Говорение Speaking

8ч»
ІЙ Vfi;

Щ Ш лщ
* * * с АН ГЛИ И
ГОВОРЕНИЕ
SPEAKING
ГОВОРЕНИЕ
SPEAKING

Готовимся к ЕГЭ
 С .А . Юнёва

ОТКРЫВАЯ МИР
С АНГЛИЙСКИМ
ЯЗЫКОМ

Готовимся к ЕГЭ

«Интеллект-Центр»
Москва
2013
 Contents

Healthy Lifestyle ..................................................................................................................... 5

Food .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Sport .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Shopping ................................................................................................................................... 17
Fashion ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Travelling ................................................................................................................................. 25
Town & Country ........................................................................................................................ 29
Money ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Environmental Problems ........................................................................................................ 37
Global Problems ..................................................................................................................... 41
Youth Problems ........................................................................................................................ 45
Education ................................................................................................................................. 50
Science & Technology ............................................................................................................ 54
The In te rn e t.............................................................................................................................. 58
Family ........................................................................................................................................ 63
The Mass Media ..................................................................................................................... 67
The Arts . . . ............................................................................................................................... 72
The Cinema ............................................................................................................................... 76
Books ............................................................................................................ 81
Music ........................................................................................................................................ 85
_eisure Time Activities ............................................................................................................ 88
Work & C a r e e r .......................................................................................................................... 92
Foreign Languages . ............................................................................................................... 97
Etiquette & Good M a n n e rs..................................................................................................... 101
Feelings & Emotions .............................................................................................................. 106

Dialogues ................................................................................................................................. 111

 Healthy Lifestyle

Read the text about the importance of physical exercise. Read the definitions (1-10), find the
words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

everybody wants to be in good shape, to stay healthy

n>d attractive and to enjoy good physical, mental and
e :ional health. If your goal is to increase your life
г an and to have good health, you should lead a healthy
:festyle.
Physical activity is an essential part of people's
levelopment. Exercising as little as 30 minutes a day
ren greatly improve your health. Exercise makes us
- :ig. fast, patient and disciplined. Regular physical
activity is important for our overall health and well-
- ng. Physical exercise strengthens the immune sys-
,ti improves mental health and helps prevent such diseases as heart and cardiovascular disease, dia­
retes and obesity.
Regular exercise can help improve your mood, reduce the risk of chronic disease, increase energy
els and even improve sleep. Exercise causes endorphins to be released in the brain. Endorphins are
■ micals produced by your body that reduce pain and can make you feel happier. That is why exer-
-e is the best remedy for depression and stress. Exercise also increases the flow of oxygen to the brain
an i improves mental clarity and memory.

The way a person or group of people live, including the place they live in, the things they own,
the kind of job they do, and the activities they enjoy.
I A feeling of being comfortable, healthy, and happy.
The system by which your body protects itself against disease.
An illness which affects a person, animal, or plant.
A serious disease in which there is too much sugar in your blood.
When someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy.
7 A medicine to cure an illness or pain.
A medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious.
Continuous feelings of worry about your work or personal life.
Someone's ability to remember things, places, experiences etc.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

: i be in good shape - быть в хорошей форме disease - болезнь

attractive - привлекательный cardiovascular - сердечнососудистый
mental health - психическое/душевное здоровье diabetes - диабет
goal - задача, цель obesity - ожирение
.:fe span - продолжительность жизни endorphin - эндорфин
rssential - необходимый, неотъемлемый to release - выпускать, выделять
:о improve - улучшать to reduce - ослаблять, уменьшать
л ell-being - здоровье, благополучие remedy (for) - лекарство (от)
mmune system - иммунная система oxygen - кислород
: ) prevent - предотвращать mental clarity - ясность ума

5
2. Read the text about proper nutrition. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations
from the table.

calcium-rich foods, alertness, affect our health, cholesterol, growth,

vitamins, building blocks, go hand in hand, calories, well apportioned

Nutrition can be defined as the process of giving or getting the right type of food for good health
and ( 1 ) ______________ Every living thing needs proper nutrition to survive. Exercise and proper
nutrition ( 2 ) ________________ The food choices we make every day ( 3 ) _________________
We should choose healthy, balanced and ( 4 ) ______________ meals.
There are essential ( 5 ) ______________ in human nutrition, and each must be present for health.
Proteins are necessary for building and maintaining muscle and organ systems. Carbohydrates provide
energy. Fats are necessary for skin, hair and organs. Vitamins and minerals perform hundreds of tasks,
from maintaining mental ( 6 ) ______________ to growing strong bones.
If we want to be healthy, we should eat more fruit, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and
( 7 ) ______________ We should avoid food that is rich in ( 8 ) ______________ , added sugars, salt
and saturated fats. It is better to choose food which is low in (9) ______________ and contains
(1 0 )______________ , proteins, minerals and fiber.

Vocabulary
nutrition - питание proteins - белки, протеины
calcium-rich - богатый кальцием necessary - необходимый, нужный
alertness - живость (ума) to maintain поддерживать, сохранять
cholesterol - холестерин carbohydrates - углеводы
building blocks - основные элементы fats - жиры
calorie - калория whole grains - цельные злаки
to define - определять (значение слова) to avoid - избегать
to survive - выживать saturated fats - транс-жиры
essential - необходимый fiber - клетчатка

3. Give a talk on weight loss diets. The following words and word combinations can help you.

to be overweight or obese - иметь лишний вес или страдать ожирением; to be extremely dangerous
to one's health - быть крайне опасным для здоровья; to carry extra weight - иметь лишний вес;
risk of developing many diseases - риск возникновения многих болезней; diabetes - диабет; heart
disease - порок сердца; cancer - рак; to determine which diet is the right one for one's personal needs
and body type - определить, какая диета подходит чьим-либо личным потребностям
и конституции организма; to consult a doctor or a nutrition expert - консультироваться с доктором
или специалистом по питанию; to lose weight - терять вес; to promote slow and steady weight loss -
способствовать медленной и постоянной потере веса; to lower one’s caloric intake - снижать
потребление калорий; to not lower vitamins, minerals or protein - не снижать потребление
витаминов, минералов или протеина; to not contain a sufficient amount of nutrients - не содержать
достаточного количества питательных веществ; to cause fatigue, irritability and a lack of energy -
вызывать усталость, раздражение и слабость; to weaken the body's immune system ослаблять
иммунную систему организма; to result in - иметь следствием; eating disorders - расстройства
пищевого поведения; anorexia - анорексия (отвращение к пище); bulimia - булилия (обильное
потребление пищи); healthy weight loss - здоровая потеря веса; to result from both diet and exercise
- происходить в результате сочетания диеты с физическими упражнениями
6
>ns 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Mrs. Smith: I am getting worried about my health, Mr. Connor. I've put on weight recently and I
. , : n't know what to do about it.
Ith
Mr. Connor: If you want to lose weight and to preserve health, it's better to begin with smaller por-
>er
". -ns of food and to make changes to your diet. For example, ( 1 ) ______ Avoid fast food, and fried
and fatty food because it ( 2 ) ______ Cholesterol is very dangerous. It causes the production of a fatty
: -.que that clogs the arteries, which can (3) _____ In order to prevent the danger you should
:h.

Mrs. Smith: And how many calories a day do I need?

s,
'I t. Connor: A person needs 2,000 calories a day, but it ( 5 ) ______
Mrs. Smith: And what about physical exercise?
id
Mr. Connor: Regular physical activity is very important. You should have at least 30 minutes of mod-
rate exercise five days a week. Exercise helps ( 6 ) ______ For instance, running and fast walking
is
_ :uce cholesterol levels and help burn calories.
Mrs. Smith: I ride my bike every day.
Mr. Connor: Good. Don't forget that if you want to be healthy, you must ( 7 ) ______ Consuming
. jhol and tobacco products greatly increases your risk of getting certain cancers, diabetes and heart
'•rase, and can (8) .........._. Unhealthy food, lack of exercise, a sedentary lifestyle and a lot of other
•. tors may become fatal both to your body and your mind.

A. lead to a heart attack or a stroke

B. depends on age, weight, physical activity and other factors

C. contains a lot of cholesterol

—
D. improve the health of your heart and decrease your body weight

E. replace a cup of tea and cake with a glass of juice

F. damage your overall health

G. reduce the amount of cholesterol-rich food such as eggs and offal

—
H. eliminate nicotine, caffeine and alcohol

Vocabulary

put on weight - толстеть, поправляться moderate - умеренный

preserve health - сохранить здоровье sedentary lifestyle - сидячий образ жизни
г.olesterol - холестерин stroke - паралич, удар
ique - бляшка, тромбоцит to decrease - уменьшать, сокращать
clog - забивать, закупоривать offal - ливер, потроха
7
 5. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions:

1) Why do many people go to fitness clubs today?

2) What fitness classes can a health club offer?
3) How often does one have to go to a fitness club?
4) What is the best way to lose weight at the gym?
5) What can you do to stay in good shape if you don't have an opportunity to go to a fitness club?

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

You would like to go to a fitness club and you want your friend to join you. He/she is not eage
to go. Try to persuade him/her that exercise will do him/her good. Remember to discuss:

. the benefits of physical exercise

. the advantages of the fitness club you have chosen
. what else you can do to be in shape and to stay healthy

7. Give a talk on a healthy lifestyle. Remember to discuss:

. the importance of physical exercise

• the importance of proper nutrition
• what people should do if they want to lose weight and to stay healthy

8
 о*
л <7
Food
Read the text about genetically modified food. Read the definitions (1-8), find the words
which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived

ь? rr m genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such as
_ netically modified crops or genetically modified fish.
-M crops are developed by changing a plant's genetic
•■jc ture in order to help the plant resist against dis-
ses caused by insects or viruses or to produce larger
ager • ps. Scientists first discovered that DNA can transfer
‘•Vtween organisms in 1946. The first genetically modi-
: plant was produced in 1983.
There are controversies around GM food. There is no
- ntific conclusion so far to prove its safety for human
-sumption. Producers of genetically modified food say that it has a number of advantages in terms
trice, durability and nutritional value. They claim that there is no risk to human health. There are
• some supporters that see GM crops as providing benefits to the environment through a reduction
- •ne use of pesticides.
The European Union, Australia, China and other countries require GMO labeling. Such labeling is
: -quired in the United States and in Russia, although possible side effects connected with the use
• 3M products have not been studied.
The recent rapid increase in human population has raised concerns that we will not be able to pro-
ie everybody with food. Some scientists are convinced that people need additional food supplies and
• GM foods can solve the world hunger problems. Others say that there is more than enough food
:he world and that the hunger crisis is caused by problems in food distribution and politics, not pro­
duction.

\ plant or other living thing whose genes have been changed by scientists, especially in order to
make it less likely to get diseases or be harmed by insects.
A very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses.
A substance that carries genetic information in the cells of the body.
The act of eating or drinking.
Relating to the substances in food that help you to stay healthy.
A chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops.
An unexpected or unplanned result of a situation or event.
Lack of food, especially for a long period of time, that can cause illness or death.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

--netically modified - генетически consumption - потребление, расход

инфицированный durability - выносливость, долговечность
derive - получать, извлекать nutritional value - пищевая ценность
- р - культура, урожай benefit - польза, преимущество
resist - противостоять, сопротивляться pesticide - пестицид
-ease - болезнь to label - прикреплять ярлык, этикетку
DNA - ДНК side effect - побочный эффект
:ontroversy - спор, дебаты additional - дополнительный
:: nelusion - вывод distribution - распределение, раздача
9
2 . Read the text about fast food. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the
table.

does m uch harm , a rtific ia l, chem ical ad d itiv es, obese, foodservice re ta ile r,
public h e alth problem s, p ro tein , F rench fries, s u ffe r, u biquitous

Do you know anyone who has never been to McDonald's? McDonald’s is the leading global
(1) ______________ serving millions of people in more than 100 countries each day. McDonald's
restaurants sell fast food which is often called ’junk food’ - hamburgers, chips, ( 2 ) ______________
and cooked chicken pieces. This food is very popular because it is tasty, cheap and
( 3 ) _________ ____ and it can be prepared and served very quickly.
But doctors and nutrition experts say that fast food ( 4 ) ______________ to people's health.
If your diet includes hamburgers, chips, hot dogs, pizzas and fizzy drinks like Coke, Pepsi, Sprite and
others, you are facing a serious problem threatening your health. Such food is high in fat, sugar and
calories and full of (5) ... ........................ Besides, it is low in (6) ... ......... .............. , vitamins and
minerals which are necessary for good health. For example, a McDonald's hamburger is 260 calories
and 9 grams of fat. A can of Coke contains about eight teaspoons of sugar and ( 7 ) ______________
sweeteners. People who are used to consuming several cans a day may (8)______________ from
diabetes, cancer and tooth decay. What is more, they may become overweight and even
( 9 ) _____________ , which can lead to heart disorders and other health problems. Obesity is a lead­
ing preventable cause of death worldwide and authorities view it as one of the most serious
(1 0 ) _____________ of the 21st century.

Vocabulary

artificial - искусственный nutrition expert - специалист по питанию

chemical additives - химические добавки fizzy drink - газированный напиток
obese - страдающий ожирением sweetener - заменитель сахара
French fries - картофель фри tooth decay - кариес
ubiquitous - повсеместный overweight - с избыточным весом
junk food - нездоровая пища preventable - предотвратимый

3. Give a talk on healthy food. The following words and word combinations can help you.

to be concerned (about) - беспокоиться, заботиться (о чём-либо); essential (to) - необходимый

(для); to require new energy - нуждаться в новой энергии; with due regard to the exercise and waste
of the body - принимая во внимание физическую активность и расход энергии; to avoid -
избегать; fast food - еда быстрого приготовления; food which contains chemicals, additives and GM
ingredients - еда, содержащая химикаты, добавки и генетически модифицированные
ингредиенты; to be low in fat, sugar and calorics - содержать мало жира, сахара и калорий; to elim­
inate fat completely - совершенно исключить жир; to cut down on sugar, salt and saturated fats -
снизить потребление сахара, соли и жиров с высоким содержанием насыщенных жирных
кислот; to eat fruit and vegetables - есть фрукты и овощи; to be necessary for maintaining a healthy
body - быть необходимыми для поддержания здоровья; to eat nuts, seeds, olives and oily fish
есть орехи, семена, маслины и жирную рыбу; to contain unprocessed fats - содержать
необработанные жиры; to be moderate in eating - быть умеренным в еде; rich in protein, vitamins
and minerals - богатый протеином, витаминами и минералами
10
/Л 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
ф A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Virk: What do you think about vegetarianism?

Lnma: I think it’s certainly not for me.
Mark: Why? Being a vegetarian is rather popular nowadays. Many people say that they eat neither
nor fish because they think ( 1 ) ______ Don't you feel sorry for pigs, chickens and rabbits that
: » _____ ?
I - та: I do feel sorry for them. However, meat and fish are nourishing and ( 3 ) ........._ . Meat is very
sh in protein, which my body needs in order to ( 4 ) ______
Hark: But studies have confirmed that vegetarian diets contain all the vitamins, minerals and protein
'On needs. Vegetarians consume grains, vegetables, fruit and nuts. A properly planned vegetarian
' good for your health and (5)______ I've heard that vegetarian diets ( 6 ) _______
Lsuna: But vegetarians often ( 7 ) ______ So they are probably not as healthy as you think.
Mark: Maybe you're right.
Еліта: What is more, it must be rather difficult to be a vegetarian because you have to make sure the
T ■•. products you buy ( 8 ) ______ For example, animal fat may be present in a wide range of foods,
•j ling biscuits and cakes.

.ire kept in cages and then killed

3, >ffer lower levels of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohy-
ites. fibre and antioxidants

C. suffer from weakening of bones and depression

D. grow and remain strong and healthy

E. contain vitamins that make us stronger

F. do not contain ingredients derived from the slaughter of animals or ingredients not suitable for you

G. it's cruel to eat animals

H. helps prevent certain diseases.

Vocabulary

getarianism - вегетарианство carbohydrates - углеводы

■ wishing - питательный fibre - клетчатка
•mfirm - подтверждать antioxidant - антиоксидант
• sterol - холестерин slaughter - забой (скота)

11
 5. Listen to the dialogue and decide which speaker, Page or Bill, has the following

о ф opinions:

Opinion Page or Bill

1. Organic food is healthier than conventional food.

2. There is no significant difference between organic and more conventionally

grown food in terms of safety, nutritional value or taste.

3. Organic food is growing in popularity because many people care about their
personal health and the environment.

4. Buying organic food is a waste of your money.

5. Organic farming may do harm to the environment.

6. Organic farming is less harmful to the environment.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your brother and you are going to eat out. Your brother offers to go to a fast food restaurant. But
you would like to go to a health food restaurant. Remember to discuss:

. why your brother would like to go to a fast food restaurant

. why you would prefer a health food restaurant
. the damaging influence of fast food on one's health
. the importance of healthy food

7. Give a talk on food. Remember to discuss:

. the controversies around GM food

. the harmful effects of fast food
> the pros and cons of organic food
. healthy food

12
awing Sport
: Read the text about the history of sports. Read the definitions (1-8), find the words which
- ave the same meaning in the text and underline them.
ни T~e Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BC.
VJ- ■ -rents to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including
- - .ing and fishing, were w'ell-developed and regulated several thou-
i._ - of years ago in ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports included
яр r. throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports had a
eit-T connection to the warfare skills. Sports that originate in ancient
I - are polo and jousting.
Ancient Greece sports became such a prominent part of their culture
u a the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were
x id -very four years in Olympia, an area of flat land and an ancient reli-
- centre in the west of the Peloponnese in Greece. The Ancient
У ~.pic Games featured mainly athletic but also combat and chariot rac-
.* ents. During the games, all conflicts among the participating city-
! itrs were postponed until the games were finished. The Olympics were
iamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring
:e ■ Zeus and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. The winners of the events were
*nn red and immortalized in poems and statues. The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th
But i 5' h centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained pow'er and
глее in Greece. Scholars think that the last Games were held in 393 AD.
(Source: en.wdkipedia.org)

A long stick with a pointed end, throwm as a sport.

A sports event in wdiich someone runs and jumps over a bar that is raised higher each time they jump.
\ sport in which two people fight by holding each other and trying to make each other fall to the
ground.
- . game played between two teams of players wfho ride on horses and hit a small ball with long-
.tndled w'ooden hammers.
The act of fighting wdth lances (=long sticks) while riding horses, as part of a formal competition
m the past.
£ A vehicle with two wheels pulled by a horse, used in ancient times in battles and races.
The best person in a competition or game.
1 To make someone or something famous for a long time, especially by wanting about them, painting
* picture of them etc.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

:o ngage - заниматься чем-либо prominent - выдающийся, знаменитый

i )efore Christ) - до Рождества Христова combat - бой, сражение
: "dicate - указывать chariot racing - гонки на колесницах
... eiin throwing - метание копья to participate - принимать участие
- ump - прыжки в высоту to postpone - откладывать, отсрочивать
- - Tiling - борьба to feature - содержать в себе
; -Таге - приёмы ведения войны sacrifice - жертвоприношение
- ginate - происходить to immortalize - обессмертить, увековечить
- ng - рыцарский поединок, состязание to decline - уменьшаться, ухудшаться
13
2. Read the text about sports. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from
the table.

p a rtic ip a tio n , leisu re, goals, team s, a m ateu r, fan s, global, fa ir, ju d g es, physical

Sport includes all forms of (1) ______________ activity which aim to use, maintain or improve
physical ability and provide entertainment to participants. Hundreds of sports exist, from those
requiring only two participants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either
in (2) ______________ or competing as individuals. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules
or customs, which serve to ensure (3) ______________ competition. Winning can be determined by
physical events such as scoring ( 4 ) ______________ or crossing a line first, or by the determination
o f(5) ----------------------
Sports have been increasingly organized and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up
to the present century. Industrialization has brought increased ( 6 ) ______________time to the
citizens of developed and developing countries, leading to more time for people to attend and follow
spectator sports, to greater ( 7 ) ______________ in athletic activities, and to increased accessibility.
These trends continued with the advent of mass media and (8) ______________ communication.
Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports;
(9) --------------------------------- began following the exploits of professional athletes through radio.
television, and the internet - all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with
(10) ______________ participation in sports.
(Source: en.wikipedia.org)
Vocabulary

team - команда to compete - состязаться, соревноваться

amateur - любительский, to govern - определять, обусловливать
непрофессиональный to ensure - гарантировать, обеспечивать
fair - честный, справедливый to determine - определять, устанавливать
judge - судья, рефери to score - набирать очки
competitive - соревновательный, spectator sport - зрелищный вид спорта
состязательный accessibility - доступность
to maintain - поддерживать, сохранять prevalent - преобладающий, превалирующий
simultaneous - одновременный exploit - деяние, подвиг

3. Give a talk on extreme sports. The following words and word combinations can help you.
surfing - сёрфинг; rock climbing - скалолазание; parachuting - прыжки с парашютом; scuba
diving - плавание с аквалангом; water skiing - катание на водных лыжах; snow-boarding - катание
на сноуборде; skateboarding - катание на роликовой доске; mountain biking - катание на горном
велосипеде; zorbing - зорбинг (спуск человека со снежной горы в прозрачном шаре):
hang gliding - дельтапланеризм; bungee jumping - банджи-джампинг (прыжок с большой
высоты с эластичным тросом, обвязанным вокруг щиколотки); to relieve stress - снимать
стресс/напряжение; to break the monotony of everyday life - нарушать/скрашивать однообразие
повседневной жизни; magical experience - волшебный опыт; to get the adrenaline going
возбуждать; to take up something new - заняться чем-то новым; to survive - выживать; to battle
against the elements - сражаться с непогодой; to feel strong and alive чувствовать себя сильны?.!
и энергичным; to lose weight - сбросить лишний вес, похудеть; to keep fit - быть сильным и
14
от ым; to involve a high level of danger - предполагать высокий уровень опасности; not for the
carted - не для слабонервных; to compare something with virtual suicide - сравнивать
1)0 с настоящим самоубийством; to require physical endurance and reliance on one’s survival
al требовать физической выносливости и уверенности в своих навыках выживания;
ve speed, height and physical exertion - включать в себя скорость, высоту и физическое
в -жение; to pay for highly specialized gear and a professional instructor - платить за
improve специализированное снаряжение и профессионального инструктора
m those /* \
. _ 4. Read the sentences А-Н. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the
s, either
sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.
of rules
Залу: Every athlete dreams of international fame. They exercise hard to achieve better results. But
lined by
* nies professional athletes use drugs to improve their performance.
lination
-- ce: Are you speaking about doping?
Fiery: Yes. As a matter of fact, doping originated long ago. For example, in Ancient Greece athletes
ipics up
; to the
• ce: 1can't believe it! To my mind, using performance-enhancing drugs is cheating!
1 follow
F_l—y: Absolutely! That’s why the International Olympic Committee (2) ___ Besides being a
sibility.
- to the integrity of sport, doping can have fatal side effects on the athlete.
ication.
*. :e: What side effects are you talking about?
sports
Hatty: Performance-enhancing drugs may (3) ......... ...Some athletes may feel confused or become
i radio,
"ive. Some drugs can cause the blood to thicken in the blood vessels, which may (4)
d with
:s more, the children of athletes who use drugs may have various physical handicaps.
:e: That's awful! What is it that makes athletes ( 5 ) ______?
lia.org)
-lijTy: Well, some athletes risk their health and reputation for medals, prizes or money. Others

ce: What will happen to athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance?
Harry: They ( 7 ) ______
ь
ТЬ To my mind, athletes must be educated about the harmful effects of doping and they ( 8 ) ___
* * all, winning isn't everything.
I
-lirry: I couldn't agree more!
ОI
Ю Щ ИЙ

\-.ke stimulants in spite of their harmful effects

u. B. should be aware of the punishment for using performance-enhancing drugs

scuba C. ad to headaches and result in depression and a mental breakdown
тайне
ірном ..rank 'magic' potions and ate exotic meats to become swifter and stronger
іаре);
ьшой E. will be disqualified and their titles will be revoked
імать
разие F ead to strokes, heart attacks and even death
ng - - .re given drugs by their coaches without their consent
aattle
ьным .4. anned the use of stimulants in Olympic competition
ым и
15
 Vocabulary’

to achieve - достигать, добиваться side effect - побочный эффект

drug - лекарство, наркотик confused - смущённый, сбитый с толку
to improve - улучшать blood vessel - кровеносный сосуд
doping - употребление лекарств, handicap - (физический) недостаток
стимулирующих физическую активность to ban - запрещать
to enhance - усиливать, улучшать stimulant - возбуждающее средство
cheating - мошенничество mental breakdown - нервный срыв
threat - опасность, угроза to revoke - отменять, лишать (чего-либо
integrity - честность, чистота coach - тренер

5. Listen to the dialogue and circle the correct word.

1) Surfing is losing/ growing in popularity.

2) If you want to take up surfing, you need expensive sportswear/ access to an ocean with waves
3) You will have to invest a lot of time/money in your hobby.
4) Surfing is a difficult/easy sport to take up.
5) Most beginners are not able to catch the wave/ to execute different manoeuvres.
6) One of the main dangers of surfing is the risk of being attacked by sharks/drowning.
7) Surfers may suffer from ankle and knee injuries/pains in their shoulders and back.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about the influence of sports on children. Remember to discuss:

* the benefits of youth sports

* the disadvantages of youth sports

7. Give a talk on sports. Remember to discuss:

. the history of sports

. the benefits and dangers of extreme sports
. the problems that professional athletes may face
« the influence of sports on one's health
* sports as a part of character building

16
 Shopping
Read the text about shops. Read the definitions (1-11), find the words which have the same
meaning in the text and underline them.

Modern society is often called a consumer society because buying

_ ods and services is considered to be very important. There are a lot of
-h )ps, supermarkets and shopping centers in every town and city. Shops
are divided into different categories of stores which sell some particular
g ods and services: bookstores, hardware stores, gift shops, pet stores,
-upermarkets and others. Department stores and hypermarkets are larg-
r in size and sell a wider variety of products. Hypermarkets allow cus-
■ :ners to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip. However,
many hypermarkets are situated in suburban locations that are accessi -
le only by automobile. That is why a lot of people still prefer small food
-■ ires which often sell more specialized goods such as freshly baked
ikes. Besides, these shops are never overcrowded like hypermarkets.
Everything is done in order to make shopping more convenient,
k.-.rge supermarkets allow consumers to buy a lot of goods under one roof. Many shops are open round
■he clock. So food and drinks are available at night. Some supermarkets offer extra services such as
•.res, pharmacies, banks or children centers. Shops attract the buyer using different methods such as
. ivertising, discounts or the lottery. Bright wraps and reduced prices make people buy many goods
:nat they don’t need. A lot of shops use so-called psychological prices: a little less than a round num-
er, for example $ 9.99.

1 Things that are produced in order to be sold.

2 The help that people who work in a shop, restaurant, bar etc give you.
A place where goods are sold to the public.
A very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people need regularly in their homes.
r A large shop that is divided into separate departments, each selling a different type of goods.
6 A very large supermarket.
7 Someone who buys goods or services from a shop, company etc.
' Telling the public about a product or service in order to persuade them to buy it.
A reduction in the usual price of something.
10. A game in which people buy tickets with a series of numbers on them and if their number is picked
by chance, they win money or a prize.
11. The amount of money you have to pay for something.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

bookstore - книжный магазин accessible - доступный, достижимый

Hardware store - компьютерный магазин overcrowded - переполненный
ei ft shop - магазин подарков consumer - потребитель
pet store - зоомагазин round the clock - круглосуточно
supermarket - супермаркет available - доступный
department store - универмаг pharmacy - аптека
hypermarket - гипермаркет advertising - реклама, рекламирование
customer - покупатель discount - скидка
suburban - загородный wrap - упаковка, обёртка
location - положение reduced (price) - сниженная (цена)
17
2. Read the text about online shopping. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combination' /
from the table. J

popular, have access, com petitive p ricin g , d ire c t inspection, com puter secu rity , Sa
conventional, m ake p u rch ases, save m uch tim e and e ffo rt Al
Sa
Due to the development of the Internet more and more people prefer to ( 1 ) ______________
from home nowadays. Online shopping is becoming very (2) ______________ because of its ..
convenience, a broad selection of various goods and ( 3 ) ______________ Online stores are usually чц
available 24 hours a day. Users do not have to leave their houses, which allows them tc
( 4 ) _____________________ and encourages them to purchase more products. Besides, they -
( 5 ) _______________ to the information about a particular product, which can be looked at and vin
evaluated.
However, a lot of people prefer (6) ______________ shops in which goods are available for ^
(7) ..........................and shop assistants are ready to help them and to answer their questions. What -
is more, consumers are worried about ( 8 ) ______________ because sometimes hackers break into
a merchant’s web site and steal names, addresses and credit card numbers. _•j j c

Vocabulary pure

access - доступ various - разнообразный

competitive - конкурентоспособный user - пользователь, клиент
security - безопасность to encourage - поощрять, подстрекать Aik*
conventional - традиционный to purchase - покупать
purchase - покупка to evaluate - оценивать Aik*
selection - выбор shop assistant - продавец
-b n y

3. Give a talk on people's attitudes towards shopping. The following words and word combina­ ool
tions can help you.

to have different attitudes (to/towards) - иметь разное отношение (к); to find shopping enjoyable - Alice:
находить посещение магазинов приятным; waste of time and money - трата времени и денег; the ре
to enjoy something on occasion - время от времени наслаждаться чем-либо; to become a stress-
relieving activity - стать занятием, снимающим стресс; to go to the store - идти в магазин; to end
up with a lot of things - оставаться с большим количеством вещей; to be addicted to shopping - A. іс
пристраститься к хождению по магазинам; to be called shopaholics -называться «шопоголиками»;
to make somebody feel happier - делать кого-то счастливее; to take somebody's mind off their prob­ B. h
lems - заставлять кого-либо забывать о своих проблемах; to control one's urge to shop -
C. sp
контролировать желание покупать; to afford (to buy) something - позволять себе (купить)
что-то; to give somebody a high - доставлять кому-либо удовольствие; shopaholism - D. fa
шопоголизм; to lead to emotional, social and financial problems - приводить к эмоциональным,
социальным и финансовым проблемам; to go into debt - влезть в долги; to spend too much money E. ho
(on) - тратить слишком много денег (на что-либо); to hide one's purchases - прятать свои
покупки; to have feelings of guilt - чувствовать вину; consequences - последствия, результат; F. the
ruined relationships - испорченные отношения; breakup of marriage - распад брака; health prob­
lems - проблемы со здоровьем; serious disorder which often requires special treatment - серьёзное G. to
расстройство, которое часто требует специального лечения
H. spt

18
inations 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
« » A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

^am: Do you like shopping, Alice?

Alice: Of course I do!
’>am: Then can you call yourself a shopaholic?
.Alice: No. But there are some shopaholics among my friends. Shopping can become a very bad habit,
e of its ^eiieve me. And it's a great problem for their parents, too.
usual 1} Sam: What makes parents understand that their son or daughter has become a shopaholic?
hem t( Alice: It’s quite obvious. Shopaholics constantly go to the store and ( 1 ) ______ Such people often
.'s, the} - Uy things they don't really need. They simply cannot control ( 2 ) ______
I at. and Sam: But what makes them compulsive buyers?
Alice: Well, some young people do it out of loneliness or ( 3 ) ______ Others shop to excess because
iblc for they want ( 4 ) ______ They think that if they look cool, they will be respected and admired by their
>. What peers.
ak into Sam: And some just feel happy when they make a purchase.
.Alice: That's right! As a result, shopaholics are always out of money. Besides, they often hide their
purchases from their parents because they ( 5 ) ______
Sam: I guess such behavior can lead to quarrels between young people and their parents and it can
( 6) ------------
>кать -^ 'ce: Absolutely!
Sam: Do you think there are ways to solve this problem?
Alice: First of all, it's important to find out the cause of this behavior. For example, if teenagers buy
things to avoid facing their problems, parents should try to help them to solve these problems. Parents
ibina- should also teach their children the value of money. They can teach them ( 7 ) ______
Sam: Parents can also encourage their sons and daughters to get a job so that they can see ( 8 ) ____
able _ Alice: That's a good idea! Anyway, parents should pay more attention to their children. If they catch
ценег; the problem early, it may be easy to fix.
itress-
:o end
ling - A. to battle depression
ами»;
prob- B. how to budget and save
op -
C. spend all their money on different things: clothes, cosmetics, CDs and whatnot
тить)
;m - D. feel guilty about spending so much
HUM,
юпеу E. how hard it is to earn money
свои
ьтат; F. their urge to shop
)rob-
зное G. to keep up with the latest fashions and trends

H. spoil their relationships

19
nbinatiom Г \ 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
ф ф A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

ty. Sam: Do you like shopping, Alice?

Alice: Of course 1 do!
Sam: Then can you call yourself a shopaholic?
Alice: No. But there are some shopaholics among my friends. Shopping can become a very bad habit,
jse of its ■rtieve me. And it’s a great problem for their parents, too.
re usually Sam: What makes parents understand that their son or daughter has become a shopaholic?
them to .Alice: It’s quite obvious. Shopaholics constantly go to the store and ( 1 ) ______ Such people often
des, they ■uy things they don't really need. They simply cannot control ( 2 ) ______
jd at and Sam: But what makes them compulsive buyers?
.Alice: Well, some young people do it out of loneliness or ( 3 ) ______ Others shop to excess because
lable for ■hey want ( 4 ) ______ They think that if they look cool, they will be respected and admired by their
is. What peers.
eak into Sam: And some just feel happy when they make a purchase.
.Alice: That's right! As a result, shopaholics are always out of money. Besides, they often hide their
r urchases from their parents because they ( 5 ) ______
Sam: I guess such behavior can lead to quarrels between young people and their parents and it can
( 6) ------------

■екать Alice: Absolutely!

Sam: Do you think there are ways to solve this problem?
Alice: First of all, it’s important to find out the cause of this behavior. For example, if teenagers buy
things to avoid facing their problems, parents should try to help them to solve these problems. Parents
nbina- should also teach their children the value of money. They can teach them ( 7 ) ______
Sam: Parents can also encourage their sons and daughters to get a job so that they can see ( 8 ) ____
able - .Alice: That's a good idea! Anyway, parents should pay more attention to their children. If they catch
денег; t he problem early, it may be easy to fix.
stress-
:o end
>ing- A. to battle depression
ами»;
prob- B. how to budget and save
op -
C. spend all their money on different things: clothes, cosmetics, CDs and whatnot
шть)
;m - D. feel guilty about spending so much
ным,
oney E. how hard it is to earn money
свои
ьтат; F. their urge to shop
irob-
зное G. to keep up with the latest fashions and trends

H. spoil their relationships

19
 Vocabulary

bad habit - дурная привычка value - ценность, важность

obvious - очевидный, заметный to encourage - ободрять, поддерживать
compulsive - заядлый to fix (a problem) - уладить (проблему)
to excess - сверх меры to budget - составлять бюджет
to hide - прятать to spoil - портить

/ \ 5. Listen to the dialogue and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
% f

1) Carol's mother taught her how to sew when she wal fifteen.
2) Two years ago Carol began to wonder if she could make a living out of it.
3) Carol's son suggested that she sell her clothes in a department store.
4) Carol and her husband started looking at different sites selling wool and knitting needles.
5) A domain name is a place on the Internet where you can find information about something.
6) Carol's brother helped her design her website.
7) School clothes and knitted evening dresses are especially popular with Carol's clients.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

You would like to go to a new shopping mall on Sunday and you want your friend to join you.
He/she is not eager to go. Remember to discuss:

. the pros and cons of shopping malls

« your personal attitude to shopping
. how you can spend your free time if you don’t like to go shopping

7. Give a talk on shopping. Remember to discuss:

. different categories of stores

. the methods which shops use to attract the buyer
. online shopping
. shopaholism
. your personal attitude to shopping

z: :
fiasei
& I

•ггя

pores

20
 Fashion
Read the text about the role of fashion in our lives. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words
шивать which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.
облему)
Fashion has become an important part of our daily
I es. A lot of people pay much attention to what they
v ear. Clothes do not only protect the human body from
s. - srreme weather, insects, chemicals and other hazards.
They also serve to attract attention and to indicate sta-
:us People usually choose clothes according to their
social class, financial position, ethnic and religious
^.“.nations and occupation. They also choose clothes
^: ;ording to their tastes, preferences and character.
!S.
5« metimes a single item of clothing or a single accesso-
hing. - declares a person's occupation or marital status.
The word 'fashion' has become a synonym for beauty,
style and glamour. The dictionary defines 'fashion' as
the way of dressing or behaving that is usual or popular at a certain time.' Fashion is constantly
.-.nging. New styles and materials appear every year. Every shop offers a wide choice of fashionable
rhes and it is hard to resist the temptation to buy a new item of clothing. Keeping up with fashion
ioin you. .> very expensive. Many people cannot afford to spend much money on trendy and designer clothes.
5 me people slavishly follow the current fashions, even if it makes them look ridiculous. They are usu­
ally called 'fashion victims', though few people will admit that they are slaves to fashion.

The way of dressing or behaving that is usual or popular at a certain time.

Your social or professional rank or position.
The kind of things that someone likes.
^ Something such as a bag, belt, or jewellery that you wear or carry because it is attractive.
A particular design or fashion for something such as clothes, hair, furniture etc.
A style of attractiveness that suggests wealth.
7 A strong desire to have or do something even though you know you should not.
8 Influenced by the most fashionable styles and ideas.
Very silly or unreasonable.
'0. Someone who always wears what is fashionable, even if it makes them look bad.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

to protect - защищать to declare - объявлять, показывать

insect - насекомое marital status - семейное положение
chemicals - химические препараты to resist - сопротивляться, не поддаваться
hazard - риск, опасность temptation - искушение, соблазн
to indicate - показывать, указывать to afford - позволить себе
affiliation - приём в члены, присоединение trendy - модный, стильный
occupation - занятие, профессия slavishly - раболепно
preference - предпочтение ridiculous - смешной, нелепый
accessory - аксессуар, украшение fashion victim - жертва моды

21
2. Read the text about dress codes. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations fror
the table.

business s u it, p a rty , job in terv iew , school u n ifo rm , sta n d a rd , casual clothes,
academ ic dress, occasion

Nowadays all societies have dress codes. A dress code is a (1) of what yoti
should wear for a particular situation. For example, school children often have to wear
( 2 ) ______________ College and university students sometimes wear ( 3 ) _______________ Offic
workers are often required to wear a (4) and tie. However, casual wear is enterii
business culture. Some companies insist on a traditional dress code, but set aside days when worker
are allowed to wear ( 5 ) ______________
People should choose their clothes according to circumstances and (6) ____________
Sometimes we have to navigate between two or more dress codes within a single day. For example,
a person has a ( 7 ) ______________ in the morning, they will choose a business casual dress codi
which typically means wearing a suit for men, and a suit or a skirt and blouse for women. If a person
is invited to a ( 8 ) ______________ in the evening, they will choose a semi-formal dress code whicl
usually means an evening jacket and tie for men and a dress for women. No matter where you go, you
should remember some simple but very important rules: you should always be neatly dressed and keep
your body covered.

Vocabulary

particular - особый, отдельный job interview - собеседование

suit - костюм (при приёме на работу)
casual - повседневный semi-formal - полуформальный
to navigate - передвигаться neatly - аккуратно, опрятно

3. Give a talk on teenage fashion. The following words and word combinations can help you.

to stand out in a crowd - выделяться в толпе; to dye one’s hair bright red or purple - краситі]
волосы в ярко-красный или фиолетовый цвет; to wear baggy clothes - носить мешковатую
одежду; bright makeup - яркий макияж; shoes on enormous platform - туфли на огромно!
платформе; to protest (against) - протестовать; to show one's individuality - показывать свою
индивидуальность; gothic fashion - готическая мода; dark clothes - одежда тёмных цветов; black
fingernails - чёрные ногти; dyed black hair - крашеные чёрные волосы; to have piercings - носит;*
пирсинг; to wear symbols - носить знаки; punk - панк (субкультура); to wear razor blades and safe­
ty pins instead of earrings - носить лезвия бритвы и булавки вместо серёжек; to style one’s hair I
stand in spikes - делать ирокез; to adorn one’s clothes (with) - украшать одежду( heavy metal
тяжёлый металл (муз. стиль); to wear studded belts and bracelets, spiked gauntlets and combat
boots - носить ремни, браслеты и перчаточные повязки с шипами и сапоги: hip hop - хин-xor
(субкультура); leather jackets - кожаные куртки; hoodies - толстовки с капюшоном; sleeveless
shirts - майки (без рукавов); saggy pants - свободные штаны: crop top - топик; tattoos covering
one’s body from head to toe - татуировки, покрывающие тело с ног до головы: asymmetrical hair
cut - ассиметричная стрижка

22
ions fron 4. Read the sentences A-H. Read the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue and check your answers.

