THE TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R.

MEDICAL
UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600 032.

REGULATIONS FOR BACHELOR OF PROSTHETICS &

ORTHOTICS DEGREE COURSE

In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 44 of The Tamil Nadu Dr.

M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai , Act, 1987 (Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1987),
the Standing Academic Board of the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University,
Chennai, hereby makes the following regulations.

SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT:-

These regulations shall be called “THE REGULATIONS FOR THE

BACHELOR OF PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS (B.P.O) DEGREE
COURSE OF THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL
UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI".

They shall come into force from the academic year 2012-2013 session
onwards.

The regulations and syllabus are subject to modification by the standing

Academic Board from time to time.

REGULATIONS

1. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:

1. A pass in Higher Secondary Course with PCM / PCB / PCBZ u nd er

Science Stream with a Minimum of 50% in aggregate in PCM /
PCB / PCBZ and a pass in English subject.
st
2. Minimum Age limit is 17 years a s o n 3 1 December o
f t h e academic year.

(The Rehabilitation Council of India, New Delhi, has increased the

percentage of marks and Minimum Eligibility Criteria to 50% and as per
the rules of the Government of Tamilnadu, for SC/ST/OBC Candidates the
percentage of marks and Minimum Eligibility Criteria is 40% in aggregate
for admission in to Bachelor of Prosthetics & Orthotics from the Academic
Year 2015-16 onwards)

Lateral entry for Diploma students to BPO course

1. Candidates who have passed Diploma in Prosthetics & Orthotics from a
rd
RCI recognized institute shall be eligible for admission directly in to 3
Year BPO course.
2. Candidates should have passed 10+2 with PCM/PCB/PCBZ.
3. Minimum 50% of pass of in aggregate and pass in
English subject.
rd
4. Admissions will be subject to the availability of vacant seats in 3 Year
pertaining to the Year of Admission.
2. ELIGIBILITY CERTIFICATE:-

The Candidates who have passed any qualifying examination other than
the Higher Secondary Course Examination conducted by the Government
of Tamil Nadu shall obtain an Eligibility certificate from the University by
remitting the prescribed fees along with the filled in Application Form
which s h a l l downloaded from the University website
(web.tnmgrmu.ac.in).

3. REGISTRATION;-

A candidate admitted to the Bachelor of Prosthetics &

Orthotics (B.P.O) Degree course in any one of the
affiliated Institutions of this University shall register his/her name in
the prescribed application form for registration dully filled along with the
prescribed fee and a declaration in the format, to
the University through the affiliated
Institutions within 30 days from the Cut-off date
prescribed for Bachelor of Prosthetics & Orthotics (B.P.O)
Degree course for admission.
4. DURATION OF THE COURSE:-

The duration of the Bachelor of Prosthetics and Orthotics

Course shall be four academic years.(3 ½ Year Study Period
th
and 6 Months Internship) (Approved in the 48 SAB held on
02.07.2014).
The admitted candidates should complete the course within
double the duration (8 Years) from the date of joining the
course.
 5. COMMENCEMENT OF THE COURSE:-
st
The course shall commence from 1 August of the Academic Year.

6.COMMENCEMENT OF EXAMINATIONS:-
st st
1 August / 1 February

If the date of commencement of Examination falls

on Saturdays, Sundays or declared Public holidays, the
examination shall begin on the next working day.

7. CUT-OFF DATES FOR ADMISSION TO EXAMINATIONS:-

th
The Candidates admitted upto 30 September shall be
s t
registered to take up their 1 year examination during
August of the next year. All kinds of admissionsshall be
t h
completed on or before 3 0 September of
the academic year. There shall not beany
admissions after
th
30 September even if seats are vacant

8.MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION:-

English shall be the medium of instruction for all

the subjects of study and examinations for the Bachelor of
Prosthetics & Orthotics Course.

9. CURRICULUM:-

The curriculum and the syllabi for the course shall be as

prescribed in these regulations are subject to
modifications by the Standing Academic Board from time to
time.

10. WORKING DAYS IN AN ACADEMIC YEAR:-

Each academic year shall have a total of 240 working days.

 11. ATTENDANCE REQUIRED FOR ADMISSION TO EXAMINATIONS:

No candidate shall be permitted to appear for the

University examinations,unless he/she attends the course
for the prescribed period and produces the necessary
certificate of study attendance and satisfactory
conduct from the Head of the Institution.
Every candidate is required to put in a minimum of
85% of attendance both in theory and practical
separately in each subject for admission to the
examination.
A candidate lacking in the prescribed attendance in
any subject in theory and /or practical shall not be
admitted to the entire examination.

12.CONDONATION OF LACK OF ATTENDANCE:

There shall be no condonation of lack of attendance.

13. MARKS QUALIFYING FOR A PASS:-

A candidate shall be declared to have passed

the examination if he/she obtains the following
qualifying marks:

□ 50% of Marks in the University Theory Examination.

□ 50% of Marks in the University Practical Examination.

□ 50% of Marks in aggregate in Theory, Practical & I.A..

 14. RE-ADMISSION AFTER BREAK OF STUDY:-
The regulation for Re-admission a r e a s p
e r U n i v e r s i t y c o m m o n r e g u l a t i o n
f o r R e - a d m i s s i o n a f t e r b r e a k o f
s t u d y .

15. MIGRATION / TRANSFER OF CANDIDATES:-

Migration / Transfer of Candidates from one

recognized institution to another recognized institution
of this University shall be granted on the following
conditions:-
1. All migrations / transfers are subject to the approval
of the Vice- Chancellor.
2. Transfer shall be effected only at the beginning of
the academic year.
3. Transfers shall be effected during any year of study
after fulfillment of the regulations of this University.

16. COMPULSORY INTERNSHIP:-

Every candidate admitted to Bachelor of Prosthetics

and Orthotics Degree Course shall undergo S i x M o n
t h s compulsory internship in the institution he has
studied after successful completion of the final
examination

17. REVALUATION / RETOTALLING

Revaluation / Re-totalling of Answer Paper is not

permitted.
 18. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:-

FIRST YEAR:

Sl. Subjects IA Theory Practical Total

No. Marks
Max Min Max Min Max Min
1. Anatomy 50 25 100 50 - - 150
2. Physiology 50 25 100 50 - - 150
3. Material 50 25 100 50 - - 150
and
workshop
4. T h l Mechanics
Applied 50 25 100 50 - - 150
& Strength
of Materials
5. Engineering 50 25 100 50 - - 150
Drawing
6. Biomechanics I 50 25 100 50 - - 150
7.. Prosthetics –I 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
8. Orthotics-I 50 25 100 50 100 50 250

Second Year

Sl. Subjects IA Theory Practical Total

No. Marks
Max Min Max Min Max Min
1. Pathology 50 25 100 50 - - 150
2. Orthopaedics & 50 25 100 50 - - 150
Amputation
3. S
Physical Medicine 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
&Rehabilitation
4. Fundamentals of 50 25 100 50 - - 150
Electricity &
5. l i
Bio-Mechanics-II 50 25 100 50 - - 150
6. Prosthetics Science-II 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
7. Orthotics Science-II 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
 Third Year

Sl. Subjects IA Theory Practical Total

No. Marks
Max Min Max Min Max Min
1. Computer Science** 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
2. P & O Workshop 50 25 100 50 - - 150
Management

3. Mobility & 50 25 100 50 100 50 250

Rehabilitation Aids
4. Prosthetics Science- III 50 25 100 50 100 50 250

5. Orthotics Science-III 50 25 100 50 100 50 250

Research 50 25 100 50 - - 150

6. Methodology
/ Project development

**Computer Science will be the internal paper, institution will send the marks to the university

Fourth year:

Sl. Subjects IA Theory Practical Total

No. Marks
Max Min Max Min Max Min
1. Prosthetics Science- 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
IV
2. Orthotic Science-IV 50 25 100 50 100 50 250
3. *Prosthetics 50 25 - - 200 100 250
Clinical Practice
4. *Orthotics 50 25 - - 200 100 250
Clinical Practice
5. Project Work 50 25 - - 200 100 250
* Internal Paper
In first year the main emphasis is on Anatomy, Physiology, basic engineering,
Prosthetics and Orthotics workshop technology and part of lower limb
Prosthetics and Orthotics.

In the second year, besides remaining part of lower limb Prosthetics and Orthotics,
major emphasis was given to Pathology, Orthopaedics & Amputation Surgery,
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

In third year, major components would be Rehabilitation/ mobility aid, upper limb
Prosthetics and Orthotics, Research Methodology besides computer science etc.

