Jordan University Of Science and Technology

Submitted by : Sajeda Shbool & Farah Bassam

Nazzal .

ID # : 143445 - 143247.

Submitted to : Dr. Ahmad Bashaireh

 Watkins Johonson Topoglopy

Abstract

The Watkins-Johnson tapped inductor converter is identified as a rail-to-tap converter

capable of operating in both the buck-boost and buck modes. This project presents an
analysis in equilibrium for Watkins-Johnson converter. Also, converter dynamics and
control implemented.

1. Introduction

Watkins–Johnson (WJ) converter was found to best step down the power network to
lower for the supply of microcontrollers and semiconductors. In this project the steady
state analysis is done for the mentioned converter in the first section. The second section
contains dynamics of this converter. The AC equivalent circuit modelling and transfer
function implemented in this section. The third one includes control design for the
circuit of WJ converter.

2. Converters in Equilibrium

The converter of Fig .1 has been realized using lossless elements. To the extent that
they are ideal, the inductor, capacitor, and switch do not dissipate power. For example,
when the switch is closed, its voltage drop is zero, and the current is zero when the
switch is open. In either case, the power dissipated by the switch is zero. Hence,
efficiencies approaching 100% can be obtained. So, to the extent that the components
are ideal, we can realize our objective of changing dc voltage levels using a lossless
network.
Fig.1: Watkins – Johnson Converter

2.1. Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis

let us analyze the inductor current waveform. We can find the inductor current by
integrating the inductor voltage waveform. We can find that by doing into two
subintervals, the first when the switch 1 is closed, and the second when switch two is
closed. As shown in Fig .2 (a),(b).

Fig .2. WJ converter circuit: (a) while the switch is in position 1, (b) while the switch
is in position 2

(a) Inductor Volt-Second Balance, Capacitor Charge Balance, and the Small-
Ripple Approximation.

Let us more closely examine the inductor and capacitor waveforms in the buck
converter of Fig.1. the small ripple approximation is used throughout this project.

Inductor Volt-Second Balance

 < 𝑣𝐿 >= 𝑉𝑔 𝐷 − 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝑔 (1 − 𝐷) (1)

Small Ripple Approximation

0 = 𝑉𝑔 𝐷 − 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝑔 (1 − 𝐷) (2)

𝑉 2𝐷 − 1
=
𝑉𝑔 𝐷
(3)

Capacitor Charge Balance

−𝑉 −𝑉
< 𝑖𝐶 >= 𝐷 + 𝐼𝐿 𝐷 + (1 − 𝐷) (4)
𝑅 𝑅

Small Ripple Approximation

−𝑉 −𝑉
0= 𝐷 + 𝐼𝐿 𝐷 + (1 − 𝐷) (5)
𝑅 𝑅

𝑉
𝐼𝐿 =
𝐷𝑅

(6)

The wave form of the inductor current and voltage shown in Fig .3.

Fig .3. inductor current and voltage wave form

(b) Inductor and Capacitor Design

The inductor can be designed by doing the following

𝑑𝑖
𝑉=𝐿
𝑑𝑡

(7)
 2∆𝑖
𝑉𝑔 = 𝐿
(1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑠

(8)

𝑉𝑔 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑠
𝐿=
2∆𝑖

(9)

The same procedure with capacitor

∆𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉 (10)

1 1
∆𝑄 = 2 × 2 × 𝑇𝑠 ∆𝑖 (11)

1
× 𝑇𝑠 ∆𝑖 = 𝑐(2∆𝑣) (12)
4

1 ∆𝑖𝑇𝑠
𝐶= ×
8 ∆𝑣

(13)

2.2.Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling

The circuit after adding the inductor losses and switches losses will be shown asFig.4.

Fig .4 WJ converter circuit in the two duty

cycles with losses

KVL:

0 = 𝑉𝑔 (2𝐷 − 1) − 2𝑅𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝐼𝐿 + 𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (2𝐷 − 1) − 2𝑅𝐷 (1 − 𝐷)𝐼𝐿 − 𝑉𝐷 (14)

KCL

𝑉
𝐼𝐿 𝐷 =
𝑅

(15)

(a) The DC Transformer Model

Any switching converter contains three ports: a power input, a power output, and a
control input. The input power is processed as specified by the control input, and then
is output to the load. Ideally, these functions are performed with 100% efficiency, and
hence

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (16)

𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑉𝐼 (17)

These relationships are valid only under equilibrium (dc) conditions: during transients, the net
stored energy in the converter inductors and capacitors may change, causing Eqs. (16) and
(17) to be violated. The dc transformer model will be as Fig .5.

Fig .5. the dc transformer model

2.3.Switch Realization

How an ideal switch can be realized using semiconductor devices depends on the
polarity of the voltage that the devices must block in the off state, and on the polarity
of the current that the devices must conduct in the on state. The WJ converter circuit
will be as shown in Fig.6 after switch realization.
Fig .6. Implementation of SPST switches of WJ converter

2.4.The Discontinuous Conduction Mode

When the ideal switches of a dc–dc converter are implemented using current-
unidirectional and/or voltage-unidirectional semiconductor switches, one or more new
modes of operation known as discontinuous conduction modes (DCM) can occur. We
can find the interval which the converter is being in DCM mode, which is occur when
the ripple inductor current equal the inductor current.