Max: You look great in these jeans, Cindv! They are very elegant.
----------Cindy: Thanks, Max. I always try ( 1 ) ______
1 t **ax: Is it very important to you?
Cindy: Of course. Fashion is a big part of my life. Beautiful and stylish clothes make me ( 2 ) ____
wear г
. Max: Well, fashion is indeed an important part of our daily lives. It is becoming ( 3 ) ____ It moulds
t jbiic taste and rules the world like monev and information, doesn't it?
“titering
Cindy: It certainly does! It's well-known that we ( 4 ) ______ That's why many voung people are so
worker1-
о ncemed with fashion. Most of them are convinced that wearing designer labels helps them
( 5 ) ---------
, Max: But sometimes clothes serve to show a person’s individuality. What they wear is often
mple, if
c : n nected with the music they listen to and ( 6 ) ______ For example, punks dress in a shocking way
>s code
because they rebel against society.
person
Cmdy: Emo fashion is associated with depression. Emo teenagers dress to express their inner feelings
which
• the world. Their clothes show ( 7 ) ______ They wear tight jeans, dyed black hair, tight
o, you
. -shirts which often bear the names of rock bands, studded belts and black horn-rimmed glasses. Their
i keep
favourite colour is black, though purple, red and pink are also popular.
Max: That's interesting.
Cindy: Well, fashion really helps us show who we are.
Max: Sometimes it does. But on the other hand, if you always try to keep up with the latest fashions,
you'll be ( 8 ) ______

A. often judge a person by their looks

B. exactly like everyone else instead of being who you really are

C. to gain the admiration of their peers and find new friends

ить D. feel self-confident

•ую
Е. their vievvrs on politics and social issues
ГОЙ
ою F. to keep up with the latest fashions
»ск
ггь G. more and more influential
fe­
to- H. how emotional and cynical they are

at Vocabulary
>п stylish - стильный, модный to gain - добиваться
sS to mould - формировать self-confident - уверенный в себе
& to rebel - бунтовать social issues - социальные вопросы
|Г horn-rimmed glasses - очки в роговой оправе influential - влиятельный
to judge - оценивать, судить cynical - циничный
23
 5. Listen to the dialogue and decide which speaker, John or Sally, has the f
щ Ф opinions:

Opinion John or 5

1. A well-dressed person is not necessarily nice, clever or creative.

2. People are instinctively attracted to those who are well-dressed and good-looking.

3. Fashion has a significant impact on public taste.

4. People's inner qualities are more important than their clothes and appearance.

5. What people look like is very important when it comes to first impressions.

6. With teenagers trendy clothing denotes popularity more than anything else.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are discussing the pros and cons of school uniforms. You are trying to giv'
many reasons as you can in favour of school uniforms. However, your friend is against them.

7. Give a talk on fashion. Remember to discuss:

. the role of fashion in the modern world

. the importance of dress codes
• teenage fashion
. your attitude to fashion

24
followin Travelling
Read the text about travelling to exotic countries. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words
______ which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.
or Salh
-------- 1 Nowadays people travel more often than they did in
past. They tend to travel longer distances and at
--------- h higher speeds. People can travel on business and
ic - pleasure. It is great to feel oneself to be thousands
or “ ties away from home. Travelling gives you an
______oe:•<Ttunity to enjoy sightseeing, to visit big cities and
лЛ villages, to admire foreign architecture, cuisine
______ar. j culture or to make friends.
— Today more and more people are fond of travelling
---------to exotic countries. Holidaymakers are interested in
ng something different and want more exciting
----------- - el. so tour companies have responded with a new range of options. Any travel agency will show
. _ colourful catalogues with beautiful beaches and modern hotels and will help you arrange your
journey.
Exotic travel gives tourists a chance to participate in exciting experiences. In exotic countries they
i give a - "ide a camel or an elephant, admire ancient temples, see mountains, jungles and beaches, go on
em. -ri and watch the daily life of local people. They can enjoy good service in high quality hotels. Most
• -sellers are convinced that exotic travel is very rewarding because it can lead to totally new under-
ending of diverse cultures and lifestyles.

When you visit famous or interesting places, especially as tourists.

Something that seems unusual and interesting because it is related to a foreign country.
Someone who has travelled to a place on holiday.
A company that arranges hotel rooms, plane tickets etc for people who want to travel.
An area of sand or small stones at the edge of the sea or a lake.
A building where people pay to stay and eat meals.
A time spent travelling from one place to another, especially over a long distance.
A building where people go to worship (in the Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, and Mormon reli­
gions).
A thick tropical forest with many large plants growing very close together.
A trip to see or hunt wild animals, especially in Africa.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

:. Hdaymaker - отдыхающий to participate (in) - участвовать (в)

• :r company - туристическая компания experience - зд. случай, событие
г. i respond - отзываться (на что-либо) temple - храм
; option - выбор, вариант high quality - высокое качество
travel agency - бюро путешествий to be convinced - быть уверенным
J beach - пляж rewarding - стоящий, полезный
то arrange - организовывать diverse - разный, разнообразный

25
 Read the text about travelling by train. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combination»1
from the table.

popular, s tre tc h your legs, th e w orld ra il speed record, expensive,

have a m eal, h a rm fu l, the la te st in v en tio n s, enjoy a splendid view

A lot of people prefer travelling by train because they have speed, comfort and pleasure combinec^j
You can walk around, look through the windows to ( 1 ) ______________ of the whole countryside л
and sit where you can (2) _________ 1_____If you are hungry, you can go to the dining-car am «■

Trains can run in bad weather. Of course travelling by train is not as fast as travelling by plane, bu^ ^
one of (4) ______________ is a high-speed train (a train running more than 200 km/h). For ехаіщ.. ;
pie, in France you can travel by TGV (short for Train a Grande Vitesse’, meaning 'High-Spee< .. ^
Train'), which broke ( 5 ) ______________ It will take you only 1 hour 10 minutes from Metz
Paris instead of 2 hours 45 minutes on a normal train.
The current TGV world speed record is 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph), achieved on 3 April 2007. As thf _ , t-
TGV is electrically-powered, it is considered to be less ( 6 ) ______________ to the environment tha; . -
other trains. The service is (7) ______________ with passengers, despite being slightly mort
(8) ______________ than traditional rail services.

Vocabulary
to stretch - вытягивать dining-car - вагон-ресторан
speed - скорость electrically-powered - работающий на В
splendid - великолепный электроэнергии
view - вид environment - окружающая среда

3. Give a talk about travelling on foot. The following words and word combinations can help you.

to spend much time on the road - тратить много времени на дорогу; to use cars and public trans-S--------
port - пользоваться машинами и общественным транспортом; to save much time and effort 4 F.jaer
экономить много времени и усилий; to travel on foot - путешествовать пешком; to see much more---------
on one's way - увидеть намного больше на своём пути; to admire the sights (of) - любоваться <-»- тг.
достопримечательностями; to drop (into) - заскочить (в); to be stuck in a traffic jam - застрять в"
«пробке»; to avoid road accidents - избежать аварий на дороге; healthy - полезный; excellent H- :га
physical exercise - замечательная гимнастика; to strengthen the immune system - укреплять
иммунную систему; to improve mental health - улучшать психическое здоровье; to prevent many
diseases - предупреждать многие болезни

4. Read the sentences A-H. Read the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences cs>look fc
A-H. Listen to the dialogue and check your answers. ■sea. resort
ж іе -с
GS3« d - 1
Linda: I'm so excited we're going to Antalya in July! oscue - о
Allan: Me too. I'm really looking forward to it. And where is it situated, by the way?
Linda: It’s on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey. Antalya is Turkey's biggest interna­ a* take a n
tional sea resort.
Allan: Are we going to fly there?
Linda: Of course.
26
ibination Allan: But I don’t like ( 1 ) ______ There is always a lot of noise and bustle at the airport: crowds of
people, long queues... Besides, I'm always airsick.
Linda: Then you can ask for a window seat and ( 2 ) ______ Just try to relax: listen to music, read a
newspaper or take a nap. Personally, I find travelling by plane ( 3 ) ______ The flight won't be too
r.g, believe me.
)піЬіпесЛ:]ап; I 'j better take a seat next to the aisle. There I'll find it easier to forget how high up I am.
ntryside^nda; All right.
-car ап(д]|ап; And what are we going to do when we get to Antalya?
Linda: We'll be ( 4 ) ______ We’ll explore the historic center of the city with its ( 5 ) _______ We'll
ane, bu ancient monuments, visit museums, churches and historic houses with traditional Turkish
i exam'architecture. Besides, we'll enjoy ( 6 ) ______
i-Speeo^jjgjj. д пс[ what things will we take with us?
*etz t( Linda: We’re going to lie on the beach under the hot sun. I think we need some sun block, so we don't
1 7 ) ______ We also need swimwear, towels, sunglasses, hats to cover our heads from the sun and
g >od shoes to prevent getting burnt from the hot sand. Of course I’ll take my dresses, jeans, shorts, a
1 t ^ai : iuple of T-shirts, a book, some cosmetics and toiletries, my camera ...
more Ajian: Are you sure you'll be able ( 8 ) ______?
Linda: Of course I will.

A. swimming and sunbathing

на В. hotels, bars, clubs, restaurants, and shops

C. Turkish food and music

D. look through the porthole

eou.
E. to find room for all these things in the suitcase
ins-
t -I F. get burnt
ore
эСЯ G. enjoyable and rather comfortable
ь в:
:nt H. travelling by air
ть
пу
Vocabulary

>s to look forward (to) - ожидать с нетерпением aisle - проход

sea resort - морской курорт to explore - исследовать
bustle - суета, суматоха sun block - крем для загара
crowd - толпа swimwear - купальный костюм
queue - очередь to get burnt - сгореть (на солнце)
i airsick - страдающий воздушной болезнью toiletries - туалетные принадлежности
.і to take а пар - вздремнуть porthole - иллюминатор
о 5. Listen to the dialogue. While you listen, complete these sentences with wort
from the text.

1. Harry knows how to reduce his r o a d ______________

2. Harry is going to travel by getting _____________ __________ from drivers of passi
3. ______________ is a way of getting where you want to go for nothing.
4. Harry thinks it is necessary to be friendly and polite with drivers in order to avoid _
5. Harry says that sometimes he will have to walk, that's why he is going to travel
6. Harry will carry a __________ __ with the name of the place he wants to go to.
7. Harry has consulted some people and asked them to share t h e i r ____________ _

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different means of i
Remember to discuss:

. travelling by plane
* travelling by train
. travelling by car
. travelling by ship

7. Give a talk on travelling. Remember to discuss:

. why people like travelling

. your personal attitude to travelling
. what means of transport you prefer and why
. what country/city you would like to visit and why

28
vords take Town & Country
Read the text about towns and cities. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which have
.he same meaning in the text and underline them.

jassing cars city is a relatively large and permanent settle-

■ ■- Although there is no agreement on how a city
> '-;nguished from a town within general English
________ lir zuage usage, many cities have a particular admin-
ІЯЕ--:ive, legal, or historical status based on local law.
■->generally have complex systems for sanitation,
es. land usage, housing, and transportation. A
: £ -y or metropolis usually has associated suburbs,
a city expands far enough to reach another city,
region can be deemed a conurbation or mega-
fccoiis.
7 wns and cities have a long history. The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century
ns of travel m r(j led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other
- > of the world, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities
urban areas. Today the world's population is slightly over half urban, with millions still stream-
- annually into the growing cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

(Source: en.wikipedia.org)

A large town, that has been given an official title by a king or queen (British English); a town of
any size that has definite borders and powers that were officially given by the state government
i American English).
A group of houses and buildings where people live.
A large area with houses, shops, offices etc where people live and work, that is smaller than a city
and larger than a village.
A very large city that is the most important city in a country or area.
An area where people live which is away from the centre of a town or city.
A group of towns that have spread and joined together to form an area with a high population,
often with a large city as its centre.
The physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration.
Someone who goes to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work.
-* Happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city.
Relating to towns and cities.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

re -manent - постоянный, долговременный to deem - полагать, считать

settlement - поселение conurbation - конурбация, большой город
distinguish - различать с пригородами
iv, - закон megalopolis - мегаполис, город-гигант
-onitation - канализация urbanization - урбанизация
_■ lities - коммунальные предприятия, услуги rural - деревенский, сельский
netropolis - столица, центр community - местный населённый пункт
suburb - окраина, пригород urban - городской

29
2. Read the text about the problems and benefits of city life. Fill in the gaps with the words an*
word combinations from the table.
__________________________________________________________________________

probability , p u n ish m en t, popu latio n , disposal, com m unicable,

am enities, filtra tio n , m ark et, com bustion, in te ra c tio n

Waste and sewage are two major problems for cities, as is air pollution coming from various font
of (1) ______________, including fireplaces, wood or coal-burning stoves, other heating systems an^
internal combustion engines. p
Other problems include health consequences such as (2) ______________ diseases. Cities cau^
more (3) _______________ with more people than rural areas, thus giving rise to a hight
(4) _________________ of transmission of contagious diseases. However, many inventions such ^
inoculations, vaccines, and water (5) systems have lowered health concerns.
Crime is also a concern in the cities. Studies have shown that crime rates in cities are higher an
■
the chance of (6) ______________ after getting caught is lower.
Other disadvantages include the rising (7) ______________ numbers, noise and traffic and tf^
high cost of living.
However, life in the city has a lot of advantages, too. A city facilitates interactions of all kind^
Benefits include a well-developed infrastructure, a competitive job (8) ______________ , a widi^
variety of social interests and activities, large local markets and basic (9) ______________ such
running water, heat and sewage ( 1 0 ) ______________
(Source: en.wikipedia.orgy

Vocabulary

probability - вероятность internal combustion engine - двигатель

punishment - наказание внутреннего сгорания
disposal - удаление, вывоз transmission - распространение (инфекции)*
communicable - инфекционный inoculation - прививка
amenities - зд. коммунальные удобства crime - преступление, преступность
combustion - горение, сжигание to facilitate - облегчать, способствовать
interaction - взаимодействие infrastructure - инфраструктура
sewage - сточные воды, нечистоты running water - проточная вода

3. Give a talk on country life. The following words and word combinations can help you.

town dweller - городской житель; to return to a slower pace of life - вернуться к более медленном Г
темпу жизни; to benefit from - извлекать выгоду, использовать преимущество; to breathe clean ait
- дышать чистым воздухом; beauties of nature - красоты природы; to grow fruit and vegetables
выращивать фрукты и овощи; to keep animals - держать животных; to enjoy walking, gardenin_
and other simple pleasures of rural life - наслаждаться прогулками, садоводством и другим
простыми удовольствиями сельской жизни; quiet, peaceful and healthy life - тихая, мирная i
здоровая жизнь; to be close to nature - быть ближе к природе; cheaper and safer (life) - болеі
дешёвая и безопасная (жизнь); friendly and calm people - дружелюбные и спокойные люди
to have drawbacks - иметь недостатки; to find rural life boring - считать, что сельская жизн:
скучна; to lack basic infrastructure and amenities - испытывать недостаток в основное
инфраструктуре и благоприятных условиях для отдыха; high level of unemployment - высоки;
30
 «работицы: educational facilities - образовательные учреждения; medical facilities -
к учреждения; transportation facilities - транспортные средства; recreational facilities -
i - и развлечений; to be concerned (about) - беспокоиться (о чём-либо); exposure to
chemicals - воздействие сельскохозяйственных химикатов

Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
•H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

at are you looking at?

• king at pictures of New York. It's one of my favourite cities. I'd like to visit it someday
..I'd like to see the Empire State Building and the Statue of Liberty, to visit Ellis Island,
к Htan Museum of Art, Central Park, Times Square and many other places of interest,
ke New York, too. It's one of the most exciting places in the world.
w York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world. It has well-known
nd it is also famous for its theatre productions on Broadway. New York is a prominent loca-
American entertainment industry, with ( 2 ) ______
s .ertainly interesting to live in a big city like New York with all its superb amenities,
(3 )----- . But life in a big city has a lot of disadvantages as well.
hat do you mean?
?v. York is the most densely populated city in the United States. Most cities with large
as .-.re crowded, noisy and dirty. There are a lot of cars in New York. They produce exhaust
1(4) ____ Big cities like New York have a damaging effect on the environment because
dents ( 5 ) ______
ou are right. However, cities may have a positive influence on the environment. Cities
ite human activity into one place, ( 6 ) ______ Besides, in recent years, many cities have
d ( 7 ) ______ For example, only the most energy-efficient equipment is used in city offices
c housing. Hybrid cars, which ( 8 ) ..... ...... , are becoming more and more popular.

nbute to air pollution which affects people's health and causes diseases such as asthma

esponsible for greenhouse gas emissions and consume much electricity

quieter and produce fewer emissions than conventional cars

Ling the environmental damage in other places less

s. television series, books, and other media being set there

icing their environmental impacts

idmire its bridges, skyscrapers and parks

nerous shops, restaurants, cinemas and entertainment complexes

 аш «э» иь безработицы; educational facilities - образовательные учреждения; medical facilities -
■ее: гинекие учреждения; transportation facilities - транспортные средства; recreational facilities -
__ » тдыха и развлечений; to be concerned (about) - беспокоиться (о чём-либо); exposure to
-'rural chemicals - воздействие сельскохозяйственных химикатов

~ Г \ 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
Q ф A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.
)rm
anc
: What are you looking at?
Drrid: I’m looking at pictures of New York. It's one of my favourite cities. I’d like to visit it someday
aus>
a*: 1 )______ I’d like to see the Empire State Building and the Statue of Liberty, to visit Ellis Island,
ghe
tj* :etropolitan Museum of Art, Central Park, Times Square and many other places of interest.
:h a
I like New York, too. It’s one of the most exciting places in the world.
I i d: New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world. It has well-known
anc
i ms and it is also famous for its theatre productions on Broadway. New York is a prominent loca-
г. the Amer.can entertainment industry, with ( 2 ) ______
l the
i: It's certainly interesting to live in a big city like New York with all its superb amenities,
• ling ( 3 ) ______ But life in a big city has a lot of disadvantages as well.
inds
I~i-:d: What do you mean?
ridei
S*Esan: New York is the most densely populated city in the United States. Most cities with large
:h as
uions are crowded, noisy and dirty. There are a lot of cars in New York. They produce exhaust
> and ( 4 ) ______ Big cities like New York have a damaging effect on the environment because
01^ - residents ( 5 ) ______
" i-id: You are right. However, cities may have a positive influence on the environment. Cities
atrate human activity into one place, ( 6 ) ______ Besides, in recent years, many cities have
'-d on ( 7 ) ______ For example, only the most energy-efficient equipment is used in city offices
ии) public housing. Hybrid cars, which (8) _____, are becoming more and more popular.

К. :ontribute to air pollution which affects people’s health and causes diseases such as asthma

3. are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and consume much electricity

C are quieter and produce fewer emissions than conventional cars

D- making the environmental damage in other places less

ному
- films, television series, books, and other media being set there
in air
les -1 f. reducing their environmental impacts
ming
гимн G- to admire its bridges, skyscrapers and parks
іая и
іолее H- numerous shops, restaurants, cinemas and entertainment complexes
поди:
;изнь
вной
окиіі
31
 Vocabulary

prominent - знаменитый, известный responsible - несущий ответственность

superb - великолепный greenhouse gas emissions - выбросы ^ ^
densely populated city - густонаселённый парниковых газов я
город to consume - потреблять, расходовать
exhaust fumes - выхлопные газы conventional - обычный, традиционныі
energy-efficient equipment - энергосберегающее to reduce - сокращать, уменьшать
оборудование impact - сильное воздействие, влияние^, ^ }
to contribute - способствовать skyscraper - небоскрёб

5. Listen to the dialogue. While you listen, complete these sentences with words take^„.

О from the text. ,

Г >:
1. The stress of living in a big city is called stress. Г *
L j
2. Doing things in a rush, noise, crowds, ___________ , long commute^.. у
pollution, the invasion of y o u r_________ and many other things may turte
■
your life into complete chaos. ■Ш
3. A lot of people have to work too much nowadays, wdiich results in
______________ and stress. I
u
4. Most parents attempt to juggle work with caring for their children. CT.i'
Leisure activities and relaxing hobbies are very important for ten»

6. People should ______________ the time they spend in front of a screen.

7. When you feel stressed, you can go to a green _____________ , a small ---------------------- or an5
other place that makes you feel good and comfortable.
*. J
6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.
—
You think it is better to live in a big city, while your friend would prefer to live in a small villagt
in the countryside. Remember to discuss:

. the advantages and disadvantages of big cities

. the advantages and disadvantages of small villages
. how to improve urban/rural life

7. Give a talk on city life and country life. Remember to discuss:

> the advantages and disadvantages of city life

. the environmental impacts of big cities
. urban stress
. the advantages and disadvantages of country life

32
 Money
юсть
: Read the text about the history of money. Read the definitions (1-7), find the words which
have the same meaning in the text and underline them.
іать
■ННЫІ1
. he word 'money' is believed to originate from a temple located on
■ c Capitoline, one of Rome’s seven hills. On one of the Capitoline’s
яние » is. the temple of Juno Moneta stood where the mint of Ancient

M :>dern money consists mainly of paper bills, coins and cheques. But
^a*cer%eiore coins and banknotes were introduced, other things such as pre­
lects metals, gold, beads, beans, rice, metal disks or shells served as
~ nev. In the fourth millennium BC the Egyptians used gold bars of a
ar: - eight as a medium of exchange. According to Herodotus, the
L ::ans were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver
nutes^c is. Modern scholars think that these first stamped coins were mint-
" turr* -round 650-600 BC. The first banknotes appeared in China in the 7th century.
In the past people also used a barter system (a system of exchanging goods and services directly for
c vr goods and services rather than using money). For instance, if you wanted a cow, you would have
nd a person who owned it willing to exchange it for something else. Suppose you had two sheep,
I . he cow owner wanted twenty geese for the cow. Then you would have to find somebody willing
t exchange twenty geese for two sheep. You would also have to agree upon the rate of exchange -
t at is, how many geese should be exchanged for two sheep. The process was extremely difficult and
----- * ~. .-consuming. That is why it was decided to invent a unit of account to specify price.

A place where coins are officially made.

. A piece of metal, usually flat and round, that is used as money,
r an\ 2 A printed piece of paper that you write an amount of money on, sign, and use instead of money to
pay for things.
- A piece of paper money.
A rare and valuable metal such as gold or silver.
■ A system of exchanging goods and services for other goods and services rather than using money,
lage " The amount °f money you have to pay for something.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

i riginate - происходить BC (before Christ) - до Рождества Христова

temple - храм gold bar - золотой слиток
~int - монетный двор medium of exchange - средство обмена
scholar - учёный
barter - бартер, меновая торговля
time-consuming - трудоёмкий
shell раковина unit of account - расчётная денежная единица
r.illennium - тысячелетие to specify - устанавливать, определять

33
 2. Read the text about the main uses of money. Fill in the gaps with the words and word comb,
nations from the table.
I
banknotes, security, barter, services, vulnerable, account, encourage, durable,
exchange,earn
I
Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and ( 1 ) ______________ Th
dictionary defines 'money' as 'what you (2) ______________ by working and can use to buy things*
Money is used to (3) ______________ trade and the division of labour. But the main uses of mone'
are as a medium of ( 4 ) ______________ , a unit of (5) ______________, and a store of value. Mone
is universally recognized and gives people the opportunity to trade goods and services easily withou
having to (6) ____________
However, some people think that money is an unreliable tool of measurement. Beside:
( 7 ) --------------------- are especially (8) ______________ to everyday hazards, including fire, wata
or termites. Minted coins are more ( 9 ) ______________ but a significant portion is simply lost i
everyday use. Nowadays cheques and credit cards are very popular. A lot of people use them fc
(10) ______________ reasons because they feel more comfortable when they do not have to tak^
large sums of money with them. Electronic or digital money is also growing in popularity.

Vocabulary
security - безопасность division of labour - разделение труда -
vulnerable - уязвимый store of value - средство сбережения
encourage - поощрять, поддерживать unreliable - ненадёжный
durable - прочный, долговечный hazard - риск, опасность
trade - торговля termite - термит

3. Give a talk on the influence of money on our lives. The following words and word combina
tions can help you.

to serve many important purposes - служить многим важным целям; to receive salaries, fee*,
pensions or subsidies - получать зарплату, гонорары, пенсии или субсидии; to send money orders
отправлять денежные переводы; to exchange currency - менять валюту; to earn money
зарабатывать деньги; to save (money) for a rainy day - откладывать (деньги) на чёрный дені
to borrow - занимать; to lend - одалживать, давать взаймы; to learn to manage money at an earl
age - учиться обращаться с деньгами в раннем возрасте; to give pocket money - дават
карманные деньги/деньги на мелкие расходы; to budget - составлять бюджет; to save
откладывать, копить (деньги); to become responsible and independent - становитьс
ответственным и независимым; to cause problems - вызывать проблемы; to feel depressed
чувствовать себя подавленным; to be tempted - испытывать искушение; to steal - вороваті
.украсть; to give somebody pocket money as compensation for something - давать кому-либ
карманные деньги в качестве компенсации за что-либо; main priority - приоритет; to earn а
much money as you can - зарабатывать как можно больше денег; to make somebody powerful an
independent - делать кого-либо влиятельным и независимым; to work much - много работать»
to spend little time with one’s family - проводить мало времени со своей семьёй; to feel stressed
испытывать стресс; to lie, cheat, or sacrifice one's private lives and health for money - лгаті
мошенничать или жертвовать личной жизнью и здоровьем ради денег; to abuse money
злоупотреблять деньгами; illegal practices - незаконная практика, незаконные приёмы; the pur
suit of obtaining money - погоня за деньгами; to use money for noble goals - использовать деньгi
для благородных целей
34
comb 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.
I »
Цші: Is making money with the Internet a reality or a myth?
Today the Internet ( 1 ) ______ Some of them make a living building websites for different com-
organizations or businessmen. Many people use websites (2) .. Others earn money by
:hing'
mom ■r_ a spam, creating computer viruses, putting advertisements on a web page and things like that.
Is it easy to get rich with the Internet?
dthou^*1 ^fortunately, it isn’t. Those who believe that the Internet can help them make millions in a few'
is 3 ) ______ Even hard work does not always ( 4 ) _______
. , baa: Why?
eside$ J
---- There’s usually a lot of competition on the Internet when thousands of other people ( 5 ) ______
So, today the Internet business ( 6 ) ______

Exacti>'
o га|.jo-ia: Suppose I’ve made up my mind to start my online business. What should I start with?
Ггг: If you want to set up an internet shop, you'll have to (7) ______ You will probably have to
es -■ some money in your online business. Besides, you'll need all your persistence and diligence. If
F™ want to succeed, you'll have to ( 8 ) ______
/да
ия A. register a domain name and design a website

; B. gives people a lot of opportunities to make money

C. result in success
bina D. may be disappointed

E. is hard to break into

fee:
lers F. are trying to sell similar goods or services
ey
день G. to sell different goods or services
early
іваті H. stand out from the crowd
ve -
тьо Vocabulary
ed
ват> : vertisement объявление, реклама diligence - старание
’^ ‘competition - конкуренция domain name - доменное имя
п ат invest - вкладывать деньги similar - подобный, похожий
^persistence - настойчивость to stand out - быть заметным, выделяться
гать
е<^ f 5. Listen to the dialogue and sav if the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE:
'ать4 $
1. In 2002 the euro was introduced in all the countries that belonged to the European Union
Ibript that time.
TRUE! FALSE ! ]
35
2. France decided not to use the euro.
TRUE[ FALSE□
3. The euro is the first largest reserve currency.
TRUE □ FALSEL.J
4. Reserve currency is money that is from a country that has a strong economy and is therefore unlil
ly to lose its value.
TRUE[ ] FALSE [ !
5. The euro makes travelling more difficult within the EU.
TRUE ! ] FALSE□
6. Using a common currency increases price transparency, eliminates currency exchange costs ai
facilitates international trade.
TRUE L ] FALSE□
7. The euro gives the EU a more powerful voice in the world.
TRUE[ J FALSE□

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your younger brother thinks that people can be happy only being rich. But you think that mone
cannot buy happiness. Remember to discuss:

. the advantages of being wealthy

. the problems that rich people may face
. what makes people happy besides money

7. Give a talk on money. Remember to discuss:

. the history of money

. alternatives to money
. the main uses of money
. single currency and its benefits
. the role of money in modern society
. your personal attitude to wealth

36
 Environmental Problem s
Read the text about air, water and land pollution. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words
which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

r ilution started from the prehistoric times when man created the
fires. But it was the industrial revolution that gave birth to envi-
ental pollution as we know it today. Industrialization brought
le into conflict with the natural environment. The emergence of
t factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and
r fossil fuels gave rise to air pollution.
In some cities the air is so polluted that it is hard to breathe: the
>sts entration of smoke is so high. Factories emit tons of harmful
micals. Transport is a major user of energy and burns most of the
id's petroleum. Cars produce exhaust fumes which destroy the
ne layer protecting the Earth from the dangerous rays of the Sun.
Sr ike pouring out of tall factory chimneys and traffic jams have become commonplace in any big city.
Rivers and seas are filled with industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The
iuaiity of drinking water leaves much to be desired. Studies have estimated that water pollution caus-
es approximately 14,000 deaths per day. The discharge of polluting matter into rivers, lakes and seas
M il s fish and water plants. Oil spills from damaged oil tankers are extremely dangerous. Oil turns into
i :hin film which prevents fish and underwater vegetation from breathing and they die very quickly.
mone Extensive use of agrochemicals leads to the pollution of both land and water. The poison that we
spray on gardens and grass to kill insects and weeds goes into the vegetables and fruit we eat.
Pesticides contaminate land and water when they run off from fields and when they are discarded.

I The process of making air, water and soil dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use.
I When a country or place develops a lot of industry.
В The air, water, and land on Earth, which can be harmed by man's activities.
4 The gas produced when an engine is working.
5 A layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the Earth.
6 A long line of vehicles on a road that cannot move or can only move very slowly.
7 Unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something.
£ A substance that is put on the soil to make plants grow.
9 A chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops.
10. To make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

lollution - загрязнение ray - луч

>rehistoric доисторический to pour - валить (о дыме)
ndustrialization индустриализация traffic jam - «пробка», затор
invironment - окружающая среда nuclear waste - ядерные отходы
mergence - появление fertilizers and pesticides - удобрения и
xmsumption - потребление, расход пестициды
ossil fuel - ископаемое топливо discharge - спуск, слив
о emit - выделять, выбрасывать insect - насекомое
tetroleum - нефть weed - сорняк
xhaust fumes - выхлопные газы to contaminate - загрязнять
izone layer - озоновый слой to discard - выбрасывать, избавляться

37
2. Read the text about deforestation and the destruction of rain forests. Fill in the gaps with tr,~
words and word combinations from the table.

pharmacy, farming, species, animals, habitats, insects, soil erosion, cardboard,

lungs, oxygen
SmJ
Every year over 100,000 sq. km of forests are cleared for different purposes In: •i
( 1 ) _______________ People need wood for building houses, making furniture, paper an -ІЯЦ
( 2 ) ______________But by destroying forests wc are actually obliterating the (3) ___________ : ...a
of our planet which produce ( 4 ) ______________ Besides, wild animals and birds lose thei ftd
( 5 ) _______ ,__and may die.
Nowadays rain forests occupy a relatively small area. One can find them in South America ац. •• -1
Indonesia, in Thailand and Sri Lanka. Worryingly, rain forests are disappearing at an alarming raj
owing to deforestation, river pollution and ( 6 ) _______________ Tropical rain forests are vetj..
important for our planet because they are home to a great variety of plants, (7) ____________ [
birds and animals. Tropical rain forests are called the 'world's largest (8) ______________ ' becaui и с
a lot of natural medicines have been discovered there. More than half of the worlcj
( 9 ) _____________of plants and ( 1 0 ) _______________are found in rain forests. They also offc
a way of life to many people living in and around the forest.

Vocabulary

pharmacy - аптека oxygen - кислород

species - (биологический) вид to obliterate - уничтожать
habitat - среда обитания to occupy - занимать
soil erosion - выветривание почвы alarming - волнующий, тревожный
cardboard - картон deforestation - вырубка леса
lung - лёгкое (орган) medicine - лекарство

3. Give a talk on recycling. The following words and word combinations can help you.

recycling - переработка отходов (для повторного использования); huge amounts of waste

огромное количество отходов; waste disposal - удаление отходов; to burn rubbish - сжигать мус •;
to pollute the atmosphere - загрязнять атмосферу; to bury rubbish in landfill sites - закапывать м>
в местах захоронения отходов; to cause pollution of water supplies - вызывать загрязнение водь
ресурсов; recycling centre - центр переработки отходов; to reduce environmental pollutior
сокращать загрязнение окружающей среды; to collect litter - собирать мусор; to sort rubbish і:л
different categories - сортировать мусор по категориям; to save natural resources - бер*
природные ресурсы; to produce electricity - производить электричество; to make soil for grow
fruit and vegetables - изготавливать почву для выращивания фруктов и овощей

О ф
4. Read the sentences А-Н. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentem •
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers. m
■m
Ann: Do you believe it is possible to help our planet and make our lives better?
Steve: Sure. We should try to care about our planet. Some people think that an individual cam
bring about major changes. But to my mind, everyone can do a lot of things ( 1 ) ______
38
h ttai--- л: I guess you are right. So, what can we do to save energy?
S ' rve: For example, you can turn out the lights when you leave a room. Or you can turn off your TV-
j*et : computer when you don't need them anymore.
: I quite agree with you. And my Dad told me it’s very important (2) ..........
ve: He’s right. Recycling is important to help protect our environment. We must dispose of waste
n t.v y. For instance, we can ( 3 ) ______
сШ ж We should also ( 4 ) ____ _ For example, we can use linen napkins instead of paper ones
4 - use they can be washed and reused,
the; e: That's a good idea!
And how can we help reduce pollution?
i ar, S'T . e: We can collect litter and ( 5 ) ______ And what do you think?
» rai : I think carpooling is a good way to reduce air pollution,
ver e: What is it?
: Carpooling is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car. It is a
:aus mso-r environmentally friendly way to travel as it ( 6 ) ______
>rld S eve: Our parents could take turns driving each other to work,
offc- s: I think they could.
' : .e: Besides, when you drive a car you should ( 7 ) ______ Driving at 65 mph instead of 75 mph
іеір you save fuel and reduce air pollution.
- - л: And you can sometimes use your bike or w^alk! You will save fuel and (8)

out different w'aste materials like paper, glass, tins and plastic bottles into different bins

B. :o protect the environment, to save energy and to reduce pollution

—
C. use fewer disposable goods

D. helps reduce carbon emissions

—
I get some free exercise
rcop-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
yco F. :.o recycle waste materials
іны:
m G. follow the speed limit

H. use less washing up liquids to keep the water clean

winj
Vocabulary

nce . napkin - льняная салфетка fuel - топливо

: --use - повторно использовать bin - мусорное ведро
ronmentally friendly - экологически disposable goods - одноразовые товары
(Г- -опасный carbon emissions - выбросы углерода

39
о 5. Listen to the dialogue and say if the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE:

1. Linda thinks that people will hardly be able to live long and to stay healthy if they continue p(
luting the environment.
TRUE □ FALSE □
2. The development of nuclear science introduced contamination of drinking water supplies. fce *
► *-n
TRUE □ FALSE □
L-*i
3. Radioactive dust has no harmful effects on people's health.
TRUE I__ FALSE □
4. There are more than 1,000 endangered animal species worldwide.
TRUE □ FALSE I атггя
5. There are few disaster-prevention programmes which help control environmental pollution, figir 3
* -1
destruction of wildlife and preserve woodlands.
TRUE L FALSE I
6. Greenpeace is a very well-known TV show which helps people become environment-educated. n
rs
TRUE □ FALSE

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue. 1

J
Your friend and you are discussing what our life will be like in 20-30 years. Your friend is rath<
optimistic about the future. But you think that people may face rather serious problems if they
not protect the environment. Remember to discuss:
l i
i
. why it is so dangerous to pollute the environment
I I
. what we must do if wc want to live in a healthy environment i
* how to change people's attitude to Nature
i 1
7. Give a talk on environmental problems. Remember to discuss: ■ J
l 1
^ 1
. what causes air, water and land pollution
I
. the consequences of pollution, deforestation, radioactive contamination and the extinct!
of wildlife
. what people can do to stop environmental degradation
. what helps people become environment-educated

i -4

40
 Global Problem s
Read the text about environmental problems. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words
which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.
DO 1
The greenhouse effect causes the temperature on Earth to
I nse. It happens because heat cannot escape through the upper
r els of the air surrounding the Earth. The consequences of
he greenhouse effect may be disastrous: arctic ice is gradually
-.-.-lung, sea-level is rising. As a result, all coastal areas may be
i flooded.
Global warming is the result of overheating of the air. It is
used by carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil
'-els which collect in the space around the Earth.
Acid rain contains harmful quantities of acid. It is mostly
-used by emissions which react in the atmosphere to produce
t I ^. ids. Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and buildings. Besides, it has
adverse impacts on human health.
Ozone depletion refers to the slow decline of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere. Ozone is a protec-
ve layer absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation which is produced by the Sun. Ultraviolet radiation
“iay cause skin cancer and affect the growth of plants. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) is believed to be
-■•sponsible for damaging the ozone layer. This gas is used in refrigerators, fire extinguishers and in
'ome aerosols.

1. The gradual warming of the air surrounding the Earth as a result of heat being trapped by pollution.
2. A general increase in world temperatures caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around
the Earth.
3. A gas or other substance that is sent into the air.
4. A fuel such as coal or oil that is produced by the very gradual decaying of animals or plants over
millions of years.
5. Rain that contains harmful acid which can damage the environment and is caused by emissions
which react in the atmosphere to produce acids.
6. The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth.
7. A slow decline of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere.
S. The outer part of the air surrounding the Earth, from ten to fifty kilometres above the Earth.
9. Energy in the form of ultraviolet light that is sent out as waves and that cannot be seen by people,
but is responsible for making your skin darker when you are in the sun.
10. A layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the Earth.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

the greenhouse effect - парниковый эффект acid rain - кислотный дождь

consequence - последствие ozone depletion - истощение озонового слоя
to melt - таять decline - падение, снижение
to flood - затоплять protective layer - защитный слой
global warming - глобальное потепление
carbon dioxide - углекислый газ ultraviolet radiation - ультрафиолетовое
emissions - выбросы излучение
fossil fuel - ископаемое топливо chlorofluorocarbon - фреон

41
2. Read the text about natural disasters. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combination
from the table.

damage, occur, warning, rainfall, survivors, starve, lack of,

contamination, results in, move

Natural disasters take many different forms and often happen without ( 1 ) ____________
Earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, floods and droughts are all natural disasters.
An earthquake brings death and destruction to many people. It is a sudden shaking of the Earth'
surface which (2) ____________ more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structure
Earthquakes can cause fires and tsunamis. The aftermath may bring disease and ( 3 ) ................ ........_
basic necessities. (4) ______________ usually need fre,sh water, food, shelter and medical help.
Hurricanes are extremely strong storms which often (5) in the western Atlanti
Ocean. Tornadoes or 'twisters', which are most common in the central area of the US, ca
(6) objects as big as a car and blow buildings down.
Floods happen in many countries after very heavy ( 7 ) ______________ When rain pours down!
for weeks at a time, rivers overflow and people and property can be trapped or simply washed away.l
Floods can lead to loss of property, damage to structures, (8) ..... ........... ........ of drinking water];
serious injuries and deaths.
Another kind of natural disaster is droughts. Droughts cause crops to fail, animals to die and]
people to (9) ............._..... They can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture]
of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought
can cause significant (10) ______________ and harm the local economy.