In fourth year major focus is on Spinal Orthotics, Prosthetics and Orthotics

management of bilateral amputees especially of higher level and other
complicated ones. Three months clinical practice in orthotics and three months in
prosthetics has been allotted besides
project work.
SYLLABUS OF BACHELOR IN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS

FIRST YEAR

PAPER – I ANATOMY

Histology: General Histology, study of the basic tissues of the body;

Microscope, Cell, Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Muscular
tissue,Nerve

Embryology:
Development of bones, axial and appendicular skeleton and
muscles Regional anatomy

Thorax:
a) Cardio – Vascular System

□ Mediastinum: Divisions and contents

□ Pericardium: Thoracic Wall: position, shape and parts of the
heart; conducting System; blood Supply and nerve supply of the
heart

b) Respiratory system
□ Outline of respiratory passages
□ Pleura and lungs: position, parts, relations, blood supply
and nerve supply
□ Diaphragm: Origin, insertion, nerve supply and action, openings in
the diaphragm.

□ Intercostal muscles and Accessory muscles of

respiration: Origin, insertion, nerve supply and action.

c) Abdomen:
□ Peritoneum: Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, functions
of peritoneum.
□ Location, size, shape, features, blood supply, nerve supply and
functions of the following: stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidney, urinary bladder, intestines, gall bladder.
d) Musculo Skeletal Anatomy
□ Anatomical positions of body, axes, planes, common
anatomical terminologies
□ Connective tissue classification
□ Bones- Composition & functions, classification and types
according to morphology and development
□ Joints-definition-classification, structure of fibrous,
cartilaginous joints, blood supply and nerve supply of joints

Upper Extremity :

a) Osteology : Clavicles, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna,

Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges.

b) Soft parts: pectoral region, axilla, cubital fossa, palm, dorsum

of hand, muscles, nerves, blood vessels.

c )Joints : Shoulder girdle, shoulder joint, elbow joints, radio ulnar joint,
wrist joint and joints of the hand.

d). Arches of hand, skin of the palm and dorsum of hand.

LowerExtremity:
a) Osteology : Hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, patella,
tarsals, metartarsals and phalanges.

b) Soft parts: Gluteal region, front and back of the thigh (Femoral
triangle, femoral canal and inguinal canal), medial side of the thigh
(Adductor canal), lateral side of the thigh, popliteal fossa, anterior and
posterior compartment of leg, sole of the foot, lymphatic drainage of
lower limb, venous drainage of the lower limb, arterialsupply of the
lower limb, arches of foot, skin of foot.

c) Joints: Hip Joint, Knee joint, Ankle joint, joints of the foot.

Trunk & Pelvis:

a) Osteology: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and occygeal

vertebrae and ribs
 Soft tissue: Pre and Para vertebral muscles, intercostals
b)
muscles, anterior abdominal wall muscles, Inter-vertebral disc.
c) Pelvic girdle and muscles of the pelvic floor

Head and Neck:

Osteology: Mandible and bones of the skull
Applied Anatomy: Surface anatomy, locomotion and movements.
Anthropometry.
Anatomy Practical:

Demonstration of various tissues and cells and Dissection -

Demonstration of Lower limbs, upper limbs, spine, surface anatomy
and marking.

PAPER – II PHYSIOLOGY
General Physiology
□ Cell: Organelles: their structure and functions
□ Transport Mechanisms across the cell membrane
□ Body fluids: Distribution, composition.

Blood

□ Introduction: Composition and functions of blood.

□ Plasma: Composition, functions. Plasma proteins.
□ RBC: count and its variations, Haemoglobin - Anemia. Blood
indices, PCV,ESR.
□ WBC: Classification. functions, count, its variation of each. Immunity
□ Platelets:, functions, count, its variations
□ Blood coagulation. ( brief)
□ Lymph: Composition, and functions.
Nerve Muscle Physiology

□ Introduction: Resting membrane potential. Action potential

□ Nerve: Structure and functions of neurons. Properties and
impulse transmission of nerve fibres.
□ Neuroglia: Types and functions.
□ Muscle: Classification. Skeletal muscle : Structure.
Neuromuscular junction, Motor Unit
□ Fatigue.
Cardiovascular System

□ Introduction: Physiological anatomy and nerve supply of the heart

and blood vessels.
□ Conducting system: Components. Impulse conduction Cardiac
Cycle: Definition. Phases of cardiac cycle. Pressure and
volume curves.. ECG: Definition.
□ Cardiac Output: Definition.
□ Functional anatomy of vascular and lymphatic system
□ Arterial Blood Pressure: Definition. Normal values and its variations
□ Hypertension

Respiratory System

□ Introduction: Physiological anatomy – Pleura, tracheo-bronchial

tree, alveolus, respiratory membrane and their nerve supply.
Functions of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles.
□ Mechanics of breathing: – Inspiration; Expiration;
Intrapleural pressure, Recoil tendency and lung volumes
□ Hypoxia
□ Disorders of Respiration: Dyspnoea. Orthopnoea.
Hyperpnoea, hyperventilation, apnoea, tachypnoea
:define

Nervous System
□ Introduction: Organization of CNS – central and peripheral
nervous system. Functions of nervous system.
□ Synapse: Functional anatomy, classification, Synaptic transmission.
□ Sensory Mechanism: Sensory receptors: function,
classification and properties.
 □ Sensory pathway: The ascending tracts – Posterior column tracts,
lateral spinothalamic tract and the anterior spinothalamic tract –
their origin, course, termination and functions.
□ Pain sensation: mechanism of pain. Cutaneous pain –slow and
fast pain, hyperalgesia. Deep pain. Visceral pain – referred pain.
□ Sensory cortex. Somatic sensations: crude touch, fine touch,
tactile localization, tactile discrimination, stereognosis, vibration
sense, kinesthetic sensations
□ Motor Mechanism: Motor Cortex. Motor pathway: The
descending tracts – pyramidal tracts, extrapyramidal tracts –
origin, course, termination and functions.
□ Reflex Action: Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes,
superficial reflexes, deep reflexes. Muscle tone –definition, and
properties hypotonia, atonia and hypertonia. UMNL and LMNL
□ Spinal cord Lesions: Complete transection and Hemisection of
the spinal cord.
□ Cerebellum: Functions
□ Posture and Equilibrium:
□ Thalamus and Hypothalamus: Nuclei. Functions.
□ Basal Ganglia: Structures, functions.
□ Cerebral Cortex: Lobes. Brodmann’s areas and their functions.
Higher functions of cerebral cortex – learning, memory and
speech.

Kidney and micturition

□ Introduction and functional anatomy of kidney, innervation,

renal circulation and care of any appliances fitting fir
dysfunction.
□ Micturition – Physiological anatomy and nervous connection of
the bladder, cystometrogram micturiton reflex.

Integumentary system: Structure of skin, function of skin: Protection,

heat regulation, sensation and elasticity.

Endocrinology

Endocrine Pancreas: Secretory cells, action, regulation of secretion of

insulin and glucagon. Glucose metabolism and its regulation.
Disorder: Diabetes mellitus.
Nutrition & Metabolism

□ An Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism

□ Factors influencing energy expenditure

Practical:

1 Clinical examination of nervous system.

2 Clinical examination of sensory system.
3 To study the phenomenon of fatigue in human by Dynamometer

Note: for above practical – physiology practical manual for B.Sc.

[Hons.], OT, PT, B.Sc. Nursing and allied sciences Edition first reprint
2006 by CBS publishers Author: Raj Kapoor

PAPER - III MATERIAL AND WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

MATERIAL SCIENCE

Metal & Alloys: Fundamentals of metals and alloys both ferrous and nonferrous.
Properties, testing and inspection of metals and alloys, heat treatment of metals.
Powder metallurgy, surface coating of metals.

Wood: Wood, types, seasoning, preservation, lamination properties and

adhesives for wood. Wood work: Introduction to Wood, wood work and wood
working tools. Pattern making and making of various kinds of joints.

Leather: Leather, types, tanning, preservation, lamination, properties and

adhesives for leather.

Fabric: Fabric types, properties, utilization, selection and quality control.

Polymers & composite materials: Introduction to Plastics, type of
plastics and molecular structures. Relationship of properties to structures.
Monomers, Polymers, additives, Mechanical properties, effect on properties
of method of production.
Fabrication processes, Effects of fabrication, process, micro structural
changes, shrinkage and other degradation during processing,
environmental effects. Thermoforming plastics, their fabrication process,
thermosetting plastics and fabrication process Composite materials and
their uses-Resin : Acralyic And Polyster. Elastomers, H.D.P.E. PP, PP-CP,
Visoelastic behaviour of plastics. Introduction to fiber reinforced plastics.
Introduction to and their processing especially various techniques of
moulding and lamination. Joining of plastics, welding, adhesives and their
effect on structure and plastics properties.

Foams: Different types of foams used in P&O especially Latex,

Polyurethane, polyethylene and other kind of rigid/semi rigid/ flexible
foams.