∆𝑖 = 𝐼𝐿 (18)

𝑉𝑔 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑠 𝑉
=
2𝐿 𝐷𝑅

(19)

𝑉𝑔 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑔 (2𝐷 − 1)
=
2𝐿 𝐷2 𝑅

(20)

2𝐿 (1 − 𝐷)𝐷2
>
𝑅𝑇𝑠 2𝐷 − 1

(21)

2𝐿 (1 − 𝐷)𝐷2
,𝐾 = , 𝐾𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
𝑅𝑇𝑠 2𝐷 − 1

(22) . (23)

So when 𝐾 > 𝐾𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 the converter enter in DCM mode.

The operation of the converter will be into three subintervals as shown in Fig .7.
Fig .7. k converter circuits for operation in the discontinuous conduction mode: (a) during
subinterval 1, (b) during subinterval 2, (c) during subinterval 3

Using Volt Second Balance and Charge Second Balance

0 = 𝑉𝑔 𝐷1 − 𝑉𝐷1 − 𝑉𝑔 𝐷2 (24)

𝑉 𝐷1
=
𝑉𝑔 𝐷1 − 𝐷2

(25)

−𝑉 −𝑉 −𝑉
0= 𝐷1 + 𝐼𝐿 𝐷1 + 𝐷2 + 𝐷
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 3

(26)

−𝑉
0= +< 𝑖𝐿 >
𝑅

(27)

The wave form will be as in Fig .8.

Fig .8. WJ wave form in DCM

 3. Converter Dynamics and Control

3.1.AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling

In this section, the steps in derivation of the small-signal ac model of a PWM converter
are derived and explained. The key steps are: (a) linearization of the averaged equations,
and (b) construction of an ac equivalent circuit model.

linearization of the averaged equations

𝜕𝑣𝑙 𝜕𝑣𝑙 𝜕𝑣𝑙

𝑣 ̂_𝐿 = 𝑣̂𝑔 |𝑉𝑔 , 𝑉, 𝐷 + 𝑑̂ | 𝑉𝑔 , 𝑉, 𝐷 + 𝑣̂ |𝑉𝑔 , 𝑉, 𝐷 (28)
𝜕𝑣𝑔 𝜕𝑑 𝜕𝑣

𝑣
̂(2𝐷
𝑔 − 1) + (2𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣)𝑑̂ − 𝐷𝑣̂ = 𝑣
̂𝐿 (29)

𝑑𝑖𝐶 𝑑𝑖𝐶 𝑑𝑖𝐶

𝑖̂𝐶 = 𝑣̂ |𝐷,𝑉,𝐼𝐿 + 𝑑̂ |𝐷,𝑉,𝐼𝐿 + 𝑖̂𝐿 |
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝐷,𝑉,𝐼𝐿

(30)

𝑣̂
𝑖̂𝐶 = − 𝑅 + 𝑖̂𝐿 𝐷 + 𝑑̂ 𝐼𝐿 (31)

So, the small signal model is presented as shown in Fig .9.

Fig .9. WJ converter small signal model

And the small signal model with ideal transformer will be as Fig .10.
Fig .10. WJ converter small signal model with ideal transformer

3.2.Converter Transfer Function

The equations from to is to extract open loop transfer function

𝑇𝑢 (𝑠) = 𝐺𝑣𝑑 (𝑠) + 𝐺𝑣𝑔 (𝑠) − 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑠) (32)

𝐼𝐿𝑠 1
𝐺𝑣𝑑 = (2𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣)(1 + )( )
𝐷(2𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣) 1 + 𝐿𝑠 + 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2
𝑅𝐷2 𝐷2
(33)

1
𝐺𝑣𝑔 = (2𝐷 − 1) ( )
𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2
1+ +
𝑅𝐷2 𝐷2
(34)

1 𝐿𝑅𝑠
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ×( )
𝐷 𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2
1+ + 2
𝑅𝐷2 𝐷
(35)
𝐺𝑑° = 2𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣 (36)
2𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣
𝜔𝑧 =
𝐿𝐼
(37)
𝐷
𝜔° =
√𝐿𝐶
(38)

𝐶
𝑄 = 𝐷𝑅 √
𝐿

(39)
 3.3. Controller Design

After the transfer function is found, we can plot bode plot for it to decide the type of
controller to should be used.

Lag (PI) Compensator

This type of compensator is used to increase the low-frequency loop gain, such that the output
is better regulated at dc and at frequencies well below the loop crossover frequency. As given
in Eq.40.

𝜔𝐿
𝐺𝑐 (𝑠) = 𝐺𝑐 ∞(1 + ) (40)
𝑠

The compensator transfer function of Eq. (40) is used, so that the compensated loop gain is
𝑇𝑐 (𝑠) = 𝑇𝑈 (𝑠) 𝐺𝑐 (𝑠) Magnitude and phase asymptotes of T(s).

4. Results
Fig .10. Bode plot of compensated, uncompensated TF and controler