Vocabulary

damage - ущерб, повреждение destruction - разрушение

survivor - оставшийся в живых rigid structure - жёсткая конструкция
contamination - загрязнение, заражение tsunami - цунами
natural disaster - стихийное бедствие aftermath - последствия
earthquake - землетрясение basic necessities - предметы первой
typhoon - тайфун необходимости
hurricane - ураган, тропический циклон to trap - поймать в ловушку
flood - наводнение injury - рана
drought - засуха to starve - голодать

3. Give a talk on overpopulation. The following words and word combinations can help you.

overpopulation - перенаселённость; to live in comfort, happiness and health - жить комфортной,

счастливой и здоровой жизнью; to result from - вытекать; increase in births - увеличение
рождаемости; decline in mortality rates - снижение смертности; increase in immigration -
увеличение иммиграции; to live longer - жить дольше; good medical care and nutrition хорошее
медицинское обслуживание и питание; to accommodate more than 6 billion people вмещать
более шести миллиардов человек; to cause problems - вызывать проблемы; to increase faster than
the food supply - расти быстрее, чем запас продуктов питания; malnutrition - недоедание; starv­
ation - голод; to produce enough food and goods - производить достаточное количество еды
и товаров; to need more water, minerals, shelter and clothes - нуждаться в большем количестве
42
 * ;ы, полезных ископаемых, домах и одежде; environmental problems - проблемы, связанные
: загрязнением окружающей среды; global warming - глобальное потепление; pollution -
- рязнение; deforestation - вырубка леса; to be aggravated by population expansion -
а іливаться/ухудшаться из-за роста населения; to consume natural resources - потреблять
• лродные ресурсы; to result in unemployment, poverty, elevated crime rate and conflict over scarce
• '■ources - приводить к безработице, нищете, повышению уровня преступности и конфликтам
-за скудных ресурсов; to limit birth rates - ограничивать рождаемость; to educate people about
;ily planning - обучать людей планированию семьи; to increase access to birth control -
увеличивать доступ к противозачаточным средствам; to mitigate overpopulation - уменьшать
iarth’> г? .^населённость; 'one child per family' policy - политика «один ребёнок на семью»
ct ures
4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
< » A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.
P-
tlantit -eorge: To my mind, smoking has become a global problem.
S, cai Rachel: Why do you think so?
-rorge: It is practiced by more than 1 billion people including women and children.
i dowr Rachel: Everybody says that smoking is detrimental to one’s health. But quite a lot of people are still
away - .orant of ( 1 ) ______
water Treorge: Smokers should remember that nicotine is a drug that ( 2 ) ______ Besides, there are over
•>chemicals in one cigarette that are known to be harmful. Smoking is among the leading causes of
ie and v serious diseases including ( 3 ) __ ____What is more, smoking reduces memory and may lead to
ulture rth defects.
•ought • ichel: I've heard that regular smokers are estimated to live up to 10 years less than non-smokers.
-rorge: That’s right. Tobacco-related diseases (4) ______
;-3chel: Then I don't understand what makes people light up a cigarette in spite of all warnings,
-rorge: Well, some smokers say that they like the taste or smell of cigarettes. Others say smoking
» : >them to steady their nerves or to feel relaxed in the company of other smokers.
щия Rachel: They say it's extremely difficult to give up smoking. Without their cigarettes, smokers
3»---------
-eorge: It’s not easy, but smokers do harm both to their health and to the health of those people
a _nd them. Passive smoking is dangerous to people who have to inhale smoke. To my mind, there
x 4ood reasons to ban smoking in public places.
ibchel: I totally agree. But unfortunately, smoking is not the only problem which threatens people’s
i . :h and well-being. For instance, alcohol misuse ( 6 ) ____ Large amounts of alcohol impair nor-
u.
. Drain development. Besides, overdosing causes alcoholic poisoning, which can prove fatal.
-
(ТНОИ. -forge: Also, people must never forget about the danger of the AIDS virus. It's a very serious disease
чение
- E (7) ----------
ion -
)ошее Rachel: I’ve read an article about AIDS victims. It says that 9 out of 10 people are unaware that they
?щать s nfected, so they continue transmitting the disease.
r than
starv- George: That's terrible. But what is worse, there's still ( 8 ) .......... ..
) еды Rachel: That is why people should be careful about what they do. Our health and happiness depend
естве г ur knowledge and the choices we make.
43
 A. feel irritated, nervous and depressed

B. lung cancer, heart attacks, asthma and many others

C, causes addiction like heroin or cocaine

D. stops your body from defending itself against infections, and usually causes death

E. no cure for AIDS

F. the harmful effects that nicotine produces

G. shorten life and cause premature death

H. causes physical, social and moral harm to the drinker

Vocabulary
detrimental - пагубный well-being - здоровье, благополучие
to be ignorant (of) - не знать misuse - злоупотребление
drug - наркотик to impair - ухудшать, повреждать
birth defect - врождённый дефект poisoning - отравление, интоксикация
to steady nerves - успокоить нервы AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
to give up (smoking) - бросать (курить) Syndrome) - СПИД
to inhale - вдыхать victim - жертва
to ban - запрещать to transmit - передавать

5. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the table:

Problem Health Effects Mitigation

Noise pollution

Light pollution

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are preparing a report on global problems. Remember to discuss:
. the greenhouse effect and global warming . ozone depletion
. pollution . overpopulation

7. Give a talk on global problems. Remember to discuss:

. global problems of the present
. their influence on the environment/human health/economy/living conditions etc
. possible solutions
44
 Youth Problem s
Read the text about the problems that teenagers often face. Read the definitions (1-10), find
the words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

The teenage years are a period of physical, social, emo-

т. : nal and sexual changes which occur all at once. This is a
confusing stage of development where young people are
-^rning about themselves and deciding what to do with
their lives. Teenagers often face a variety of challenges as
they move forward from childhood into adulthood. The
гroblems that teenagers face include peer pressure, bullying,
-• dv image issues, underage drinking, teenage pregnancy,
.:~jg use, high school dropout rates and many others. These
p -oblems can make it difficult for young people to develop
nfidence and the life skills needed to cope with everyday situations.
As teenagers undergo physical changes, their attraction to the opposite sex increases, and they start
г _ving dating relationships. This can lead to emotional ups and downs based on how they perceive the
■relationships. The heightened emotions experienced by teenagers can also lead to serious mental-
t-alth problems after a breakup. The rejection associated with a terminated relationship can cause
severe depression or a sense of isolation. The other problem with teenage dating is the risk of sexual-
■transmitted disease or pregnancy. Usually teenagers are not financially or emotionally prepared for
:he consequences of their actions.
Teenagers often misbehave and clash with their parents. They begin defining their identity and tend
• focus on their peers. They have a strong feeling that they must do the same things as other people of
■neir age. Teenagers often face vigorous peer pressure to try drugs, alcohol and cigarettes at parties and
:n social situations. If they get too involved, they risk addiction, health problems and self-harm.

(Source: ehow.com)

'.. Someone who is between 13 and 19 years old.

2. A strong feeling that you must do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to
like you.
3. When a person threatens to hurt someone or frighten them, especially someone smaller or weaker.
4. An illegal substance such as marijuana or cocaine, which some people take in order to feel happy,
relaxed, or excited.
5. The belief that you have the ability to do things well or deal with situations successfully.
6. A situation in which two people spend time together or live together, and have romantic or sexu­
al feelings for each other.
7. The act of ending a relationship.
8. A feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future.
9. The qualities and attitudes that a person or group of people have, that make them different from
other people.
10. The need to take a harmful drug regularly, without being able to stop.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

45
 Vocabulary
to occur - происходить, случаться the opposite sex - противоположный пол
adulthood - зрелость ups and downs - взлеты и падения
challenge - сложная задача, проблема to perceive - воспринимать
peer pressure - давление со стороны сверстников to experience - испытывать, чувствовать
bullying - запугивание mental health - психическое здоровье
issue - проблема, тема breakup - разрыв отношений
underage drinking - употребление алкоголя rejection - отказ, неприятие
несовершеннолетними to clash - приходить к противоречию
pregnancy - беременность identity - личность, индивидуальность
dropout - прекращение учёбы, отказ учиться addiction - зависимость

2. Read the text about juvenile delinquency. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combina­
tions from the table.

su b cu ltu res, breakdow n, abuse, in to leran ce, excessive, s ta tu s , vio latio n s,

d ru g tra ffic k in g , unem ploym ent, crim inal

Juvenile delinquency encompasses all (1) ______________ of legal and social norms committed
by young people between the ages of 12 and 20. There are a lot of reasons why more and more young
men and women are involved in violent or (2) ______________ behaviour. These reasons include
poverty, (3) ______________ , low incomes among the young, ineffective educational systems.
family (4) --------------------- or the death of parents. Some adolescents commit crimes because they
do not have enough money to maintain a lifestyle they want. Many of the crimes committed by young
people are related to (5) ______________ alcohol use and drug ( 6 ) _______________
The principal offences committed by young people include street extortion, theft, robbery,
smuggling, prostitution, vandalism, (7) ______________ and rape. Some criminal activities are
connected with ( 8 ) ______________ of members of other cultures or religious, racial or ethnic groups.
Delinquency is usually a group phenomenon. Adolescents often join a juvenile delinquent group to
improve their (9) ______________ and raise their self-esteem. Membership in a gang often gives a
young man or woman a sense of safety and protection. Some juvenile gang members consider their
group a family. In some groups and ( 1 0 ) ______________ deviant behaviour and violence play an
important role and increase a young person's status.

Vocabulary

juvenile delinquency - подростковая преступность to commit - совершать (правонарушение)

subculture - субкультура poverty - бедность, нищета
breakdown - распад income - доход, заработок
abuse - употребление adolescent - молодой человек, подросток
intolerance - нетерпимость to maintain - поддерживать
excessive - чрезмерный offence - преступление, правонарушение
violation - нарушение extortion - вымогательство
drug trafficking - торговля наркотиками robbery - ограбление, грабёж
unemployment - безработица smuggling - контрабанда
to encompass - охватывать rape - изнасилование
46
 /т>
- Give a talk on the reasons for youth violence and the wavs to prevent it. The following words
and word com binations can help you.
B> undergo the painful transition from childhood to adulthood - подвергаться болезненному
а-. реходу от детства к зрелости; to face psychological problems - сталкиваться с
яхологическими проблемами; to cause aggression - вызывать агрессию; to lead to the rejection
adult values and experiences or to rebellion - приводить к неприятию ценностей и опыта
рослых или бунту; to prove one's maturity and independence - доказывать свою зрелость и
- зависимость; to commit various offences - совершать разные правонарушения; to run away from
■■ me - убегать из дома; to use violence against one's peers - применять насилие к своим
•рстникам; antisocial behaviour - антиобщественное поведение; to disappear with the transition
to adulthood - исчезать с наступлением зрелости; to create criminal groups - создавать
преступные группировки; to become involved in the activities of adult criminal groups -
участвовать в деятельности преступных группировок, состоящих из взрослых людей; to suffer
• m parental neglect, humiliation, child abuse or domestic violence - страдать от отсутствия заботы
дителей, унижения, жестокого обращения или бытового насилия; to be hostile to somebody -
:ть враждебно настроенным по отношению к кому-либо; to exhibit similar behaviour -
чонстрировать подобное поведение; to not receive adequate parental supervision - оставаться
' і родительского надзора; to become involved in criminal activities - заниматься преступной
лтельностыо; the mass media - средства массовой информации; to contribute to teenage violence
способствовать росту насилия среди подростков; to watch movies with violence - смотреть
: тьм ы со сценами насилия; to play computer games containing highly violent content - играть в
ч мпьютерные игры очень жестокого содержания; to listen to music with violent lyrics - слушать
зыку с жестокими текстами; to behave more aggressively - вести себя более агрессивно; to be
tims of bullying or teasing - быть жертвами запугивания или высмеивания; to abuse substances
злоупотреблять наркотиками; to have high pressure in school - испытывать сильное давление в
лколе; to behave aggressively - вести себя агрессивно; the prevention of juvenile delinquency -
эедупреждение подростковой преступности; to keep young people from breaking the law -
ерживать молодых людей от нарушения закона; to discourage criminal behaviour - сдерживать
геступное поведение; to develop effective prevention programmes - разрабатывать эффективные
рограммы профилактики; punitive prevention - карательная превенция, превенция угрозой и
рвменением наказаний; to supply young people with professional training, education and new
rkplaces - предоставлять молодым людям профессиональное обучение, образование и новые
: ючие места; prevention service - служба профилактики; family counseling консультации по
чейным вопросам; youth mentoring - предоставление наставников/ воспитателей для
лодёжи; educational support образовательная поддержка; vocational training -
оофеесиональная подготовка, обучение; youth sheltering предоставление приюта молодым
- дям; leisure and youth development activities - организация досуга молодёжи; to prevent young
iple from committing crimes - предупреждать преступность среди молодёжи; to teach teenagers
be tolerant - учить подростков быть толерантными

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
л * A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

.Mary: Why do teenagers attach so much importance to relationships with their peers?
George: It’s very important to teenagers to fit in with their peers, to look like them and to do what
chers are doing. They want to be accepted by their peers and try ( 1 ) ----------Young people feel lone-
-•and rejected if they ( 2 ) ______ Some teenagers suffer from bullying, which is an emotionally dev­
astating experience that (3) ............ What is more, bullying may result in (4)
Mary: What do young people usually do to make sure that they fit in?
47
George: They may change their appearance and behaviour based on the expectations of their peers Л
Young people may begin to drink, smoke or take drugs at the urging of their friends. They may also «
become aggressive and join a gang ( 5 ) ----------
Mary: What can parents do to protect their kids from bad influences?
Щ
George: I think teenagers that are close to their parents and spend much time with them are less like­
ly ( 6 ) ______ Parents should know their child's friends and how they behave. When parents don' j
know where their kids are or whom they socialize with, their children are more likely to play truair
from school and to have delinquent friends. 4
Mary: I think parents should also help teenagers strengthen their personal identity and understand j
the importance of ( 7 ) ______ They should teach young people to consider the consequences of goirn
along with the crowd.
George: That's right. All teenagers face tough decisions at one time or another. That's why they
should learn ( 8 ) ______
Mary: In addition, teenagers that are involved in sports and extracurricular activities do not get tim
to commit offences, to engage in bullying or to experiment with drugs.
George: I couldn't agree more!
_______________________________________________________________________________ 1
A. anxiety, depression, stress and even suicide

B. to blend in by acting or dressing accordingly

C. to join gangs, to exhibit risky behaviour or to be involved in violent activities

D. can affect their health, academic performance and self-esteem

E. family standards and personal values

F. to stand their ground and to make smart choices

G. are expelled from the group

H. to improve their status and to raise their self-esteem

Vocabulary

to attach importance - придавать значение tough - трудный

to fit in - приспосабливаться extracurricular activities - внешкольная
to accept - принимать (в определённый круг) деятельность
rejected - отвергнутый anxiety - беспокойство, тревога
devastating - опустошительный to blend in - смешаться, слиться
expectations - ожидания academic performance - успеваемость
to socialize - общаться (в учёбе)
to play truant - прогуливать (уроки) self-esteem - самоуважение
delinquent - нарушающий закон values - достоинства, ценности
consequence - последствие, результат to expel - исключать, выгонять

48
 5. Listen to the dialogue and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1) Both boys and girls may become critical of their academic performance and feel self-confident.
2) Many teenagers have acne, a common illness that makes you feel very tired^and weak, gives you
a sore throat, and makes you cough and have to clear your nose a lot.
3) Fast food and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to asthma.
4) Obese teenagers are more likely to perform well academically.
5) Another problem is that every day the authorities dictate to teenagers how they should look.
6) Virus infections like anorexia or bulimia can cause health problems and lead to death.
7) If a young person thinks that he or she might be developing an eating disorder, they should talk to
their friends about it.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about stress that teenagers experience. Remember to discuss:
. what causes stress
. stress-related problems
. warning signs of stress
. what parents can do to help teenagers cope with stress and solve their problems

7. Give a talk on youth problems. Remember to discuss:

. why the teenage years are a time of anxiety, strain and stress
. what problems and challenges teenagers face
. teenagers' relationships with parents, peers and the opposite sex
. juvenile delinquency (definition, reasons, prevention)

49
 Education
1. Read the text about online education. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which have
the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Online education is rapidly increasing due to the devel­

opment of computer technology. It competes with tradi­
tional education on every level today. With the surge in
Internet usage, online schools are growing in their offerings
and quality. Online education is intended for those who
cannot attend classes and communicate with the professor
face to face. Education is delivered via the Internet, multi-
media resources or videoconferencing. Professors and stu­
dents communicate by exchanging electronic media or in
real time. Some universities offer online student support
services, such as online advising and registration, e-counseling, online textbook purchase, student
governments and even student newspapers.
Online education offers convenience and flexibility. It is especially convenient for disabled people and
for those who work at a full-time job or have small children. Students do not have to attend classes and
they can work at their own pace within a schedule that they set for themselves. However, having a course
online does not mean that there will be less work. Online classes have deadlines and due dates for assign­
ments. If students want to be successful in an online course, they will have to maintain a schedule.
Some people think that online learning is not as effective as traditional education and computer-
based activities can hardly replace practical or classroom-based situations. One of the disadvantages
is that students do not have an opportunity to enjoy regular in-person interaction with their profes­
sors and peers. If they want to ask a question or to receive some additional information, they have to
contact the professor by email. Besides, online education can be a major challenge for people who find
it difficult to manage their time wisely. If students need more direction in learning, it is better to
choose traditional education.

1. The process of teaching and learning, usually at school, college, or university.

2. A teacher of the highest rank in a university department.
3. Involving computers and computer programs that use a mixture of sound, pictures, video, and
writing to give information.
4. A system that makes it possible to have meetings with people in different parts of the world by
sending pictures and sound electronically.
5. Someone who is studying at a university, school etc.
6. A plan of what someone is going to do and when they are going to do it.
7. A date or time by which you have to do or complete something.
8. A piece of work that a student is asked to do.
9. A system that allows you to send and receive messages by computer.
10. Control, management, or advice.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary
to compete - конкурировать, соперничать full-time job - штатная работа
surge - подъём, рост pace - скорость, темп
to be intended for - предназначаться для schedule - график, план
multimedia - мультимедийный deadline - конечный срок
videoconferencing - проведение assignment - задание
видеоконференции to maintain a schedule - выдерживать
support services - службы поддержки график
50
flexibility - гибкость, приспособляемость interaction - взаимодействие, общение
disabled people - инвалиды challenge - сложная задача, проблема

2. Read the text about home education. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations
from the table.

environm ent, broaden, com m unication, convenient, p oints of view, e x tra c u rric u la r,
determ ine, cooperate, a lte rn a tiv e , tim etab le, te rm s, program m es

Home schooling may be an excellent (1) ______________ to traditional education. Children who
have special educational needs are home educated when school cannot meet the child's needs. Home
education is very (2) ______________ because you do not need to observe school hours, days or
( 3 ) ______________ Besides, you do not need to have a fixed ( 4 ) _______________
It is a fact that parents know their children better than anyone. By observing their strengths and
weaknesses, parents can (5) ______________ the style of teaching and curriculum best suited to
their children. They can build their own curriculum, or they may choose to use one of the many estab­
lished ( 6 ) ______________ Thus parents can provide a more personalized and adaptable learning
(7) for the child and the family can spend more time together. In general, home
schooling gives you an opportunity to work on just what you want and when you want.
However, homeschooled children suffer from lack of (8) ______________ with their peers. One
of the benefits of attending a public school is the opportunity for children to ( 9 ) ______________
their horizons by meeting people with different backgrounds and ( 1 0 ) ---------------------- At school
children learn to (11) ______________ with their peers and to work as a team and acquire commu­
nication skills. In addition to classes, schools organize a large number of ( 1 2 ) ---------------------
activities, such as drama clubs, sports and music. That is why home-educated children may sometimes
miss out on healthy and educational activities.

Vocabulary
environment - окружающая обстановка curriculum - учебный план
point of view - точка зрения to establish - учреждать, устанавливать
extracurricular - факультативный adaptable - адаптивный, гибкий
timetable - расписание to suffer - страдать
term - семестр lack - недостаток
fixed - назначенный, установленный peer - ровесник, сверстник
strengths and weaknesses - сильные и horizon - кругозор
слабые стороны background - происхождение

3. Give a talk on self-education. The following words and word combinations can help you.
self-education - самообразование; effective - результативный, эффективный; productive -
продуктивный, эффективный; to speak to educated people - разговаривать с образованными
людьми; library - библиотека; educational website - образовательный сайт; to surf the Net -
бродить по сети; to download textbooks and training films - скачивать учебники и учебные
кинофильмы; to cost nothing - ничего не стоить; to not require a fixed lifestyle - не требовать
определённого стиля жизни; to depend on teachers and tutors for guidance - зависеть от
руководства учителей и репетиторов; to encourage somebody’s efforts to learn - поощрять чьи-
либо усилия в учёбе; to motivate and discipline oneself - мотивировать и дисциплинировать себя;
51
to extend one's knowledge - углублять свои знания; to acquire new skills - приобретать новые
навыки; flexible options - удобные варианты/возможности; unlimited opportunities -
неограниченные возможности

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
ф A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Emma: Some people think that computers may replace teachers in the future. What do you think
about it?
Daniel: I think it will never happen.
Emma: Why?
Daniel: The role of teachers is not just ( 1 ) ______ It's much more than that.
Emma: What are the teacher's responsibilities?
Daniel: First of all, teachers serve as a positive role model for their students. Students often
( 2 ) ----------Secondly, teachers help young people become critical thinkers and researchers. They
teach them ( 3 ) ----------Young people learn to think for themselves and to discover knowledge
through reasoning. What is more, teachers are responsible for their students' social development.
They teach young people ( 4 ) ______
Emma: In addition, thanks to teachers schoolchildren learn to control their behaviour and to obey
rules. They ( 5 ) _____ _
Daniel: That's right! A good teacher has to be able to motivate students and ( 6 ) ______ The best
teachers make their students genuinely interested in the material they teach.
Emma: So the teacher serves as an educator, a mentor and a guide.
Daniel: Also, sometimes the teacher plays the role of social worker. Some children and teenagers have
family problems and ( 7 ) ______
Emma: I agree. So technology can hardly ever replace the teacher in the classroom.
Daniel: Exactly! No computer will ( 8 ) ______

A. encourage you to learn or try to find an individual approach to your needs

B. to communicate with each other, to respect their classmates, to resolve conflicts and to be part
of a team

C. to transmit knowledge to students and to correct their mistakes

D. to set goals, to analyze information, to gather data, to find a solution to a problem and to draw
conclusions

E. to inspire them to acquire knowledge and skills

F. need support that will allow them to develop emotionally

G. copy their favourite teacher's behavior and attitudes

H. become self-disciplined and responsible for their actions

52
 Vocabulary

responsibility - обязанность to encourage - поощрять, поддерживать

role model - образец для подражания approach - подход (к решению проблемы)
researcher - исследователь to resolve - разрешать (конфликт)
reasoning - рассуждение, умозаключение to transmit - передавать
to obey rules - подчиняться правилам goal - задача, цель
to persuade - убеждать data - факты, информация
educator - преподаватель, воспитатель to draw a conclusion - сделать вывод
mentor - наставник, руководитель to inspire - побуждать
guide - советчик, консультант support - поддержка, помощь

5. Listen to the dialogue and answer following questions:

1) What do American students usually do after they graduate from high school?
2) What do they call a year off between high school and college?
3) Why do young people choose to take a year off?
4) What do young people do during this period?
5) Do colleges agree that taking a year off is positive for students?
6) What are the benefits of gap year activities?
7) Are there any disadvantages of taking a year off?

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend has just graduated from high school and wants to get a job. You think that it would be
better if he/she continued his/her education and went to college. Remember to discuss:

• the benefits of college education (job opportunities, earnings, skills, social experience etc)
. the disadvantages to attending college (cost, lack of work experience etc)

7. Give a talk on education. Remember to discuss:

. what education you would prefer (traditional education, online education, home education or self-
education)
. the role of a teacher in education
. your attitude to a gap year and what you would do if you took it
* the benefits of education

53
 Education
1. Read the text about online education. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which have E
the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Online education is rapidly increasing due to the devel-1

opment of computer technology. It competes with tradi- i
tional education on every level today. With the surge in 1
Internet usage, online schools are growing in their offerings 1
and quality. Online education is intended for those who I
cannot attend classes and communicate with the professor I
face to face. Education is delivered via the Internet, multi- 3
media resources or videoconferencing. Professors and stu- 1
dents communicate by exchanging electronic media or in I
real time. Some universities offer online student support |
services, such as online advising and registration, e-counseling, online textbook purchase, student I
governments and even student newspapers.
Online education offers convenience and flexibility. It is especially convenient for disabled people and 1
for those who work at a full-time job or have small children. Students do not have to attend classes and 1
they can work at their own pace within a schedule that they set for themselves. However, having a course |
online does not mean that there will be less work. Online classes have deadlines and due dates for assign- 1
ments. If students want to be successful in an online course, they will have to maintain a schedule.
Some people think that online learning is not as effective as traditional education and computer- ]
based activities can hardly replace practical or classroom-based situations. One of the disadvantages 1
is that students do not have an opportunity to enjoy regular in-person interaction with their profes- ]
sors and peers. If they want to ask a question or to receive some additional information, they have to ]
contact the professor by email. Besides, online education can be a major challenge for people who find 1
it difficult to manage their time wisely. If students need more direction in learning, it is better to 1
choose traditional education.

1. The process of teaching and learning, usually at school, college, or university.

2. A teacher of the highest rank in a university department.
3. Involving computers and computer programs that use a mixture of sound, pictures, video, and
writing to give information.
4. A system that makes it possible to have meetings with people in different parts of the world by
sending pictures and sound electronically.
5. Someone w-ho is studying at a university, school etc.
6. A plan of what someone is going to do and when they are going to do it.
7. A date or time by which you have to do or complete something.
8. A piece of work that a student is asked to do.
9. A system that allows you to send and receive messages by computer.
10. Control, management, or advice.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary
to compete - конкурировать, соперничать full-time job - штатная работа
surge - подъём, рост pace - скорость, темп
to be intended for - предназначаться для schedule - график, план
multimedia - мультимедийный deadline - конечный срок
videoconferencing - проведение assignment - задание
видеоконференции to maintain a schedule - выдерживать
support services - службы поддержки график
50
Mobility - гибкость, приспособляемость interaction - взаимодействие, общение
•в -ibled people - инвалиды challenge - сложная задача, проблема

Read the text about home education. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations
from the table.

environm ent, broaden, com m unication, convenient, p oints of view, e x tra c u rric u la r,
determ ine, cooperate, a lte rn a tiv e , tim etab le, term s, program m es

Home schooling may be an excellent (1) ______________ to traditional education. Children who
a.ve special educational needs are home educated when school cannot meet the child's needs. Home
education is very (2) ____________ _ because you do not need to observe school hours, days or
{ 3 ) ______________ Besides, you do not need to have a fixed ( 4 ) -----------------------
It is a fact that parents know their children better than anyone. By observing their strengths and
* -aknesses, parents can (5) ______________ the style of teaching and curriculum best suited to
- :r children. They can build their own curriculum, or they may choose to use one of the many estab-
shed ( 6 ) ______________ Thus parents can provide a more personalized and adaptable learning
{ 7 ) ______________for the child and the family can spend more time together. In general, home
. nooling gives you an opportunity to work on just what you want and when you want.
However, homeschooled children suffer from lack of (8) ______________ with their peers. One
: the benefits of attending a public school is the opportunity for children to ( 9 ) ........... ...... .........
their horizons by meeting people with different backgrounds and ( 1 0 ) ______________ At school
:ldren learn to (11) ______________ with their peers and to work as a team and acquire commu-
• ication skills. In addition to classes, schools organize a large number of ( 1 2 ) ______________
. tivities, such as drama clubs, sports and music. That is why home-educated children may sometimes
miss out on healthy and educational activities.

Vocabulary
environment - окружающая обстановка curriculum - учебный план
point of view - точка зрения to establish - учреждать, устанавливать
extracurricular - факультативный adaptable - адаптивный, гибкий
■ nietable - расписание to suffer - страдать
term - семестр lack - недостаток
fixed - назначенный, установленный peer - ровесник, сверстник
strengths and weaknesses - сильные и horizon - кругозор
слабые стороны background - происхождение

3. Give a talk on self-education. The following words and word combinations can help you.
self-education - самообразование; effective - результативный, эффективный; productive -
продуктивный, эффективный; to speak to educated people - разговаривать с образованными
людьми; library - библиотека; educational website - образовательный сайт; to surf the Net -
бродить по сети; to download textbooks and training films - скачивать учебники и учебные
кинофильмы; to cost nothing - ничего не стоить; to not require a fixed lifestyle - не требовать
определённого стиля жизни; to depend on teachers and tutors for guidance - зависеть от
руководства учителей и репетиторов; to encourage somebody's efforts to learn - поощрять чьи-
либо усилия в учёбе; to motivate and discipline oneself - мотивировать и дисциплинировать себя;
51
to extend one's knowledge - углублять свои знания; to acquire new skills - приобретать новые
навыки; flexible options - удобные варианты/возможности; unlimited opportunities -
неограниченные возможности

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Emma: Some people think that computers may replace teachers in the future. What do you think
about it?
Daniel: I think it will never happen.
Emma: Why?
Daniel: The role of teachers is not just ( 1 ) ______ It's much more than that.
Emma: What are the teacher's responsibilities?
Daniel: First of all, teachers serve as a positive role model for their students. Students often
( 2 ) ----------Secondly, teachers help young people become critical thinkers and researchers. The>
teach them ( 3 ) ______ Young people learn to think for themselves and to discover knowledge
through reasoning. What is more, teachers are responsible for their students' social development.
They teach young people ( 4 ) ______
Emma: In addition, thanks to teachers schoolchildren learn to control their behaviour and to obe;.
rules. They ( 5 ) ______
Daniel: That’s right! A good teacher has to be able to motivate students and ( 6 ) ______ The bes:
teachers make their students genuinely interested in the material they teach.
Emma: So the teacher serves as an educator, a mentor and a guide.
Daniel: Also, sometimes the teacher plays the role of social worker. Some children and teenagers ha\>
family problems and ( 7 ) ______
Emma: I agree. So technology can hardly ever replace the teacher in the classroom.
Daniel: Exactly! No computer will ( 8 ) ______

A. encourage you to learn or try to find an individual approach to your needs

—
B. to communicate with each other, to respect their classmates, to resolve conflicts and to be part
of a team

C. to transmit knowledge to students and to correct their mistakes

D. to set goals, to analyze information, to gather data, to find a solution to a problem and to draw
conclusions

E. to inspire them to acquire knowledge and skills

F. need support that will allow them to develop emotionally

G. copy their favourite teacher’s behavior and attitudes

H. become self-disciplined and responsible for their actions

52
 Vocabulary

■rsponsibility - обязанность to encourage - поощрять, поддерживать

іо к model - образец для подражания approach - подход (к решению проблемы)
searcher - исследователь to resolve - разрешать (конфликт)
Rrasoning - рассуждение, умозаключение to transmit - передавать
a obey rules - подчиняться правилам goal - задача, цель
Ю persuade - убеждать data - факты, информация
educator - преподаватель, воспитатель to draw a conclusion - сделать вывод
aentor - наставник, руководитель to inspire - побуждать
r-ide - советчик, консультант support - поддержка, помощь

Г \ 5. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions:

1) What do American students usually do after they graduate from high school?
2) What do they call a year off between high school and college?
5 1 Why do young people choose to take a year off?
; t What do young people do during this period?
5) Do colleges agree that taking a year off is positive for students?
b) What are the benefits of gap year activities?
7) Are there any disadvantages of taking a year off?

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend has just graduated from high school and wants to get a job. You think that it would be
better if he/she continued his/her education and went to college. Remember to discuss:

. the benefits of college education (job opportunities, earnings, skills, social experience etc)
. the disadvantages to attending college (cost, lack of work experience etc)

7. Give a talk on education. Remember to discuss:

. what education you would prefer (traditional education, online education, home education or self-
education)
. the role of a teacher in education
. your attitude to a gap year and what you would do if you took it
. the benefits of education

53
 Scie n ce & Technology
1. Read the text about the development of technology. Read the definitions (1-10), find thej
words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Technology refers to tools and machines that may be

used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching
term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or j
wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space!
..-f station or particle accelerator. The word 'technology' can!
ifc also be used to refer to a collection of techniques.
Man's use of technology began with the conversion of!
natural resources into simple tools. The prehistoric dis-|
covery of the ability to control fire increased the available!
sources of food. The invention of the wheel helped!
humans to travel and to control their environment.
Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture. Technology has affected soci-1
ety in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped to develop more advanced economies.!
including today's global economy. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the |
telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to 1
interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technologies have been used for peaceful purposes. The I
development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from I
clubs to nuclear weapons. Apart from that, many technological processes produce unwanted by-prod- ]
ucts, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the environment.
(Source: en.wikipedia.org)

1. New machines, equipment, and ways of doing things that are based on modern knowledge about
science and computers.
2. A piece of equipment that is useful for doing your job.
3. A piece of equipment with moving parts that uses power such as electricity to do a particular job.
4. A large spacecraft that stays above the Earth and is a base for people travelling in space or for sci­
entific tests.
5. A machine used in scientific studies which makes the very small pieces of matter that atoms are
made of move at high speeds.
6. A machine that prints newspapers, books etc.
7. The system of communication that you use to have a conversation with someone in another place.
8. A computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange informa­
tion.
9. Something that you use to fight with or attack someone with, such as a bomb, or gun.
10. Something additional that is produced during a natural or industrial process.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary
to refer (to) - относиться (к чему-л.) printing press - печатная машина
far-reaching - широкий communication - передача информации, общение
term - термин to interact - взаимодействовать, общаться
crowbar - лом destructive - разрушительный
particle accelerator - ускоритель частиц club - дубина
conversion - превращение nuclear weapons - ядерное оружие
prehistoric - доисторический by-product - побочный продукт
advanced - современный, передовой to deplete - истощать, исчерпывать
global economy - мировая экономика detriment - ущерб, вред
54
2. Read an extract from the article 'Technophobia' by Katherine Bilsborough. Fill in the gaps
with the words and word combinations from the table.

advance, re sist, keyboard, th e Age of Technology, th e In d u stria l R evolution,

keep up w ith, accept, te rm , tak e over, technology, explode, Science Fiction

A technophobe is someone who does not like, trust, or want to use ( 1 ) ________________ _
especially computers. Technophobia is not a new (2 )_____________and technophobes have existed
since ( 3 ) _____________ and probably for a lot longer in some shape or form. Today we are living
in ( 4 ) ________________Things that were once deemed (5) ________________ are becoming a
reality. We either (6) ________________ these changes and move with the times or we
( 7 ) ______________and become technophobes.
The reality is much simpler than saying that technophobes fear technological ( 8 ) ____________
Technophobes are anxious because the environment in which they live and work is changing. They
suffer feelings of self-doubt and anxiety. They often feel insecure and obsolete. Some worry that they
will lose their job because they cannot (9) ______________ the times. In more extreme cases,
technophobes convince themselves that technology will (10) ______________ the world or that
humans will be controlled by computers and robots. At other times they are afraid that if they press
the wrong button on their (11) ______________ , the computer will ( 1 2 ) _______________

Vocabulary

advance - прогресс to exist - существовать

to resist - сопротивляться to deem - полагать, считать
keyboard - клавиатура self-doubt - неуверенность в себе
to keep up with - угнаться anxiety - беспокойство, тревога
to accept - принимать, соглашаться insecure - сомневающийся, неуверенный
to take over - захватить власть obsolete - устарелый, старомодный
to explode - взрываться to press - нажимать
science fiction - научная фантастика button - кнопка

3. Give a talk on the use of technologies in everyday life. The following words and word combi­
nations can help you.

to afford flexibility and convenience - предоставлять гибкость и удобство; to do without -

обходиться без (чего-л.), мириться с отсутствием (чего-л.); gadget - приспособление; mobile/cell
(phone) - сотовый телефон; PC (personal computer) - персональный компьютер, ПК; laptop -
лэптоп, небольшой портативный компьютер; iPod - айпод (фирменное название; широко
распространённая марка МРЗ-плееров); GPS (Global Positioning System) - глобальная система
навигации и определения положения; to facilitate one’s life - облегчать жизнь; to save time -
экономить время; electric equipment - электрооборудование; microwave oven - микроволновая
печь, СВЧ-печь; washing machine - стиральная машина; vacuum cleaner - пылесос; to make
housework easier - облегчать работу по дому; to do sums - решать (арифметические) задачи; to
store and process large amounts of data - хранить и обрабатывать большое количество
информации; to make the job mobile - делать работу мобильной; the Internet - интернет,
всемирная компьютерная сеть; to revolutionize the way people live and work - коренным образом
55
менять жизнь и работу людей; to do business, communicate and purchase different things through
the Internet - вести дела, общаться и покупать разные вещи через интернет; the technological
boom of personal computers - технологический подъём персональных компьютеров; the prolife­
ration of the Internet - распространение интернета; to help somebody find a good job - помочь
кому-либо найти хорошую работу; to give somebody an opportunity to work from home - давать
кому-либо возможность работать дома; to facilitate communication - способствовать общению;
to leave jobs to robots - оставлять работу роботам; to explore another planet - исследовать другую
планету; to defuse a bomb - снимать взрыватель (с бомбы); to explore inside a volcano -
заниматься исследованиями внутри вулкана; to control cars and planes - управлять
автомобилями и самолётами; to compose music - сочинять музыку; to do boring household chores -
выполнять скучную работу по хозяйству; industrial robot - промышленный робот; to lead
t.o cheaper production of various goods - привести к более дешёвому производству различных
товаров; domestic robot - бытовой робот; to provide companionship to elderly and disabled people
предоставлять общение пожилым людям и инвалидам

4. Read the sentences А-Н. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Lily: Society has come to a point where the idea of living without cell phones seems ludicrous.
Peter: I agree. Thanks to mobile phones, we can (1 )_____ . Through text and picture messaging, new
internet technologies, email and long-distance services, you can talk, send pictures and videos and
read emails in an instant. Mobile phones help friends and family members to stay in touch and
(2) -----------
Lily: Many people carry cell phones in case an emergency situation arises, from a flat tire to a natural
disaster. Some mobile phone companies now (3) _ . Also, mobile phone users can instantly inform
law enforcement if they ( 4 ) ---------
Peter: Mobile phones allow business men and women ( 5 ) ----------Applications on phones, such as
calendars, note keepers, voice recorders, and alarms, all help people stay organized and on time. If you
are late or stuck in a traffic jam, you can use your mobile phone to call the boss or to postpone
a meeting.
Lily: The convenience of mobile phones cannot be denied. However, they have negative health effects.
For example, some people believe that the microwave radiation the phones emit can
( 6 ) ----------In addition, because of frequent use, mobile phones can carry harmful bacteria, causing
the transmission of contagious infections.
Peter: Studies have shown that teenagers with excessive cell phone habits ( 7 ) ______ Some
teenagers become addicted to using the phone.
Lily: Besides the ill effects on human health, cell phones do harm to the environment because they
contain toxins. Unwanted cell phones end up in landfills and ( 8 ) ______

A. allow you to be contactable wherever you are

B. to conduct business on the road, in the air, and anywhere else, at any time of dav

C. cause such problems as cancer and Alzheimer's disease

56
 D. include panic buttons and GPS tracking devices in phones

E. stay in constant touch with friends, send and receive short messages, set up meetings or talk
overseas

F. cause contamination of water and food sources

G. exhibit chronic restlessness, a reliance on stimulating drinks, difficulty falling asleep at night
and an inclination toward fatigue and stress

H. see an emergency or a crime being committed

Vocabulary

jdicrous - нелепый, смешной transmission - передача, перенос

to stay in touch - оставаться на связи contagious - заразный, инфекционный
-emergency situation - чрезвычайная ситуация excessive - чрезмерный, неумеренный
flat tire - спущенная шина become addicted - пристраститься
aw enforcement - правоохранительные органы landfill - мусорная свалка
application - приложение Alzheimer's disease - болезнь Альцгеймера
to get stuck in a traffic jam - застревать в пробке (разновидность пресен ильного слабоумия)
to postpone - откладывать tracking device - следящее устройство
microwave radiation - микроволновое to commit a crime - совершить
излучение преступление
5. Listen to the dialogue and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1) The first animal that has been successfully cloned was a pig.
2) The creation of Dolly was a major breakthrough of 2007.
i) Scientists say that cloning could be used to create new species.
,) Most politicians oppose the cloning of endangered species.
5) Animal cloning is cheap and highly efficient.
6) More than 50% of cloning attempts fail.
7) Due to many successful attempts at cloning animals, many scientists strongly believe that it would
be morally correct to try to clone humans.
S) Scientists do not know how cloning could impact physical development.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about technology and its effects on society. Remember to discuss:

. the way technology changes our lives

. the benefits of modern technologies
. the detrimental effects of modern technologies

7. Give a talk on technology. Remember to discuss:

. the definition of the word 'technology'

. people's attitude to new technologies
. how technology influences communication/business/education/leisure
. the effects of modern technologies
 The Internet
1. Read the text about the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Read the definition?
(1-10), find the words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

These days, many people spend a lot of time on th

Internet, whether it is for work, gathering information
so cial interaction, or entertainment. The Internet ha?
made it possible for us to communicate with people ai
over the world. It has created new job and business
opportunities and democratized the media. What is more
the Internet has become a major source of leisure.
W ith th e a d v e n t o f th e In te r n e t, p e o p le 's liv es have
become much easier, considering the wealth of available
information and the number of tasks that can be
performed online. Computer users can access news, documents, images, sounds, weather and sport
reports, make friends, book tickets, publish their ideas and information to a large audience, anc
purchase different things online. Owing to the Internet millions of people worldwide have eas\
instant access to a vast and diverse amount of up-to-date information. Young people use the Interne:
to download music, movies, video games and other things for their enjoyment and relaxation.
Overall, the Internet can improve our lives in many ways, but it has a lot of disadvantages as wel
As the number of websites increases, the amount of time you spend browsing for information wil
increase, too. Another disadvantage is receiving information that is unreliable, falsified or exaggerat
ed. People cannot always trust what they read on the web. Providing personal information onlin-
when shopping or banking can result in hackers gaining access to private data that can be used to stet
your funds. What is more, going online often means subjecting your computer to viruses that can eras:
your system.