Plaster of Paris & Silicon and its application procedure in Prosthetic &
Orthotic techniques

WORKSHOPTECHNOLOGY
General: Introduction to bench work, hand tools, measuring tools and
instruments. Equipment for mass production, introduction to lathe
machine and it’s operation, milling machine and its operations, tooling,
attachment, Shaping machine and its uses. Grinding machine, Drilling
Machine Abrasive machine etc. Special tools and equipment used in
fabrication of orthoses and prostheses.

Compressors, Vacuum Pumps and Dust Collection Equipments Cutting

Tools (Chisels, Saws and Metal Cutters) Pneumatic Tools Power Cutting
tools Workshop Safety & Hazards and Care

Mechanical working of metals such as steel and aluminum. Fundamental

of riveting, soldering, brazing and welding.

Workshop Technology Practical Practice: Practical work on workshop

practices. Practical training on lathes, Drilling Machine (Bench and
Pedestal), Grinding Machine, Router, hot air oven, sanding machine, heat
gun, pneumatic machines and Other machines. Practical work on various
materials and tools and its use in prosthetics & Orthotics.
PAPER - IV APPLIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS

General Mechanics: Definition of Mechanics, Foundation material on

Units, dimensional homogeneity, scalar and vector quantities, Co-ordinate
systems, Newton’s laws. Resolution and summation of forces and
moments in two and three Dimensions, equivalent force systems, free body
diagrams, equations of Equilibrium, plans and space frame analysis.
Parallel and non- parallel Forces, torque. Linear and angular motion,
uniform acceleration, friction, inertia, moment of inertia, dynamic
equilibrium (translation/rotation), Energy, momentum.

Simple stress & Strain: Definition of stress and strains, factor of safety
stress, modulus of elasticity, longitudinal strain and internal strains.
Possion’s ratio etc. stress and strain curve, statement of formulae relating
between different modules, simple problems to understand the above
principles of composite bars-formula relating to loads and strains in
individual members simple to understand the above relations. Mechanics
Practical (25 hours)

General: Practices on parallel and non-parallel forces, torque. Linear and

angular motion, uniform acceleration, friction, inertia.

Design concept: Buckling, theories in failure, fatigue and stress

concentrations, connections, Shear force and bending moment diagrams,
centroids, 2nd moment of area and mass, theorem of parallel axes, bending
stress, torsional stress of circular shafts, combined axial and bending
stresses. Combined and torsional stresses, combined axial bending torsional
stresses. Open and closed helical springs and beam deflection.

Control systems: Introduction to control theory and its applications in

Prosthetics and Orthotics.
Ecogonomics with applied mechanics

General: Introduction to definition and scope in modern industrial social

studies on Machine or man oriented topics. Displays devices for transmitting
information from machine to man. Controls in information from man
to machine. Safety factors, Pollution, noise, fumes, atmospheric
pollution if motion study in relation to Ergonomics principles.

PAPER - V ENGINEERING DRAWING:

Introduction: Drawing instruments and their uses. Sizes and layout of

drawing sheets. Item references on drawings and item lists. Planning on
assembly.

General Principles: Folding of Drawing prints Scales. Plain and diagonal,

Lines, Letterings. General principles of presentations. Section and other
conventions Conventional representations circle, Tangent Ellipse.
Cycloised Involute of circle.

Fundamentals: Dimensions on technical drawings. Indications of linear

and angular tolerance on technical drawings. Orthographic projections of
points, lines, simple objects and combinations. Isometric views,
Auxillary view, Drawing of screw thread form Bolts Screws and Screw
joints, weld and welded joint dimentioning and sketching of P & O
components/ parts, pulley shaft, coupling, etc.

Design: Design calculations and its applications for Prosthetics &

calculation Orthotics devices.

General Sketching: Sketching for preparing assembly, workshop drawing.

Various parts and Components used in prosthetics and orthotics, Basic
idea of design analysis, itemisation empiricism, approximation and
synthesis. Detail diagrams of all kind orthoses, prostheses and mobility aids.

Practical: All kinds of engineering drawing practice.

 PAPER - VI BIOMECHANICS-I

Basic Concepts in Biomechanics: Kinematics and Kinetics

a) Types of Motion b) Location of Motion c) Direction of Motion d)

Magnitude of Motion e) Definition of Forces f) Force of Gravity g)
Reaction forces h) Equilibrium i) Objects in Motion j) Force of friction k)
Concurrent force systems l) Parallel force systems m) Work n)
Moment arm of force o) Force components p) Equilibrium of levers

Joint structure and Function

a) Joint design b) Materials used in human joints c) General properties
of connective tissues d) Human joint design e) Joint function f) Joint
motion Biomechanics of normal foot, pathological foot, foot
arches, normal and surgical foot wear.

Human Movements: Normal gait: general features of gait, gait initiation,

kinematics and kinetics of gait, energy requirements, Pathological gait

Introduction to EMG studies and recording EMG

Joint Force Analysis: Body segment parameters, joint forces during swing
and stance phase, force analysis on foot and ankle joint, knee joint and Hip
joint.

Human locomotion and Gait analysis: Introduction to different ways to do

gait analysis by using force plate/TV analysis/ electromyography studies,
energy studies, gait repeatability, variation due to age, variation due to
footwear, Orthoses/Prostheses.. Trans Femoral Amputee, gait analysis
and deviations, gait variations due to alignment or pathological conditions.

Biomechanics of Symes prosthesis, partial foot prosthesis, below knee (trans

tibial) prosthesis.
PAPER - VII PROSTHETIC SCIENCE-I

Introduction: Introduction to Prosthetics, definitions of various

terminologies, Historical development in Lower Extremity Prosthetics in
India and abroad.

Prosthetic Feet: Various types of Prosthetic feet. Conventional foot.

Rocker, SACH foot, modified SACH Foot. Jaipur Foot, Seattle foot, Flex
foot, Quantum foot, Peg Roelite foot, Carbon copy foot, Comparatives
studies of prosthetic feet. Single axis, Double axis, Multi-axial foot, other
kinds of feet etc. Heel Height adjustment, Adjustable ankle, various kinds of
ankle mechanisms.
Partial Foot: Various types of Partial foot prosthesis. Biomechanics of
Partial foot prosthesis, Prescription Principles, Materials used for partial foot
prosthesis, various cast techniques of Partial foot prosthesis, Fabrication
Technique for partial foot prosthesis.

Syme’s: Various types of Symes Prosthesis, Prosthetic components,

Prescription criteria, Principles. Materials used for Symes prosthesis, casting
techniques. Cast modification. Fabrication Technique for Symes (P.T.B.
type) prosthesis. Fabrication Technique for conventional Symes prosthesis.

Trans Tibial: Various types of trans-tibial prostheses including Jaipur limb

& ICRC technology, Prosthetics Components – both conventional and
modular. Trans-tibial Prosthetic Prescription Criteria and principles.
Materials used in Trans-tibial Prosthesis. Measurement and casting
techniques for Trans-tibial prosthesis. Cast modification. Fabrication
techniques for trans-tibial prosthesis. Fabrication Technique for trans-tibial
Conventional Prosthesis – both Open and close ended socket, Different types
of socket designs – PTB, PTS, PTBSC, PTB-SCSP, Different types of
suspension.

Gait Deviations and Analysis: Person with Chopart, Symes, Trans-tibial

prosthesis. Check-Out Procedures with Chopart, Symes & Trans-tibial
prosthesis.

Prosthetics Practical: Fabrication of Partial foot prosthesis, Chopart

Prosthesis, Symes and various types of Trans tibial prosthesis using
different technology.
PAPER - VIII ORTHOTIC SCIENCE-I

General: Introduction to Orthotics, definitions of various terminologies,

History of Orthoses in India and abroad. Various materials used in Orthotics.

Different types of Orthoses: Users/Client’s assessment and prescription

criteria, Measuring and casting, cast modification, three point force
system, fabrication, fitting, aligning, checking out and finishing of the
following devices:

Shoe Modification: Medial/Lateral raise (Inside /outside shoe), M.T. Bar

(Inside / Outside shoe), Arch support, Meta tarsal pad, Calcaneal heel
wedge, Heel raise, Thomas Heel, Heel pad for Calcaneal spur, ‘T’ strap
(Medial and lateral), Fixation of stirrup plate in shoes/ Sandal, Various types
of Arch Supports – flexible/semi rigid/rigid/custom moulded, SMO-
Custom moulded Supra malleolar orthosis. Various types of Foot
Orthoses for diabetic feet and other sensory deficiencies.

AFO (Ankle foot orthosis): Conventional AFO-, Plastic AFO

(custom moulded), Articulated A.F.O & various types of ankle joints

Club foot Orthosis: Orthotic management of CTEV, Ankle support

Orthotic management of Anesthetic Foot.

Orthosis for the management of fracture below knee.

