Power factor
11. Power factor correction (C in wye connection and C is delta connection.