1. A computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange infor- ]
mation.
2. Things that are intended to amuse or interest people.
3. All the organizations, such as television, radio, and newspapers, that provide news and informa­
tion for the public, or the people who do this work.
4. An electronic machine that stores information and uses programs to help you find, organize, cr 1
change the information.
5. To find information, especially on a computer.
6. To move information or programs from a computer network to a small computer.
7. A place on the Internet where you can find information about something, especially a particula-
organization.
8. To search for information on a computer or on the Internet.
9. Someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other people's computer systems.
10. A set of instructions secretly put onto a computer or computer program, which can destroy infor- |
mation.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishi

Vocabulary

entertainment - развлечение to download - загружать, скачивать

to democratize - демократизировать overall - в (общем и) целом
leisure - досуг, свободное время to improve - улучшать
advent - прибытие, приход to increase - увеличиваться, расти

58
available - доступный to browse - зд. искать (информацию)
user - пользователь unreliable - ненадёжный
ro access - зд. находить (информацию) to falsify - искажать, представлять в ложном свете
' 0 purchase - покупать to exaggerate - преувеличивать
diverse - разнообразный, разный to subject - подвергать
:p-to-date - современный, новейший to crash - зд. сломаться

2. Read the text about social networks. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations
from the table.

face to face, lin k , com m unicate, u sers, v iru ses, h a ra ss, m essages, quizzes,
fig u re s, com m unities

Social networks are very popular with (1) ______________ of different ages and professions.
Millions of people use them for fun as well as for business and educational purposes. Social networks
nave a lot of benefits. Firstly, they ( 2 ) ______________ together users of the Internet who have
.ommon interests and give people an opportunity to look for friends, build ( 3 ) ______________ ,
send (4) ______________ and share news and pictures. Social networks inform users of breaking
news, and allow public ( 5 ) ______________ like celebrities and politicians to connect more person-
Jly and safely with the public.
Secondly, many people use social networks to ( 6 ) ________________ and exchange personal
"formation for dating purposes. Thirdly, social networks are used by teachers and students. Teachers
(ten help schoolchildren with homework, tests or ( 7 ) ______________ Also, social networks serve
:o foster teacher-parent communication. Parents can ask questions without having to meet teachers
( 8 ) ______________ Finally, some people search for jobs with the help of social networks.
However, people who use social networks often receive unreliable information and may take
pinion as fact. Some users are worried about data theft and ( 9 ) ______________ Many people give
ut too much personal information that may be passed to third parties for different purposes. Another
problem is cyberbullying. Cyberbullies ( 1 0 ) ______________their victims using social networks,
■mails and text messages. To protect user privacy, social networks allow users to choose who can view
"heir profile or contact them.

Vocabulary

social network - социальная сеть celebrity - знаменитость, звезда

face to face - лицом к лицу dating - знакомство, поиск партнёра
to link - соединять, связывать to foster - побуждать, стимулировать
to harass - приставать, преследовать opinion - взгляд, мнение
message - сообщение data (мн. от datum) - данные, сведения
quiz - короткий тест third party - третье лицо
community - круг, сообщество по интересам cyberbullying - кибер-террор

59
3. Give a talk on the role of the Internet in education. The following words and word combina­ Rachel: I
tions can help you.
:: When
to undergo major changes - претерпевать значительные изменения; the advent of the Internet - _nd netiq
появление интернета; online education programmes - программы обучения онлайн; to complete
assignments to suit one's own timetable - выполнять задания по своему расписанию; to save money A. com i
on travel expenses - экономить деньги на транспортные расходы; person-to-person interaction -
личное общение; to be a challenge - быть сложной задачей, проблемой; to manage one's time wise­ B. stay
ly - правильно распоряжаться своим временем; to provide somebody with instant access to infor­
mation - обеспечивать кому-либо немедленный доступ к информации; to meet people from all C. to g
over the world - встречать людей из разных уголков мира; at the click of a button - одним D. ma;
щелчком мышки; to use the World Wide Web for doing homework assignments or projects
использовать всемирную паутину для выполнения домашней работы и проектов; to make infor­ E. givt
mation search much faster - сделать поиск информации намного быстрее; to take virtual trips -
совершать виртуальные путешествия; to go to an online museum or virtual zoo - отправиться в F. eva
виртуальный музей или зоопарк; to see the sights of world-famous cities - осматривать
достопримечательности городов, пользующихся мировой известностью; to travel to other coun­ G. los
tries and continents - путешествовать в другие страны и на другие континенты; the experience is
£L to
far from real - вовсе не настоящие впечатления; the validity of Internet sources - достоверность
интернет-ресурсов; to vary from website to website - меняться от сайта к сайту; to acquire inaccu­
rate or outdated information - получать ошибочную или устаревшую информацию; to use the
Internet for information search and communication - использовать интернет для поиска
информации и общения; to acquire social skills - приобретать навыки общения

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Rachel: What are you doing, Tim?

Tim: I'm chatting to my friend online.

«
Rachel: Really? Do you often chat over the Internet?
Tim: Yes, I do. It helps me ( 1 ) _____ To chat over the Internet is less expensive than ( 2 ) _____ j 1
Besides, I can complete other tasks while chatting with my friends. For example, I can read a maga­
zine and reply to messages. ' ІЗЙ

Rachel: But it means that you aren't giving the other person your full attention. I think it's much bet­ 1 T1
ter to talk to your friend face to face because it ( 3 ) ______
Tim: But you can chat to lots of people at the same time.
Rachel: Still, online chatting can't substitute for face-to-face communication. Those who spend a kr 1 fa
of time chatting online spend less time outdoors or in social settings. As a result, they may ( 4 ) -------§ ЩЯІ
In addition, you can't see the person you're talking to, so people can lie about who they are. You car. x sf

never be sure that you ( 5 ) ______ For example, a 'young' boy may turn out to be a 50-year-old mar. 4. ft

It's very dangerous ( 6 ) ______ Your online friend may be a fraud or a criminal. Have you ever heard if 3
i]
of cyberbullying?
Tim: The word rings a bell, but I can't remember exactly what it means.
Rachel: It means using the Internet to intimidate, harass and humiliate someone else. People who \
send threatening messages often remain anonymous. Those who suffer from cyberbullying ( 7 ) -------|
Tim: Are there ways to solve this problem?
Rachel: I think if you are humiliated by somebody online, you should tell somebody you trust about
r When you are being hurt, silence is not acceptable. It's necessary to promote and discuss e-safety
jnd netiquette. Besides, vve should ( 8 ) ______

A. communicate with the individual whose personal information and photos you see

B. stay in touch with my relatives and friends who live far away

C. to give detailed personal information to complete strangers

D. may feel depressed or even commit suicide

E. gives you an opportunity to see his face and to hear his voice

F. evaluate the sites and social networks we use

G. lose their social skills and become uncommunicative and reserved

H. to make a long distance call*56

Vocabulary

■э chat - общаться (по интернету) to humiliate - унижать, оскорблять

• >complete - завершать, заканчивать threatening - угрожающий
: э substitute - заменять to promote - продвигать
social setting - социальные условия netiquette - сетевой этикет, правила
"aud - мошенник, жулик поведения в интернете
■a intimidate - запугивать to evaluate - оценивать
- ) harass - беспокоить, преследовать long distance call - междугородный разговор

5. Listen to the dialogue. While you listen, complete these sentences with words taken
from the text.

1. Internet addiction i s ______________ computer use.

2. The symptoms of Internet addiction include a general disregard f o r _______________ and
___ __________ , sleep deprivation, decreased physical activity and social ________________with
others.
3. Internet addicts suffer from b a d ______________ , which is caused by spending too much time
squinting at the screen, and _________________ ____________ _____ , which is the result of poor
posture.
4. Internet addicts do not get time to exercise or prepare healthy meals. That's why they run the risk
of becoming ______________ o r _______________
5. Most Internet addicts can't communicate in the real world because they feel ______________ or
irritable when away from t h e ______________
6. Internet addicts prefer communicating with ______________ online to spending time with their
_____________ and friends.

61
7. Some Internet addicts risk failing --------------------- or losing their because
they spend so much time online and are often late or absent.
8. Parents must ______________ the amount of time that children may spend accessing
______________ or playing games or other computer activities.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about the Internet and its effects on children. Remember to
discuss:

. the Internet as a source of information and entertainment for children

. the influence of the Internet on communication skills
. the Internet in education
. the influence of the Internet on children's social development
. health hazards and other detrimental effects of the Internet

7. Give a talk on the Internet. Remember to discuss:

. the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet

. the pros and cons of social networks
. the role of the Internet in education
. the advantages and dangers of Internet chatting
* the effects of Internet addiction
. your personal attitude to the Internet
:ause Family
1. Read the text about parenting styles. Read the definitions
ssing the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Parenting styles differ in the degree of parental demands and

responsiveness.
Permissive parenting style is also called indulgent or lenient.
-Г to It does not require a great share of discipline on the part of the
?arent or on that of the child. There are no clear conduct pat-
-erns or strict demands and children are usually given unre­
stricted freedom and allowed to do whatever they wish.
Permissive parents are very responsive to the child's needs and
wishes.
Authoritarian parents are strict and demanding. They force
'.heir children to obey a set of rules and directions. They value submission and obedience and discour­
age independence and individuality. Authoritarian parents set very high standards and do not like
heir authority to be questioned or doubted. They tend not to be responsive to their children’s needs.
Neglectful parents are undemanding. They do not set limits and they are detached from their chil­
dren’s lives. Neglectful parents do not demonstrate warmth and affection, but still provide their chil­
dren’s basic needs such as food, housing or money.
Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive. They encourage children to be inde­
pendent but still place controls on their actions. Authoritative parents set clear standards for their
-hildren and value compromise. They make rules appropriate to a child's age and capabilities and serve
.is a role model for them to follow providing support and guidance. They are always attentive to their
children's needs and concerns.
Not strict, and allowing behaviour that many other people would disapprove of.
2. A way of training someone so that they learn to control their behaviour and obey rules.
1. Strictly forcing people to obey a set of rules or laws, especially ones that are w'rong or unfair.
! I he state of being completely controlled by a person or group, and accepting that you have to
obey them.
5. When someone does what they are told to do.
6. Not looking after something properly, or not giving it enough attention.
7. A feeling of love and caring.
8. An agreement that is achieved a fter everyo n e in vo lved accepts less than what they wanted at first,
or the act of making this agreement.
9. Approval, encouragement, and perhaps help for a person, idea, plan etc.
10. Help and advice that is given to someone about their work, education, or personal life.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
V ocabulary

responsiveness —чувствительность, чуткость neglectful - невнимательный, беззаботный

permissive - потворствующий, потакающий to set limits - устанавливать предел
ndulgent - снисходительный, потакающий to detach - отстраняться (от кого-либо)
lenient - снисходительный, мягкий affection - любовь, привязанность
conduct pattern - шаблон поведения basic needs - основные нужды
demands - требования authoritative - авторитетный, влиятельный
unrestricted - неограниченный to encourage - поощрять, поддерживать
authoritarian - авторитарный capability - способность, возможность
to obey - подчиняться, слушаться role model - образец для подражания
submission - покорность, послушание to provide - обеспечивать, предоставлять
63
to discourage - не одобрять support - поддержка, помощь
to doubt - сомневаться (в чём-либо) guidance - руководство, наставление

2. Read the text about adoption. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from th
table.

childless, biological, genetic, parent-child, build, behavioural, international, skeptical,

receive, environment

A family is supposedly composed of a mother, a father and their (1) ______________ childrci
But some couples cannot have their own children for different reasons and they choose t
(2) ........................ a family through adoptions. Infertility is the main reason why men and woma
want to adopt. Some families think that through adoption they are given the chance :
(3) ............................... a child that needs care, love, and a happy ( 4 ) __ _______ _ __ to grow an
learn. However, adoption is not only for (5) _________________people. Many families that hav
biological children choose to adopt as well.
A lot of people are still (6) ______________ about adoption. Some of them are concerned abot
the ( 7 ) ______________ quality of adopted children. They believe that adoptees are predisposed в
drug and alcohol problems as well as to ( 8 ) ______________ problems. Others think that tb
absence of biological ties complicates (9) ______________relationships.
Nevertheless, a growing number of men and women are willing to adopt. In recent decades (1(
______________ adoptions have become increasingly popular. Many people are looking overseas 1
adopt since there is more demand than supply within their country for adoptions. Most adopted chi
dren come from Ethiopia, China, Russia, Guatemala and South Korea.

Vocabulary
adoption - усыновление infertility - бесплодие
genetic - генетический adoptee - приёмный ребёнок
skeptical - скептический predisposed - предрасположенный
environment - окружающая обстановка to complicate - усложнять
to be composed (of) - состоять (из) overseas - за границей

3. Give a talk on family problems and the wavs to solve them. The following words and wor
combinations can help you.
to consist of - состоять из; people of different ages, personalities and tastes - люди разного возраст
с разными характерами и вкусами; lack of understanding - непонимание; generation gap
конфликт поколений, проблема отцов и детей; poor communication - недостаток общения; disc
pline problems - проблемы с дисциплиной; intolerance of differences - неспособность понимат
различия/нетерпимость к различиям; to lead to arguments and quarrels - приводить к спорам
ссорам; to work hard - напряжённо работать; to move one's family to the background - отодвигаі
семью на второй план; to feel emotional and physical strain - чувствовать эмоциональное
физическое переутомление; to cause tension and irritability - вызывать напряжение
раздражительность; to result in depression and nervous breakdowns - приводить к депрессии
нервному расстройству; battles between siblings - ссоры между братьями и сёстрами; separation
раздельное жительство (супругов); divorce - развод; financial difficulties - финансовь
затруднения; drug or alcohol problems - проблемы с наркотиками или алкоголем; domestic ѵі<
lence - бытовое насилие; to disrupt - подрывать, разрушать, разрывать (узы); to deal with a prol
64
lem before it gets out of hand - попытаться справиться с проблемой прежде, чем она выйдет из-
под контроля; the basis for a healthy relationship - основа здоровых отношений; family therapy -
семейная терапия; to соре with one's problems - справиться с проблемами; to take measures for
recovery - принимать меры для восстановления спокойствия/равновесия

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Peter: Our teacher told us to write a synopsis of a film which deals with family problems, but nothing
comes to my mind.
Kate: I think I could help you. Have you seen 'Stepmom'?
Peter: Unfortunately, I haven't.
Kate: Well, what about 'Freaky Friday'?
Peter: Yes! It's one of my favoutite comedies! It always makes me laugh.
Kate: It's very funny indeed. 'Freaky Friday' deals with topical issues as well, including the problem
if the generation gap.
Peter: You're right! Tess Coleman and her teenage daughter Anna simply cannot understand each
iher. They have absolutely different views on fashion, music, duties and even people.
Kate: Anna is an average teenage rebel who considers her mother Tess ( 1 ) ____ Anna is irritated by
Tess's upcoming wedding to her boyfriend Ryan because she feels that she is not emotionally ready for
■( 2 ) ______ And as for Tess, she doesn't like Anna's behaviour and hates the rock band Anna is in.
Peter: That's why Anna and Tess start fighting when Anna says she wants to participate in a band
iudition ( 3 ) ______
Kate: When Anna and Tess magically switch bodies, ( 4 ) ______ As they adjust to their new
personalities, they learn what it's like to walk in each other's shoes and ( 5 ) ______ For example, Tess
-ealizes how much fun Anna has playing in her band. As for Anna, she begins to understand that adult
:fe, particularly when it involves being a wife and mother, is not ( 6 ) ______ She finally accepts Ryan
bv realizing ( 7 ) ______
Peter: When Tess and Anna gain respect for the other’s point of view, ( 8 ) ______
Kate: It is 'selfless love' that changes them back at the end.

A. the two are forced into each other’s roles

B. as easy as she imagined

C. stodgy and rather annoying

D. due to her father's death three years ago

E. begin to see a lot of things in a new light

F. on the same night as Tess's wedding rehearsal

G. they switch back into their own bodies

H. how happy he makes Tess

 Vocabulary

synopsis - конспект, краткий обзор upcoming - приближающийся

to deal with - обсуждать что-либо to participate (in) - участвовать
'Freaky Friday'- «Чумовая пятница» audition - прослушивание
topical - актуальный, злободневный to switch - менять
issue - спорный вопрос to adjust (to) - привыкать (к)
generation gap - проблема отцов и детей selfless - бескорыстный
views (on) - взгляды, убеждения stodgy - скучный, несовременный
average - обычный, средний annoying - надоедливый
rebel - бунтарь, непокорный человек wedding rehearsal - репетиция свадьГ

5. Listen to the dialogue and match the words and definitions.

Word Definition

1. nuclear family A. a family that consists only of one parent who lives with the children

2. extended family B. a family where grandparents, great-grandparents, other relatives,

or close family friends are raising a child because the biological parents
are unwilling or unable to do so
3. one-parent family C. a family that consists only of a husband, wife and their children

4. blended family D. to take someone else's child into your family for a period of time but
without becoming their legal parent

5. grandfamily E. to take someone else's child into your home and legally become their
parent

6. to adopt F. a family that consists not only of parents and children but also of
grandparents and other family members

7. to foster G. a family where one parent has children that are not related to the other
parent

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

You think that big families are better than small ones, but your friend does not agree with you
Remember to discuss:

. what role the family plays in our lives

. the advantages and disadvantages of a big family
. the advantages and disadvantages of a small family

7. Give a talk on family. Remember to discuss:

. family types
. parenting styles
. family problems
. why we attach so much importance to the family

66
 The M ass Media
1. Read the text about the mass media. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which have
the same meaning in the text and underline them.

The mass media help deliver information to large

groups of people. The media are divided into different
types. Broadcast media, also known as electronic media,
transmit their information electronically and consist of
television, radio, film, movies, CDs and DVDs. Radio
consists of music, news, talk shows and commercials.
Television broadcasts information and entertainment in
the form of news and sports programs, reality shows, TV
games, documentaries, feature films, concerts, theatre
performances and commercials. Internet media provide
many mass media services, such as email, websites, blog­
ging, Internet and television. Owing to the Internet millions of people worldwide have easy, instant
access to a vast and diverse amount of up-to-date information. They can access news, documents,
blogs, chat rooms, images and sounds. They can also download music, movies and video games. Social
media allow computer users to interact through social networks for business or pleasure.
Print media publish news in the form of newspapers, magazines and other printed publications.
Newspaper stories usually provide readers with extra detail, comment and background information
compared with TV news spots. Each magazine has a specific type of reader and demographic.
Newsletters, books, comics, brochures, leaflets and pamphlets represent additional print media types.
Outdoor media comprise billboards, signs, placards and objects like shops and buses, flying billboards,
and skywriting. The organizations that control television stations or publishing companies are also
known as the mass media.
The mass media serve many functions, including circulating news, entertaining and educating peo­
ple. The mass media have the power to form public opinion by bringing certain ideas to the forefront.
People often draw conclusions based on what they have seen on TV, read in newspapers and maga­
zines or heard on the radio. The mass media often determine what is newsworthy by giving certain sto­
ries prominence.

1. All the people and organizations that provide information and news for the public, including tel­
evision, radio, and newspapers.
2. A type of computer disc that can store a large amount of information, sound, pictures, and video.
3. An advertisement on television or radio.
4. A program that gives you facts and information about a serious subject, such as history, science,
or social problems.
5. A system that allows you to send and receive messages by computer.
6. A web page that is made up of information about a particular subject, in which the newest infor­
mation is always at the top of the page.
7. A set of computers that are connected to each other so that they can share information.
8. A large thin book with a paper cover that contains news stories, articles, photographs etc, and is
sold weekly or monthly.
9. A short written report of news about a club, organization etc that is sent regularly to people who
are interested.
10. Signs in tow of airplanes.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

67
 Vocabulary :ntorn
:rodu
broadcast media - средства вещания background information - вводная информация
to transmit - передавать spot - ролик requii
commercial - рекламный ролик/объявление demographic - демографическая группа end u
documentary - документальный фильм newsletter - информационный бюллетень
feature film - художественный фильм leaflet - листовка, тонкая брошюра
easy access - свободный, открытый доступ billboard - рекламный щит
diverse - разнообразный placard - афиша, плакат
up-to-date - современный, новейший to bring to the forefront - выдвигать на передний ■sabsc
chat - чат (обмен сообщениями по сети) план eye s
to download - загружать, скачивать newsworthy - интересный, важный rustc
social network - социальная сеть prominence - выдающееся положение, известность *oa<
^adl
2. Read the text about print media. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from 4'ha
the table. adve
r2 1 t(
comments, subscribers, environment, technology, access, international, eye strain, !V1
customers, broadcaster, landfills, movement, schedule, sensational, articles

Print media comprise newspapers, magazines and other printed publications. Newspapers are the
most popular form of print media. They can be published daily or weekly and cover local and
(1) ______________ news stories. A newspaper usually consists of news, ( 2 ) ________________
pictures, advertisements, cartoons and TV listings. Some newspapers focus on politics, economy and
finance. Others aim to entertain their readers and focus on ( 3 ) ____________ news stories.
Magazines are published on a set (4) _________________ : weekly, fortnightly, monthly or
quarterly. They usually focus on a specific interest. For example, a magazine focusing on flowers will
target those who are interested in gardening, and magazines focusing on music or youth fashion usu­
ally target teenagers. Newsletters deal with one topic which its (5) ______________ find useful
They are distributed on a regular basis. Clubs, societies, churches, businesses and associations
regularly produce newsletters to provide information to their members, employees and
( 6 ) :--------------------- j
Print media have remained popular despite the advancement in technology. While a news
broadcast usually gives a brief summary of accounts, newspaper articles include details.
(7) ______________ and opinions. Some people, especially older generations, choose print media
because they cannot or do not want to work with current ( 8 ) ______________ Internet texts are
often difficult to read because of screen glare and font size. Print media is less likely to cause
(9) when used over long periods of time. When we watch TV or listen to the radio.
it is the (10) ______________ who chooses the news and advertisements. Newspapers and magazines
give readers an opportunity to choose the information they want to read. If you want to read news
online, you need a computer or a laptop and Internet ( 1 1 ) ______________ Print media are
available 24 hours a day, as long as a reader owns a copy of a newspaper or a magazine.
However, print media have a number of disadvantages. Firstly, they cannot capture sound and
( 1 2 ) ______________ Secondly, because printed media involve production, some time passes before

68
 ■nformation reaches the reader. Newspapers often contain day-old or even week-old news. Thirdly, the
production of print media has a negative effect on the ( 1 3 ) _____________:_Printed materials
ция
require paper, which is made from wood. Unwanted newspapers and magazines are thrown away and
end up in ( 1 4 ) ______________

Vocabulary

:дний subscriber - подписчик quarterly - раз в три месяца

eye strain - напряжение зрения to distribute - распространять
customer - покупатель, клиент employee - служащий
:тность broadcaster - радио- или телеведущий brief summary - краткая сводка
landfill - мусорная свалка account - сообщение, доклад
is from schedule - график, план screen glare - блики на экране
advertisement - рекламное объявление font - шрифт
cartoon - комикс laptop - небольшой портативный компьютер
i, TV listings - программа передач to capture - фиксировать

3. Give a talk on broadcast media (radio and television!. The following words and word combi­
are the nations can help you.
al and
to comprise music, news, talk shows and commercials - включать (в себя) музыку, новости, ток-шоу
и рекламные ролики; the advent of cable television, DVDs and the Internet - появление
ny and кабельного телевидения, цифровых видеодисков и интернета; to be the dominant form of enter­
tainment at home - быть главным развлечением дома; to use only sound - использовать только
звук; to let somebody perform other activities at the same time - позволять кому-либо
hly or одновременно заниматься другими делами; the cheapest form of entertainment - самый дешёвый
■rs will вид развлечения; to amuse a large crowd - развлекать большую толпу; to not transmit images,
n usu- video or text - не передавать картинки, видео или текст; less entertaining than visual media forms -
менее интересный, чем визуальные формы средств массовой информации; advent of technologies
useful. like the iPod - появление технических средств, подобных айподу; to store a very large amount of
ations music - хранить большой объём музыки; to decline in popularity - терять популярность; to display
s and moving images - показывать движущиеся картинки; to provide entertainment for millions of
people - быть развлечением для миллионов людей; to inform somebody of the latest international
and local events - сообщать кому-либо о самых последних международных и местных событиях;
news to give somebody an opportunity to 'travel' all over the world - давать кому-либо возможность
«путешествовать» по всему миру; to enrich one’s experience - обогатить свой опыт; to spread cul­
etails,
tural values - распространять культурные ценности; to give somebody food for thought - давать
media кому-либо пищу для ума; to introduce somebody to new ideas and activities - знакомить кого-либо
its are с новыми идеями и видами деятельности; a great variety of programmes - большой выбор
программ; news and sports programmes - новости и спортивные программы; talk shows - ток-шоу;
cause reality shows - реалити-шоу (телепрограммы, героями которых становятся обычные люди; их
radio, эмоции и поведение не определены сценарием, а диктуются фактическим развитием событий);
azines documentaries - документальные фильмы; educational shows - образовательные шоу; feature
films - художественные фильмы; cartoons - мультипликационные фильмы; concerts - концерты;
news theatre performances - спектакли; to distract somebody from their family and friends - отвлекать
ia are кого-либо от семьи и друзей; to be concerned about TV violence - беспокоиться об изображении
жестокости на телевидении; to contribute to aggressive behaviour - способствовать агрессии; to
make people fear the world around them заставлять людей бояться окружающего мира
d and
before

69
 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Mia: Today many parents and teachers express concern that television has become too violent. They
wonder if the increased depictions of violence on TV and violent video games ( 1 ) --------
Jack: Unfortunately, there is a link between violence in the media and in real life. In most families par­
ents have to work full-time jobs in order to ( 2 ) ______ Children are left at home without their par­
ents' supervision and watch whatever they choose.
Mia: Children and teenagers get a heavy dose of media violence. They watch crime news, violent
shows and cartoons and films about assault, murder, rape and other acts of violence. In many films
characters ( 3 ) ______
Jack: Kids tend to follow whatever they see blindly. They think the world around them ( 4 )____
Mia: How does television violence affect children?
Jack: Television violence affects kids in different ways. Some of them may develop immunity towards
cruelty and ( 5 ) ______ Others may acquire aggressive behaviour and become rebellious. Some chil­
dren begin to fear that they may ( 6 ) ______
Mia: I wonder if it's possible to solve this problem.
Jack: Parents must pay attention to the programmes their kids watch and ( 7 )______ They must als*
prohibit violent video games. I think parents should talk to their children about what they see on TV
and explain to them that violence is not normal and that it's possible ( 8 ) ______ In addition, chil­
dren should not have televisions in their rooms.
Mia: Sounds like a good idea to me. If parents are not able to supervise their kids directly, they car.
set a block on inappropriate channels.

A. become less sensitive to violence

B. support their children and other family members

C. lead to a rise in juvenile delinquency

D. become the victim of a violent crime one day

E. to resolve any conflict by peaceful means

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
F. limit the amount of time their children spend in front of the screen

G. is similar to what is portrayed on TV

H. are humiliated, threatened and harassed by bullies and criminals

Vocabulary
depiction - изображение sensitive - чувствительный, восприимчивый
link - связь to support - содержать (материально)
supervision - наблюдение, контроль juvenile delinquency - подростковая преступное
assault - нападение victim - жертва
murder - убийство to resolve (conflict) - разрешать (конфликт)
70
rape - изнасилование peaceful - мирный
to develop immunity - развить иммунитет to humiliate - унижать, оскорблять
rebellious - непослушный to harass - приставать, преследовать
to prohibit - запрещать to threaten - угрожать
inappropriate - неподходящий bully - хулиган

О 5. Listen to the dialogue and say if the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE:

1. Kate's elder brother works at a large travel agency.

TRUE U FALSE ( J
2. Commercials increase public awareness about the risks of consuming unhealthy foods such as ham­
burgers and chips.
TRUE [ FALSE [ I
3. Advertisements and commercials provide consumers with useful information about different goods
and services and make shopping simpler.
TRUE ! FALSE J
4. Advertising encourages potential customers to buy or to consume some particular brand of product
or service and supports producers.
TRUE FALSE □
5. Advertisements can be found only in newspapers and magazines.
TRUE : J FALSE □
6. Many Internet users receive email messages that they have not asked for and do not want to read,
which are called newsletters.
TRUE □ FALSE □
7. Covert advertising is shown for too short a time for one to be conscious of it.
TRUE ] FALSE □

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about the negative influence of the mass media on teenagers.
Remember to discuss:

. the influence of the mass media on teenagers' health and behaviour

. violence in the mass media
. the link between the mass media and academic problems
. the influence of advertising on teenagers
. what can be done to make the effects of the mass media less harmful

7. Give a talk on the mass media. Remember to discuss:

ф the types of the mass media

. the advantages and disadvantages of print media
* the advantages and disadvantages of broadcast (electronic) media
. the influence of the mass media on society
. violence in the media
. the effects of media advertising
71
 The Arts
1. Read the text about the arts. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which have the same
meaning in the text and underline them.

The arts are composed of many art forms united by their employ­
ment of the human creative impulse. The term 'art' refers to the
visual arts, the literary arts and the performing arts. The visual arts
are art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature,
such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design,
crafts, photography, video, filmmaking and architecture. Also
included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as industri­
al design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decora­
tive art. The literary arts, which are more often called literature,
include poetry, novels and short stories. The performing arts are art
forms, in which artists use their body or voice to convey artistic
expression - as opposed to visual arts, in which artists use paint and
canvas or various materials to create physical art objects. The performing arts include dance, music,
opera, theatre, magic, spoken word, circus arts and musical theatre. Some art forms combine a visual
element with performance (e.g. film) or a visual element with the written word (e.g. comics).
Art can have a profound effect on people. Art has shaped and inspired thousands of years of civi­
lization, as made evident by the countless museums, galleries, theaters and venues around the world
to this day. Art often influences people to become artists and create art themselves. Art can serve as
inspiration to awaken the imagination, talent and skill hiding in someone. It can unlock your fears and
insecurities about creating and push you toward picking up a paintbrush or a camera. Art can ignite
the passion to create something of beauty and importance. It affects each person differently, which is
the true beauty of art.
(Source: en.wikipedia.org, ehow.com)
1. The art of making pots, bowls, tiles etc, by shaping pieces of clay and baking them until they are
hard.
2. The art of making objects out of stone, wood, clay etc.
3. The art and practice of planning and designing buildings.
4. The art of combining pictures, words, and decoration in the production of books, magazines etc.
5. The art of planning and choosing the colours, materials, furniture etc for the inside of buildings,
especially people's houses.
6. Poems in general, or the art of writing them.
7. A musical play in which all of the words are sung.
8. A building where important cultural, historical, or scientific objects are kept and shown to the public.
9. A building or place with a stage where plays and shows are performed.
10. The ability to form pictures or ideas in your mind.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary
impulse - порыв, побуждение decorative art - декоративное искусство
visual arts - изобразительные искусства to convey - передавать
performing arts - исполнительские виды искусства canvas - полотно, холст
visual - видимый, зримый circus arts - цирковое искусство
printmaking - графика profound effect - сильное воздействие
craft - ремесло to inspire - вдохновлять
applied art - прикладное искусство venue - концертная площадка
fashion design - дизайн одежды to ignite - разжигать
72
2. Read the text about painting. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the
table.
inanimate, inspiration, abstract, expression, scenery, natural, symbolism, man-made,
psychological, paints

Painting is the act or skill of making a picture, using ( 1 ) ______________and a brush. Painting
is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Paintings can be naturalistic and
representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, (2) ......................., they
can be loaded with narrative content, (3) ______________ , emotion or be political in nature. Color
and tone are the essence of painting. Color has observable ( 4 ) ..................... .... . effects, although
these can differ from one culture to the next.
Landscape painting is a term that covers the depiction of natural ( 5 ) ...... .................. such as moun­
tains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an
element of the composition. Portrait paintings are representations of a person, in which the face and its
(6) ______________are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the
mood of the person. A still life is a work of art depicting mostly ( 7 ) _______ subject matter,
typically commonplace objects which may be either (8) _ like food, flowers, plants,
rocks, or shells or (9) ______________ like drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins or pipes.
Horace once said that 'a picture is a poem without words'. Paintings can express feelings and ideas
and enrich our experience. Great painters make us see and think a great deal more than the objects before
us. The masterpieces of painting are an inexhaustible source of beauty, (10) ______________ and
enjoyment. They hold our attention and keep it fixed. A beautiful painting can awaken a mental feeling
of pleasure. The habit of looking at good paintings is in itself a means by which taste can be formed.
(Source: en.wikipedia.org)
Vocabulary

inanimate - неживой, неодушевлённый valley - долина

inspiration - вдохновение predominant - преобладающий
expression - выражение intent - намерение, цель
scenery пейзаж, ландшафт to display - показывать, демонстрировать
brush - кисть still life - натюрморт
mode - метод, способ subject matter - предмет
essence - сущность commonplace - обыкновенный
observable - видимый, заметный jewelry - драгоценности, ювелирные изделия
landscape - пейзаж to enrich - обогащать
depiction - изображение inexhaustible - неисчерпаемый

3. Give a talk on dance. The following words and word combinations can help you.
a type of art - вид искусства; movement of the body - движение тела; to become an important part of
human culture - стать важной частью человеческой культуры; to be used during different ceremonies,
rituals and celebrations since prehistoric times - использоваться во время различных церемоний,
ритуалов и празднований с доисторических времён; to dance to tell stories and to show feelings for
one of the opposite gender - танцевать, чтобы рассказывать истории и показывать свои чувства
противоположному иолу; to play a vital role in many of the world’s religions - играть важную роль
во многих религиях мира; to use dance in praise of one's gods, in celebration of the seasons, and simply
73
as an outward expression of joy or grief - танцевать, чтобы восхвалять богов, праздновать смену
сезонов и просто выражать радость или rope; to have fun - веселиться; to express one's emotions -
выражать свои эмоции; to relieve stress - снимать стресс; to experience music - почувствовать
музыку; to improve one’s health and fitness levels - укреплять здоровье и поддерживать хорошую
физическую форму; a form of nonverbal communication - вид невербального общения; to celebrate
one's unions with a wedding dance - отпраздновать союз свадебным танцем; the symbol of one's love
and affection - символ любви и привязанности; dancing styles - танцевальные стили; to be practiced
alone, as a couple or as a part of a much larger group - практиковаться в одиночку, в паре или группе:
to dedicate one’s lives to dancing - посвящать свою жизнь танцам; to spend years perfecting one’s
dancing skills - оттачивать своё мастерство годами; reality television shows and movies - реалити-
шоу и фильмы; to make ballroom dancing popular and appealing to the average person - сделать
бальные танцы популярными и привлекательными для обычных людей; to take dance lessons -
брать уроки танцев; to buy videos and DVDs that teach different dance steps - покупать видео-
и DVD-диски, которые учат разным танцевальным шагам; to tell a story through one's movements
and facial expressions - рассказывать историю с помощью движений и мимики лица; to fill one's
body with energy - наполнять тело энергией; to make somebody feel happier - делать кого-либо
счастливее; a wonderful way to exercise while having fun - прекрасный способ получать физическую
нагрузку и веселиться одновременно; to have a lot of health benefits - быть полезным для здоровья:
to increase somebody’s muscle tone - повышать мышечный тонус; to low'er blood pressure -
понижать давление; to enhance the release of endorphins - усиливать выделение эндорфинов; to
burn calories - сжигать калории; to lose weight - худеть

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

James: What are you doing tonight?

Evie: I'm going to the theatre to see 'Romeo and Juliet’. By the way, I’ve got an extra ticket. Would
you like to join me?
James: Thanks, but I prefer watching a movie to seeing a play. I don’t really understand why people
choose to go to the theatre wrhen they could go to the cinema. In a movie theatre you can
( 1 ) ______ It also offers a surround-sound system that enhances the overall experience, making you
( 2 ) ______ Besides, the tickets are less expensive and you can enjoy popcorn, chips and soft drinks
while watching a movie.
Evie: I see your point, but the theatre and the cinema are two different art mediums. The theatre has
existed since 2000 BC. The history of film began in the late 1880s with the invention of the first movie
camera. The cinema has seen rapid growth since its origins, w'hereas theatre (3) . A theatre per­
formance is shown live to the audience, w'hile a movie ( 4 ) ______ While watching a movie, you stare
at flat dead shades on the screen. In the theatre you communicate wdth living breathing people and (5)
______ That’s why I think theatre ( 6 ) _______
James: But movie theaters always have the newest films. Larger cinemas, with 12 or more screens, can
show a dozen movies at once, giving you plenty of options.
Evie: However, all movie theaters have the same choice of films. Besides, they generally stick to
Hollywood blockbusters and ( 7 ) ----------
James: Still, many people believe that the days of the theatre are over because it (8)
Evie: I think it’s nonsense. People will always love the theatre. And the fact that the houses are always
full, and that often one can’t get a ticket for love nor money proves it.
74
 A. is recorded and edited before it is shown to the audience

B. see the character's story happen right in front of you

C. see the film on a huge screen with plenty of detail

D. can't compete with films and TV

E. don't show independent or small-studio films

F. feel as if you're actually part of the story

G. holds a deeper connection between the audience and actors

H. has stayed relatively close to its original performance-style medium

Vocabulary
surround-sound system - система объёмного option - выбор, вариант
звучания blockbuster - кассовый фильм
to enhance the overall experience - усиливать not for love or/nor money - ни за что,
общее впечатление ни за какие деньги
soft drink - безалкогольный напиток to edit - монтировать
to exist - существовать to compete - конкурировать,
origins - начало, происхождение соперничать
audience - публика, зрители connection - связь

5. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions:

1) What forms of graffiti are there?

2) Why do many people think that graffiti is vandalism?
3) What are the advantages if graffiti?
4) What are the disadvantages if graffiti?
5) What can cities and organizations of graffiti artists do to lessen the amount of graffiti art that
appears in the city as vandalism?
6) Why do artists use graffiti?
7) Can you prove that the art world has recognized graffiti as art?

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about the importance of art. Remember to discuss:

. the functions of art

. the way art influences people
. how art can be used in the classroom

7. Give a talk on the arts. Remember to discuss:

. art forms
. purpose of art
. the effects that different art forms have on people
. your personal attitude to painting, music, theatre, cinema, literature etc.

75
 The Cinema
1. Read the text about the history of film. Read the definitions (1-12), find the words which have
the same meaning in the text and underline them.