Practical: Different types of foot Orthoses, Shoe modifications, and all
types of Mechanical Ankle Joint , conventional & Custom molded (A.F.O.)
and fracture Orthosis for below knee.
 SECOND YEAR

PAPER - I PATHOLOGY

a. General:
i. Introduction to pathology, basic mechanism of health and
disease, clarification of disease. Inflammation – Acute
inflammation: features, causes, vascular and cellular events.
Chronic inflammation: Causes, Types, Classification,
Repair, Wound healing by primary and secondary union,
factors promoting and delaying the process.

b. Hemodynamic disorders, thrombo embolic disease & shock.

i. Ischemic, necrosis, thrombosis, embolism, Infarcation, shock.
ii. Gangrene.
iii. Thromboangitis obliterans.
Neoplasia – Definition, classification, Biological behaviour :
Benign and Malignant, Carcinoma and Sarcoma, principles of their
spread.

c. Hypersensitivity diseases and immunity – Brief overview

of hypersensitivity reaction allergies & auto immune
diseases.

d. Genetic disorders – Brief over view of genetic disease.

e. Nerurovascular diseases
i. Outline of Cerebro-vascular disorders
ii. Trauma to brain and spinal cord.
iii. Demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
iv. Degenerative diseases like parkinsons disease.
v. Peripheral vascular disease
vi. Poliomyelitis.
f. Metabolic disorders – Diabetic mellitus- Types, Pathogenesis,
Pathology, Laboratory diagnosis

g. Disorders of blood.

Constituents of blood and bone marrow, Regulation of

hematopoiesis. Anemia: Classification, clinical features & lab
diagnosis.
PAPER - II ORTHOPAEDICS & AMPUTATION SURGERY

Orthopaedics

General: Introduction, Principles of Orthopaedics. Common

investigative procedures.

Traumatology
Fracture, definition, types, signs and symptoms and
management. Subluxation/ dislocations – definition, signs and
symptoms, management

InfIammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Osteomyelitis, arthritis and arthroses, eg - Inflammation of Joints,
Rheumatoid Arthritis, infective arthritis, tuberculosis arthritis, Osteoarthritis,
Ankolysing spondylitis, arthritis of hemophilic joints, Neuropathic joints.
Inflammation of tendon sheath and bursa,

Disease of Bones and Joints

Metabolic diseases of bones, e.g. rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteopenia,
Osteoporosis.gout, scurvy etc.

Congenital Deformities
Outline of Torticolis, spina bifida, spinal anamolies scoliosis C.T.E.V.

Acquired Deformities
scoliosis – all types, kyphosis, Lordosis, spondylosis Coxa-vara, coxa-
valga and coxa magna, Otto pelvis, genu valgus, genu varum, genu
recurvatum.

Cervical and Lumbar Pathology

Prolapse of intervertebral disc, Spinal cord injury

Regional Conditions: Definition, Clinical features and management of

the following regional conditions

Hip: Outline of Dislocations and subluxations & dysplasia

(congenital, traumatic, pathological, paralytic, spastic and central),
Knee: Outline of Meniscal tears, dislocation of patella,
Ligamentous injuries.

Ankle & foot: Outline of partial and total ligamentous injuries Sprain
Heel and foot deformities (Calcaneo varus, Pes Valgus, varus,
Metatarsalgia, plantar fascitiis, Anesthetic feet, Bunion toe Hallux Valgus)

Shoulder: Outline of Recurrent dislocation, Bicipital tendinitis and

periarthritis.

Elbow and forearm: Outline of Cubitus varus and valgus, Madelung’s

deformity, Tennis elbow, Volkmann’s contracture, Dupuytren’s disease,
De Quervain’s disease, entrapment neuropathies.
Wrist & Hand: wrist drop, Tenosynovitis, mallet finger, carpal tunnel
syndrome, claw hand,

Specific Disorders: Leprosy, Burns, Tumors – Benign & malignant,

Tuberculosis & Perthes Disease, AVN (Full) Peripheral Nerve Injuries,
Congenital anomalies Muscular Dystrophy etc.
Sports injuries and their management.

Amputation Surgery

General: Indications/causes, General Principles, Types of amputation, i.e.

Guillotine, Flap, Osteoplastic Myoplastic, Osteo-myoplastic. Individual’s
Preparation for prosthesis. Ideal stump. Preoperative, operative and
postoperative prosthetic management techniques in general.

Amputation: Amputation surgery in lower and upper limbs, stump

refashioning and amputation revision

Amputation in special circumstances, like in infants and children,

Congenital limb deficiencies and its universal classification, ischemic
limbs, elderly persons, malignancy and Diabetes. Osteointegration and
Osteogenesis imperfecta.
Conginetal anomalies, podiatry, burns.
Orthopaedics

Practical:

General: Demonstration of different conditions & relevant x-ray films, how

to read from x-ray, how to measure the deformity from x-ray, Cobb,s &
Rib angle measurement etc. its simple assessment and P&O management
technique.

PAPER - III PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION

A. Psychology & Social work:

Introduction to Psychology, Outline of Psychology and behavior,

Intelligence and abilities, Learning and Remembering, Psychological
Development, Cognitive Processes, Personality, Moral Development,
Psychological aspect of disability. The Role of the Family, Child with the
disability, parents of the disabled child. Acceptance of Severely disabled
persons. Social-Sexual Relationships. Independent Living.

Introduction to Sociology and outline of Society, definitions,Outline of

Social works, Nature of Social organization, types of organizations. Non
governmental organisations and its role in prosthetics & orthotics.
Structure and functions of Social Institutions. Village as a community.
Social Changes.Social Problems, Social Welfare, Vocational
Rehabilitation, Employment, Self-Employment Job analysis, Job placement.

Disability & Development:

Background to social, political and economic issues in India and other Low
Income countries. Affect on poor who live in rural and urban areas.
Disability and women Introduction to community based rehabilitation as
compared to the existing medical model and its function. Introduction to
impairment, disability and handicap. Introduction to disability issues,
Government schemes and initiatives, legislation and
UNCRPD
Local resources available and referral. Income generation schemes,
Purpose of Sangha/group of PWDs. Access, adaptations and change of
environment where people live or work.

Removing Environmental Barriers, Recreation for the Disabled

Community Welfare organizations, Social welfare programmes. Professional
and social work in medical & rehabilitation set up. Practical and
environmental difficulties of patients in use of appliances. Outline of
Educational aspects, PWD act.

B. Physiotherapy And Occupational Therapy

Introduction to Physiotherapy

Aims and scope of various biomechanical modalities – shoulder wheel,

shoulder ladder, shoulder pulleys, pronator - supinator instrument, static
cycle, rowing machine, ankle exerciser, balancing board, springs, weights

Normal Posture: definition & description, static and dynamic,

alignments of various joints, centre of gravity, planes & muscular
moments, and Analysis of posture

Movements: Anatomical definition and description, Movements and

exercise as therapeutic modality and their effects, Physiological reaction of
exercise.

Traction: Rational, Technique, indications & contra indications.

Brief description of Short wave Diathermy-continuous and pulsed,

Microwave Diathermy, Ultrasound, Infrared, UVR and Lasers & other
electrotherapy modalities.

Muscle Testing: Concept, introduction, significance and limitations.

Grade systems, techniques of muscle testing, goniometry. Brief description
of Hydrotherapy.
Therapy at post-surgical stage (re-educating the muscles, maintaining ROM,
preventing stump contracture and care of non amputated limb, Exercise
through games involving parents or guardians, POP bandage application for
temporary splinting and correction of simple deformity, Stump
bandaging application etc).

Introduction to Occupational Therapy

Aims and scope of various biomechanical modalities used in Occupational

Therapy

Child development in brief - milestone and delayed milestone,

Assessment procedure, Evaluation of muscle power, range of motion,
checking of joint stability

Functional Assessment which includes ADL, stretching, strengthening,

breathing exercise, therapy at post-surgical stage (re-educating the
muscles, maintaining ROM, preventing stump contracture and care of
non amputated limb, Exercise through games involving parents or
guardians, POP bandage application for temporary splinting and
correction of simple deformity, Stump bandaging application etc.

Practical: Practical aspects of physiotherapy, occupational therapy.

C. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation:

Concept of Total Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation team and role of each

member of the team. Introduction to Physical Medicine, Principles of
clinical examinations, diagnosis and treatment. Different aspects of
physical medicine and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation aspects of visually
handicapped, hearing handicapped and mentally retarded and disability
evaluation.

Introduction to Health care System, Rehabilitation in Health care,

rehabilitation under various ministries, introduction to Institute based
rehabilitation (IBR) and Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR).
Prosthetics & Orthotics in CBR and Role of CBR Workers in P&O.
Introduction to general medicine and diseases. Chemical and physical
agents causing diseases. Outline of metabolic disorderse.g. Diabetes
Mellitus, deficiency diseases e.g. Vit. D deficiency and Vit. C deficiency.