The history of film began in the late 1880s with the inven­
tion of the first movie camera. Initially films were mostly
shown as a novelty in special venues. The first films were
brought by traveling projectionists and shown in tent
theatres, which they took around the fairs in country towns.
The first theatre showing only films was ’The Nickelodeon',
which was opened in Pittsburgh in 1905.
The first films had no sound, no colour and were very
short: they lasted from 60 to 90 seconds. Gradually films
became longer. In 1903 Edwin Porter, an early American film
pioneer, made a 12-minute film The Great Train Robbery'. It
was the first western in the history of the cinema. In 1911 the first studio was opened in Hollywood.
Los Angeles. The first feature film made specifically in a Hollywood studio, in 1914, was 'The Squaw
Man'. By 1920, Hollywood had become world-famous as the center of the United States film indus­
try. Four major film companies - Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO and Columbia - had studios in
Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios.
Initially, there were technical difficulties in synchronizing images with sound and films were silent.
Silent films were usually accompanied by live musicians, actors or commentary spoken by the show­
man or projectionist. Many early silent films were dramas, epics, romances, or comedies. The era of the
talking film began in 1927 with the enormous success of Warner Brothers' 'The Jazz Singer’, which
was mostly silent but contained what is generally regarded as the first synchronized dialogue in a fea­
ture film. The first colour films were made in the 1930s and the silent film soon disappeared.
During the Golden Age of Hollywood (1920-1950), the film industry was at the peak of its success.
Many masterpieces such as 'Wuthering Heights' and 'Gone with the Wind' were made during this
period.
Motion pictures became one of the most important tools of communication, entertainment and
mass media in the 20th century. Today many films are impressive on a technical level and contain a
lot of special effects. A lot of films are released by different studios, including action films, horror films,
comedies, fantasies, science fiction films, thrillers, romantic comedies and films based on novels. 3D
films have also gained increasing popularity.

1. A piece of equipment used to make films.

2. Someone whose job is to show' films by operating a projector.
3. A film about life in the 19th century in the American West, especially the lives of cowboys.
4. A film that tells a long story about brave actions and exciting events.
5. A film that is intended to make people laugh.
6. A work of art, a piece of writing or music that is of very high quality or that is the best that a par­
ticular artist or writer has produced.
7. An unusual image or sound that has been produced artificially to be used in a film.
8. A film that has a lot of exciting scenes in it, in which people fight, chase, and kill each other.
9. A film in which strange and frightening things happen.
10. A film that is based on imagination and not facts.
11. A film about events in the future which are affected by imaginary developments in science, for
example about travelling in time or to other planets with life on them.
12. A film that tells an exciting story about murder or crime.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

76
 Vocabulary

novelty - новинка, новшество special effect - спецэффект

venue - место проведения (мероприятия) to be released - выйти на экраны
projectionist - киномеханик action film - боевик
fair - ярмарка, выставка horror film - фильм ужасов
pioneer - основоположник fantasy - фэнтези
western - вестерн (ковбойский фильм) science fiction film - научно-фантастический
feature film - художественный фильм фильм
to synchronize - синхронизировать 'The Squaw Man' - «Муж индианки»
masterpiece - шедевр 'The Jazz Singer’ - «Певец джаза»
impressive - впечатляющий 'Wuthering Heights' - «Грозовой перевал»
'Gone with the Wind' - «Унесённые ветром»

2. Read the text about 3D films. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the
table.

moviegoers, screen, amusement, expensive, dimensions, flat, profits, headaches, cameras,

glasses, true-to-life, graphics

3D films are growing in popularity. Some motion pictures are actually shot in 3D, while others have
3D (1) _______________ added later. Real 3D films are made using twro (2) _______________
filming the events in a stereoscopic setup. That is one camera for each eye. The two images are
projected onto the ( 3 ) ______________and the glasses filter out the opposite image allowing each
eye to see its own correct angle. Only in a true 3D film, can objects move freely in and out of an
infinite number of planes and look ( 4 ) ______________
Many people think that watching a 3D movie is great fun. It gives them a wonderful opportunity
to interact more with the film. 3D movies prove that the technology can enhance not only the
experience, but the storytelling, too. The advantage of watching 3D movies is that the image is seen
in three ( 5 ) ............................. People perceive the world around them with depth. So it is natural to
see films that are given more depth to the scene instead of ( 6 ) ______________ images.
However, some people believe that when we see 3D, wre lose the artistry of the film. They say that
3D movies are made for (7) ______________ rather than for aesthetic pleasure. Special 3D
(8) ___________ must be worn when watching 3D movies, which makes some people feel
uncomfortable. Besides, watching movies in 3D can cause (9) ______________In addition, tickets
are (10) ......... ................. and it is a great disadvantage for people who are short of money. They say
that 3D films are not worth the extra cost and that they are just a way for companies to boost
( 1 1 ) ______________ Still, many ( 1 2 ) _______________are convinced that a good 3D movie is
worth seeing.

Vocabulary

moviegoer - кинолюбитель angle - угол, ракурс

dimension - измерение infinite - бесчисленный
flat - плоский plane - плоскость
profit - прибыль to interact - взаимодействовать
77
true-to-life - реалистичный to enhance - усиливать, улучшать
to shoot - снимать фильм to perceive - воспринимать
stereoscopic - стереоскопический, объёмный artistry - искусство, мастерство
to project - проецировать aesthetic - эстетический
to filter out - отфильтровывать to boost - повышать

3. Give a talk on different film genres. The following words and word combinations can help you.

Comedy film - комедия; to amuse and entertain the audience - веселить и развлекать зрителей; to
make somebody laugh - заставлять кого-либо смеяться; to humorously exaggerate - комически
преувеличивать, lighthearted stories - весёлые рассказы; to have a happy ending - иметь
счастливый конец
Action film - боевик; to be thrust into a series of challenges - сталкиваться с рядом сложных задач;
to require physical feats - требовать физической ловкости; to feature - содержать в себе; explo­
sions - взрывы; car chases - погони на автомобилях; villains - преступники, злодеи; fist fights -
кулачные бои; acts of violence - акты насилия; stunt man - каскадёр; to employ visual effects and
computer animation - использовать визуальные эффекты и компьютерную анимацию
Romance film - фильм о любви; to focus on passion and emotion - иметь в центре внимания страсть
и чувства; to make the love story or the search for love the main plot focus - делать любовную
историю или поиск любви главной темой сюжета; to face obstacles - столкнуться с трудностями;
tensions of day-to-day life - ежедневные проблемы; temptations - соблазны; to explore themes -
исследовать темы; love at first sight - любовь с первого взгляда; unrequited love - безответная
любовь; forbidden love - запретная любовь; tragic love - трагическая любовь
Horror film - фильм ужасов; scenes that startle the viewer - сцены, которые пугают зрителей; to
deal with the viewer's nightmares, hidden fears, revulsion and terror of the unknown - быть
связанным с кошмарами зрителей, их скрытыми страхами, отвращением и страхом перед
неизвестным; the intrusion of an evil force into the everyday world - вторжение злых сил в
повседневную жизнь; ghosts - привидения; aliens - пришельцы из космоса; vampires - вампиры;
werewolves - оборотни; curses - проклятия; demons - демоны; monsters - монстры; zombies -
зомби; cannibals - людоеды; serial killers - серийные убийцы
Thriller - триллер, остросюжетный фильм; suspense - интерес, напряжение (которое
испытывает кинозритель); tension - напряжённое состояние; excitement - возбуждение,
волнение; to keep the audience alert - заставлять зрителей быть начеку; to give somebody a high
level of anticipation, expectation, uncertainty, surprise, anxiety or terror - заставлять кого-либо
испытывать ожидание, предвкушение, сомнение, удивление, беспокойство или страх; the con­
cealing of important information - сокрытие важной информации; fight and chase scenes - сцены
драки и погони; red herring - отвлекающий манёвр; plot twist - поворот сюжета; cliffhanger -
захватывающая, интригующая ситуация; adrenaline-rushing - вызывающий всплеск адреналина;
fast-moving - стремительно движущийся, развивающийся; psychological - психологический;
threatening - угрожающий; mysterious - загадочный; to involve espionage, terrorism and conspira­
cy - затрагивать такие темы, как шпионаж, терроризм и тайный сговор
Fantasy films - фэнтези; magic - волшебство; supernatural events - сверхъестественные события;
make-believe creatures - выдуманные существа; fantasy world - мир иллюзий; myth - миф,
вымысел; wonder - чудо, нечто удивительное; escapism - бегство от действительности; the
extraordinary - нечто необычное, удивительное; flying carpets - ковры-самолёты; magic swords -
волшебные мечи; spells - заклинания; dragons - драконы; ancient religious relics or objects -
древние религиозные реликвии или предметы; magicians - волшебники; fairies - феи; dwarves
гоблины; elves - эльфы; to undergo some kind of mystical experience - сталкиваться c
мистическими событиями; to ask for assistance from powerful, superhuman forces - просить
помощи у могущественных сверхъестественных сил

78
 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Lily: What is your favourite film, Peter?

Peter: My favourite film is 'Avatar'. It's an epic science fiction film written and directed by James
Cameron. Have you seen it?
Lily: Of course I have. I like this film, too. James Cameron has created a spectacular world with (1)

Peter: I was impressed when I saw the ecosystem of Pandora and the Na’vi, ( 2 ) ______
Lily: When we watch 'Avatar', we can't help but compare humans with the Na’vi. We are in the mid-
22nd century and humans have depleted the Earth’s natural resources. Now they are mining a precious
mineral on Pandora. They are going to destroy a sacred Na'vi site, ( 3 ) ______ The Na'vi, by contrast,
are wise and ( 4 ) ... ........ So 'Avatar' makes viewers think about environmental problems and, besides,
the film has an anti-war message.
Peter: 'Avatar' is a technical breakthrough. The film employs ( 5 ) ______ As a result, it's very
impressive on a technical level. The main draw of the film was its use of 3D.
Lily: More than a thousand people worked on the production. All of the actors underwent professional
training specific to their characters such as ( 6 ) ______ They received language and dialect training
in the Na'vi language created for the film. Before shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the
Hawaiian tropical rain forests ( 7 ) ______
Peter: The film was extremely popular with cinemagoers and ( 8 ) ______

A. live in harmony with nature

B. beautiful glowing rain forests, fantastic plants and creatures, majestic floating mountains and
native people with a rich culture and language

C. archery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat

D. to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on the soundstage

E. which could damage the biological neural network native to Pandora

F. received mostly positive reviews

G. tall, blue-skinned humanoids who live on this planet

H. a new generation of special effects

Vocabulary

spectacular - впечатляющий, эффектный draw - приманка, соблазн

ecosystem - экологическая система rain forest - тропический лес
to deplete - исчерпывать (ресурсы) m a je s tic — в е л и ч е с т в е н н ы й , г р а н д и о з н ы й

79
to mine - добывать to float - плыть в воздухе, парить
precious - драгоценный archery - стрельба из лука
sacred - священный hand-to-hand combat - рукопашный бой
breakthrough - прорыв, достижение soundstage - звуковой киносъёмочный павильон
to employ - применять, использовать neural - нервный, относящийся к нервной системе

5. Listen to the dialogue and match the words and definitions.

Word Definition

1. movie theatre A. someone who writes the stories and words for films
2. multiplex B. the recorded music from a film

3. director C. a person who oversees and delivers a film project to the film studio,
while preserving the integrity, voice and vision of the film
4. producer D. a movie theater complex with multiple screens

5. scriptwriter E. all the people who perform in a film

6. cameraman F. a venue, usually a building, for viewing film

7. soundtrack G. a famous actor or actress who acts in films

8. trailer H. a person who controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, while
guiding the technical crew and actors

9. cast I. a short film advertising another film

10. movie star J. someone who operates a camera for films

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about the positive and negative effects of movies. Remember to
discuss:

. why people like watching movies

. movies in education
. the influence of movies on physical and mental health

7. Give a talk on film. Remember to discuss:

. the history of cinema

. your favourite film genre
. your favourite film
. the pros and cons of 3D films
. why you like/dislike watching movies

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 Books
1. Read the text about the history of books. Read the definitions (1-16), find the words which
have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Writing systems were invented in ancient civilizations. Nearly

everything that could be written upon - stone, clay, tree bark - was
used for writing. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt about 5,000
years ago. The Ancient Egyptians often wrote on papyrus. Before the
invention of the printing press, almost all books were copied by hand,
which made them expensive and rare. The bookmaking process was
long and laborious. Writing a single book took a lot of time and effort.
The first books used parchment or calfskin for the pages. Book covers
were made of wood and covered with leather. At first, books were
copied mostly in monasteries.
The rise of universities in the 13th century led to an increase in the
demand for books. A new system for copying books appeared and the
-peed of book production increased considerably. The centuries after
the 15th century were spent on improving the printing press. By the
mid-20th century, European book production had risen to over
200,000 titles per year. Today we can find books of all kinds in bookshops: novels, adventure stories,
detective stories, thrillers, encyclopedias, philosophical works, guidebooks, dictionaries, reference
books, manuals, directories and volumes of verse.

t. A type of paper used in ancient Egypt, which is made from a plant like grass that grows in water.
2. A machine that prints newspapers, books etc.
3. A material used in the past for writing on, made from the skin of a sheep or a goat.
4. The outer front or back part of a book, magazine etc.
5. A long written story in which the characters and events arc usually imaginary.
6. Books on philosophy (the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil etc).
7. A story about a crime, often a murder, and a detective who tries to find out who did it.
8. A book that gives instructions about how to do something, especially how to use a machine.
9. A book such as a dictionary or encyclopedia that you look at to find information.
10. A story in which dangerous or unusual things happen to the characters.
11. A book about a city, country etc.
12. Words arranged in the form of poetry.
13. A book containing facts about many different subjects, or containing detailed facts about one
subject.
14. A book that tells an exciting story about murder or crime.
15. A book or list of names, facts etc, usually arranged in alphabetical order.
16. A book that gives a list of words in alphabetical order and explains their meanings in the same lan­
guage, or another language.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Vocabulary

to invent - изобретать cover - обложка

clay - глина increase - увеличение
tree bark - кора дерева to improve - улучшать, совершенствовать
to emerge - появляться title - зд. книга, печатное произведение
papyrus - папирус novel - роман
printing press - печатная машина adventure story - приключенческая повесть

81
to copy - переписывать guidebook - путеводитель
rare - редкий reference book - справочник, указатель
laborious - трудный, утомительный manual - справочник, учебник
parchment - пергамент directory - справочник, алфавитный список
calf skin - телячья кожа volume - книга, том

2 . Read the text about e-books. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the
table.

add notes, available, read in the dark, limited, cause problems, display,
disappear, touch-sensitive, compact, download

Nowadays much new information is not printed in paper books, but is made (1) ---------------------
online through a digital library, on CD-ROM, or in the form of electronic books. E-books are making
their way onto the world's markets. They are very popular with readers because they are light,
( 2 ) ____________________ and can store many thousands of pages. E-books have a
( 3 ) _____________ screen which can be used to call up a dictionary, increase the font size and even
to ( 4 ) ______________in the margin. The bright backlight allows you to ( 5 ) -----------------------
Nevertheless, most people still prefer traditional paper editions. They say that the device for
reading e-books is rather expensive and one needs access to the Internet to ( 6 ) ---------------------
them. E-books can (7) ______________ with eyesight because it is rather tiring to read from a
screen. What is more, so far there is only a (8) _________ ____selection of e-books being published.
That is why there is no decline in the rate of paper publishing and traditional print books are
unlikely to ( 9 ) ______________ People will always continue buying beautiful paper editions in
order to read, collect and (10) _____________ them or just with the sole purpose of possessing them.

Vocabulary

available - доступный to store - хранить, вмещать

limited - ограниченный font size - размер шрифта, кегль
to display - выставлять, демонстрировать margin - поле (страницы)
touch-sensitive - сенсорный backlight - подсветка
to download - загружать, скачивать device - устройство, прибор
digital - цифровой eyesight - зрение
CD-ROM - компакт-диск selection - выбор
to replace - заменять decline - падение, спад

3. Give a talk on the importance of reading. The following words and word combinations can
help you.

to read books for pleasure - читать книги ради удовольствия; one of the cheapest and most satisfy­
ing forms of entertainment - одна из самых дешёвых и приятных форм развлечений; to have the
power to educate - иметь способность обучать; to cover topics - освещать темы; to tell somebody
about different countries and people as well as their customs and traditions - рассказывать о разных
странах и людях, а также об их обычаях и традициях; to improve vocabulary - увеличивать
словарный запас; to develop critical thinking and analytical skills - развивать критическое
82
 !- ышление и аналитические способности; to require a great deal of concentration - требовать
Г ільшой собранности; to teach somebody to focus - учить кого-либо сосредотачиваться; to reduce
ress - уменьшить стресс; a healthy means of escapism - здоровый способ убежать от
- йствительности; to transfer somebody to other countries and continents - переносить кого-либо
другие страны и на другие континенты; to introduce somebody to amazing people - знакомить
іго-либо с удивительными людьми; to fire somebody’s imagination - возбуждать фантазию; to
iip nto exciting adventures - погружаться в захватывающие приключения; main characters -
- .вные персонажи; to feel lonely or bored - почувствовать одиночество или скуку; faithful and
demanding friend - преданный и нетребовательный друг; to put aside and take up again at any
moment - положить и снова взять в любой момент

Г \ 4. Read the sentences А-Н. Read the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
ф ф A-H. Listen to the dialogue and check your answers.

Kate: Have you read The Lost Symbol' by Dan Brown, Mike?
Mike: No, as a matter of fact, I’m not fond of reading.
Kate: But w7hy?
ike: I'm used to ( 1 ) ______ I can access news, documents, images, weather and sports reports and
re. It's really more efficient and time-saving.
Kate: Aren’t you tired of (2) ....... _? Personally, I find reading much more pleasant. 1 love reading
■n I'm travelling, w7hen I’m having meals or w'hen I’m bored. A lot of people are fond of reading
ause books are our best teachers. They ( 3 ) ______
e: But when I come home after school, I’m too tired and I don’t feel like reading. I think w'atch-
a film is much more interesting than reading a book. Besides, it doesn't (4) ______
ite: I can't agree with you. Reading books helps me relax and forget about my problems. Reading
n relieves stress and makes me feel happier. To my mind, watching a film is easier than reading a
k because you don't have to (5) . I think that no screen version can be better than a book
f. Any movie director adds a little bit of himself to the film and sometimes changes the story com­
ely. So even if the movie is well done, it ( 6 ) ______
f 'like: Nevertheless, teenagers don't read much nowadays. They prefer listening to music or playing
iputer games. Computer games ( 7 ) ______ They can explore complicated mazes, combat frightful
atures, overcome obstacles, operate various vehicles and so on. That's why they are not interested
reading any more.
I Kate: Still, I'm sure the situation is not hopeless. For example, Harry Potter books made children all
• r the w'orld forget about their computers and TV-sets and ( 8 ) ----------My little sister read ’Harry
;ter and the Half-Blood Prince" four times! Can you imagine that?
'•ike: Will you give me the book wrhic.h you mentioned? I’d like to read it.
Kate: Of course I will!

A. take much time

B. use your imagination

C. give them more opportunities for entertainment

83
 D. dip into the exciting adventures of the main characters

E. spending so much time in front of the screen

F. differs from the book

G. finding all kinds of information on the Internet

H. educate and entertain us

Vocabulary

to access - зд. находить (информацию) maze - лабиринт

weather report - прогноз погоды to combat - сражаться, бороться
efficient - эффективный creature - создание, существо
bored - скучающий to overcome - преодолевать
to relieve (stress) - снимать (стресс) obstacle - препятствие
screen version - экранизация to operate - управлять
director - режиссёр vehicle - транспортное средство
to explore - исследовать hopeless - безнадёжный, безвыходный

5. Listen to the dialogue and circle the correct word.

1) 'The Alchemist' is the favourite book of David’s mother/sister.

2) The story is short/long and simple/complicated.
3) The novel is about a young shepherd who leaves for Spain/Egypt, after having a dream of finding-
love /treasure there.
4) The book’s main theme is about learning to cope with difficulties/finding one’s destiny.
5) The book has received much praise/criticism.
6) 'The Alchemist' has already established itself as a modern/all-time classic.
7) Paulo Coelho wrote 'The Alchemist' in only two weeks/months in 1977/1987.
8) The book reminds us that it is important to overcome our fears/to pursue our dreams.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

You and your friend are talking about your attitude to reading. You are fond of reading, while
your friend considers reading a waste of time. Remember to discuss:

. the benefits of reading

. why many people read less nowadays
. if paper books are going to be replaced by electronic media

7. Give a talk on reading. Remember to discuss:

• the history of books

. the pros and cons of e-books
. the educational power of books
. why many people like reading
. your personal attitude to reading

84
 M usic
1. Read the text about some musical styles. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which
have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

There are a lot of different musical styles and genres such as classi­
cal music, opera, folk music, blues, jazz, country music, hip hop, dance
music, electronic music, pop music, rock, heavy metal and many
others. Some of them appeared long ago and some are quite modern.
A lot of young people like pop music, hip hop and heavy metal.
Pop music is a genre of popular music, which originated in its modern
form in the 1950s, deriving from rock 'n' roll. It is very eclectic, often
borrowing elements from other styles. The main goal of pop music is
usually that of being pleasurable to listen to, rather than having much
artistic depth. Pop music is a genre which is commercially recorded and
desires to have a mass audience appeal.
blip hop music consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly
accompanies rapping. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a sub­
culture defined by such stylistic elements as rapping, break dancing, and graffiti painting.
Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in
дный the United Kingdom and in the United States. The bands that created heavy metal developed a thick,
massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats,
and overall loudness.
1. Traditional music that has been played by ordinary people in a particular area for a long time.
2. A musical play in which all of the words are sung.
3. Music that is considered to be important and serious and that has a value that continues for a long
time.
hiding 4. Popular music in the style of music from the southern and western US.
5. A type of music that has a strong beat and parts for performers to play alone.
6. A slow sad style of music that came from the southern US.
7. A type of popular modern music with a strong loud beat, played using guitars and drums.
8. Modern music that is popular, especially with young people, and usually consists of simple tunes
with a strong beat.
9. A type of rock music with a strong beat, played very loudly on electric guitars.
10. A kind of popular dance music with a regular heavy beat and spoken words (rap).
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
, while Vocabulary
folk - народный to record - записывать
to originate - возникать appeal - привлекательность
to derive - происходить stylized - стилизованный
eclectic - эклектичный subculture - субкультура
goal - задача, цель to amplify - преувеличивать, утрировать
pleasurable - приятный distortion - искажение
artistic - художественный emphatic - выразительный, яркий

2. Read the text about the influence of music on people's emotions. Fill in the gaps with the
words and word combinations from the table.

im prove, healing e ffect, nervous, beneficial, developm ental d isab ilities,

reduce, d elig h t, h e a rt ra te , irr ita tio n , self-esteem

85
 It is a well-known fact that music influences people's emotions. For example, classical music evokes
responses of (1) ______________ and relaxation. On the contrary, rock music and heavy metal
arouse anger, (2) ______________ and rage. Some sounds have a (3) --------------------- on
people and can normalize ( 4 ) ______________ , stimulate the brain and soothe them better than any
pills. Many people like listening to the sounds of rain, wind or sea as it has a (5) ---------------------
effect on their ( 6 ) ______________ system. Music therapy helps to (7) ---------------------
or maintain one's health. It is used for treating psychiatric disorders, medical problems and
( 8 ) __________ ___It is also used to ( 9 ) _____________ stress and build (10) ----------------

Vocabulary
to improve - улучшать to arouse - пробуждать
healing - целебный rage - ярость, грев
developmental disability - инвалидность to soothe - успокаивать, умиротворять
вследствие порока развития pill - таблетка
heart rate - частота сердечных сокращений to maintain - поддерживать, сохранять
irritation - раздражение to treat - лечить
self-esteem - самоуважение disorder - нарушение, расстройство

3. Give a talk on the positive effects of music on a person's health, mood and experience.
The following words and word combinations can help you.

favourite pastime - любимое времяпрепровождение/развлечение; to surf on the waves of rhythm -

скользить по волнам ритма; to dive into the sea of sounds - погружаться в море звуков; to have
positive psychological and physical effects - иметь благоприятные психологические и физические
эффекты; to help somebody relax - помогать кому-либо расслабиться; to ease anxiety - уменьшать
тревогу; to change somebody’s mood - поменять настроение; to feel excessively up or down - быть
в очень хорошем или плохом настроении; to bring back memories - возвращать воспоминания:
to challenge somebody intellectually - бросать интеллектуальный вызов; to feel more creative
чувствовать себя более изобретательным; to give somebody energy - придавать энергии; to lister,
to an MP3 player when exercising - слушать МРЗ-плеер во время тренировки; to increase the
enjoyment of exercise - увеличивать удовольствие от тренировки; to explore different types of
music - знакомиться с разными видами музыки; to broaden one’s experience - расширить опыт:
to improve one's concentration - повышать концентрацию; to increase productivity - повышать
продуктивность работы; to touch somebody deeply - сильно волновать; to reach somebody
profoundly - глубоко проникать

4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences

0 A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Ron: Do you like listening to music, Cindy?

Cindy: I'm fond of listening to music. It plays a very important part in my life. I like listening to music,
dancing to it, visiting concert halls, singing and ( 1 ) ______ Music gives me aesthetic pleasure and a
better understanding of many things.
Ron: I like listening to music, too. I'm fond of electronically-produced music because it fills me with
happiness and excitement. I’ve found ( 2 ) ______ I often use online communities like YouTube and
Facebook because they help me connect with other musicians, ( 3 ) ----------
Cindy: That's great! I like listening to music online, too.
Ron: I think music has ( 4 ) ______ Many people say that music is a universal language.

86

Ш ш
Cindy: I can't disagree with them. A composer speaks to us without ( 5 ) ______ Music is understand­
able to everybody no matter what language a person speaks. So I think it has the power ( 6 ) ______
Ron: But people have different tastes in music, which may lead to ( 7 ) ______
Cindy: You're right. Still, I can't imagine the world without music. It influences our emotions and
( 8 ) ______To my mind, life without music would be less joyful.

A. a significant impact on our lives

B. playing musical instruments
C. misunderstanding between them
D. download and listen to MP3s and create my own
E. a great source of energy and inspiration in it
F. using any words
G. makes us happier
H. to unite people all over the world .

Vocabulary

concert hall - концертный зал significant - важный, существенный

aesthetic - эстетический impact - сильное воздействие, влияние
community - круг, сообщество но интересам to download - загружать, скачивать
universal language - универсальный язык inspiration - вдохновение
misunderstanding - разногласие to influence - влиять
joyful - радостный, счастливый to unite - объединять

Г \ 5. Listen to the dialogue and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
« I
1) Robbie Williams is a well-known American pop singer.
2) In December 2010, William's new solo single 'Candy' became the number one single in the UK.
3) Madonna has established herself as the queen of hip hop.
4) Pop music helps Jane relax and fills her with delight.
5) Electronic music is usually played with the piano and saxophone.
6) Jane's mother can play the guitar.

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend is used to doing his/her homework while listening to music. You think that music is a
distraction. Remember to discuss:
. why your friend likes studying to the sound of music
. why you cannot study and listen to music simultaneously
. if it is good to have music playing in the workplace

7. Give a talk on music. Remember to discuss:

. why people like listening to music
. what musical styles are popular among young people
. your favourite musical style, group, singer
. how music can influence people

87
 Leisure Time Activities
i. Read the text about hobbies. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which have the same
meaning in the text and underline them.

Our lives would be hard without rest and recreation. People

have quite different ideas of how to spend their spare time and
how to get maximum benefit from it. If you enjoy doing some
activity in your free time, then you have a ’hobby’. Hobbies are
practiced primarily for interest and enjoyment. Having a hobby
can also lead to acquiring substantial skill, knowledge and experi­
ence. Hobbies give people much room for self-expression and help
them understand other people and the whole world. A person's
hobbies depend on their age, intelligence level, character and per­
sonal interests. What is interesting to one person may be trivial or boring to another.
If you like spending time outdoors, you can choose from numerous hobbies that allow you to enjoy
nature such as hiking, backpacking, fishing or bird-watching. Playing sports games, practicing martial
arts such as judo or karate, wind-surfing or biking allow you to stay active and healthy and help you
lose weight. Popular collecting hobbies include coin collecting and stamp collecting, though you can
collect virtually anything you can think of. If you are good with your hands, you may enjoy knitting,
sewing, carving or clay-modelling. If you are a creative person, you may like painting, sculpting, writ­
ing poetry and short stories, photography or moviemaking. If you are logical and patient, you may
enjoy playing chess, solving crossword puzzles or gardening. Reading books, magazines or newspapers
and browsing the internet are common hobbies today.
Hobbies play a very important educational role, improve our physical and mental health, provide
us with motivation to increase our knowledge and to improve our skills, enrich our lives and help us
gain a better understanding of how the world works.
1. A period of time when you are not doing anything tiring and you can relax or sleep.
2. An activity that you do for pleasure or amusement.
3. The activity of taking long walks in the mountains or country.
4. The activity of travelling for pleasure, usually without very much money, and carrying a back­
pack.
5. The activity of watching wild birds and trying to recognize different types.
6. A sport in which you fight with your hands and feet.
7. The sport of sailing across water by standing on a surfboard and holding on to a large sail attachec
to the surfboard.
8. The activity of making an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood or stone.
9. The act of making a picture, using paints.
10. Eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do it.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English'

Vocabulary

recreation - отдых, развлечение backpacking - поход, пеший туризм

enjoyment - удовольствие martial art - боевое искусство
to engage (in) - заниматься чем-либо judo - дзюдо
to acquire - получать, приобретать virtually - фактически, в сущности
substantial - значительный, существенный carving - резьба (по дереву, кости, камню)
experience - (жизненный) опыт clay-modelling - лепка из глины
self-expression - самовыражение creative - творческий
trivial - банальный, обычный mental health - психическое здоровье
hiking - пеший туризм to enrich - обогащать, улучшать
88
2. Read the text about computer games. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations
from the table.

plunge, a rtific ia l, operate, sound effects, in te ra c tiv ity , lifelike, fig h t,

d ram atic, explore, tech n ician s, save, solve

Playing computer games is one of the most popular hobbies today. A lot of people play computer
^ames in order to forget about their everyday problems and to ( 1 ) --------------------- with horrible
monsters or to (2) .... ...................... the world from hostile aliens. Computer games allow us to (3)
........................... into exciting adventures: to ( 4 ) ______________ complicated mazes, to combat
frightful dragons, to overcome obstacles, to ( 5 ) ______________ various vehicles, to fly an aircraft
>r to pilot a spacecraft, to ( 6 ) ______________different puzzles, to look after a virtual pet, to build
:ities, to play sports games and even to control the lives of virtual people.
Computer games are constantly becoming more ( 7 ) ______________and complex. New styles
md genres appear. The development of a computer game demands the work and skills of quite a large
iroup of people, including programmers, graphic designers, sound designers, musicians, and other
( 8 ) _________________ Modern computer games contain a unique synthesis of 3D art,
(9) _____________________, real-life environment, people-like characters, architecture,
1 10) ______________ intelligence, (11) ______________ performances, music, storytelling, and
i 12) ______________ (communication directly with a computer programme which does things in
response to your actions).

Vocabulary

to plunge - погружаться alien - инопланетянин, пришелец из космоса

artificial - искусственный maze - лабиринт
to operate - управлять to combat - сражаться
lifelike - как живой, правдоподобный to overcome obstacles - преодолевать препятствия
to explore - исследовать vehicle - транспортное средство
technician - технический специалист aircraft - самолёт
horrible - страшный, ужасный spacecraft - космический корабль
hostile - враждебный puzzle - головоломка, загадка

3. Give a talk on the positive and negative effects of computer games. The following words and
word combinations can help you.

to grow in popularity - становиться всё более популярными; to be meant not only for entertainment
- предназначаться не только для развлечения; to teach somebody using the game as a vehicle -
использовать игру в качестве средства обучения; to help somebody develop reading skills, strategic
thinking and planning skills - помогать кому-либо развивать навыки чтения, стратегическое
мышление и навыки планирования; to increase somebody's attention capacities - развивать
внимательность; to require a great deal of patience and focus from the player - требовать от игрока
терпения и сосредоточенности; to improve somebody's visual skills - совершенствовать
визуальные навыки; to help somebody develop coordination - помогать кому-либо развивать
координацию; to improve somebody's dexterity and ability to solve problems - развивать
сообразительность и умение решать задачи; to be accused of the depiction of graphic violence, sex­
ual themes, consumption of drugs, alcohol or tobacco, bad language, propaganda, profanity and
89
advergaming - обвиняться в изображении насилия, сексуальных тем, употребления наркотиков,
алкоголя или табака, сквернословии, пропаганде, богохульстве и использовании рекламы в игре;
to encourage violent behaviour - поощрять агрессивное поведение; to blur the difference between
right and wrong - делать неясным разницу между нравственностью и безнравственностью; to
lead to addiction - вызывать зависимость; to make somebody unsociable and passive - делать кого-
либо необщительным и пассивным; to play for hours - играть часами; levels of obesity - уровень
ожирения

f \ 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sen-
ф Щ tences A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Sophie: How do you usually spend your free time?

Robert: I spend much of my free time playing sports games and exercising. One of my recent interests
is parkour. It’s a training discipline that developed out of military obstacle course training. Though
some classify it as an extreme sport, we prefer ( 1 ) ______
Sophie: Why do you like parkour?
Robert: It teaches me to move quickly and ( 2 ) ______ It gives me much energy and helps me
( 3 ) ______ I learn to control my body and to trust myself.
Sophie: So parkour makes you strong and agile and helps you develop speed and power.
Robert: That's right. It gives me an opportunity to explore the potential offered by my body. In addi­
tion, parkour teaches me to surmount everyday difficulties and ( 4 ) ______
Sophie: But parkour is rather dangerous. You may fall and break your leg or arm.
Robert: Well, I try to avoid injuries, but everything may happen. Parkour requires prudence, good
self-control and the ability to be observant. Some reckless people who assume too much about their
physical abilities and do not take full account of the risks (5) . If you're a beginner, you'd
better look for a gym with soft pads ( 6 ) ______ Or you can pick an environment with obstacles that
( 7 ) ______ Also, you should learn to safely get down from ( 8 ) _______
Sophie: Do you practice alone?
Robert: No, I've joined a parkour club. There are a lot of people interested in parkour there who are
always ready to help beginners. They know good places to go and demonstrate different manoeuvres.

A. to approach problems differently

B. where you can practice without getting hurt

C. whatever object you've climbed

D. to overcome obstacles like concrete walls, high fences, hedges or rocks

E. aren’t too challenging

F. to view it less as a sport and more as a form of self-defence emphasizing free movement

G. may be seriously injured

H. develop physical fitness and coordination

90
 Vocabulary
zarkour - паркур observant - внимательный, наблюдательный
military - военный reckless - безрассудный, неосторожный
obstacle - преграда, препятствие to take account - учитывать
іяііе - проворный, быстрый concrete - бетонный
;оsurmount difficulties - преодолевать challenging - сложный
-рудности self-defence - самозащита
sen- njury - травма, телесное повреждение to emphasize - придавать особое значение
prudence - осмотрительность, осторожность to injure - ранить, причинить вред здоровью

Q 5. Listen to the dialogue and say if the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE:

1 Ecotourists travel to desert islands where they have the freedom to do exactly what they want.
TRUE Li FALSE U
2. The popularity of ecotourism has declined considerably.
me TRUE □ FALSE □
3. Ecotourism promotes recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation and the safe disposal of waste
ind garbage.
TRUE □ FALSE □
4. Local communities do not benefit from ecotourism.
TRUE □ FALSE □
юс 5. The expansion of infrastructure has a positive impact on the environment.
eir TRUE 1 ] FALSE i i
l’
d 6. The main rule of ecotourism is 'pick up rare flowers, disturb wild animals and purchase souvenirs
tat made from the skin of endangered animals or the leaves of rare plants'.
TRUE J FALSE □
7. First and foremost, ecotourism is entertainment.
ге TRUE □ FALSE i !
•s.
6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.
~
Your friend would like to find a new hobby. He/she asks you to give him/her a few tips on how to
choose a hobby that he/she will enjoy. Remember to discuss:

. why everybody should have a hobby

. how to find a hobby that fits you

7. Give a talk on leisure time activities and hobbies. Remember to discuss:

. types of hobbies
. the importance of having a hobby
. the most popular hobbies
* your hobby/how you spend your free time

91
 Work & Career
1. Read the text about the most popular career choices. Read the definitions (1-10), find the inform;
words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them. технол
health
According to employment experts and econo­ entrepi
mists, there are some popular career choices that deluge
will have more opportunities available in the softwa
future. These popular career choices include hardw;
careers in information technology, health care, nursin;
law, business and entrepreneurship. Within registe
these industries, there are a deluge of different law7ei
opportunities for career seekers.
If you have an interest in developing comput­ 2. R<
er software, repairing hardware, designing com­ fn
puters, offering support to computer users or anything else that has to do with computers, you might
be suited for a career in information technology. These jobs include being a computer analyst, system
administrator, software developer, computer engineer and computer teacher.
The health care industry is a fast-growing sector with many opportunities available to those who
would like to take care of sick people in some way. Opportunities are widespread, from being a doctor Aj
to being a certified nursing assistant (CNA). Jobs include being a cardiologist, registered nurse, hos­ emplc
pital administrator and medical researcher.
If you have an interest in serving others through the interpretation and administration of the law. ( 2) -
a career in law may fit you. Jobs in legal services include being a lawyer, paralegal and law professor. (3) -
There is always a need for business professionals in an industrialized nation. Accountants, man­ for in
agers, entrepreneurs and salespeople are just a few of the opportunities available in the business world.
If you like being a part of the distribution and marketing of goods and services, business is a good place job is
to begin exploring career options. A
Starting your own business can be rewarding, but also challenging. You must be willing to work
candi
long hours doing menial tasks for a few years just to get the business off the ground. Business owners
must be able to fall and get back up repeatedly in many areas of the startup. A person can technically entai
start a business with no education, but it is wise to get at least a master of business administration ( 6)
(MBA) to get the necessary skills to make the business a profitable venture.
will 1
(by Brenda Sanders)
stror
1. A job or profession that you have been trained for, and which you do for a long period of your life. abou
2. The study or use of electronic processes for gathering and storing information and making it avail­ N
able using computers.
will
3. The activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.
4. The whole system of rules that people in a particular country or area must obey. priat
5. The service that is responsible for looking after the health of all the people in a country or an area. A
6. The sets of programs that tell a computer how to do a particular job.
7. Computer machinery and equipment, as opposed to the programs that make computers work. ( 10)
8. A doctor who studies or treats heart diseases.
9. Someone whose job is to help lawyers do their work.
10. Someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a
way that involves financial risks. jo b
при
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
rest
w hi
tO 2

em|
92
 Vocabulary

information technology - информационные paralegal - помощник юриста

технологии law professor - преподаватель юриспруденции
health care - здравоохранение accountant - бухгалтер
ntrepreneurship - предпринимательство distribution of goods - распространение товаров
deluge - поток rewarding - стоящий
software - компьютерные программы challenging - требующий напряжения (сил)
hardware - оборудование, аппаратура menial - чёрный (о работе)
nursing assistant - фельдшер master of business administration - магистр
registered nurse - дипломированная медсестра делового администрирования
lawyer - юрист, адвокат profitable venture - прибыльное предприятие

2. Read the text about a job interview. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations
from the table.

r£sum es, w hite-collar, acquire, em ployee, re le v an t, p erso n ality , au d itio n ,

su itab le, live, desirable

A job interview is a process in which a potential ( 1 ) ______________ is evaluated for prospective

employment. During this process, the employer hopes to determine whether or not the applicant is
( 2 ) ______________for the job. The interview is usually preceded by the evaluation of submitted
( 3 ) ______________from interested candidates, then the selection of a small number of candidates
:or interviews. Multiple rounds of job interviews may be used when there are many candidates or the
;ob is particularly challenging or ( 4 ) ______________
A common form for an initial interview is the phone interview. This is especially common when the
candidates do not (5) ______________ near to the employer. The bulk of the job interview will
entail the interviewers asking the candidate questions about his or her job history,
i 6 ) --------------------- , work style and other factors ( 7 ) ______________ to the job. The candidate
will usually be given a chance to ask any questions at the end of the interview. These questions are
strongly encouraged since they allow the interviewee to (8) ______________ more information
about the job and the company.
Most job interviews are formal; the larger the firm, the more formal and structured the interview
will tend to be. Candidates generally dress better than they might do for work, with a suit being appro­
priate for a (9) ______________ job interview.
Additionally, some professions have specific types of job interviews; for performing artists, this is an
(10) , in which the emphasis is placed on the performance ability of the candidate.
(Source: www.en.wikipedia.org)
Vocabulary

job interview - собеседование to evaluate - оценивать

при приёме на работу employer - наниматель, работодатель
resume - резюме, краткая автобиография applicant - кандидат, кандидатура
white-collar - относящийся к работе в офисе to precede - предшествовать
to acquire - получать, приобретать to submit - представлять на рассмотрение
employee - служащий initial - начальный
93
relevant - имеющий отношение (к) to entail - влечь за собой
audition - прослушивание to encourage - ободрять, поощрять
suitable - подходящий suit - костюм
desirable - желанный to place emphasis (on) - придавать особое
potential - потенциальный значение

3. Give a talk on the skills that one needs to build a successful career. The following words and
word combinations can help you.

perfect knowledge - отличные знания; work experience - опыт работы; a range of transferable skills -
ряд профессиональных навыков; efficiency - работоспособность; punctuality - пунктуальность;
practicality - практичность; creativity - творческий подход, изобретательность; to know one's
employer’s requirements - знать требования своего работодателя; to be competent - быть
компетентным; to properly perform a specific job - правильно выполнять определённую работу; а
combination of knowledge, skills and behaviour - сочетание знаний, умений и хороших манер; the
ability to carry out a specific role - умение выполнять определённую роль; to work effectively in
different countries and cultures - эффективно работать в разных странах и с разными культурами;
intercultural competence - межкультурная компетентность; to understand people of other cultures
- понимать людей других культур; to work effectively with somebody - эффективно работать с
кем-либо; the ability to make the right decision - умение принимать правильное решение; to
demonstrate problem-solving capability - демонстрировать умение решать проблемы; to think
about what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved - думать о том, чего нужно достичь и как
это сделать; negotiating skills - навыки ведения переговоров; to build good relationships with part­
ners and clients - построить хорошие отношения с партнёрами и клиентами; to understand some­
body's needs - понимать чьи-либо потребности; to respect somebody’s rights - уважать чьи-либо
права; to maintain good relationships with one's supervisors and colleagues - поддерживать
хорошие отношения со своими руководителями и коллегами; to handle appropriately criticism
and complaints - правильно относиться к критике и жалобам; to deal respectfully with cultural and
racial diversity - с уважением относиться к культурному и расовому разнообразию; never to
engage in harassment of any kind - никогда никого не оскорблять/притеснять

Q ф
4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Emily: My elder sister says her husband is a workaholic. What does it mean?
Jacob: A workaholic is someone who works too much. Does your brother-in-law arrive at work as soon
as the building opens? Does he often lose track of time or work through meals? Does he take work
home with him and check his work email constantly so that he (1) ______?
Emily: Yes, he does. He works extra hours and spends weekend time at the office. What is more, he
often forgets his friends’ and relatives' birthdays and anniversaries and (2) __ ___ My sister is
constantly upset because he never has time for her.
Jacob: Unfortunately, workaholics put work before anything else. They are truly addicted to their
work and will ( 3 ) ______ Workaholics often suffer from anxiety when away from their jobs. They
don't have time for exercising, eating healthy food or sleeping enough. As a result they often
( 4 ) ----------
Emily: In addition, on the rare occasion that my brother takes a family vacation, he always takes
his laptop and mobile phone so that he can ( 5 ) _______ Besides, he always talks about his job and
discusses it with anyone who will listen. Sometimes it's really annoying!
94
Jacob: Indeed, workaholics' obsession with work is all-absorbing. They always focus their mind on
their work and can't enjoy themselves completely. That's why it's very difficult (6) ______
Emily: How can we help my brother-in-law relax and have a good time?
Jacob: Ask him not to talk about his job and invite him to do things outside of work that you know
he will enjoy. It’s important to persuade your brother-in-law ( 7 ) ______ He should realize that it's
impossible to do everything and it's better to focus on the most important things. Also, he should
( 8 ) ______ Balancing work with other activities and joys is essential for everyone.

A. schedule time for family, friends and social activities

B. put everything else aside for their careers

C. misses important family gatherings and events

D. to socialize or live with such people

E. continue working

F. doesn't miss any important messages

G. have poor health and get depressed

H. to recognize his own limitations, to take breaks and not to push himself too hard

Vocabulary
workaholic - трудоголик- all-absorbing - всепоглощающий
го lose track of time - потерять счёт времени to focus (on) - сосредотачивать внимание
anniversary - годовщина, юбилей to persuade - убеждать
to be addicted (to) - иметь зависимость (от) essential - необходимый
anxiety - беспокойство, тревога to schedule - планировать
laptop - небольшой портативный компьютер to put aside - зд. забыть о чём-либо
annoying - раздражающий limitation - предел, граница
obsession - одержимость, страстное увлечение to push oneself too hard - зд. много работать

5. Listen to the dialogue. While you listen, complete these sentences with words taken
from the text.

1. Those who are out of work experience ______________ and feel depressed because they lose the
ability to purchase goods and services and to pay bills.
2. Unemployed people may suffer from very low ______________, and lose their dignity or

3. Unemployment can result in diabetes, heart disease and high______________ ______________

4. Unemployed people often lose social contacts and feel..................... .......
5. Loss of income and the financial stress of being unable to provide the basics of food, shelter and
clothing may lead t o ______________ between spouses and then t o _______________

95
6. Children become ______________ when a parent loses a job. They may end up having to
______________ a year, or even dropping out of school completely.
7. There's a connection between periods of high unemployment and increases in alcohol and drug
______________ , homicide,______________ and suicide.
8. Unemployed people will probably have to file for unemployment______________ and seek gov­
ernment ______________ such as food stamps (талоны на питание).

6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about the factors that affect career choices. Remember to discuss

. the link between your future career and your interests and personality/financial needs/education

7. Give a talk on work and career. Remember to discuss:

. the most popular careers what skills you need to build a career you have chose:
* the purpose of a job interview the pros and cons of being a workaholic
. which careers appeal to you and why the negative effects of unemployment

96
 Foreign Lan gu ages
1. Read the text about the advantages of learning foreign languages. Read the definitions
(1-10), find the words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

There are 6000 languages spoken throughout the world. Some of

hem, including English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Arabic
md Chinese are considered to be languages of wider communication
around the world. But they are often spoken as second, third or fourth
diiguages. Today everybody knows that the benefits of learning and
'peaking a foreign language are numerous.
Knowledge of a foreign language can open doors for those who are
marching for employment and promotions. It also increases effective
ommunication and successful negotiation with a foreign partner in
msiness or politics. It makes sense to learn foreign languages if you are
ond of travelling. Knowledge of a foreign language will make your trip much more enjoyable. Many peo­
ple find pleasure and enjoyment in learning foreign languages. It is just as popular as painting, playing
football and many other hobbies.
Those who learn foreign languages usually have a better ear for listening and sharper memories.
They display better problem solving skills and have more flexible minds. Learning foreign languages
mproves your thinking abilities and expands your horizons. Besides, those who learn a foreign lan­
guage learn more about their mother tongue by looking at it in comparison to another language.
Learning foreign languages leads to understanding of other cultures. A person who speaks several
nguages sees the world from two or more perspectives. Multilingualism promotes intercultural com­
mence and lessens intolerance, racism and xenophobia. A multilingual person can see his or her own
ulture from a new perspective and compare it with other cultures.
. A system of communication by written or spoken words, which is used by the people of a particu­
lar country or area.
2. A move to a more important job or position in a company or organization.
The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feelings.
4. Official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an
agreement, especially in business or politics.
An activity that you enjoy doing in your free time.
6. The first and main language that you learnt when you were a child.
". The act of using several different languages.
5. Unwillingness to accept ways of thinking and behaving that are different from your own.
j The belief that different races of people have different characters and abilities, and that your own
race is the best.
10. Strong fear or dislike of people from other countries.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
Vocabulary
benefit - выгода, преимущество problem solving - решение задач или проблем
ability - способность, возможность to improve - улучшать, совершенствовать
to search - искать thinking abilities - мыслительные способности
employment - работа to expand smb’s horizons - расширять кругозор
promotion - продвижение по службе mother tongue - родной язык
to increase - увеличивать, усиливать perspective - точка зрения
successful - удачный, успешный intercultural competence - межкультурная
negotiation - переговоры компетентность
to make sense - иметь смысл intolerance - нетерпимость
to display - обнаруживать, проявлять xenophobia - ксенофобия
97
2. Read the text about multilingual speakers. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combi­
nations from the table.

m ultilingual, bilingual, immigration, education, trilingual, communicate,

polyglot, m ixture, mother tongue, outnumber

Today many people speak two or more languages. Multilingualism is quite common in the modern
world, but it was also widespread in the past. People had to speak two or more languages in order to
trade and (1) .. ................... with the members of other language communities. Globalization and
( 2 ) ______________ are typical of modern society, which has become a (3) ........ .....................of
different nations and cultures.
A ( 4 ) ..................... ...... speaker is a person who can communicate in two or more languages
Nowadays these people ( 5 ) ____________ monolingual speakers in the world's population. The
have mastered at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language o:
( 6 ) ______________ , which is acquired without formal ( 7 ) _______________The term
( 8 ) ______________means that a person uses two languages and the term ( 9 ) _______________
means that a person can communicate in three languages. A person who speaks several languages i-
called a (1 0 ) ______________ For example, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, an English writer, poer
philologist, and university professor, best known for such novels as The Hobbit' and 'The Lord of th-.
Rings', spoke 13 languages.

Vocabulary

multilingual - многоязычный to trade - торговать

bilingual - говорящий на двух языках community - общество, народ
trilingual - говорящий на трёх языках monolingual - одноязычный
polyglot - полиглот (говорящий на многих языках) to master - овладевать, усваивать
mixture - смесь, смешение to acquire - овладевать
to outnumber - превосходить численно term - термин
widespread - широко распространённый philologist - филолог, лингвист

3. Give a talk on the advantages of learning English. The following words and word combina­
tions can help you.

to become a global language - стать глобальным языком; to be used by at least 750 million people
использоваться по крайней мере 750 миллионами человек; estimates - предварительны-
подсчеты; to put that figure closer to one billion - подсчитывать, что эта цифра приближается
одному миллиарду; the historic and economic dominance first of England and then of the Unite
States - историческое и экономическое господство сначала Англии, а затем Соединённы:
Штатов Америки; to make English the most widespread language - сделать английский самы?-
распространённым языком; to be the primary language for global commerce - быть основньи
языком мировой торговли; to be the primary language used in international affairs - быт:
основным языком международной политики; to be the medium of communication in such fields a'
aviation and science - быть средством общения в области авиации и науки; to look for jobs in thes-
fields - искать работу в этой области; knowledge of English - знание английского языка; to b-
important for diplomats and high-ranking officials - быть важным для дипломатов :
высокопоставленных чиновников; to provide somebody with an advantage over non-English speak­
ers - давать кому-либо преимущество над теми, кто не говорить по-английски; to open employ -
98
 omb r:ent opportunities - открывать возможности трудоустройства; travelling - путешествие; to be a
lot easier - быть намного проще; major tourist destinations - основные туристические
направления; to use English as a primary language - использовать английский в качестве
ссновного языка; to offer tourist services in English - предлагать туристические услуги на
английском языке; to travel confidently around the globe - смело путешествовать по всему миру;
to be the most popular second language in many countries - быть популярным в качестве второго
=зыка во многих странах; movies, songs and books - фильмы, песни и книги; three-quarters of the
world's mail - три четверти почты мира; more than half of the world’s technical and scientific peri­
odicals - более половины технических и научных периодических изданий во всём мире; to be in
English - быть на английском языке; the largest broadcasting companies in the world -
крупнейшие телерадиокомпании мира; to transmit in English - транслировать на английском
5зыке; audiences that exceed one hundred million - аудитория, превышающая сто миллионов
человек; 80 per cent of all information stored in the world’s computers - 80% всей информации,
хранящейся в компьютерах по всему миру

4. Read the sentences А-Н. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sentences
^ ф A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Brenda: What is the best way to learn a foreign language?

Mike: I think that the most effective way to learn a foreign language is to become immersed in it and
The most common way to learn from immersion is by travelling. For instance, if you want to learn
Spanish, you should ( 1 )______ There you'll have chances to listen to native speakers and you'll have
a lot of speaking practice.
Brenda: However, some people can't afford to travel abroad. Is it possible to learn a foreign language
in one’s own country?
Mike: Of course. A lot of people learn foreign languages in a classroom. You can join language classes
o r (2) ----------
Brenda: Is it possible to learn a language from self-study?
Mike: It's hard, but it's possible. You can teach yourself through reading or watching videos in the
language you want to speak. Movies and books in the foreign language will help you ( 3 ) ----------
Besides, you can use the Internet ( 4 ) ______
ibina-
Brenda: Our French teacher tells us to make flashcards. We write the French word on one side of the
card and its translation on the other. It’s a really good way ( 5 ) ............ Flashcards can be carried in
your pocket and used at any time of the day.
Mike: But learning a language isn't just a matter of memorizing lists of words. You have to study the
grammar and learn ( 6 ) ______ That’s why learning a new language may seem challenging. You'll
probably have to study for years before you can ( 7 ) ----------
Brenda: I think that being motivated to learn a foreign language will (8)
Mike: I quite agree with you!

99
 Etiquette & Good M anners
1. Read the text about the greeting customs in different cultures. Read the definitions (1-10),
find the words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.

Etiquette is dependent on culture and it evolves within

culture. That is why the rules of etiquette vary in different
countries. They are usually unwritten, but those who
respect themselves and other people are expected to follow
them.
People of different cultures greet each other differently.
Knowing the greeting customs in different cultures is
important, specifically when travelling to other countries.
In European countries people often shake hands. But one
should remember that shaking hands while wearing
gloves is impolite. Hugs and kisses are considered proper
nly among close friends and relatives. Some people greet
each other taking the hat off. In France you are expected to say 'bonjour' whenever entering any shop
r cafe and you should say 'au revoir' before you leave. French people shake hands with their friends,
r kiss them on both cheeks each time they meet and leave.
Americans tend to be more casual than people in a lot of other countries when it comes to greet­
ings. In the United States introductions and greetings are usually accompanied by shaking hands.
Americans usually smile and make eye contact when shaking hands. Introductions are given without
-ides. The name and a small bit of information establishing common ground are given. The British
■ften do no more than say 'hello' when they see friends. Firm handshakes are used with formal intro­
ductions but are not normally used after that.
In Japan bowing is considered very important and people learn how to bow correctly from a very
young age. The level and duration of the bow depends on a person's status, age and other factors. The
onger and deeper the bow, the stronger the respect expressed. Formal bows are deeper than informal
nes. An inferior bows longer, more deeply and more frequently than a superior.
Many people in India avoid shaking hands with individuals of the opposite gender. In Mexico
.vomen pat each other on their right shoulder or forearm rather than shaking hands. Men shake hands
r use the traditional hug if they know' someone well. The Chinese think that slapping, patting, or put-
:ing one's arm around the shoulders of another is very rude. In Philippines when people meet an
icquaintance at any form of public transport, they must greet him or her and sometimes even pay their
:ompanion's fare.

The formal rules for polite behaviour in society or in a particular group.

2. Something that is done by people in a particular society because it is traditional.
3. The action of putting your arms around someone and holding them tightly to show love or friend­
ship.
4. Something you say or do when you meet someone.
'. A name such as 'Sir' or 'Professor', or abbreviations such as 'Mrs' or 'Dr', that are used before
someone's name to show their rank or profession, whether they are married etc.
6. Facts, features, or beliefs that are shared by people or things that are very different.
7. The act of bending the top part of your body forward to show respect for someone when you meet
them.
5. Someone who has a low'er position or rank than you in an organization.
9. Someone who has a higher rank or position than you, especially in a job.
10. Someone you know, but who is not a close friend.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

101
 Vocabulary

to evolve - развиваться duration - продолжительность

to vary - различаться to express - выражать
to expect - ожидать, предполагать inferior - подчинённый
to greet - приветствовать, здороваться superior - начальник, руководитель
glove - перчатка to avoid - избегать, остерегаться
hug - крепкое объятие to pat - похлопывать
casual - свободный, неофициальный forearm - рука, запястье, локоть
title - титул, звание, должность to slap - хлопать, шлёпать
common ground - общий язык, общие интересы acquaintance - знакомый, знакомая
to bow - кланяться fare - плата за проезд

2. Read the text about etiquette rules in different countries. Fill in the gaps with the words and
word combinations from the table.

cash g ifts, bad m anners, rem ove, beh av io u r, households, soles, b rin g , th re sh o ld , h a ts,
accept, bad luck, host

Every culture has etiquette, or rules governing polite ( 1 ) _____________‘_For instance, if you
are invited to someone's house in Japan, you are expected to take off your coat or hat before the
( 2 ) ______________opens the door. It is impolite to go to someone's house without a gift. It is not
polite to ( 3 ) ______________ a gift when it is first offered. Gifts are generally offered three times and
they are not opened in the giver's presence. In Japan the guest takes priority. They are served the best
food and drinks and seated in the best place.
In Thailand one should never step on the ( 4 ) ______________ when entering a house because
people believe it can bring them ( 5 ) _______ :________ If you are invited to dinner in Turkey, you
are expected to (6) _________________ something (usually dessert). In Mexico those who are
invited to someone’s home, are expected to arrive thirty minutes late, as arriving on time is considered
inappropriate. In the United States it is (7) _____________ _ to start smoking in another's home
before asking the host. Americans believe that (8) ___ __ — are acceptable only for people
they do not know personally.
In many European countries it is considered rude for men to wear ( 9 ) --------------------- indoors.
People are also supposed to take their shoes off, unless they are told to keep them on. Traditionally.
shoes are not worn in (1 0 )_______ :______ in India, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam.
People are expected to (11) ______________their shoes in the foyer and to leave them with toes
pointing outside. In Bangladesh one should remember that when people cross their legs, feet or shoes
should not be directed towards anyone because their (1 2 )--------------------- are considered unclean.

Vocabulary

cash gift - денежный подарок to govern - определять, обусловливать

to remove - снимать to take priority - иметь приоритет
household - зд. дом inappropriate - неуместный
sole - подошва acceptable - приемлемый, допустимый
threshold - порог foyer - холл, прихожая
102
to accept - принимать, орать toe - носок, мысок (башмака)
Dost - Х О ЗЯ И Н to point - указывать

3. Give a talk on the importance of etiquette and good manners. The following words and word
combinations can help you.

j set of formal rules for polite behaviour - свод официальных правил вежливого поведения; in а
given social situation - в данной социальной ситуации; good manners - хорошие
чанеры/воспитанность; common courtesies - простая вежливость; to make the world a nicer place
:o live in - делать мир лучше; to cost nothing - ничего не стоить; to treat others as they wish to be
:reated - относиться к другим так, как им хотелось бы; to help form the perception of somebody -
сформировать мнение о ком-либо; to display proper etiquette - вести себя в соответствии с
этикетом; to be considered polite and well-bred - слыть воспитанным и вежливым человеком; to
make the right first impression - произвести благоприятное первое впечатление; to build personal
and professional relationships - строить личные и деловые отношения; to show one’s respect for
others -=■проявлять уважение к окружающим; a person to be respected - уважаемый человек; to
make social interactions more pleasant - делать общение более приятным; to be essential for success
in business - быть необходимым для успеха в бизнесе; to understand how best to deal with some­
body - понимать как лучше иметь дело с кем-либо; to exercise manners and professionalism -
иметь хорошие манеры и быть профессионалом; to improve business interactions - укреплять
деловые отношения; to earn a reputation as a calm and competent professional - заработать
репутацию спокойного и грамотного специалиста; to be somebody's ticket to success and happi­
ness - быть ключом к успеху и счастью; to succeed either socially or in business - преуспеть в
социальной или деловой сфере

Г і 4. Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the sen-
ф ф tences A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Dylan: Whether you're a dinner guest at someone's home, or you're eating out at a restaurant, you
must always remember about table manners.
Abigail: Could you tell me how I should begin my meal?
Dylan: When it is time for the meal, wait until the host ( 1 ) ______
Abigail: What should I do after being seated?
Dylan: Drape your napkin across your lap and say hello to the people around you. If you don’t know
them, introduce yourself, and don't start eating until everyone ( 2 ) ______
Abigail: What rules should I remember while at the table?
Dylan: There are a few basic things to remember. If an item is not within reach, politely ask the per­
son who ( 3 ) ___ . While you may rest your forearms on the table, it is not appropriate to rest your
elbows. When eating, be careful to chew with your mouth closed.
Abigail: Is it all right to talk to other people while eating?
Dylan: Yes, it is. But don't talk with your mouth full. If you have something essential to say, it can
certainly ( 4 ) _____ . Often at large tables there can be several conversations going on at once.
Despite how interesting they may be, it's not acceptable for you to join in if it ( 5 ) ----------Keep
conversation appropriate. Offending someone at the table can make things awkward and will embar­
rass the host.
Abigail: Suppose I don't like the food. What should I do?

103
Dylan: It goes without saying that there should be no negative comments about the food or its pre­
sentation. If there is something wrong with it, think of something which is good about it, and
( 6 ) ______ Never ask someone why they don't want a particular dish or why they have not finished
a serving.
Abigail: Is it impolite to leave the table?
Dylan: If you need to leave the table before everyone is finished, you should excuse yourself, place
your napkin on your seat, and ( 7 ) ______ If you intend to leave and not come back, ask the permis­
sion of your host and apologize for having to leave.
Abigail: How should I finish my meal?
Dylan: At the end of the meal, remain at the table until everyone is finished. If you are dining at some­
one's home, always ( 8 ) _____If you are dining at a restaurant, thank the person who organized it for
planning such a lovely evening.

A. wait an extra few seconds

—
B. is ready and your host has started
------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
C. thank the host for the wonderful food

D. invites you to sit at the table and sit where they tell you

E. return as quickly as possible

F. is in the best position to pass it

G. requires you to raise your voice

H. compliment the host on that

Vocabulary

napkin - салфетка awkward - неудобный, неловкий

lap - колени to embarrass - ставить в неудобное положение
to introduce - знакомить, представлять presentation - способ преподнесения, подача
item - предмет serving - кусок, порция
within reach - в пределах досягаемости permission - позволение, разрешение
elbow - локоть to apologize - извиняться
conversation - разговор, беседа to require - требовать
to offend - обижать, оскорблять to raise one's voice - повышать голос

Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions:

1) What is netiquette?
2) What is considered bad etiquette across the Internet?
3) What is spamming?
4) What people are called 'Internet trolls'?
5) What do we call online insults and other breaches of netiquette?
6) Why is it important to observe netiquette?
104
жжение
эдача
 Feelings & Emotions ti
r<
1. Read the text about feelings and emotions. Read the definitions (1-10), find the words which e
have the same meaning in the text and underline them. ii
c
Human beings are complex creatures. Our thoughts, feelings and g
emotions are all tied to each other and impacted by things like phys­ £
ical sensations and memories. Feelings and emotions are very simi­ b
lar, but they are not exactly the same.
Feelings are often immediate and transient things. We fee! 2
before we think. Sometimes the feeling remains, sometimes it does­
n't. You can feel emotions, and you can also feel sensations. You feel
cold or hot; you feel uncomfortable or nervous. On the other hand
a feeling can be a complex mix of emotions. The way you feel about
your Uncle Tom, for instance. You may feel love, but you may als
feel anger, resentment or embarrassment, or a combination of their
Feelings are intensely personal and are always near the surface of our consciousness.
Emotions can be described as intensely felt feelings. They are very tied to our thoughts, but ofte^
battle against them. When you are in the grip of strong emotions - a fit of rage or a bout of weeping
for instance - you will have little ability to think clearly. Emotions are powerful things, and ma
remain deeply seated in our consciousness. Thoughts very often generate emotions. The thought tha:
your boyfriend has cheated on you will generate emotions like anger and hurt. Emotions do not alway-
generate thoughts, though. It is possible to have emotions you are not aware of or cannot explair
Facial expressions are indicators of emotional state and can visually differentiate one emotion fror
another.
Positive emotions like joy, elation, love, pride or happiness foster mental and physical benefits an<
drive individuals to seek out pleasure and comfort within those emotions. People instinctively try t
avoid negative emotions like anxiety, jealousy, fear, anger, irritation, despair or guilt. These emotion-
are uncomfortable and may result in uncontrollable, irrational or aggressive behaviour. They consum
us and leave us incapable of focusing on anything else.
(Source: ehow.com
1. Your mind and your thoughts.
2. Something that you think of, remember, or realize.
3. A strong feeling of wanting to hurt or criticize someone because they have done something bad :
you or been unkind to you.
4. A feeling that you are proud of something that you or someone connected with you has achievec
5. A strong feeling of caring about someone, especially a member of your family or a close friend.
6. A feeling of great happiness and excitement.
7. A feeling that you have no hope at all.
8. The feeling of being angry and unhappy because someone you like or love is showing interest in
another person, or another person is showing interest in them.
9. The feeling of being very worried about something.
10. A strong feeling of shame and sadness because you know that you have done something wrong.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Vocabulary
complex - сложный weeping - плач, рыдание
creature - создание, существо to generate - вызывать, порождать
to tie - связывать to cheat on - изменять (супругу)
to impact - сильно воздействовать facial expression - мимика лица
sensation - ощущение, чувство indicator - указатель, признак
106
 ient - кратковременный, мимолётный to differentiate - различать
ntment - негодование, возмущение elation - восторг, бурная радость
arrassment - замешательство, смущение to avoid - избегать, сторониться
nsely - сильно, очень anxiety - беспокойство, тревога
ciousness - разум jealousy - ревность
р - власть, контроль irritation - недовольство, раздражение
- ярость, гнев despair - отчаяние
t - припадок, приступ guilt - чувство вины

Read the text about love. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the
table.

-lusive, affectio n , m ental, ap p etite, spectacles, chem ical, passion, n eg ativ e, neuroscience,
unconditional

Love is a common human emotion that refers to ( 1 ) ______________ and being closely attached
э a person. It can be difficult to describe the feeling of love because it is ( 2 ) ---------------------- and
“ cans different things to different people. ( 3 ) _________ ____ love, for example, is common among
iunily members, especially the love of a parent for a child.
Scientists affirm that love has a (4) ______________________ basis. Recent studies in
5) __________ have shown that when people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a
rrtain set of chemicals that stimulate the brain's pleasure center and cause increased heart rate, loss
f ( 6 ) ______________ and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. This stage generally lasts
rrom one and a half to three years. So it is not unusual that ( 7 ) ______________ which characterizes
-he first stage of love disappears with the passing of time and other feelings such as respect, tenderness
_nd affection set in. Only true love stands the test of time. People who are truly in love and who have
>een together for years do not grow apart but draw closer to one another.
Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people who are in love resemble to those with a
i 3) illness. Scientists say that love deactivates the brain regions associated with
( 9 ) -------------- ____ emotions, with social judgment and with judging other people’s intentions and
motions. That is why people in love are often unable to make critical judgments and they see every­
thing through rose-coloured (1 0 )______________

Vocabulary

elusive - неуловимый to release - выпускать

affection - чувство близости, привязанность heart, rate - частота сердечных сокращений
mental - психический tenderness - нежность
passion - страсть to grow apart - отдаляться друг от друга
neuroscience - неврология to deactivate - отключать
unconditional - безусловный judgment - рассудительность, мнение
to refer - относиться, касаться intention - намерение, цель
3. Give a talk on jealousy. The following words and word combinations can help you.

powerful emotion - сильное чувство; to be damaging to relationships - разрушать отношения; t

commit one's love to one person - отдавать свою любовь одному человеку; to want a deep commit­
ment in return - ждать глубокой преданности взамен; to threaten commitment - зд. угрожат:
отношениям; to provoke jealousy - вызывать ревность; to arouse negative emotions like sadnes?
anger, anxiety, fear and a feeling of insecurity - вызывать такие отрицательные эмоции как грусті
гнев, беспокойство, страх и чувство надвигающейся опасности; to involve suspicion of betrayal
distrust, uncertainty, fear of separation and low self-esteem - вызывать подозрение в предательстве
недоверие; неуверенность, страх разлуки и низкую самооценку; to be afraid of losing the perso:
one loves - бояться потерять любимого человека; to occur in romantic relationships, friendship-
family and work relationships - случаться/иметь место в романтических отношениях, дружбе
семейных и трудовых отношениях; mild jealousy - лёгкая ревность; to heighten passion
усиливать страсть; to keep a relationship alive - сохранять отношения; to encourage people t
appreciate each other - заставлять людей ценить друг друга; to become irrational - становиться
беспричинной; to be destructive - быть разрушительной; to be triggered by one's imagination an
assumptions - быть вызванным чьим-либо воображением и предположениями; to interpre-
wrongly - неправильно толковать; common sense and rationality - здравый смысл и рационально^
мышление; to matter very little - иметь маю значения; to get out of control - выходить из-но^
контроля; to lead to aggressive behaviour and violence - стать причиной агрессивного поведен;
и насилия; to cause significant damage to relationships - сильно подорвать отношения;;to оѵегсогг
jealousy - побороть ревность; to demand patience and self-control - требовать терпения
самообладания; to take a good look at those things that trigger one's jealousy - следить за тем, чт
вызывает ревность; to avoid the situations that make one feel jealous - избегать ситуаций, которь.
провоцируют ревность; to change one's behaviour - изменить своё поведение; to trust the pers< -
one loves - доверять любимому человеку

Read the sentences A-H. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the ses
tences A-H. Listen to the dialogue once again and check your answers.

Angela: Is anything wrong? You haven't said more than two words since you got here.
Mason: Yesterday I quarreled with my parents. I got so angry that. I shouted at them. But now I re -
lize that I wasn't right and I feel guilty. Sometimes I just don't know how to manage anger. When I г
angry, I often ( 1 ) ______
Angela: Anger exists everywhere and is in all of us. It's quite normal, but if you can't control it, ang-
may ( 2 ) ______ Every angry explosion makes everyone around us either defensive or angry and <:
______ That's why it is important to curb your negative emotions before you ( 4 ) _______
Mason: Are there any effective ways to manage anger?
Angela: Take slow, deep breaths and count to 10 when you feel angry to keep yourself from doir.^
something rash.
Mason: I try to distract myself when I ( 5 ) ______ Sometimes it helps, sometimes it doesn't.
Angela: Think about the reason for your anger and focus on what ( 6 ) ______ If you're aware of th-
situations that provoke your anger, try to avoid them if you can.
Mason: When I'm tired, I'm more likely to feel irritable and angry.
Angela: Anger often occurs as the result of accumulated irritation, annoyance and stress. Make su:
you ( 7 ) ______ Exercise on a regular basis to relieve tension. Help others understand why you
angry and remind yourself that getting angry isn't going ( 8 ) ______
108
 A. to solve your problems

B. notice the first signs of anger

C. lead to verbal or physical abuse

D. triggered your temper

E. get enough sleep and have a balanced, healthy diet

F. take it out on my coworkers, friends or family members

G. do or say something you may regret

H. gives them permission to vent their anger, too

Vocabulary

explosion - вспышка (ярости) to accumulate - накапливать

to curb - сдерживать, усмирять annoyance - досада, раздражение
rash - поспешный, опрометчивый to relieve tension - снимать напряжение
to distract - отвлекать to remind - напоминать
to focus (on) - обращать внимание (на) abuse - оскорбление, жестокое обращение
to be aware (of) - знать (о) to trigger - вызывать
to provoke - вызывать coworker - коллега
to avoid - избегать, остерегаться to regret - раскаиваться, сожалеть
irritable - раздражительный to vent - давать выход, изливать

Listen to the dialogue and say if the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE:

1. It is normal to feel constant anxiety.

TRUE □ FALSE □
2. The symptoms of anxiety include odd behavior, increased breathing rate and muscle tension.
TRUE FALSE □
3. Anxiety can result in complete lack of interest in activities that used to be important.
TRUE □ FALSE □
i. People with anxiety always know why or where it comes from.
TRUE C FALSE i_J
5. Some people may seek to quell their anxiety with alcohol, cigarettes or other substances.
TRUE □ FALSE □
6. Only medications and antidepressants will help reduce anxiety.
TRUE □ FALSE □
7. Fear alerts us to the impending danger and directs us to avoid, prevent or change the incipient
threat.
TRUE FALSE □
8. Experiencing persistent fear of certain situations or specific objects is considered alarm.
TRUE FALSE □
109
6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue.

Your friend and you are talking about positive and negative emotions. Remember to discuss: .

. how emotions affect people's behaviour

. what arouses positive/negative emotions
. how to deal with negative emotions

7. Give a talk on feelings and emotions. Remember to discuss:

. common human emotions

• the strongest positive/negative emotion
. what makes you feel happy/sad/worried/angry /guilty
. how you deal with negative emotions

110
 Dialogues
Healthy Lifestyle

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Mrs. Smith: I am getting worried about my health, Mr. Connor. I've put on weight recently and I
don't know what to do about it.
Mr. Connor: If you want to lose weight and to preserve health, it's better to begin with smaller por-
ions of food and to make changes to your diet. For example, replace a cup of tea and cake with a glass
of juice. Avoid fast food, and fried and fatty food because it contains a lot of cholesterol. Cholesterol
:s very dangerous. It causes the production of a fatty plaque that clogs the arteries, which can lead to
. heart attack or a stroke. In order to prevent the danger you should reduce the amount of cholesterol-
rich food such as eggs and offal.
Mrs. Smith: And how many calories a day do I need?
Mr. Connor: A person needs 2,000 calories a day, but it depends on age, weight, physical activity and
other factors.
Mrs. Smith: And what about physical exercise?
Mr. Connor: Regular physical activity is very important. You should have at least 30 minutes of mod-
rate exercise five days a week. Exercise helps improve the health of your heart and decrease your
rtody weight. For instance, running and fast walking reduce cholesterol levels and help burn calories.
Mrs. Smith: I ride my bike every day.
Mr. Connor: Good. Don't forget that if you want to be healthy, you must eliminate nicotine, caffeine
nd alcohol. Consuming alcohol and tobacco products greatly increases your risk of getting certain
ancers, diabetes and heart disease, and can damage your overall health. Unhealthy food, lack of exer-
ise, a sedentary lifestyle and a lot of other factors may become fatal both to your body and your mind.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Judy: Simon, you've been working as a fitness instructor for twelve years. Tell me why so many peo­
ple go to fitness clubs today.
Simon: Well, when looking through fashion magazines they see pictures of beautiful men and women
vith perfect figures and they want to be like them. In the pursuit of health and beauty many people
го to fitness clubs, saunas and swimming pools.
Judy: What fitness classes can a health club offer?
Simon: Every health club has a daily timetable of fitness classes such as aerobics, aqua aerobics, yoga,
-::ck boxing and many others. You can join group exercise classes or work with a personal trainer.
Judy: How often does one have to go to a fitness club?
Simon: Go regularly. Weight loss requires steady, consistent commitment to an exercise routine.
\.dults should do 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity and 1 hour and 15 minutes of
igorous activity a week. If someone is not able to do as much as that, they should do what they can.
Judy: What is the best way to lose weight at the gym?
Simon: You will lose weight if you do regular cardio workouts. These offer great, calorie burning
notential, improve heart health, and even enhance the release of endorphins. One should combine
•rength training and aerobic workouts for maximum weight loss benefits when going to the gym.
Doing both types of workouts leads to weight loss, improved cardiovascular health and muscle
growth.
Judy: What would you advise me if I can’t go to a fitness club, but want to be in good shape?
Simon: If you don't have an opportunity to go to a fitness club, you can buy a treadmill or a station-
:ГѴbike and exercise at home. If money is tight, do your morning exercises, bike to work, take a walk
• lunch time, jog, walk your dog, swim in summer, ski or skate in winter, play different sports games
;ch as tennis, football, volley-ball or basket-ball. Apart from these, you can dance and jump about
■our room to music for 10-15 minutes every day.
111
 Food

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Mark: What do you think about vegetarianism?

Emma: I think it’s certainly not for me.
Mark: Why? Being a vegetarian is rather popular nowadays. Many people say that they eat neithe-
meat nor fish because they think it's cruel to eat animals. Don't you feel sorry for pigs, chickens am
rabbits that are kept in cages and then killed?
Emma: 1do feel sorry for them. However, meat and fish are nourishing and contain vitamins that mak
us stronger. Meat is very high in protein, which my body needs in order to grow and remain strong
and healthy.
Mark: But studies have confirmed that vegetarian diets contain all the vitamins, minerals and proteir
a person needs. Vegetarians consume grains, vegetables, fruit and nuts. Л properly planned vegetariar.
diet is good for your health and helps prevent certain diseases. I've heard that vegetarian diets oft-.-
lower levels of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohydrates, fibr-
and antioxidants.
Emma: But vegetarians often suffer from weakening of bones and depression. So they are probably r.
as healthy as you think.
Mark: Maybe you're right.
Emma: What is more, it must be rather difficult to be a vegetarian because you have to make sure t;
food products you buy do not contain ingredients derived from the slaughter of animals or ingredieir -
not suitable for you. For example, animal fat may be present in a wide range of foods, including b>
cuits and cakes.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Page: What are you eating, Bill?

Bill: It's vegetable salad.
Page: I thought you never buy vegetables in the supermarket. They are full of pesticides, aren't the;.
Bill: But these vegetables are organic. It means that they have been produced without using synthi :
ic pesticides and chemical fertilizers. They don't contain chemical food additives or genetically mod
fied organisms either.
Page: But organic foods are much more expensive than conventional foods.
Bill: Organic products cost 10 to 40% more than similar conventionally produced produce
Nevertheless, the organic food market is growing rapidly because many people are concerned abou
their personal health and the environment.
Page: Personally, I think that you are wasting your money if you buy organic food believing that *
contains better nutrients. There's no proof that organic food is more nutritious or safer. You can't ever
taste the difference.
Bill: But you can’t deny that organic farming is less damaging to the environment. As I said earlier
organic foods are produced without using synthetic pesticides. Besides, organic farms use less energ;
and produce less waste.
Page: I'm sorry, but I'll have to disagree with you again. Organic pesticides are as damaging to t!.
environment as synthetic pesticides. In addition, the increased land needed to farm organic food coul
destroy the rain forests and wipe out many ecosystems in the future.
Bill: So you think there's no sense in buying organic foods?
Page: You must decide for yourself.

112
 Dialogue i (Task 4)

Harry: Every athlete dreams of international fame. They exercise hard to achieve better results. Б
sometimes professional athletes use drugs to improve their performance.
Alice: Are you speaking about doping?
Harry: Yes. As a matter of fact, doping originated long ago. For example, in Ancient Greece athletes
irank 'magic' potions and ate exotic meats to become swifter and stronger.
Alice: I can’t believe it! To my mind, using performance-enhancing drugs is cheating!
Harry: Absolutely! That's why the International Olympic Committee banned the use of stimulants in
Olympic competition. Besides being a threat to the integrity of sport, doping can have fatal side effects
on the athlete.
Alice: What side effects are you talking about?
Harry: Performance-enhancing drugs may lead to headaches and result in depression and a mental
breakdown. Some athletes may feel confused or become aggressive. Some drugs can cause the blood to
hicken in the blood vessels, which may lead to strokes, heart attacks and even death. What is more,
:he children of athletes who use drugs may have various physical handicaps.
Alice: That's awful! What is it that makes athletes take stimulants in spite of their harmful effects?
Harry: Well, some athletes risk their health and reputation for medals, prizes or money. Others are
4iven drugs by their coaches without their consent.
Alice: What will happen to athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance?
Harry: They will be disqualified and their titles will be revoked.
Alice: To my mind, athletes must be educated about the harmful effects of doping and they should be
aware of the punishment for using performance-enhancing drugs. After all, winning isn't everything.
Harry: I couldn't agree more!