Community Based Rehabilitation: What is CBR and its need – what way
it is different than IBR, Simple knowledge about other disabilities, its
prevention and its management, To understand the role of Key Players in
CBR, Referral facilities where to refer when to refer, Role of other
professionals in CBR, Role of P&O Professionals in CBR, Early
identification and early Intervention, How to work as a team in CBR/IBR
structure, Simple techniques to make CBR activities more purposeful,
Telemedicine

Specific disorders: Peripheral nerve injuries. Poliomyelitis, Cerebral Palsy,

Muscular Dystrophy, Club foot (CTEV), Spina Bifida, Hemiplegia, Spinal
Cord injuries (paraplegia/ Quadriplegia),

Infections – Prevention & control

□ Pyogenic infection.
□ Tubular and fungal in infections.
□ Leprosy & STD.
□ Parasitic & Protozoal disease.
□ Viral, Rickets diseases, AIDS.

Out lines of pathology of bone diseases, infections, trauma, & growth

disturbances.
□ Rickets, osteomalacia & osteoporosis.
□ Fracture of bone & its healing
□ Skeletal tuberculosis.
□ Osteo myelities – Pyogenic & tubucular.
□ Bone neoplasm.
□ Avascular necrosis [osteo necrosis]
□ Overview of osteogenesis imperfecta, pagets etc.

Disease of joints.
□ Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis re-active
arthritis, ankylosing spondyloarthritis & re-active
arthritis.
□ Infectious arthritis.
□ Gouty arthritis and pseudo gout
□ Brief overview of tumors of joints.

Diseases of soft tissue and skin

□ Soft tissue tumors
□ Ligamentous and meniscal disease and injuries with special
emphasis on sports injuries.
□ Skin – protection, heat, regulation, sensation, elasticity, wound
repair, response to irritants, response to pressure & ischemia brief.
□ Overview of skin disease – Eczema, contact dermatitis both etc.

Neuromuscular diseases: normal peripheral nerve and skeletal

muscle.
□ General re-actions of motor unit
□ Disease of peripheral nerves – inflammatory neuropathies,
immune mediated infections, polyneuropathies [ leprosy, etc,
hereditary neuropathies, acquired metabolic & toxic
neuropathies, nutritional neuropathies., Traumatic neuropathies.
□ Disease of skeletal muscle.
□ Muscular dystrophies.
□ Myotonic dystrophy.
□ Inflammatory & toxic neuropathies.
□ Neurovascular diseases.

Sports Injuries: Introduction to sports injuries, common sports injuries

and their management, Mechanism of injury to hip, knee, ankle,
shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand in various sports and outline of their
Orthotics management.

*Examination has to be conducted of A, B, C section with separate

answer sheet for the evaluation by the concerned faculty
/professionals.
PAPER - IV FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND
ELECTRONICS

Electricity

Basic Concepts: Introduction to SI System of units, charge, current,

resistance, potential differences, electromotive force, Energy power, Voltage
and current Relationship, energy storage, DC circuits, AC circuits, sine wave,
Frequency, Period, phase, RMS value, inductive and capacitive reactance.
Resistors: Resistors sensitive to temperature, strain and light, Resistors in
series and in parallel.

Transformers: Principle of the transformer, voltage, turns and current

ratios.

Semi Conductors: Outline Concepts of semiconductors and insulators.

Conduction in intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors.

Amplifiers: Amplifiers as a system element. Operational amplifiers and

their ideal characteristics. The small single equivalent circuit having a
controlled source. Voltage and current gain, the decibel power gain, Noise
and drift voltages, Source in amplifiers and bio-systems.

Feed Back: The general Feedback equation, Feedback Voltage series,

negative feedback and loop gain, loop gain Accuracy, input resistance,
output resistance, band width of noise. Feedback as a control mechanism in
the wider sense, Positive feedback – instability and self-oscilation in
amplifiers and oscillatiors.

Measurements: Electronics measuring instruments.. Summary of recording

instruments. Concepts of resolution and accuracy applied to digital and
analogue instruments. Transducers for temperature, light, pressure,
sounds, description, specification and use in circuit.

Myoelectrodes: Technology of metal and metal paste electrodes, the

equivalent circuit between electrodes, stability, source of unwanted voltage
electrode systems. Other types of myoelectrodes micro electrodes,
implanted electrodes, comparison with surface electrodes. Sensors,
microprocessors etc.
Electrical Safety: Description of single phase and three phase supply
system and voltage involved. Function of line, natural and earth in single
phase system. Current practice in pin connection and colour codes. Simple
safety procedure to be taken when servicing equipment. Effect on safety of
fault conditions. Fuses, Conductors and earth leakage detectors – miniature
circuit breakers (MCB). Voltage regulators integrated circuits.

Bio-Electricity: Biological Potentials, Muscle action potentials, Electro-

myography and Myo-electricity

PAPER - V BIOMECHANICS – II

Through knee Biomechanics: Through knee Prescription Principles,

socket biomechanics and alignment techniques.

Trans Femoral Prosthetics Biomechanics: General Socket biomechanics,

Trans Femoral socket biomechanics and analysis of socket forces.
Analysis of Trans Femoral Prosthetic components.

Gait deviation: Gait deviation while using while using Foot Orthoses (FO),
Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFO) and trans-tibial prostheses.

Above knee Orthotics Biomechanics: Biomechanical principals of various

kinds of above knee Orthosis especially Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis and Floor
Reaction Orthosis. Biomechanics of HKAFO especially to prevent
scissoring. Three/ four/five point force system. KAFO and HKAFO gait
deviations due to alignments or pathological conditions. Gait analysis
of KAFOs and HKAFOs with various types of crutches. Combined and
torsional stresses, combined axial bending torsional stresses. Open and
closed helical springs, beam deflection. Design test standards
/materials/Philadelphia Loads/ISO. Design calculations for P&O
devices/BIS.
PAPER – VI PROSTHETICS SCIENCE- II

Knee Joints: Different types of Endoskeletal and exoskeletal knee joints -

Single axis knee joints, Polycentric knee joints, Free knee, Constant friction
knee joints, Variable friction Knee joint, microchip control knee,
hydraulic knee joint, swing Phase control knee joints, Stance Phase control
knee joints etc.

Hip Joints: For above knee as well as for hip disarticulation/ hemi-
pelvictomy – all types of hip joints especially single axis and Swivel type.

Through Knee Prosthesis: Various types of through knee prosthesis -

Through knee prosthetic Components. Materials used for through knee
prosthesis. Casting techniques for through knee prosthesis, Cast
modification, Fabrication Techniques of through hip prosthesis, through
knee Gait analysis and deviations, Through knee Check-out Procedures.

Trans Femoral Prosthesis: Types of Trans Femoral Prosthesis. Trans

femoral Prosthetic Components. Trans Femoral Socket designs. Casting
and measurement techniques, Cast modification, Fabrication techniques of
Trans Femoral socket. Various types of suspension used in Trans
Femoral Prosthesis

Endoskeleton/modular: all common types, Trans Femoral Gait Analysis,

Trans Femoral Check-out Procedures.

Prosthetics Practical: Fabrication of all types of above Knee prosthesis

and through knee prosthesis.
PAPER – VII ORTHOTICS SCIENCE-II

Above knee Orthotics: Types of knee & Hip joints

Orthotics Components: Prescription principles of various types of Knee

Orthoses (KO), Knee Ankle foot Orthoses (KAFO), Hip Knee Ankle foot
Orthoses (HKAFO). RGO & ARGO Orthoses

All types of K.A.F.O., H.K.A.F.O. FRO, RGO & ARGO etc. and also
Orthoses for management of C.D.H., C.P., Paraplegics, Legg Calve perthes
diseases, Spina Bifida, Leprosy and Hemiplegia etc.

Fabrication: Cast and measurement techniques, appropriate selection of

materials and components, cast modification, fabrication and alignment
technique, using of different technologies – its advantages and
disadvantages, Accommodation of limb length discrepancy while designing
orthosis, Gait analysis and check out procedures.

Practical: Orthoses in Lower Motor Neuron Disorders, Orthoses in Upper

Motor Neuron Disorders, various types of knee Orthoses, Weight relieving
orthosis, Floor reaction orthosis, Toronto Brace, Low cost Orthoses,
Bilateral H.K.A.F.O, Orthoses in Arthritis, Orthoses in Fractures, Orthoses
in Hemophilia, Orthoses in Progressive Muscular Dystrophy, Orthoses
in Juvenile Disorders etc.
 THIRD YEAR

PAPER – I

COMPUTER

SCIENCE

Introduction to computers and Components of computers: Physical

Composition, Central Processing Unit, Main Memory, Input and
Output units and also all kinds of common types of computer peripherals.