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Cindy: Surfing is growing in popularity. For many people it's an exciting way to spend a day.
However, surfing isn't right for everyone. What do you think about it?
Brian: Personally, I love surfing. It gives me an opportunity to release stress and to display my
strength and agility. It makes me stronger and healthier. There's nothing like riding a surfboard on the
crest of a wave to get the adrenalin going.
Cindy: If you want to take up surfing, you need access to an ocean with waves.
Brian: Yes. But if you don’t have ocean access, you can take up windsurfing, which can be done on a
large lake or river.
Cindy: Are the equipment and sportswear expensive?
Brian: Not really. Surfing doesn't take much money. All you need is a good board and a pair of shorts.
Apart, from that, you'll have to invest a lot of time in your hobby.
Cindy: Surfing is a difficult sport to take up, isn't it?
Brian: Sure it is. Surfers should be able to control their board, to ride challenging waves, and to exe­
cute different manoeuvres. Most beginners are not able to catch the wave at all.
Cindy: I've heard that one of the main dangers of surfing is drowning. In extreme conditions even pro­
fessional surfers may drown. Collisions with sand bars, rocks, reefs or other surfboards can cause
injuries and even death. Also, sharks and jellyfish can present a danger.
Brian: Oh come on, you're more likely to be attacked by a seagull than by a shark! If sharks and jelly­
fish scare you, you'll never be able to enjoy surfing.
Cindy: But what about injuries?
Brian: Sometimes I have pains in my shoulders and back from having to paddle and then jump up from a
prone position. Apart from that, I suffered from sunburn once. Since then I've started to use suntan lotion.
Cindy: So, you think that surfing is the right water sport for you.
Brian: Yes, it's really great! If you want to have fun, just get a board and find some waves!
113
 Shopping

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Sam: Do you like shopping, Alice? 4a:

Alice: Of course I do! Cin
Sam: Then can you call yourself a shopaholic? Ma
Alice: No. But there are some shopaholics among my friends. Shopping can become a very bad habr Cm
believe me. And it's a great problem for their parents, too. nde
Sam: What makes parents understand that their son or daughter has become a shopaholic? Via
Alice: It's quite obvious. Shopaholics constantly go to the store and spend all their money on diffe­ at
rent things: clothes, cosmetics, CDs and whatnot. Such people often buy things they don't really nee<- Cir
They simply cannot control their urge to shop. >XH
Sam: But what makes them compulsive buyers? Ы
Alice: Well, some young people do it out of loneliness or to battle depression. Others shop to exc. ■ Ma
because they want to keep up with the latest fashions and trends. They think that if they look со- *1
they will be respected and admired by their peers.
Sam: And some just feel happy when they make a purchase.
Alice: That's right! As a result, shopaholics are always out of money. Besides, they often hide the
purchases from their parents because they feel guilty about spending so much.
Sam: I guess such behavior can lead to quarrels between young people and their parents and it
spoil their relationships.
Alice: Absolutely!
Sam: Do you think there are ways to solve this problem?
Alice: First of all, it's important to find out the cause of this behavior. For example, if teenagers b:
things to avoid facing their problems, parents should try to help them to solve these problems. Parer-
should also teach their children the value of money. They can teach them how to budget and save.
Sam: Parents can also encourage their sons and daughters to get a job so that they can see how ba­
it is to earn money. >
Alice: That's a good idea! Anyway, parents should pay more attention to their children. If they cat d
the problem early, it may be easy to fix. S
«
Dialogue 2 (Task 5) i
;
Brian: Why did you decide to set up an internet shop, Carol? J
Carol: Well, my friends and relatives have always told me I’m very good at knitting. My grandmot
er taught me how to knit when I was thirteen and I’ve been making clothing for my family since the:
It was just a hobby at first. But last year I began to wonder if I could make a living out of it. My hr !
band suggested that I sell my clothes online. So we decided to set up an internet shop.
Brian: I guess there was much to do. Did you know where to start?
Carol: We started looking at different sites selling handmade goods. I was surprised to learn how t..
ented and creative some people are! I was really inspired by their work. Our next step was to regis'
a domain name.
Brian: What's this?
Carol: It's the first part of a website’s address, which usually begins with 'www' and ends with '.сот
'.org', '.uk', or other letters that show which country the website is from.
Brian: I see.
Carol: As soon as I registered the domain name, I was ready to start designing my website. Of coum
my husband helped me a lot.
Brian: That's great. Is your business successful, by the way?
Carol: Well, I'm no millionaire, you know. But I’m satisfied with my income. Baby clothes and km
ted wedding dresses are especially popular with my clients.

114
 Fashion

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Max: You look great in these jeans, Cindy! They are very elegant.
Cindy: Thanks, Max. I always try to keep up with the latest fashions.
Max: Is it very important to you?
Cindy: Of course. Fashion is a big part of my life. Beautiful and stylish clothes make me feel self-con-
ident.
Max: Well, fashion is indeed an important part of our daily lives. It is becoming more and more influ-
rntial. It moulds public taste and rules the world like money and information, doesn’t it?
Cindy: It certainly does! It's well-known that we often judge a person by their looks. That's why many
young people are so concerned with fashion. Most of them are convinced that wearing designer labels
'.elps them to gain the admiration of their peers and find new friends.
Max: But sometimes clothes serve to show a person’s individuality. What they wear is often connect-
rd with the music they listen to and their views on politics and social issues. For example, punks dress
n a shocking way because they rebel against society.
Cindy: Emo fashion is associated with depression. Emo teenagers dress to express their inner feelings
:o the world. Their clothes show how emotional and cynical they are. They wear tight jeans, dyed
dack hair, tight t-shirts which often bear the names of rock bands, studded belts and black horn-
-immed glasses. Their favourite colour is black, though purple, red and pink are also popular.
Max: That’s interesting.
Cindy: Well, fashion really helps us show who we are.
Max: Sometimes it does. But on the other hand, if you always try to keep up with the latest fashions,
you'll be exactly like everyone else instead of being who you really are.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

John: Some people say that nowadays fashion is more influential than it was in the past. What do you
chink about it, Sally?
Sally: Well, I think fashion has a profound impact on society. It affects and moulds public taste. A lot
of TV-programmes, websites and channels are devoted to fashion and deal with the latest develop­
ments in this field. Personally, I always try to buy fashion magazines because I try to keep up with the
latest fashions. And what about you, John? Do you follow fashion?
John: No, I don’t. To my mind, people pay too much attention to their appearance. I don’t think that
it is very important what you look like or what you wear. What really matters is a person's inner qual­
ities.
Sally: But most of us are instinctively attracted to good-looking people. For example, a job applicant
has more chances to be hired if he or she is well dressed. Teenagers who wear trendy clothes are more
likely to become popular among their peers.
John: But fashionable clothes don’t make people kind, courageous or more intelligent. I think that
honesty, creativity, sincerity and generosity should be valued much more than an attractive appear­
ance. Don’t you agree with me?
Sally: 1 see your point and I can’t disagree with it. But when it comes to first impressions, appearance
and clothes are very important. Right or wrong, what’s on the outside sometimes matters as much as
what’s inside.

115
 Travelling

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Linda: I'm so excited we're going to Antalya in July! Su

Allan: Me too. I’m really looking forward to it. And where is it situated, by the way? D:
Linda: It's on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey. Antalya is Turkey's biggest interi
tional sea resort. я
Allan: Are we going to fly there?
Linda: Of course. S«
Allan: But I don't like travelling by air. There is always a lot of noise and bustle at the airport: crow
of people, long queues... Besides, I'm always airsick.
Linda: Then you can ask for a window seat and look through the porthole. Just try to relax: listen
music, read a newspaper or take a nap. Personally, I find travelling by plane enjoyable and rather со:
fortable. The flight won't be too long, believe me. N
Allan: I'd better take a seat next to the aisle. There I'll find it easier to forget how high up I am.
Linda: All right.
Allan: And what are we going to do when we get to Antalya? j
Linda: We’ll be swimming and sunbathing. We'll explore the historic center of the city with its hotels
bars, clubs, restaurants, and shops. We'll see ancient monuments, visit museums, churches and histo'
houses with traditional Turkish architecture. Besides, we'll enjoy Turkish food and music.
Allan: And what things will we take with us?
Linda: We're going to lie on the beach under the hot sun. I think we need some sun block, so we don :
get burnt. We also need swimwear, towels, sunglasses, hats to cover our heads from the sun and go •
shoes to prevent getting burnt from the hot sand. Of course I'll take my dresses, jeans, shorts, a со.
pie of T-shirts, a book, some cosmetics and toiletries, my camera ...
Allan: Are you sure you'll be able to find room for all these things in the suitcase?
Linda: Of course I will.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Molly: How? are you going to spend your summer holidays, Harry?
Harry: I'm going to travel around Europe. I w?ant to visit France, Spain and Germany.
Molly: That's great! Have you got enough money to make such a long journey? I j
Harry: I’m a student and I don't have much money. But I know? how? to reduce my road expenses.
Molly: Really? How??
Harry: I'm going to hitchhike.
Molly: So you are going to travel by getting free rides from drivers of passing cars, are you?
Harry: That's right. Hitchhiking is a w?ay of getting where you w?ant to go for nothing. It’s a uniqi.
opportunity to see different cities and countries.
Molly: But it may be dangerous! There have been cases of hitchhikers being attacked or killed.
Harry: That's w?hy travellers should avoid hitching alone. It's also necessary to be friendly and polit
with drivers in order to avoid conflicts.
Molly: Well, if you've made up your mind to hitchhike, you should have a good idea of how? to ge_
w'here you are going. What are you going to take with you?
Harry: Sometimes I'll have to w?alk, that's w?hy I’m going to travel light. I'll certainly take a map. I wi
also carry a sign with the name of the place I w?ant to go to.
Molly: I hope everything will be all right.
Harry: Don’t worry. I've consulted some people and asked them to share their hitch-hiking impres­
sions. They've given me useful advice.

116
 Town & Country

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Susan: What are you looking at?

David: I'm looking at pictures of New York. It's one of my favourite cities. I’d like to visit it someday
-nd to admire its bridges, skyscrapers and parks. I'd like to see the Empire State Building and the
Matue of Liberty, to visit Ellis Island, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Central Park, Times Square
id many other places of interest.
Susan: I like New York, too. It's one of the most exciting places in the world.
David: New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world. It has well-known
museums and it is also famous for its theatre productions on Broadway. New York is a prominent loca-
:on in the American entertainment industry, with films, television series, books, and other media
X'ing set there.
Susan: It’s certainly interesting to live in a big city like New York with all its superb amenities,
eluding numerous shops, restaurants, cinemas and entertainment complexes. But life in a big city
ias a lot of disadvantages as well.
David: What do you mean?
Susan: New York is the most densely populated city in the United States. Most cities with large pop-
. ations are crowded, noisy and dirty. There are a lot of cars in New York. They produce exhaust fumes
id contribute to air pollution which affects people’s health and causes diseases such as asthma. Big
ties like New York have a damaging effect on the environment because city’s residents are responsi-
v for greenhouse gas emissions and consume much electricity.
David: You are right. However, cities may have a positive influence on the environment. Cities con-
ntrate human activity into one place, making the environmental damage in other places less.
Besides, in recent years, many cities have focused on reducing their environmental impacts. For exam-
e, only the most energy-efficient equipment is used in city offices and public housing. Hybrid cars,
• hich are quieter and produce fewer emissions than conventional cars, are becoming more and more
oopular.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Jane: What are you doing, Steve?

Steve: I’m reading an interesting article about urban stress,
jane: Urban stress?
меѵе: It is the stress of living in a big city. It’s well-known that city residents have to face stressful
ruations every day. Doing things in a rush, noise, crowds, traffic jams, long commutes, pollution, the
vasion of their personal space and many other things may turn their lives into complete chaos,
jane: Also, a lot of people have to work too much nowadays, which results in fatigue, irritability and
ress. Most parents attempt to juggle full-time work with caring for their children,
меѵе: That's why it is so important to reduce our stress levels.
Jane: How can we do it?
меѵе: Well, we should work regular hours and never forget to take breaks and holidays. Leisure
tivities and relaxing hobbies such as yoga, swimming, bicycling or painting are also very important
r reducing stress.
jane: I think people should also limit the time they spend in front of a screen. For example, my moth-
- doesn't watch TV in the evening. She switches off her cell phone when she arrives home because she
ays she can't relax with her mobile on.
Steve: It's a good idea! As for me, I get irritated when I'm stuck in a traffic jam. That's why I prefer
;oing by the underground.
Jane: In addition, when you feel stressed, you can go to a green park, a small cafё or any other place
iat makes you feel good and comfortable. A big city gives you a lot of options. You only have to
loose the places that you like and enjoy them.
117
 Money

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)
Julia: Is making money with the Internet a reality or a myth?
Tim: Today the Internet gives people a lot of opportunities to make money. Some of them make a li
ing building websites for different companies, organizations or businessmen. Many people use websit
to sell different goods or services. Others earn money by sending spam, creating computer viruses, pu:
ting advertisements on a web page and things like that.
Julia: Is it easy to get rich with the Internet?
Tim: Unfortunately, it isn't. Those who believe that the Internet can help them make millions in a fc-
days may be disappointed. Even hard work does not always result in success.
Julia: Why?
Tim: There's usually a lot of competition on the Internet when thousands of other people are tryir.
to sell similar goods or services.
Julia: So, today the Internet business is hard to break into.
Tim: Exactly.
Julia: Suppose I've made up my mind to start my online business. What should I start with?
Tim: If you want to set up an internet shop, you'll have to register a domain name and design a we
site. You will probably have to invest some money in your online business. Besides, you’ll need all you*
persistence and diligence. If you want to succeed, you'll have to stand out from the crowd.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)
Tom: What are you doing, Kate?
Kate: I’m writing an essay on the single currency. Can you help me? You're so good at economics!
Tom: Don't flatter me! OK, ask your questions.
Kate: When was the euro introduced?
Tom: In 2002 the euro was introduced in all but three of the countries that belonged to the Europea:
Union at that time.
Kate: So the euro replaced the old national currencies such as the Deutschmark and the French fran
Am I right?
Tom: That’s right! The UK decided not to use the euro, but it may start using it in the future. By th-
way, the euro is the second largest reserve currency after the United States dollar.
Kate: What is reserve currency?
Tom: It's a currency that is held in significant quantities by many governments and institutions. I
also tends to be the international pricing currency for many products traded on the global market
Economists say that the euro may replace the US dollar as the first reserve currency.
Kate: What are the benefits of adopting a single currency?
Tom: The introduction of the euro was a major step in European integration. The euro makes trave.
ling easier within the EU. What is more, a single currency has economic and political benefits. It cor
tributes to low inflation, encourages sound public finances and makes the single market more efficiem
Using a common currency increases price transparency, eliminates currency exchange costs, facilitate^
international trade and gives the EU a more powerful voice in the world. Last but not least, the eur
gives EU citizens a tangible symbol of their European identity.

(Sources: ec.europa.eu; en.wikipedia.org)

118
 Environmental Problems

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Ann: Do you believe it is possible to help our planet and make our lives better?
Steve: Sure. We should try to care about our planet. Some people think that an individual cannot
::ing about major changes. But to my mind, everyone can do a lot of things to protect the environ­
ment, to save energy and to reduce pollution.
Ann: I guess you are right. So, what can we do to save energy?
Steve: For example, vou can turn out the lights when you leave a room. Or you can turn off your
TV-set or computer when you don't need them anymore.
Ann: I quite agree with you. And my Dad told me it's very important to recycle waste materials.
Steve: He's right. Recycling is important to help protect our environment. We must dispose of waste
wisely. For instance, we can put different waste materials like paper, glass, tins and plastic bottles into
different bins.
Ann: We should also use fewer disposable goods. For example, we can use linen napkins instead of
:aper ones because they can be washed and reused.
Steve: That's a good idea!
Ann: And how can we help reduce pollution?
Steve: We can collect litter and use less washing up liquids to keep the water clean. And what do you think?
Ann: I think carpooling is a good way to reduce air pollution.
Steve: What is it?
Ann: Carpooling is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car. It is a
more environmentally friendly way to travel as it helps reduce carbon emissions.
Steve: Our parents could take turns driving each other to work.
Ann: I think they could.
Steve: Besides, wrhen you drive a car you should follow the speed limit. Driving at 65 mph instead of
75 mph will help you save fuel and reduce air pollution.
.Ann: And you can sometimes use your bike or walk! You will save fuel and get some free exercise!

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Mark: The Earth is the only planet that people can live on, but nowadays they seem to be doing every­
thing to make their home unfit for living.
Linda: You are right. People dream of longevity, they want to be healthy, to breathe clean air, to eat healthy
food and to drink clean water. But I think it is impossible if we continue polluting the environment.
Mark: I quite agree with you. Air, water and land pollution have disastrous consequences which
threaten human life on Earth. The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamina­
tion. Radioactivity is known to pose a critical threat to human health. For example, in 1986 an explo­
sion destroyed large parts of a nuclear power station in Chernobyl. At least 30 people were killed at
the time. But the most dangerous thing is radioactive dust, which spread over other territories after
the accident, and caused more deaths from cancer and birth defects.
Linda: Another problem is the extinction of wildlife which is a result of the merciless killing of ani­
mals, overfishing and collecting herbs and rare flowers. There are more than 1,000 endangered animal
species worldwide. The Siberian tiger, the snow leopard, the southern sea otter, the green pitcher
plant, and thousands of other plants and animals are endangered worldwide. Some species no longer
exist, including the dodo and the passenger pigeon.
Mark: What can people do to control pollution and protect wildlife?
Linda: There are a lot of disaster-prevention programmes which help control environmental pollution,
fight the destruction of wildlife and preserve woodlands. Greenpeace is a very well-known organiza­
tion which aims to protect the animal world and to stop environmental degradation. It influences pub­
lic opinion and helps form people's correct attitude to Nature.
Mark: The mass media fight against pollution, too. There are a lot of newspaper articles, TV-pro-
grammes and popular science films about ecological problems which help us become environment-
educated.
119
 Global Problems

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

George: To my mind, smoking has become a global problem.

Rachel: Why do you think so?
George: It is practiced by more than 1 billion people including women and children.
Rachel: Everybody says that smoking is detrimental to one’s health. But quite a lot of people are still
ignorant of the harmful effects that nicotine produces.
George: Smokers should remember that nicotine is a drug that causes addiction like heroin or cocaine.
Besides, there are over 400 chemicals in one cigarette that are known to be harmful. Smoking is among
the leading causes of many serious diseases including lung cancer, heart attacks, asthma and many oth­
ers. What is more, smoking reduces memory and may lead to birth defects.
Rachel: T've heard that regular smokers are estimated to live up to 10 years less than non-smokers.
George: That's right. Tobacco-related diseases shorten life and cause premature death.
Rachel: Then I don’t understand what makes people light up a cigarette in spite of all warnings.
George: Well, some smokers say that they like the taste or smell of cigarettes. Others say smoking
helps them to steady their nerves or to feel relaxed in the company of other smokers.
Rachel: They say it's extremely difficult to give up smoking. Without their cigarettes, smokers fee!
irritated, nervous and depressed.
George: It's not easy, but smokers do harm both to their health and to the health of those people
around them. Passive smoking is dangerous to people who have to inhale smoke. To my mind, there
are good reasons to ban smoking in public places.
Rachel: I totally agree. But unfortunately, smoking is not the only problem which threatens people's
health and well-being. For instance, alcohol misuse causes physical, social and moral harm to the
drinker. Large amounts of alcohol impair normal brain development. Besides, overdosing causes alco­
holic poisoning, which can prove fatal.
George: Also, people must never forget about the danger of the AIDS virus. It’s a very serious disease
that stops your body from defending itself against infections, and usually causes death.
Rachel: I’ve read an article about AIDS victims. It says that 9 out of 10 people are unaware that they
are infected, so they continue transmitting the disease.
George: That's terrible. But what is worse, there's still no cure for AIDS.
Rachel: That is why people should be careful about what they do. Our health and happiness depend
on our knowledge and the choices we make.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Bill: People face a great number of problems nowadays. Environmentalists are worried about air,
water and land pollution, acid rain, global warming and the greenhouse effect. There are quite a lot of
programmes, TV-shows and articles on this subject. But people should be concerned about such prob­
lems as noise and light pollution, too.
Jessica: I've never heard about these types of pollution. Will you tell me a few words about them?
Bill: The term pollution refers primarily to the fouling of air, water, and land by wastes. But in recent
years it has come to signify a wider range of disruptions to environmental quality. Noise pollution is
excessive and unpleasant noise which is common in highly industrialized cities and in densely popu­
lated areas. The source of noise pollution is construction and transportation systems, including motor
vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise.
Jessica: What effects does noise pollution have on our health?
Bill: Noise pollution affects both health and behaviour. It causes hypertension, stress, aggression,
hearing loss, sleep disturbance and other harmful effects.
Jessica: So, what can be done to mitigate noise in big cities?
Bill: Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers and sound tubes, limitation of vehicle
speeds and use of traffic controls. Aircraft noise can be mitigated by using quieter jet engines.
120
Industrial noise can be reduced by redesigning industrial equipment.
Jessica: And what can you say about light pollution?
Bill: Have you ever seen stars in a city?
Jessica: I guess I haven't. They are obscured by light.
Bill: That's right! Light pollution is excess light. The sources of light pollution include building light­
ing, advertising, streetlights, illuminated stadiums and many others.
Jessica: Light pollution has effects detrimental to people's health, doesn't it?
Bill: Of course. Light pollution causes headache, stress and fatigue. Also, it is harmful to animals. For
example, a lot of migrating birds are killed because they are attracted by lights on tall structures.
Jessica: I think there are some ways to reduce light pollution, for instance, to improve lighting fix­
tures or to re-design existing lighting plans.
Bill: You are right. In addition, turning lights off when not needed will help reduce light pollution.

Youth Problems

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Mary: Why do teenagers attach so much importance to relationships with their peers?
George: It's very important to teenagers to fit in with their peers, to look like them and to do what
others are doing. They want to be accepted by their peers and try to blend in by acting or dressing
accordingly. Young people feel lonely and rejected if they are expelled from the group. Some teenagers
suffer from bullying, which is an emotionally devastating experience that can affect their health, aca­
demic performance and self-esteem. What is more, bullying may result in anxiety, depression, stress
and even suicide.
Mary: What do young people usually do to make sure that they fit in?
George: They may change their appearance and behaviour based on the expectations of their peers.
Young people may begin to drink, smoke or take drugs at the urging of their friends. They may also
become aggressive and join a gang to improve their status and to raise their self-esteem.
Mary: What can parents do to protect their kids from bad influences?
George: I think teenagers that are close to their parents and spend much time with them are less likely
to join gangs, to exhibit risky behavior or to be involved in violent activities. Parents should know their
child's friends and how they behave. When parents don't know where their kids are or whom they social­
ize with, their children are more likely to play truant from school and to have delinquent friends.
Mary: I think parents should also help teenagers strengthen their personal identity and understand
the importance of family standards and personal values. They should teach young people to consider
the consequences of going along with the crowd.
George: That’s right. All teenagers face tough decisions at one time or another. That’s why they
should learn to stand their ground and to make smart choices.
Mary: In addition, teenagers that are involved in sports and extracurricular activities do not get time
to commit offences, to engage in bullying or to experiment with drugs.
George: I couldn't agree more!

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Linda: What other problems do teenagers encounter?

Peter: The teenage years are a time of significant physical changes. As teenagers grow, they experi­
ence issues with body image. Both boys and girls may become critical of their looks and feel insecure.
For example, many teenagers have acne, a medical problem which causes a lot of red spots on their
faces and necks.
Linda: My elder brother had acne when he was a teenager. He says it was one of the most frustrating
things that happened to him. It gave him the feeling of having an ugly face and he began to lose some
of his self-confidence. Fortunately, in time he got rid of acne.
121
Peter: But acne is not the only problem. Fast food and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to obesity.
Obese teenagers are more likely to suffer from bullying and to do poorly in school.
Linda: Besides, obesity can lead to heart disorders, diabetes and other health problems.
Peter: That's right. Another problem is that every day the media dictate to teenagers how they should
look. Commercials, magazines and web sites use physically attractive actors and young people with
perfect bodies and faces. As a result, teenagers feel that they are unattractive. They want to attain a
level of physical perfection and start to exercise intensely and to eat very little. This can sometimes
develop into eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Eating disorders can cause health prob­
lems and lead to death.
Linda: That's terrible. But is it possible to prevent teenagers from doing themselves damage?
Peter: If a young person thinks that he or she might be developing an eating disorder, they should talk
to their parents or any trusted adult about it. In their turn, parents should watch out for warning signs
like mood swings, extreme weight gain or loss, sleep problems or drastic changes in personality. If they
catch the problem early, it may be easy to fix.

Education

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Emma: Some people think that computers may replace teachers in the future. What do you think
about it?
Daniel: I think it will never happen.
Emma: Why?
Daniel: The role of teachers is not just to transmit knowledge to students and to correct their mis­
takes. It's much more than that.
Emma: What are the teacher's responsibilities?
Daniel: First of all, teachers serve as a positive role model for their students. Students often copy their
favourite teacher's behavior and attitudes. Secondly, teachers help young people become critical
thinkers and researchers. They teach them to set goals, to analyze information, to gather data, to find
a solution to a problem and to draw conclusions. Young people learn to think for themselves and to
discover knowledge through reasoning. What is more, teachers are responsible for their students'
social development. They teach young people to communicate with each other, to respect their class­
mates, to resolve conflicts and to be part of a team.
Emma: In addition, thanks to teachers schoolchildren learn to control their behaviour and to obey
rules. They become self-disciplined and responsible for their actions.
Daniel: That's right! A good teacher has to be able to motivate students and to inspire them to acquire
knowledge and skills. The best teachers make their students genuinely interested in the material they teach.
Emma: So the teacher serves as an educator, a mentor and a guide.
Daniel: Also, sometimes the teacher plays the role of social worker. Some children and teenagers have
family problems and need support that will allow them to develop emotionally.
Emma: I agree. So technology can hardly ever replace the teacher in the classroom.
Daniel: Exactly! No computer will encourage you to learn or try to find an individual approach to
your needs.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Emily: What do American students usually do after they graduate from high school?
William: They usually go to college or they may take a break from education. A year off between high
school and college is called a 'gap year'.
Emily: Why do young people choose to take a year off?

122
William: Some of them are so burned out that they can’t imagine going straight to college. Others
want to work in order to earn tuition money. Many students take a break to have some real-world
experiences and to explore wider horizons before beginning their college studies.
Emily: What do young people do during this year?
William: There are many different opportunities, including travelling, volunteering or getting a year of
job experience. Today a gap year can be anywhere, for any length of time, doing anything you want. You
can help poor people in South Africa, save rain forests, make a long trek through the jungles and so on.
Emily: Do colleges agree that a gap year is positive for students?
William: Colleges usually want to know exactly how the time off was spent. Those who take the gap
ear to lie around doing nothing will hardly impress the application committee. But colleges have
regard for students who spend time doing something really meaningful like learning a foreign language
■r gaining volunteer experience. Gap year activities help students clarify their career goals, acquire
new skills, gain valuable life experience and discover adulthood.
Emily: Are there any disadvantages of taking a year off?
William: Those who take time off may miss the college routine and their friends. They graduate at
east one year later than their peers. Also, there is a possibility that young people will decide against
.idvancing their education at all after a break. Besides, a gap year may involve significant expense.
Emily: Still, I think a gap year is a positive rather than a negative.
William: I agree. Anyway, choosing to take time off is a big decision to make. Young people should
take time to plan their gap year.

S cien ce & Technology

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Lily: Society has come to a point where the idea of living without cell phones seems ludicrous.
Peter: I agree. Thanks to mobile phones, we can stay in constant touch with friends, send and receive
short messages, set up meetings or talk overseas. Through text and picture messaging, newr internet
technologies, email and long-distance services, you can talk, send pictures and videos and read emails
in an instant. Mobile phones help friends and family members to stay in touch and allow you to be con-
tactable wherever you are.
Lily: Many people carry cell phones in case an emergency situation arises, from a flat tire to a natural
disaster. Some mobile phone companies now include panic buttons and GPS tracking devices in
phones. Also, mobile phone users can instantly inform law enforcement if they see an emergency or a
crime being committed.
Peter: Mobile phones allow business men and women to conduct business on the road, in the air, and
anywhere else, at. any time of day. Applications on phones, such as calendars, note keepers, voice
recorders, and alarms, all help people stay organized and on time. If you are late or stuck in a traffic
jam, you can use your mobile phone to call the boss or to postpone a meeting.
Lily: The convenience of mobile phones cannot be denied. However, they have negative health effects.
For example, some people believe that the microwave radiation the phones emit can cause such prob­
lems as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, because of frequent use, mobile phones can carry
harmful bacteria, causing the transmission of contagious infections.
Peter: Studies have shown that teenagers with excessive cell phone habits exhibit chronic restless­
ness, a reliance on stimulating drinks, difficulty falling asleep at night and an inclination toward
fatigue and stress. Some teenagers become addicted to using the phone.
Lily: Besides the ill effects on human health, cell phones do harm to the environment because they con­
tain toxins. Unwanted cell phones end up in landfills and cause contamination of water and food sources.

(Source: ehow.com)

123
Grace: What are you doing, John? C
John: I'm writing an essay on cloning. J
Grace: Really? Cloning is a fairly topical issue these days. C
John: The question of cloning is highly controversial. On the one hand, it opens up many opportuni­
ties. On the other hand, cloning arouses worldwide concern because of its ethical implications. J
Grace: The first animal that has been successfully cloned was a sheep, wasn't it? (
John: That’s right. The creation of Dolly was a major breakthrough of 1997. Since Dolly, researchers l
have cloned many other animals including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats and rabbits. Scientists say
that cloning could be used to repopulate endangered animal species such as the giant panda or cheetah. J
Grace: It sounds really exciting! <
John: However, most environmentalists oppose the cloning of endangered species.
Grace: Why?
John: They think it is better to preserve natural habitat and wild animal populations. It's a fact that
animal cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail. In addition
cloned animals tend to have poor health and die early. For instance, Dolly died when she was 6.
Although, most sheep live to be 11 or 12 years of age.
Grace: I see. But what about human cloning? Does it have a future?
John: Due to many unsuccessful attempts at cloning animals, many scientists strongly believe that
would be unethical to try to clone humans. Besides, scientists do not know' how cloning could impar
mental development. That's why human cloning is considered potentially dangerous and ethicall
irresponsible.

The Internet

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Rachel: What are you doing, Tim?

Tim: I'm chatting to my friend online.
Rachel: Really? Do you often chat over the Internet?
Tim: Yes, I do. It helps me stay in touch with my relatives and friends wrho live far aw'ay. To chat over
the Internet is less expensive than to make a long distance call. Besides, I can complete other task-
while chatting w'ith my friends. For example, I can read a magazine and reply to messages.
Rachel: But it means that you aren't giving the other person your full attention. I think it's much bet
ter to talk to your friend face to face because it gives you an opportunity to see his face and to hear In­
voice.
Tim: But you can chat to lots of people at the same time.
Rachel: Still, online chatting can’t substitute for face-to-face communication. Those w'ho spend a lot
of time chatting online spend less time outdoors or in social settings. As a result, they may lose ther
social skills and become uncommunicative and reserved. In addition, you can’t see the person you r-
talking to, so people can lie about wrho they are. You can never be sure that you communicate with th-
individual whose personal information and photos you see. For example, a young’ boy may turn on­
to be a 50-year-old man. It's very dangerous to give detailed personal information to complet
strangers. Your online friend may be a fraud or a criminal. Have you ever heard of cyberbullying?
Tim: The word rings a bell, but I can't remember exactly what it means.
Rachel: It means using the Internet to intimidate, harass and humiliate someone else. People wh
send threatening messages often remain anonymous. Those who suffer from cyberbullying may fee-
depressed or even commit suicide.
Tim: Are there ways to solve this problem?
Rachel: I think if you are humiliated by somebody online, you should tell somebody you trust about
it. When you are being hurt, silence is not acceptable. It's necessary to promote and discuss e-safet
and netiquette. Besides, we should evaluate the sites and social networks we use.
124
 Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Oliver: Have you heard of Internet-addiction?

Jessica: Yes, but I don't fully understand what it means.
Oliver: To put it simply, internet addiction is excessive computer use. Some people uncontrollably use
•.he computer to cheer up or to forget about their problems.
Jessica: Where is the dividing line between normal use and addiction?
Oliver: A person who spends most of his time alone, locked in a room, with only his computer for com-
pany may be an Internet addict. The symptoms of Internet addiction include a general disregard for
health and appearance, sleep deprivation, decreased physical activity and social interaction with others.
Jessica: So Internet addiction can lead to poor health and social problems.
Oliver: That's right. Internet addicts suffer from bad eyesight, which is caused by spending too much
'ime squinting at the screen, and back pain, which is the result of poor posture. Such people do not get
'.ime to exercise or prepare healthy meals. That’s why they run the risk of becoming overweight or
ibese. Most Internet addicts can't communicate in the real world because they feel nervous or irrita­
ble when away from the computer. They prefer communicating with strangers online to spending time
with their family and friends.
Jessica: Those who spend most of their time in the virtual world may finally forget about the real one.
Oliver: Some Internet addicts risk failing classes or losing their jobs because they spend so much time
online and are often late or absent.
Jessica: Is it possible to help Internet addicts to deal with their problems?
Oliver: Parents must limit the amount of time that children may spend accessing the Internet or play­
ing games or other computer activities. In some cases Internet addicts need counselling or psy­
chotherapy.

Family

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Peter: Our teacher told us to write a synopsis of a film which deals with family problems, but nothing
comes to my mind.
Kate: I think I could help you. Have you seen 'Stepmom'?
Peter: Unfortunately, I haven’t.
Kate: Well, what about 'Freaky Friday'?
Peter: Yes! It's one of my favoutite comedies! It always makes me laugh.
Kate: It's very funny indeed. 'Freaky Friday' deals with topical issues as well, including the problem
of the generation gap.
Peter: You're right! Tess Coleman and her teenage daughter Anna simply cannot understand each
other. They have absolutely different views on fashion, music, duties and even people.
Kate: Anna is an average teenage rebel who considers her mother Tess stodgy and rather annoying.
Anna is irritated by Tess’s upcoming wedding to her boyfriend Rvan because she feels that she is not
emotionally ready for it due to her father's death three years ago. And as for Tess, she doesn't like
Anna's behaviour and hates the rock band Anna is in.
Peter: That's why Anna and Tess start fighting when Anna says she wants to participate in a band
audition on the same night as Tess’s wedding rehearsal.
Kate: When Anna and Tess magically switch bodies, the two are forced into each other's roles. As they
adjust to their new personalities, they learn what it's like to walk in each other's shoes and begin to see
a lot of things in a new light. For example, Tess realizes how much fun Anna has playing in her band. As
for Anna, she begins to understand that adult life, particularly when it involves being a wife and moth­
er, is not as easy as she imagined. She finally accepts Ryan by realizing how happy he makes Tess.
Peter: When Tess and Anna gain respect for the other's point of view, they switch back into their own
bodies
Kate: It is 'selfless love' that changes them back at the end.
125
 Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Tom: What do you know about family types?

Jessica: Well, a family that consists only of a husband, wife and their children is called a nuclear fam­
ily. In such families parents continue to care for their children until they are grown.
Tom: And what do we call a family that consists not only of parents and children but also of grand­
parents, aunts and other family members?
Jessica: It's an extended family. And if one parent leaves the family by death, divorce, or desertion,
such family is called one-parent or single-parent.
Tom: Also, there are blended families in which one or both parents have children from previous mar­
riages living with the family.
Jessica: By the way, what’s the difference between adopting and fostering a child?
Tom: To adopt means to take someone else’s child into your home and legally become their parent.
When you foster a child, you take them into your family for a period of time but without becoming
their legal parent. Foster care is a short term solution until a permanent placement can be made.
Jessica: I see. Have you heard about grandfamily, by the way?
Tom: No, what’s this?
Jessica: It’s a recently coined term in the United States. It refers to a family where grandparents,
great-grandparents, other relatives, or close family friends are raising a child because the biological
parents are unwilling or unable to do so.
Tom: That’s interesting.

The M ass Media

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Mia: Today many parents and teachers express concern that television has become too violent. They
wonder if the increased depictions of violence on TV and violent video games lead to a rise in juvenile
delinquency.
Jack: Unfortunately, there is a link between violence in the media and in real life. In most families par­
ents have to work full-time jobs in order to support their children and other family members. Children
are left at home without their parents' supervision and watch whatever they choose.
Mia: Children and teenagers get a heavy dose of media violence. They watch crime news, violent
shows and cartoons and films about assault, murder, rape and other acts of violence. In many films
characters are humiliated, threatened and harassed by bullies and criminals.
Jack: Kids tend to follow whatever they sec blindly. They think the world around them is similar to
what is portrayed on TV.
Mia: How does television violence affect children?
Jack: Television violence affects kids in different ways. Some of them may develop immunity towards
cruelty and become less sensitive to violence. Others may acquire aggressive behaviour and become
rebellious. Some children begin to fear that they may become the victim of a violent crime one day.
Mia: I wonder if it's possible to solve this problem.
Jack: Parents must pay attention to the programmes their kids watch and limit the amount of time
their children spend in front of the screen. They must also prohibit violent video games. 1 think par­
ents should talk to their children about what they see on TV and explain to them that violence is not
normal and that it's possible to resolve any conflict by peaceful means. In addition, children should
not have televisions in their rooms.
Mia: Sounds like a good idea to me. If parents are not able to supervise their kids directly, they can
set a block on inappropriate channels.

126
 Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Alex: What are you doing?

Kate: I'm reading an article about advertising.
Alex: Why? Are you interested in this topic?
Kate: Yes, I am. My elder brother works at a large advertising agency and he often tells me interest­
ing things about this business.
Alex: Personally, I think that ads and commercials make people buy things that they don’t need. Some
commercials are really harmful. For example, they can encourage kids to consume unhealthy foods
such as hamburgers and chips.
Kate: I see your point, but advertising has a lot of advantages. Ads and commercials provide us with
useful information about different goods and services and make shopping simpler. They announce
upcoming sales and help us save our money. Advertising helps fuel the economy. It encourages poten­
tial customers to buy or to consume some particular brand of product or sendee and supports produc­
ers.
Alex: I agree, but we're inundated with ads and commercials. They are everywhere: in newspapers and
magazines, on the sides of buses, walls of buildings, shopping carts, billboards, subway platforms and
•rains. Some channels are entirely devoted to advertising.
Kate: You’re right. With the development of the Internet a lot of new advertising opportunities
appeared. Many Internet users receive email messages that they have not asked for and do not want
:o read, which are called spam.
Alex: Today advertising is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main
character can use an item of a definite brand. It's called covert advertising, if I'm not mistaken.
Kate: That's right. There's also advertising with hidden messages and pictures in it, which is called
subliminal advertising. It is shown for too short a time for one to be conscious of it.
Alex: I'm impressed! You seem to know a lot about advertising!

The Arts

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

James: What are you doing tonight?

Evie: I’m going to the theatre to see 'Romeo and Juliet'. By the way, I've got an extra ticket. Would
you like to join me?
James: Thanks, but I prefer watching a movie to seeing a play. I don't really understand why people
choose to go to the theatre when they could go to the cinema. In a movie theatre you can see the film
on a huge screen with plenty of detail. It also offers a surround-sound system that enhances the over­
all experience, making you feel as if you’re actually part of the story. Besides, the tickets are less
expensive and you can enjoy popcorn, chips and soft drinks while watching a movie.
Evie: 1see your point, but the theatre and the cinema are two different art mediums. The theatre has
existed since 2000 BC. The history of film began in the late 1880s with the invention of the first movie
camera. The cinema has seen rapid growth since its origins, whereas theatre has stayed relatively close
to its original performance-style medium. A theatre performance is shown live to the audience, while
a movie is recorded and edited before it is shown to the audience. While watching a movie, you stare
at flat dead shades on the screen. In the theatre you communicate with living breathing people and see
the character's story happen right in front of you. That's why I think theatre holds a deeper connec­
tion between the audience and actors.
James: But movie theaters always have the newest films. Larger cinemas, with 12 or more screens, can
show a dozen movies at once, giving you plenty of options.

127
Evie: However, all movie theaters have the same choice of films. Besides, they generally stick to
Hollywood blockbusters and don't show independent or small-studio films.
James: Still, many people believe that the days of the theatre are over because it can't compete with
films and TV.
Evie: I think it's nonsense. People will always love the theatre. And the fact that the houses are always
full, and that often one can't get a ticket for love nor money proves it.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Alex: Some people think that, graffiti is an art form. Others think that it is vandalism. What is your
opinion?
Jessica: I don't, like graffiti. I think most pictures are unsightly and have little or no aesthetic appeal.
Alex: I agree that not all instances of graffiti art are good examples of the art form. But some paint­
ings are really beautifully done. Graffiti varies from simple written words, slogans and political state­
ments to elaborate wall paintings. For example, murals are colorful and complex. The completion of a
mural takes a considerable amount of skill and involves a great deal of imagination, planning, and
effort.
Jessica: But graffiti often appears on private or public property without permission and then public
funds are used to remove it.
Alex: However, many people believe that graffiti art often beautifies the community by appearing on
areas that normally would be eyesores, such as a wall in a vacant lot or an abandoned building.
Jessica: Maybe they're right. But graffiti is always forced upon the public.
Alex: Don’t forget that advertisements and commercials are also forced on us.
Jessica: Nevertheless, graffiti is still illegal in many places and punishable by fines.
Alex: Some cities provide a means for artists to do legal graffiti art. It has helped to foster the art form
and lessened the amount of graffiti art that appears in the city as vandalism. Some organizations of
graffiti artists solicit places to do legal graffiti such as abandoned buildings, businesses, or communi­
ty walls in parks.
Jessica: Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority.
Alex: Some artists rebel against a repressive political and economic order. Others view their creations
on public and private spaces as a statement against Western ideas of capitalism and private property
Some artists want to show that art is not only what appears in the gallery or museum. But most artists
use graffiti because they want other people to recognize their artistic talent. Graffiti is a form of sel:
expression. It gives artists an opportunity to communicate their feelings and ideas to the audience. In
addition, graffiti is a creative method of communicating with other artists and the general public. This
type of communication links people regardless of cultural, linguistic, or racial differences. The major­
ity of graffiti artists enjoy what they do and find it to be rewarding, and exciting.
Jessica: So you think graffiti has a great future.
Alex: It sure has! The art world has already recognized graffiti as art. One can see graffiti in galleries,
museums, on many websites, in fashionable magazines and even on clothes and toys. Some graffiti
artists get thousands of dollars for their paintings. Graffiti is an innovative and truly original art form
that brings an aesthetic pleasure to the audience like any other recognized art form.