Hardware: Various Configurations, Specification of peripherals and

computer system. Various types of storage facilities and its
advantages and disadvantages.

Computing environments: Introduction to types of computers- Personal

computers, Main frame and super computers, Networks, E-Mail,
Internet. Introduction to operating systems, e.g. DOS, Windows, Linux,
Unix, commands and introduction to General file systems.

Software: The current operating software’s, Word Processor, spreadsheet,

database and presentation software, e.g. Windows XP or Windows 2000
Professional, Microsoft Office XP or 2000 Professional etc., upgraded
as used currently, Anti Virus.

Computer Aided Design & Manufacturing (CAD & CAM)

Basics of CAD: Introduction, Definition, History, Current status, Product

Cycle, Automation, Designing, Application and Benefits.

Computer Graphics: Introduction of software, Function of graphic

package, Application Software.

AutoCad 2010 and updated version: Introduction, Foundation of AutoCad

Commands, Execution of Simple 2D Drawings, Understanding 3D
commands, Executing3D Commands, Creating 3D objects Rendering and
Image attach to an object Starting New Projects, Creating, Editing, Saving
Drawing, Annotation, Dimension, Plotting, Customisation, Auto Lisp.
Introduction to CNC, History of CNC, Advantages and disadvantages of
N/C, CNC, DNC, Major part of
CNC.
Basics of CAM: Introduction of CNC machine, basics of Computer Aided
Designing and Manufacturing (CADCAM) and its use in P&O. Other kinds
of Computer use in Prosthetics and Orthotics. CADCAM Technology in
socket making and also making of different kinds of orthosis and
prosthesis. CAD/CAM in Prosthetics & Orthotics: types of digitizers
used, concept of different types of modifying software, CNC carver and its
specification, step wise fabrication procedure of sockets, shells and
spinal orthoses, its advantages and disadvantages

Practical:

1. Trainees has to be thorough in all branches of MS Office

especially WORD and POWERPOINT. In addition to that it would be
better if trainee also learn one additional drawing and imaging
software among e.g. Corel Draw, PageMaker, Photoshop or similar
kind of softwares.

2. Trainees has to be thorough in all branches CADCAM especially

AUTOCAD. Trainees should make design of all common types of
P&O components which are regularly in use by using AutoCAD
software.

PAPER – II P&O WORKSHOP MANAGEMENT

Introduction: Principles of Administrative and Management structure,

Industrial Management, Definition of Organization. Principles of good
organisation, type of Organisational setup Workshop Administration and
management.

Management: Introduction, Discipline, Security, distribution of work, Work

sheet, Time sheet and staff Welfare.

Material Management: Store and store organization. Inventory Control.

Purchase organization. Introduction to cost accounting. Use of computer for
effective store management.

Safety: Industrial accidents, safety and hazards

Planning: Planning of Prosthetics and Orthotics Workshop all types of
various scales. Workshop layout, plant Layout. Costing, billing,
documentation especially development of recording system to manage
individual’s records.

Construction: Construction, ventilation, electrification, colour scheme,

lighting, Sanitary convenience, Further expansion and accessibility of
Prosthetic and Orthotic Workshop and fittings.

Human resource management & Environmental Science:

Economics: Business management practices such as cost calculations,

accounting process and budgeting address issues related to clinic
management including, appointment systems and record keeping, Quality
control and the use of quality assurance system Appropriate code of ethical
behaviour of P & O Professional responsible for the treatment of patients

Practical:

Either to design and develop a workshop or to carry out a project

for layout of a workshop for prosthetics and orthotics work or
workshop of similar nature.

PAPER – III MOBILITY AND REHABILITATION AIDS

Mobility and Walking aids: Canes, walking sticks, Crutches - auxiliary,

elbow and forearm support. Different types of Walking Frame, Walker and
their attachments. Para podium etc

Developmental aids: Biomechanics of various kinds of developmental aids,

Normal milestone and delayed milestone, prescription, design and
materials used, measurement techniques, fabrication of Box seat, Special
Chair with or without table/tray, Standing/ tilting frame, Low-level cart,
Prone board and various developmental and educational toys. Maximum
use of Appropriate Technology while making
developmentalaids.
Molded seats: Biomechanics of various kinds of molded seats, prescription
criteria, cast and measurement techniques, Cast modifications, fabrication
of molded seats with inside or outside posting, use of different materials
and technologies to fabricate the same, suspension or right kinds of
strapping.

Wheelchair: Manual wheelchair: Benefits of appropriate wheelchair for a

wheelchair user, Features and benefits of ‘sitting upright’ in wheelchair,,
Types of wheelchair, cushion and its components and its safe handling,
pressure relief techniques, , user assessment, prescription, measurement,
fitting, Transfer techniques, Wheelchair mobility skills, Care & Maintenance
of Wheelchairs and importance of wheelchair user instructions.
Cushions and its fabrication technique & wheelchair modification.

Other types: Introduction: Motorized wheelchair, tricycle and motorized

tricycle, modified two wheeler for mobility.

Gait Training with various walking aids, Installation/ fabrication of Parallel

bars.

Self help devices: Special gadgets to assist in activities of daily living

(A.D.L.) – assistive device for SCI patients, stroke patients etc.

PAPER - IV PROSTHETIC SCIENCE-III

Upper Limb: Grasp patterns, grasp forces, mechanical replacement of hand

function, augmentation of deficient hand function, upper limb prosthetic
socket biomechanics – all types.

Control systems: Introduction to control theory, application in

Prosthetics of functional electrical stimulation (FES), myoelectric and bio-
feedback.

Upper limb prosthetics: Historical development in Upper Limb Prostheses

– India and abroad, Upper Extremity Prosthetics Components - Terminal
devices, Wrist units, Elbow units, Shoulder units, Harnessing systems in
Upper extremity prosthesis.
Partial Hand: Both cosmetics and functional types which also includes
silicon prostheses. Cosmetic hand gloves and fingers. Devices for
augmentation of function and cosmesis for partial hand amputation and
finger amputation.

Wrist Disarticulation: Prescription Criteria, Types of prosthesis –

Components, Socket Shape, Clinical Considerations, Casting and
measurement techniques, Cast modifications, Fabrication techniques,
alignment techniques, Harnessing and suspension mechanisms, Fitting,
donning and doffing techniques. Check out procedures, Testing and
Training.

Trans Radial: Prescription Criteria, Types of Trans Radial prosthesis –

Components, Types of Socket which includes Self suspending,
flexible/rigid socket or combination of both, Clinical Considerations,
Casting and measurement techniques, Cast modifications, Fabrication
techniques – single wall and double wall, alignment techniques,
Harnessing and suspension mechanisms, Control system – body powered
and externally powered, Fitting, donning and doffing techniques. Check
out procedures, Testing and Training.

Trans Humerus: Prescription Criteria, Types of Trans Humeral prosthesis

which also includes Elbow Disarticulation prostheses – Components,
Different types of Elbow Mechanisms. Types of Socket which includes Self
suspending, flexible/rigid socket or combination of both, Clinical
Considerations, Casting and measurement techniques, Cast
modifications, Fabrication techniques – single wall and double wall,
alignment techniques, Harnessing and suspension mechanisms, Control
system – body powered and externally powered, Fitting, donning and
doffing techniques. Check out procedures, Testing and Training.

Shoulder Disarticulation: Prescription Criteria, Types of prosthesis both

cosmetics and functional, Components, Different types of Elbow and
Shoulder Mechanisms. Types of Socket, Clinical Considerations, Casting
and measurement techniques, Cast modifications, Fabrication techniques,
alignment techniques, Harnessing and suspension mechanisms, Control
system – body powered and externally powered, Fitting, donning and
doffing techniques. Check out procedures, Testing and Training.
Prosthetics
Practical: Fabrication of prosthesis for partial hand amputation or
congenital absence, through wrist prosthesis, Below Elbow prosthesis,
Above Elbow prosthesis, Shoulder Disarticulation prosthesis, Elbow
Disarticulation prosthesis – preferably using various available technologies.
Practical: Different ways of design tests, use of FES and myoelectric
control system in P&O devices.

PAPER – V ORTHOTIC SCIENCE -III

Upper Limb: Orthosis biomechanics, application of external power,

myoelectric control of external power and usage of devices.

Control systems: Introduction to control theory, application in

Orthotics of functional electrical stimulation (FES), hybrid
Orthosis.

Upper Limb Orthotics: Objectives of splinting and principles. Types &

classification of Orthoses. Biomechanical principal of all types of upper limb
Orthotics. Material used and its advantages and disadvantages. All types of
Hand Orthoses, Wrist Hand Orthoses, Elbow Orthoses, Shoulder Elbow
Wrist Hand Orthoses & Pelvic Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hand Orthosis.
Measurement/casting and Fabrication of P.S.E.W.H.O, S.E.W.H.O,
Elbow Orthoses, Elbow Wrist and Hand Orthoses, Elbow braces etc.

Immobilization/ mobilization, Appliances for flail elbows:

Measurement/casting and Fabrication of Shoulder Orthoses, The shoulder
joint braces and splints, Abduction splints and braces, Traction splint of
Humerus, All types of Shoulder Elbow Wrist and Hand Orthoses which also
includes both body powered and externally powered. All types of fracture
Orthoses, Temporary splinting, Feeder and other assistive appliances.

Orthotics Practical: Fabrication of at least 5 types of splints belonging to

each group.
 PAPER VI - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction to Biostatistics
1 Definition – Statistics, Biostatistics
2 Applications of Biostatistics
3 Data collection from experiments & surveys.
4 Variable – Qualitative & Quantitative, Discrete and continuous.
5 Presentation of Data: - a) Tabular Presentation of Data – Statistical
Table, Format of a Table.b) Frequency Distribution – construction of
Frequency Distribution, cumulativeand relative frequency
distribution, Exclusive and inclusive method of classification of
Data. c) Diagrammatic Presentation of Data: - Bar diagrams, Pie
Diagram, Line Diagram, Pictogram, Cartogram or Statistical map.
d) Graphical representation of a Frequency distribution –
Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Frequency curve, gives or
cumulative frequency curves.

Research methodology:

1 Introduction to Research methodology: Meaning of research,

objectives of research, Types of research & research
approaches,
2 Research problem: Statement of research problem Statement of
purpose and objectives of research problem, Necessity of defining
the problem
3 Research design: Meaning of research design, Need for
research design,
4 Sampling Design: Criteria for selecting sampling procedure
5 Measurement & scaling techniques: Measurement in
research- Measurement scales, sources of error in
measurement,
6 Methods of data collection: collection of primary data.
7 Sampling fundamentals, need for sampling
8 Analysis of data:, Types of analysis.
9 Testing of hypothesis: What is hypothesis? Basic
concepts concerning testing of hypothesis.
FOURTH YEAR

PAPER – I PROSTHETIC SCIENCE-IV

Hip Disarticulation Prosthesis: Various types of through hip Prosthesis.

Prescription principles, Materials and components to be used, Casting and
measurement techniques, Cast modification, alignment, suspension, Fitting,
donning and doffing techniques. Check out procedures, Testing and
Training. Through hip Gait analysis and deviations.

Prosthetics: Bilateral Stubbies. Bilateral Prosthesis. Trans Lumber

Prosthesis (Sitting and Standing), Prosthesis for Child Amputee,
Prosthesis for Congenital anomalies, Prosthesis adaptation for sports and
recreation, Immediate post surgical fittings, Check-out Procedures.

Practical: Fabrication of Prosthesis for through hip, double or multiple

amputees, Fitting of Prosthesis in cases and developing and/or adapting new
designs.

PAPER – II ORTHOTIC SCIENCE -IV

Spinal Biomechanics: Motions of the spine, Biomechanics of different

region in spinal column, Biomechanics Inter vertebral disk, Lumbar Spine
loading during normal activities and effects of Orthosis on this loads,
Biomechanical Principles of spinal orthosis, Biomechanics of Corsets,
Cervical/thoraco/lumbar/sacral spinal orthosis. Biomechanics of scoliosis
correction using different technologies especially using Spinal orthosis.

Spinal Orthoses: Historical development of spinal orthoses. Anatomical

and Physiological Principles of construction and fitting of spinal
Orthoses. Biomechanical principle and Functions of spinal Orthoses.

Cervical Orthoses: Principle, material, measurement/ casting, fabrication of

all types of Cervical Orthoses especially different types of cervical collar,
semi-rigid/rigid cervical orthoses both temporary and permanent. Cervical
Traction, HALO traction and various types.
Thoraco Lumbo Sacral Orthoses: Flexible spinal Orthoses. Rigid spinal
orthoses. Principle, material, measurement/ casting, fabrication of all types
of Thoraco Lumbo sacral orthoses (TLSO) especially all types of orthoses
for scoliosis. All types of under arm orthoses and variants. Various types of
Immobilisers, Fitting, donning and doffing techniques. Check out
procedures, Testing and Training. Lumbo sacral Orthoses: Principle,
material, measurement/ casting, fabrication of all types of Lumbo sacral
orthoses (LSO) especially Corsets and all types of orthoses for Lordosis and
scoliosis. Pelvic traction and its uses.

Orthotics: Orthoses for sports injury, Reciprocating Gait Orthoses (RGO),

Hip Guidance Orthoses(HGO), Fracture Cast Bracing, Swivel walker,
orthopodium/ Parapodium. Weight relieving orthoses, Extension orthoses
or Ortho-prostheses, PTB. orthoses, Silicone Cosmetic prosthesis.

Practical: Fabrication of orthoses for children with Cerebral palsy as in para

above and adapting according to the individual needs.

3. PROSTHETICS CLINICAL PRACTICE

Direct Service: In this period each trainee will be in touch directly with the
persons with disabilities under supervision of the
Instructor/Demonstrator. She/he would do all the necessary work from start
to the finish for fittings of suitable prostheses. Each person fitted with
prostheses has to be documented/ recorded well and to be presented in
the clinics in front of Rehabilitation team and other trainees. Besides
fitting, trainee would also work with other rehabilitation team members
to understand otal Rehabilitation .

4. ORTHOTICS CLINICAL PRACTICE

Direct Service: In this period each trainee will be in touch directly with the
persons with disabilities under supervision of the
Instructor/Demonstrator. She/he would do all the necessary work from start
to the finish for fittings of suitable prostheses. Each person fitted with
prostheses has to be documented/ recorded well and to be presented in
the clinics in front of Rehabilitation team and other trainees. Besides
fitting, trainee would also work with other rehabilitation team members
to understand otal Rehabilitation .
5. PROJECT WORK

Each Trainee shall take a project work under supervision of a guide. Project
work has to be well documented and presented in essay form. The major
focus will be trainee’s original work which she or he has to present prior to
final examination. The subject and the guide should be chosen within four
weeks from the day of admission to the fourth year.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS &

JOURNALS ANATOMY

Sl.No. Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.

1. Human Chaurasia, B D CBS, New 2004 3V
Anatomy: Delhi
Regional and
2. Human Osteology Chaurasia, B D CBS, New 1991
Delhi
3. Anatomy: Field, Derek Butterworth, 1997
Palpation and London
Surface Markings
4 Human Osteology A.K.Dutta

5. Grant’s Method of John V. Basmajian

Anatomy
6 Gray's Richard L.
Anatomy for Drake, Wayne
Students Vogl & Adam
W.M. Mitchell
 PHYSIOLOGY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1 Human Physiology Chatterji, C. C. Medical Allied 1997 2V

2. Human Dr. A. K. Jain 1 st

Physiology for Edition
B.D.S and PT/OT 1998
3. Text Book of Guyton, A.C. W.B.Saunders, 1998
Medical and Hall, J. E. Singapore
4. Essentials of K.Sembulingam
Medical & Prema
Physiology Sembulingam

PATHOLOGY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Basics of Pathology By Robins

2. Test Book By Dr. Jaypee

of Harsh Publisher New
Pathology Mohan Delhi

PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Prosthetics & Orthotics Shurr. G. Donald 2nd ed.
& J.W.Michel
2. Prosthetics & Seymour, Ron
Orthotics Lower Limb
3. Amputations May Bella J. Jaypee
& Prosthetics Publisher
New Delhi
4. Orthotics in Nowoczenski,
functional Deborah A.
rehabilitation of the
l li b
 5. Atlas for prosthetic American Mosby 3rd
rehabilitation, Academy of publications/
Surgery and limb Orthopaedic or N.Y.U.
deficiency. Surgeons St.Louice,
London,
Chickago
6. Orthotics Edestein, Joan E. Jaypee
Publisher
New Delhi
7. Wheel chair selection Cooper,
& configuration Cynthia ed.
8. Orthotics in Mckee, Pat
rehabilitation
9. Hydraulics Parr, Andrew
and
10. Foot and ankle in sports Bates, Andrea
11. Functional Sarmiento, A.
fracture bracing
12. AAOS atlas of Hsu, John D. Mosby 4th ed.
Orthosis and assistive publications/
devices, or N.Y.U.
St.Louice,
London,
Chickago
13. Maintenance and care C.A. Hannesseg
of the prosthesis
14. Manual for lower Mosby
Extremity publications/
prosthetics Publisher or N.Y.U.
: Mosby Louice,
London,
Chickago
15. Manual for Upper William
Extremity R.SANTASHI
Prosthesis Edn
16. Hip C.A. Melancik
disarticulation
17. The Management Kenton Butter
of Spinal D.Leather man worth-
deformities Rober A. Heineman
Dickson n
Ltd. Linacre
House,
Jordon
Hill,Oxford
OX2 BDP
18. FOOT ORTHOSIS Kent, Wu

19. Principal in
Prosthetic E.F.Murphy
management for
20. Orthotics: Individual: A Jan Bruckner
Comprehensive and Joan
Interactive Tutorial Edelstein
CD- ROM
21. An Atlas of Lower D.N. Condie and
Limb Orthotic Practice S. Turner
22. Orthotics and Michelle M.
Prosthetics in Lusardi PhD PT
Rehabilitation and Caroline C.
Nielsen PhD
23. Guidelines for Mark A. Reiley
Prescribing
Foot Orthotics
26. Orthotics in Deborah A.
Functional Nawocze
Rehabilitation of the
27. L
Hand Li Upper
and b Fess,Gettle,Philips Elsevier
Extremity Splinting : Elaine Mosby St.
principles and methods Ewing,Karan Luis B. I.
S,Cynthia A Publications
28. Control of the American American
Foot/Ankle Academy of Academy
Complex: Orthotic Prosthetists & of
Recommendations Orthotists Prosthetists
& Orthotists
29. Orthology: Academy of
Pathomechanics of Prosthetists &
Lower-Limb Orthotists
Orthotic Design
30 Powered upper American
limb prosthesis Academy of
Prosthetists &
Orthotists
31 Introduction to Mathur U.N.Dhur Mac-Graw
microprocesso A.P Hill Inc.
r New Delhi
32. Orthotics Etcetera John B Redford
33. Upper Anderson, Jaypee
Extremity Miles H. Publisher
Orthotics New Delhi
34. New Advances Mark H Bussell
in Prosthetics
and Orthotics
35. Extremity AAOS Spring field
Orthotics
36. Prosthetic & Kevin Croll Ist
patient
Orthotic &
37. Michel M.Lusardi
Prosthetic
38. Clinical Practical Johan B
& rehabilitation
Technology
39. The Immediate post- Andrew C. Ruoff
operative Prosthesis & Others
in
40. Congenital i Charles A Frank
Limb
41. fi i Knee
Above Zems Grim
Amputation-
Prosthetic Principles
42. & i
Hemipelvictom Fred Hampton
y Prosthesis
43 Hip C. A. Mclaucik
Disarticulation
44. h i Lower Limb
Powered J. Hughes
Orthotics in
45. Bio-mechanical basis of P.Bowker, D.N. Butter
Orthotics Management Conde D.L.Bader, worth-
D.J.PRATT Heinemann
Ltd. Linacre
House,
Jordon
Hill,Oxford
OX2 BDP

PSYCHOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Sociology Vidya Bhusan Kitab Mahal
& Mazumdar New Delhi
Introduction
2. to sociology Devis
3. Child Development By Hurlock
(ED)
4. Intro. To By Tata Mcg.
Psychology ED.7 Morgan Hill, Delhi
5. Abnormal Psychology (C )
BY Mohanty
6. Text Book Wallis,Willey
of Sociology Wilson
D,Malcom
 BIOMECHANICS

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Bio-mechanical P. Bowker, Butter worth-
basis of Orthotics D.N. Conde, Heinemann
Management D.L. Bader, Ltd. Linacre
D.J.PRATT House, Jordon
Hill, Oxford
OX2 BDP
2. to Humphrey
biomechanics , Jay D.
3. Biomechanical Hamill 2nd ed.
Basis of human ,
Rose,h
4. Human walking Jessicaed.
Soderberg,
5. Kinesiology
L.ed.
6. of Hoffoman 2nd ed.
Kinesiology shirt J.
7. Muscles, nerves Tyldesley, 3rd ed.
& movement Barbara
Perry,
8. Gait analysis
Jacuelin
Tozeren
9. Human body dynamics
, Aydin
10. Human ,
motion G.F.ed
11. Clinical biomechanics Dvir, Zeevi

12. Basic Biomechanics Hall Susan J McGraw-Hill

13. Gait disorders Hausdorff, B. I.

Alexander Publications
Jeffrey M, P
Neil B
14. Fundamentals of Duane 2nd ed.
Bio- Mechanics Knudson
 15. mechanics Stanley Bell P B. I.
and Frank Publications
biomechanics uk
16. Clinical Biomechanics Black
Jonathan
17. Biomechanics of Donatelli, Davis,
the Foot and Ankle R.A. Philadelphia
18. Physiology of Joints Kapandgi, Churchill- Vol. I, II
I.A. Livingstone & III

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Sl. Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.

No.
1. CAD, CAM McMohan
, Chris
2. CAD/CAM theory Zeid Ibrahim B. I.
and practice Publications P
New Delhi
3. Computer course Satish Jain Pub: BPB New
Delhi
4. Computer Satish Jain Pub: BPB New
Organisation & Delhi
system Software
6. Computer graphics Hammandlu Pub: BPB New
Delhi
7. Operating systems BPB Pub: BPB New
Delhi
8. Auto CAD 2007 for C.D
engineers &
9. Sensor C.D
technology hand
b k
 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Material science Calin, Andrea 6th ed.
& engineering
2. Physics of plastics Biller, Jose
3. Carbon materials for Bulson, P.S. ed
advanced
4. Fundamentals of Ram, Arie
polymer
5. i
Plastics i Chan, Karence 2nd ed.
technology K. ed.
Polymer
6. Foams Nigel Mills
7. Textdbbookk of O.P.Khanna
Material Science &
8. Introduction to S.W.Tasi
Composite
9. i l Materials
Composite L.J.Broutman
& R.H.Kroch
10. Material Science M.K.Murlidhar
& Process

ENGINEERING DRAWING

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Technical/ N.D. Bhatt Chroper
Engineering Drawing Publications
2. Technical/ P.S. Gill
Engineering Drawing
3. Textbook of Dhawan, R.K. 3rd rev.
machine drawing ed..
 APPLIED MECHANICS & STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Applied Mechanics R.S.Khurmi

2. Strength of Materials Jagdish Lal

WORKSHOPTECHNOLOGY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Workshop B.S. Dhanpat Rai
Technology Vol. I & Raghuvanshi & Co. Delhi
2. Basics John Lord & Butter North,
Mechanics Ann Reed Oxford
3. l i d Technology
Workshop Chapman Vol.I,II
& III

ORTHOPEDICS & AMPUTATION SURGERY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Outline of Adam,s
orthopaedics
2. Apley’s Systems Solomon Arnold, London
of Orthopedics , Louis
and Fracture
3. Essential Orthopedics Maheshwari,
J
4. Orthopedics: Terke, Lippencott,
principles and their Samual New York
Amputation Miroslow
5. & Prosthesis Vitali
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY & ELECTRONICS

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Basic electronics Thereja, B.L.

2. Sensor C.D.
technology hand
3. bFundamentals
k of Singh, Anokh
digital electronics
& microprocessors
4. Biological & Ralph. W. London.
Medical Electronics Stach, Ph.D.
5. Bio-electricity by E.E. Svek /
Ling D.E.E.

PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Physical Medicine Bredamm,s
& Rehabilitation
2. Physical Medicine Deliza
& Rehabilitation
3. Neurological Carr, J.H. Butterworth,
Rehabilitation and Oxford
Shepherd,
Handbook of Kottke, F.J.
WB
4. Physical Medicine and
and Rehabilitation Lehman Saunders,
London
5. Tetraplegia Bromley, Ida Churchill-
and Paraplegia Livingston,
London
 RESEARCH METHADOLOGY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Critical Moments in Armstron Butter worth-
Quantitative g H.B. Heine Oxford
Research
2. Orthotic R.M. Scot
system&
h
PHYSIOTHERAPY/OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

Sl.
Title Author Publisher Year/Vol.
No.
1. Occupational Therapy Pedartery

2. Occupational Therapy Specsma

n
3. Hand Splinting Win & Parry

4. Movement Therapy Brunn Stones

in hemipleagia
5. Introduction to Pagliarulo, Mosby, London
Physical M.A.
6. h
Human Jones, Butterworth
Movement Heine
7. Principles of Gardiner, CBS, New Delhi
Exercise Therapy Dena
8. Clayton’s Froster, A. AITBS, Delhi
Electrotherapy: and
Theory and Practice Palastanga, N.
9. Electrotherapy Jhon, Low Butterworth
Explained and A Heine Oxford
Reed
10. Daniels and Hislop, H.J. W.B.Saunders 2002
Worthingham’s and Philadelphia
Muscle Testing: Montgomery
Techniques of , J.
Manual Examination
 Varghese,
11. Tidy’s Physiotherapy Thomson, A Mumbai
12. Muscles Testing Kendal, F.P. Lippi cott, 1993
and Function New York