(Source: graffiti.org)
 The Cinema

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)
Lily: What is your favourite film, Peter?
Peter: My favourite film is ’Avatar’. It's an epic science fiction film written and directed by James
Cameron. Have you seen it?
Lily: Of course I have. I like this film, too. James Cameron has created a spectacular world with beau-
:iful glowing rain forests, fantastic plants and creatures, majestic floating mountains and native peo­
ple with a rich culture and language.
Peter: I was impressed when I saw the ecosystem of Pandora and the Na’vi, tall, blue-skinned
aumanoids who live on this planet.
Lily: When we watch ’Avatar’, we can't help but compare humans with the Na’vi. We are in the mid-22nd
:entury and humans have depleted the Earth's natural resources. Now they are mining a precious mine­
ral on Pandora. They are going to destroy a sacred Na'vi site, which could damage the biological neural
network native to Pandora. The Na'vi, by contrast, are wise and live in harmony with nature. So 'Avatar'
makes viewers think about environmental problems and, besides, the film has an anti-war message.
Peter: 'Avatar' is a technical breakthrough. The film employs a new generation of special effects. As a
result, it's very impressive on a technical level. The main draw of the film was its use of 3D.
Lily: More than a thousand people worked on the production. All of the actors underwent professional
•.raining specific to their characters such as archery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand
combat. They received language and dialect training in the Na’vi language created for the film. Before
shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian tropical rain forests to get a feel for a
rainforest setting before shooting on the soundstage.
Peter: The film was extremely popular with cinemagoers and received mostly positive reviews.
(Source: en.wikipedia.org)

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)
Max: What are you doing, Julie?
Julie: I'm doing my English homework and I think I need your help.
Max: No problem.
Julie: I'm reading an article on cinematography and I don't know the meaning of some words. For
example, could you give me a definition of the word 'movie theatre'?
Max: A movie theater or a picture house is a venue, usually a building, for viewing film.
Julie: And what is a 'multiplex'?
Max: A multiplex is a movie theater complex with multiple screens, typically six, ten, or more screens.
Julie: What's the difference between a producer and a director?
Max: A film director is a person who directs the actors and film crew in filmmaking. They control a film's
artistic and dramatic aspects, while guiding the technical crew and actors. A film producer oversees and
delivers a film project to the film studio, while preserving the integrity, voice and vision of the film. They
often take on some financial risk by using their own money, especially during the pre-production period,
before a film is fully financed. The producer is often actively involved throughout all major phases of the
filmmaking process, from inception and development to completion and delivery of a film project.
Julie: A scriptwriter's job is to operate a camera for films, isn't it?
Max: No. That's a cameraman's job. A scriptwriter is someone who writes the stories and words for films.
Julie: What does the word 'soundtrack' mean? Is it a short film advertising another film?
Max: No, you're wrong again. An advertisement for a new film is called a trailer. A soundtrack is the
recorded music from a film.
Julie: One more question. What is the meaning of the word cast'?
Max: It means all the people who perform in a film. A famous actor or actress who acts in films is called
a movie star, by the way.
Julie: Thanks a lot. You've been really helpful.
(Source: en.wikipedia.org, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
129
 Books
Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Kate: Have you read 'The Lost Symbol' by Dan Brown, Mike?
Mike: No, as a matter of fact, I'm not fond of reading.
Kate: But why?
Mike: I'm used to finding all kinds of information on the Internet. I can access news, documents,
images, weather and sports reports and more. It’s really more efficient and time-saving.
Kate: Aren't you tired of spending so much time in front of the screen? Personally, I find reading
much more pleasant. I love reading when I'm travelling, when I'm having meals or when I’m bored. A
lot of people are fond of reading because books are our best teachers. They educate and entertain us.
Mike: But when I come home after school. I'm too tired and I don't feel like reading. I think watch­
ing a film is much more interesting than reading a book. Besides, it doesn't take much time.
Kate: I can't agree with you. Reading books helps me relax and forget about my problems. Readint
often relieves stress and makes me feel happier. To my mind, watching a film is easier than reading a
book because you don't have to use your imagination. I think that no screen version can be better tha;
a book itself. Any movie director adds a little bit of himself to the film and sometimes changes the
story completely. So even if the movie is well done, it differs from the book.
Mike: Nevertheless, teenagers don’t read much nowadays. They prefer listening to music or playin-
computer games. Computer games give them more opportunities for entertainment. They can explor-
complicated mazes, combat frightful creatures, overcome obstacles, operate various vehicles and so or,
That’s w'hy they are not interested in reading any more.
Kate: Still, I'm sure the situation is not hopeless. For example, Harry Potter books made children ai
over the world forget about their computers and TV-sets and dip into the exciting adventures of tlu
main characters. My little sister read 'Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince’ four times! Can yo
imagine that?
Mike: Will you give me the book which you mentioned? I’d like to read it.
Kate: Of course I will!

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Susan: David, have you read 'The Alchemist' by Paulo Coelho?

David: Actually, I haven't. But it's my sister's favourite book. What is it about?
Susan: It's a wonderful allegorical novel. As a matter of fact, the story is short and simple. It follow ?
a young shepherd in his journey to Egypt, after having a dream of finding treasure there. Along th-.
way, he encounters love and danger and learns a lot about himself and the ways of the world.
David: What is the main idea of the book?
Susan: The book’s main theme is about finding one's destiny. 'When you want something, all the uni­
verse conspires in helping you to achieve it.' This is the core philosophy and motto of the book.
David: Is the book a popular one?
Susan: It's an international best-seller. The novel is universally admired. It has received much praise and
won prestigious awards. It has been called a 'charming story' and 'a metaphor of life'. 'The Alchemist' has
already established itself as a modern classic. I was surprised to learn that Coelho wrote 'The Alchemist
in only two weeks in 1987. He said it was because the story was 'already written in his soul’.
David: You seem to know much about this book and its author.
Susan: I've read the author's biography and reviews of the book.
David: So you think the novel is worth reading.
Susan: It certainly is! The story is very inspirational and it reminds us that it is important to pursue
our dreams. I think everybody must read this book. It speaks of things that touch us all.
David: You have persuaded me to read it. I'll have a look!

130
 Music

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Ron: Do you like listening to music, Cindy?

Cindy: I'm fond of listening to music. It plays a very important part in my life. I like listening to music,
dancing to it, visiting concert halls, singing and playing musical instruments. Music gives me aesthet­
ic pleasure and a better understanding of many things.
Ron: I like listening to music, too. I’m fond of electronically-produced music because it fills me with
happiness and excitement. I've found a great source of energy and inspiration in it. I often use online
communities like YouTube and Facebook because they help me connect with other musicians, down­
load and listen to MP3s and create my own.
Cindy: That’s great! I like listening to music online, too.
Ron: I think music has a significant impact on our lives. Many people say that music is a universal lan­
guage.
Cindy: I can't disagree with them. A composer speaks to us without using any words. Music is under­
standable to everybody no matter what language a person speaks. So I think it has the power to unite
people all over the world.
Ron: But people have different tastes in music, which may lead to misunderstanding between them.
Cindy: You're right. Still, I can't imagine the world without music. It influences our emotions and
makes us happier. To my mind, life without music would be less joyful.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Jane: What song are you listening to, Dill?

Dill: It's 'Morning Sun’. I'm fond of Robbie Williams and his songs.
Jane: Is he an American singer?
Dill: No, he’s a well-known British pop singer. He's a member of the pop group 'Take That’, but has
found greater commercial success as a solo artist. In November 2011, William's new solo single
Candy' became the number one single in the UK. He has sold more albums in the UK than any other
British solo artist in history. To my taste, he makes really beautiful music and his style continues to
improve.
Jane: Well, I don’t know much about his musical career but I've heard of his exciting concert per­
formances.
Dill: And what is your favourite singer?
Jane: My favourite sinnger is Madonna. As you probably know she’s a US singer and actress. Her
musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images. She has
established herself as the queen of popular music. Madonna is recognized as the world's best-selling
female recording artist of all time.
Dill: So we both like pop music.
Jane: Yes. But sometimes I feel like listening to classical music. It helps me relax and fills me with
delight.
Dill: And I like electronic music. It employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music
technology in its production. It’s usually played with the electric guitar, sound synthesizer, and com­
puter.
Jane: Do you play any musical instruments, by the way?
Dill: I can play the guitar a little. And what about you?
Jane: Unfortunately, I have a bad ear for music. So I don’t play any musical instruments. But my
mother can play the piano and we often sing together.

131
 Leisure Time Activities

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Sophie: How do you usually spend your free time?

Robert: I spend much of my free time playing sports games and exercising. One of my recent interests
is parkour. It's a training discipline that developed out of military obstacle course training. Though
some classify it as an extreme sport, we prefer to view it less as a sport and more as a form of self-
defence emphasizing free movement.
Sophie: Why do you like parkour?
Robert: It teaches me to move quickly and to overcome obstacles like concrete walls, high fences,
hedges or rocks. It gives me much energy and helps me develop physical fitness and coordination. I
learn to control my body and to trust myself.
Sophie: So parkour makes you strong and agile and helps you develop speed and power.
Robert: That's right. It gives me an opportunity to explore the potential offered by my body. In add:
tion, parkour teaches me to surmount everyday difficulties and to approach problems differently.
Sophie: But parkour is rather dangerous. You may fall and break your leg or arm.
Robert: Well, I try to avoid injuries, but everything may happen. Parkour requires prudence, good
self-control and the ability to be observant. Some reckless people who assume too much about their
physical abilities and do not take full account of the risks may be seriously injured. If you’re a begin­
ner, you'd better look for a gym with soft pads where you can practice without getting hurt. Or you
can pick an environment with obstacles that aren't too challenging. Also, you should learn to safeh
get down from whatever object you've climbed.
Sophie: Do you practice alone?
Robert: No, I've joined a parkour club. There are a lot of people interested in parkour there who ar-
always ready to help beginners. They know good places to go and demonstrate different manoeuvres.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Charlie: What is your hobby?

Grace: I'm fond of hiking, climbing, biking and canoeing. I've recently become interested in eco-
tourism.
Charlie: So you travel to natural destinations with rare flora and fauna, do you?
Grace: Yes, I do. Ecotourism is extremely popular today. It is for people who understand the negative
influence of conventional tourism on the environment and want to minimize it. Ecotourism promotes
recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation and the safe disposal of waste and garbage.
Charlie: I've heard that ecotourism benefits the economic development of local communities.
Grace: That's right. Tourists provide jobs to local people, use local transportation, inns and markets
and make voluntary contributions.
Charlie: Well, ecotourism seems to have a lot of benefits. Are there any negative effects?
Grace: Unfortunately, the increasing number of tourists leads to the expansion of infrastructure. As a
result, many parts of the natural environment may be destroyed to make room for hotels, restaurants
and other structures. What is more, some tourists pollute drinking water, pick up rare flowers, disturb
wild animals, purchase souvenirs made from the skin of endangered animals or the leaves of rare
plants. One more disadvantage is that native people are often exploited for cheap labor and they end
up abandoning their previous way of life.
Charlie: I see. What rules must ecotourists follow while travelling?
Grace: The main rule of ecotourism is 'leave nothing behind you except footprints and take nothing
away except photographs'. First and foremost, ecotourism is education. That is why before visiting
some remote area you should learn as much as you can about its flora, fauna, local people, history, cul­
ture and traditions. Learn a few words of the local language. Dress and behave in a way that shows
respect to the culture. The more information you acquire, the more you will get out of your trip.

132
 Work & Career

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Emily: My elder sister says her husband is a workaholic. What does it mean?
Jacob: A workaholic is someone who works too much. Does your brother-in-law arrive at work as soon
as the building opens? Does he often lose track of time or work through meals? Does he take work
home with him and check his work email constantly so that he doesn’t miss any important messages?
Emily: Yes, he does. He works extra hours and spends weekend time at the office. What is more, he
often forgets his friends' and relatives' birthdays and anniversaries and misses important family gath­
erings and events. My sister is constantly upset because he never has time for her.
Jacob: Unfortunately, workaholics put work before anything else. They are truly addicted to their
work and will put everything else aside for their careers. Workaholics often suffer from anxiety when
away from their jobs. They don’t have time for exercising, eating healthy food or sleeping enough. As
a result they often have poor health and get depressed.
Emily: In addition, on the rare occasion that my brother takes a family vacation, he always takes his
laptop and mobile phone so that he can continue working. Besides, he always talks about his job and
discusses it with anyone who will listen. Sometimes it's really annoying!
Jacob: Indeed, workaholics' obsession with work is all-absorbing. They always focus their mind on
rheir work and can't enjoy themselves completely. That's why it's very difficult to socialize or live
with such people.
Emily: How can we help my brother-in-law relax and have a good time?
Jacob: Ask him not to talk about his job and invite him to do things outside of work that you know
he will enjoy. It's important to persuade your brother-in-law to recognize his own limitations, to take
breaks and not to push himself too hard. He should realize that it's impossible to do everything and
it's better to focus on the most important things. Also, he should schedule time for family, friends and
social activities. Balancing work with other activities and joys is essential for everyone.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Sam: It's not very easy to find a good job today. In fact, many people can't find any job at all.
Unemployed people often suffer emotional, mental and physical effects. For example, those who are
out of work experience anxiety and feel depressed because they lose the ability to purchase goods and
services and to pay bills. Unemployed people may suffer from very low self-esteem, and lose their dig­
nity or self-respect. Also, unemployment can result in diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure.
Ann: What is more, unemployed people often lose social contacts and feel isolated.
Sam: I agree with you. Another problem is that unemployment affects not only those out of work, but
their families as well. Relationships with family members often change when a person loses a job. Loss
of income and the financial stress of being unable to provide the basics of food, shelter and clothing
may lead to quarrels between spouses and then to divorce. Children become depressed when a parent
loses a job. They may end up having to repeat a year, or even dropping out of school completely.
Ann: In addition, unemployment causes poverty, which, in turn, leads to crime. There's a connection
between periods of high unemployment and increases in alcohol and drug abuse, homicide, robbery
and suicide. Unemployed adolescents may create criminal groups and join gangs.
Sam: You're right. To my mind, a person shouldn't view' job loss as a life tragedy. Of course, unem­
ployed people will have to cut luxury items from their lives and cancel shopping trips and vacations.
They'll probably have to file for unemployment benefits and seek government assistance such as food
stamps.
Ann: Besides, they’ll have to look for a new job, which usually takes much time and energy.
Sam: The most important thing is to stay positive and keep searching.

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 Foreign Languages

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Brenda: What is the best way to learn a foreign language?

Mike: I think that the most effective way to learn a foreign language is to become immersed in it and
the most common way to learn from immersion is by travelling. For instance, if you want to learn
Spanish, you should go to Spain and live there for some time. There you’ll have chances to listen to
native speakers and you'll have a lot of speaking practice.
Brenda: However, some people can’t afford to travel abroad. Is it possible to learn a foreign language
in one’s own country?
Mike: Of course. A lot of people learn foreign languages in a classroom. You can join language classe^
or hire a tutor who speaks the language fluently.
Brenda: Is it possible to learn a language from self-study?
Mike: It’s hard, but it’s possible. You can teach yourself through reading or watching videos in the
language you want to speak. Movies and books in the foreign language will help you improve your lan­
guage skills and learn new vocabulary. Besides, you can use the Internet to make friends with people
who speak the language you're learning.
Brenda: Our French teacher tells us to make flashcards. We write the French word on one side of the
card and its translation on the other. It's a really good way to learn new words and phrases. Flashcards
can be carried in your pocket and used at any time of the day.
Mike: But learning a language isn’t just a matter of memorizing lists of words. You have to study the
grammar and learn to pronounce foreign words correctly. That’s why learning a new language may seem
challenging. You'll probably have to study for years before you can speak a foreign language fluently.
Brenda: I think that being motivated to learn a foreign language will make learning it less difficult.
Mike: I quite agree with you!

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Megan: What are you doing?

Daniel: I'm writing an essay on International Mother Tongue Day.
Megan: That's interesting. When is it observed?
Daniel: International Mother Tongue Day is held annually on 21 February worldwide. It started in
1999 with the purpose of promoting linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. It also aims
at protecting the hundreds of languages around the world that are in danger of dying out.
Megan: How did International Mother Tongue Day originate?
Daniel: The day has its origins in Bangladesh. On 21 February, 1952 several Bangladeshi students
were killed by police for campaigning for the Bangla language to be included as a main language in
Bangladesh. Even though their protests were peaceful, the police opened fire.
Megan: It's a very sad story.
Daniel: It really is. People gave their lives to keep the independence of using their mother tongue. To
remember them there is a monument named Language Martyr's Monument in Bangladesh. Every year
more than a million people give flowers there. Many foreigners visit Bangladesh just to experience the
way Bangladeshi people give respect to those brave hearts.
Megan: I believe that it’s very important to encourage linguistic diversity and multilingual education.
Six thousand languages are spoken around the world today. Every language is a treasure, an essential
part of people's history and culture. That's why languages must be valued and preserved.
Daniel: I quite agree with you. All attempts to preserve mother tongues will help develop fuller aware­
ness of linguistic and cultural traditions throughout the world and inspire solidarity based on under­
standing, tolerance and dialogue.

(Source: eslholidaylessons.com, un.org)

134
 Etiquette & Good Manners
Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Dylan: Whether you’re a dinner guest at someone's home, or you're eating out at a restaurant, you
must always remember about table manners.
Abigail: Could you tell me how I should begin my meal?
Dylan: When it is time for the meal, wait until the host invites you to sit at the table and sit where
they tell you.
Abigail: What should I do after being seated?
Dylan: Drape your napkin across your lap and say hello to the people around you. If you don't know
them, introduce yourself, and don't start eating until everyone is ready and your host has started.
Abigail: What rules should I remember while at the table?
Dylan: There are a few basic things to remember. If an item is not within reach, politely ask the per­
son who is in the best position to pass it. While you may rest your forearms on the table, it is not
appropriate to rest your elbows. When eating, be careful to chew with your mouth closed.
Abigail: Is it all right to talk to other people while eating?
Dylan: Yes, it is. But don't talk with your mouth full. If you have something essential to say, it can
certainly wait an extra few seconds. Often at large tables there can be several conversations going on
at once. Despite how interesting they may be, it’s not acceptable for you to join in if it requires you to
raise your voice. Keep conversation appropriate. Offending someone at the table can make things awk­
ward and will embarrass the host.
Abigail: Suppose I don't like the food. What should I do?
Dylan: It goes without saying that there should be no negative comments about the food or its pre­
sentation. If there is something wrong with it, think of something which is good about it, and compli­
ment the host on that. Never ask someone why they don't want a particular dish or why they have not
finished a serving.
Abigail: Is it impolite to leave the table?
Dylan : If you need to leave the table before everyone is finished, you should excuse yourself, place
your napkin on your, seat, and return as quickly as possible. If you intend to leave and not come back,
ask the permission of your host and apologize for having to leave.
Abigail: How should I finish my meal?
Dylan: At the end of the meal, remain at the table until everyone is finished. If you are dining at some­
one's home, always thank the host for the wonderful food. If you are dining at a restaurant, thank the
person who organized it for planning such a lovely evening.

(Source: modernetiquette.co.nz)

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Bella: What are you doing?

James: I'm writing an essay on netiquette.
Bella: Netiquette?
James: It's a shortened slang term for etiquette on the Internet. Netiquette is a combination of 'net­
work' and 'etiquette'. It is a set of rules governing polite behavior on the Internet.
Bella: That’s an interesting topic! What is considered bad etiquette across the Internet?
James: Posting inappropriate or unsightly content on the Internet or making obscene comments are
generally considered bad etiquette. Some people type a message or email all in capital letters. To the
Internet reader, this is considered shouting or scolding. Others think it's funny to use shortened words
and nonsensical grammar, which most people find annoying. Besides, one should refrain from 'spam­
ming', 'trolling' and 'flaming'.
Bella: Spamming means sending the same message to many different people using email or the
Internet, usually as a way of advertising something. But what do 'trolling' and 'flaming' mean?
James: People that create messages specifically to incite anger, cause pointless discussion or shock
135
others are sometimes called 'Internet trolls'. Online insults and other breaches of netiquette are some­
times called 'flaming'. Both 'trolling' and 'flaming' are considered bad netiquette.
Bella: More people are communicating over the Internet now than ever. But they often forget that
they are still speaking to another human being and behave in a way they'd never behave in public.
James: However, behaviour that is rude in public is also rude online. Following the rules of online
communication can be just as important as following everyday etiquette when talking to a person
face-to-face. Everybody should know what others consider rude or inappropriate on the Internet.
Observing netiquette helps keep communication civilized and smoothly flowing.

(Source: ehow.com)

Feelings & Emotions

Dialogue 1 (Task 4)

Angela: Is anything wrong? You haven't said more than two words since you got here.
Mason: Yesterday I quarreled with my parents. I got so angry that I shouted at them. But now I rea­
lize that I wasn't right and I feel guilty. Sometimes I just don't know how to manage anger. When I'm
angry, I often take it out on my coworkers, friends or family members.
Angela: Anger exists everywhere and is in all of us. It's quite normal, but if you can't control it, anger
may lead to verbal or physical abuse. Every angry explosion makes everyone around us either defen­
sive or angry and gives them permission to vent their anger, too. That's why it is important to curb
your negative emotions before you do or say something you may regret.
Mason: Are there any effective ways to manage anger?
Angela: Take slow, deep breaths and count to 10 when you feel angry to keep yourself from doing
something rash.
Mason: I try to distract myself when I notice the first signs of anger. Sometimes it helps, sometimes
it doesn’t.
Angela: Think about the reason for your anger and focus on what triggered your temper. If you’re
aware of the situations that provoke your anger, try to avoid them if you can.
Mason: When I'm tired, I'm more likely to feel irritable and angry.
Angela: Anger often occurs as the result of accumulated irritation, annoyance and stress. Make sure
you get enough sleep and have a balanced, healthy diet. Exercise on a regular basis to relieve tension.
Help others understand why you're angry and remind yourself that getting angry isn't going to solve
your problems.

Dialogue 2 (Task 5)

Poppy: Today many people admit that they often feel frightened or worried about something and
cannot think normally or deal with the situation.
James: I think it’s normal to feel anxiety, but not if it becomes constant.
Poppy: What are the symptoms of anxiety?
James: The symptoms of anxiety include panic attacks, insomnia, heart palpitations, unreasonable
fears, dizziness or chest pains. Anxiety can cause sadness, loss of concentration and fatigue. It can
result in complete lack of interest in activities that used to be important.
Poppy: People with anxiety may not even know why or where it comes from. They may often feel
overwhelmed and helpless.
James: That's right. Food disorders, such as eating too much or too little, are common reactions to
anxiety. Some people may seek to quell their anxiety with alcohol, cigarettes or other substances.
Poppy: Is it possible to reduce anxiety?

136
James: Meditation and regular exercise will help reduce anxiety. In extreme cases medications and
antidepressants are necessary for treating severe anxiety.
Poppy: Anxiety is often connected with fear. The fear of unemployment, the fear of flying or the fear
of dying can be a source of deep anxiety to many people.
James: Fear is a painful emotion we get when we're afraid that something bad is going to happen. Any
situation or event can provoke a person's sense of fear. Normal fear plays a healthy role in a person's
life. It alerts us to the impending danger and directs us to avoid, prevent or change the incipient
threat. For example, most people fear travelling on a lonely road at night. However, irrational fear
breeds anxiety and excessive worry. Experiencing persistent fear of certain situations or specific
objects is considered a phobia. Phobias can be associated with fear of animals or insects, heights or
water, germs or the sight of blood.
Poppy: What can people do to overcome their fears?
James: They should try to identify the source of their fear and ask themselves if they want to worry
about the things that they often cannot change. They can make positive changes in their lifestyles, for
■nstance, start exercising or find a hobby that they will enjoy. Besides, they should remember that the
process of overcoming fear takes time.

137
 KEYS
Healthy Lifestyle
Task 1
1. lifestyle 2. well-being 3. immune system 4. disease 5. diabetes 6. obesity 7. remedy 8. depression 9. stress
10. memory

Task 2
1. growth 2. go hand in hand 3. affect our health 4. well apportioned 5. building blocks 6. alertness 7. calcium-
rich foods 8. cholesterol 9. calories 10. vitamins

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Today many people, including children and teenagers, are overweight or obese. It is extremely dangerous to
their health because carrying extra weight puts them at risk of developing many diseases, including diabetes,
heart disease and cancer. New' w'eight loss diets are constantly coming out, making it difficult to determine which
diet is the right one for your personal needs and body type.
I think that one must consult a doctor or a nutrition expert before starting to lose weight. The doctor can give
advice about which diets will suit your personal health needs, and which diets to avoid. According to doctors, the
best diets promote slow and steady weight loss.
One should remember that a healthy diet plan should lower your caloric intake, but shouldn't lower vitamins,
minerals or protein. Diets that do not contain a sufficient amount of nutrients can cause fatigue, irritability and
a lack of energy and weaken the body's immune system. Dieting can also result in such eating disorders as
anorexia (the decreased sensation of appetite) or bulimia (an eating disorder characterized bv consuming a large
amount of food in a short amount of time followed by an attempt to rid oneself of the consumed food). Remember
that a diet will help you lose weight, but healthy weight loss results from both diet and exercise.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

E C A G В D H F

Task 5
1) Many people go to fitness clubs today because they want to be healthy and to have perfect figures.
2) Every health club has a daily timetable of fitness classes such as aerobics, aqua aerobics, yoga, kick boxing and
many others.
3) One should go regularly to a fitness club. Adults should do 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity
activity and 1 hour and 15 minutes of vigorous activity a w'eek.
4) The best way to lose weight at the gym is to combine strength training and aerobic workouts.
5) If I don't have an opportunity to go to a fitness club, I can buy a treadmill or a stationary bike and exercise
at home. I can do my morning exercises, jog, w'alk my dog, swim in summer, ski or skate in winter, play different
sports games such as tennis, football, volley-ball or basket-ball. Apart from these, I can dance and jump about my
room to music for 10-15 minutes every day.

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: I'd like to go to a fitness club. Would you like to join me?
Your friend: No, thanks. You know-Jill, my favourite sports are w-atching TV and playing computer games.
You: That's not funny. You don't move or exercise much. What is more, you eat too many chips, hamburgers
and hotdogs. That's why you've put on w-eight recently.
Your friend: Well, I have to admit you're right.
You: Carrying extra w-eight is extremely bad. It puts you at risk of developing many diseases, including diabetes,
heart disease and cancer.
Your friend: Really? I haven't realized the situation is that bad!

138
You: That's why you should pay more attention to your health. Exercise makes you strong and disciplined. It
improves your physical and-mental health, helps prevent many diseases and bum up calories. I'm sure you want
to be in good shape, don't you?
Your friend: Well, you seem to have managed to persuade me. And what fitness club have you chosen, by the
way?
You: Its name is 'Health and Beauty'. And it’s really good! Firstly, there's a variety of cardio equipment and
weight machines. Secondly, the club has the best fitness instructors in our town. Thirdly, it's not far from our
school. Last but not least, there is a pool, a sauna and a juice bar in this club. I'm sure you will like it!
Your friend: Well. I think I'm ready to lead a healthier lifestyle!
You: I'm really glad to hear it. But you should remember that proper nutrition is as important as exercise. You
should eat more fruit and vegetables and you should avoid fast food and unhealthy snacks between meals.
Your friend: Of course it won’t be easy to change my lifestyle, but I’ll try. Will you help me?
You: I’ll do my best!

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Food

Task 1
1. GMO (genetically modified organism) 2. virus 3. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 4. consumption 5. nutrition­
al 6. pesticide 7. side effect 8. hunger

Task 2
1. foodservice retailer 2. French fries 3. ubiquitous 4. does much harm 5. chemical additives 6. protein 7. artifi­
cial 8. suffer 9. obese 10. public health problems

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Nowadays most people are concerned about the food they eat because it is closely connected with the way they
look and feel. Food is essential to your body which is continually wasting and requires new energy. That is why
the food you eat should be taken with due regard to the exercise and waste of the body.
Today more and more people try to avoid fast food and food which contains chemicals, additives and GM
ingredients. They want their food to be healthy and low in fat, sugar and calories. However, those who try to
eliminate fat completely are wrong because we need fat to live. What we have to do is to cut down on sugar, salt
and saturated fats found in red meat, butter, chocolate, cheese and many prepared foods.
We should eat more fruit and vegetables which are necessary for maintaining a healthy body. Scientists say
that if we want to stay healthy, we should eat five different portions of fruit and vegetables every day. Besides, we
should eat more nuts, seeds, olives and oily fish because they contain unprocessed fats. If we want to stay
healthy and to be in good shape, we should be moderate in eating and choose food that is rich in protein, vitamins
and minerals.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

G A E D H В C F

Task 5
1. Bill 2. Page 3. Bill 4. Page 5. Page 6. Bill

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: So, what restaurant are we going to tonight, James?
Your brother: I don’t know, Judy. Why don't we go to McDonald's?
You: I don't think it's a very good idea. Let's go to a health food restaurant instead.
Your brother: Don't you like fast food?
You: It's bad for your health.

139
Your brother: But it’s so tasty! Personally, I adore hamburgers, cheeseburgers, apple pies, muffins and fruit
cocktails. I like the holiday atmosphere of McDonald's. There I can relax and enjoy myself. Besides, fast food is
rather cheap and I want to save some money to buy a new skateboard.
You: But your friends and you celebrated your classmate's birthday at McDonald's yesterday. I don't think you
should go there again tonight.
Your brother: But why not?
You: Fast food is high in fat, sugar and calories and it is low in protein, vitamins and minerals. I don't want you
to become overweight. Don't you want to be strong and healthy?
Your brother: Of course I do! And what does a health food restaurant serve?
You: It serves organic and low-fat food. My friend went to this restaurant last Saturday. She ordered roasted
artichoke, green beans and a cup of coffee with a cinnamon roll. She says that the place was terrific and every­
thing was very tasty. The roll was so rich and buttery it melted in her mouth...
Your brother: Stop it! I'm too hungry!
You: The food in this restaurant is both tasty and healthy. It will fill you with energy, but it won't make you fat.
I've read that organic food is cultivated naturally, without using any pesticides and chemical fertilizers and it’s
free of artificial food additives. Besides, it doesn't contain genetically modified organisms.
Your brother: If this food is really as good as you say, I want to try it.
You: I’m glad I’ve managed to persuade you! And by the way, I'm going to pay for the meal.
Your brother: Great!

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Sport
Task 1
1. javelin 2. high hump 3. wrestling 4. polo 5. jousting 6. chariot 7. winner 8. to immortalize

Task 2
1. physical 2. teams 3. fair 4. goals 5. judges 6. leisure 7. participation 8. global 9. fans 10. amateur

Task 3
Примерный текст.
The popularity of extreme sports has grown a lot over the last few decades. Extreme sports include surfing,
rock climbing, parachuting, scuba diving, water skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding, mountain biking,
zorbing, hang gliding, bungee jumping and many others. They give people a wonderful opportunity to relieve
stress and to break the monotony of everyday life. Those who are involved in extreme sports say that the
experience is magical. Extreme sports get the adrenaline going and make people forget about their problems.
Besides, it is always great to take up something new. I believe it is really difficult to think about trivial things
when you have to survive and battle against the elements. It makes people feel strong and alive. Also, it is an
unusual way of losing weight and keeping fit.
However, extreme sports are not for everyone because they involve a high level of danger. Many people
admit that they are afraid of diving from a plane or jumping from a bridge. Indeed, extreme sports are not for
the faint-hearted. Some of them are so dangerous that people compare them with virtual suicide. They require
physical endurance and reliance on your survival skills. Extreme sports often involve speed, height and phys­
ical exertion. What is more, you will need a certain amount of money to pay for highly specialized gear and a
professional instructor.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

D H C F A G E В

Task 5
1. growing in 2. access to an ocean with waves 3. time 4. difficult 5. to catch the wave 6. drowning 7. pains in
their shoulders and back

140
Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: I think it's very important that kids do sports regularly.
Your friend: I quite agree with you. Children should have at least an hour of physical activity per day. Physical
exercise strengthens their immune system, improves mental health and helps prevent different diseases and obe­
sity.
You: What is more, sports can teach kids how to work as a team. Children learn to cooperate with their peers
and to be responsible for their actions. Sports teach them how to deal with defeat. Children learn that winning
isn't everything and that sometimes it's OK to lose. Failure can encourage kids to keep practicing their skills in
order to perfect them. As a result, children become persevering and learn how to achieve their goals, which can
be applied to schoolwork or any other area of their lives.
Your friend: Last but not least, playing sports gives children the opportunity to meet new friends and shows
them that exercise can be fun.
You: You're right. But are there any negative effects of sports on children?
Your friend: Unfortunately, not every child is equally good at sports. If children's parents, coaches or peers con­
stantly criticize them, kids may lose confidence in their abilities and feel depressed. Apart from that, children
may suffer different injuries, including scratches, sprains and fractures. That’s why it is important to follow safe­
ty rules and to wear protective gear.
You: In my opinion, the benefits of youth sports far outweigh the negative effects.
Your friend: Absolutely! Playing sports has a positive effect on children's health.
You: Besides, sports can help children develop good moral qualities and teach them valuable lessons.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Shopping
Task 1
1. goods 2. service 3. store/shop 4. supermarket 5. department store 6. hypermarket 7. customer 8. advertising
9. discount 10. lottery 11. price

Task 2
1. make purchases 2. popular 3. competitive pricing 4. save much time and effort 5. have access 6. conventional
7. direct inspection 8. computer security

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Different people have different attitudes towards shopping. Some of us find shopping enjoyable, while others
think that it is just a waste of time and money. Some people love shopping no matter what they are buying, some
enjoy it on occasion, and others do not like to go shopping at all.
Quite a lot of people say that shopping has become a stress-relieving activity for them. As a result, when they
are in a bad mood, they go to the store and end up with a lot of things that they do not need. People who are
addicted to shopping are called shopaholics. Such people love shopping because it makes them feel happier and
takes their mind off their problems. Shopaholics cannot control their urge to shop. It is very difficult for them to
walk away from something they want to buy even if they cannot afford it. People who are addicted to shopping say
that the act of buying things gives them a high like a dnig. So shopaholism is not unlike gambling, smoking, and
alcohol or drug abuse.
Being a shopaholic can lead to emotional, social and financial problems. Many shopaholics go into debt
because they spend too much money on what they buy. Shopaholics usually hide their purchases from their rel­
atives or spouses and often have feelings of guilt afterwards. The consequences of shopaholism also include ruined
relationships, the breakup of marriage and health problems. So shopaholism is a serious disorder which often
requires special treatment.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c F A G D H В E

141
Task 5
1. grandmother, to knit, thirteen 2. last year 3. husband, online 4. handmade goods 5. the first part of a website's
address 6. husband 7. baby, wedding

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Are you doing anything this weekend?
Your friend: No, nothing special.
You: Then why don't we go to the new shopping mall on Sunday?
Your friend: Oh no, thanks. I don't like huge shops.
You: Why?
Your friend: They are always overcrowded at weekends. There is always noise and bustle there. Besides, the mall
is situated in the suburbs, so we'll have to go there by car.
You: But the new' shopping mall is so modern. It has a complex of shops with interconnecting walkways which
enable visitors to w'alk from unit to unit. Besides, there is a large parking area near the mall.
Your friend: Still, I don't like the idea of spending the whole day in different shops making useless purchases.
You: You don't like shopping, do you?
Your friend: I find it extremely dull and boring. I hate the act of going to the store and buying things. I would
rather have someone else do my shopping for me.
You: Then wre have different opinions about shopping. Personally, I find it rather enjoyable. Making purchases
is such a pleasure! It gives me a buzz!
Your friend: That's w'hv you often buy things on impulse. Your closet is overflowing with new' clothes and your
attic is bulging with boxes of shoes. I doubt you need to go shopping.
You: But what shall wre do on Sunday if w'e don’t go to the mall?
Your friend: There are so many interesting things to do! For example, wre can go to the movies or visit an exhi­
bition of black and white photographs. If the wreather is fine, we can take a weekend camping tour. What do you
think about it?
You: What a great idea!

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Fashion
Task 1
1. fashion 2. status 3. taste(s) 4. accessory 5. style 6. glamour 7. temptation 8. trendy 9. ridiculous 10. fashion victim

Task 2
1. standard 2. school uniform 3. academic dress 4. business suit 5. casual clothes 6. occasion 7. job interview 8. party

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Most teenagers want to stand out in a crowd. They dye their hair bright red or purple, wear baggy clothes
and bright makeup or put on shoes on enormous platform. Teenagers often protest against society or the older
generation and they try to wrear things which help them show their individuality and express their ideas about life.
Some styles can surprise and even shock people. For instance, gothic fashion includes dark clothes, black fin­
gernails and dyed black hair. Goths sometimes have piercings and wear symbols such as a Christian cross or an
Egyptian ankh. Punks wear razor blades and safety pins instead of earrings, style their hair to stand in spikes
and adorn their clothes with different symbols. Heavy metal fashion means wearing studded belts and bracelets,
spiked gauntlets and combat boots. Hip hop fashion includes sports wear, basketball and skateboarding shoes,
leather jackets, hoodies, sleeveless shirts, saggy pants and crop tops for girls. I lip hop artists are setting new
trends in hip hop fashion such as tattoos covering their bodies from head to toe or the asymmetrical hair cut.

Task 4

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F D G A C E H В

142
Task 5
1. John 2. Sally 3. Sally 4. John 5. Sally 6. Sally

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: I'm so excited we are going to wear school uniforms!
Your friend: Really? Personally, I'm not happy about it.
You: Why?
Your friend: I don't like the idea that everybody will have to wear the same clothes. I like to stand out in a crowd
and I don't want to look exactly like everyone else. School uniforms are so ordinary and uninspiring!
You: Well, I see your point, but some teens wear clothes that are not appropriate at school such as short skirts
or T-shirts with vulgar language. Pupils who ignore fashion rules set by their peers or cannot afford to buy
expensive clothes, can be the victims of bullying at school when there is no dress code. School uniforms make all
students look the same, regardless of social class or financial situation. Besides, a mandatory school uniform pol­
icy helps increase pupils' self-esteem and promotes a feeling of community spirit within a school. When students
have a sense of belonging to an institution, respect for teachers increases and attendance levels improve.
Your friend: But what about my rights to self-expression?
You: Well, you can wear whatever you want outside the classroom.
Your friend: But we spend 6 hours a day at school!
You: That's not too much. I believe that your unique gifts and personality traits go deeper than your clothes. No
matter what you wear, you will always have an opportunity to show your individuality. I don't think that school
uniforms are going to hide who we really are. Don't you agree with me?
Your friend: Maybe you are right.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Travelling
Task 1
1. sightseeing 2. exotic 3. holidaymaker 4. travel agency/tour company 5. beach 6. hotel 7. journey 8. temple
9. jungle 10. safari

Task 2
1. enjoy a splendid view 2. stretch your legs 3. have a meal 4. the latest inventions 5. the world rail speed record
6. harmful 7. popular 8. expensive

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Today we can't afford to spend much time on the road, so w’e use cars and public transport to travel faster.
Travelling by car or by bus saves much time and effort, but we should not forget that wre can use our legs, too.
When people travel on foot, they can see much more on their way and admire the sights of a town or a city.
They can stop wherever they want and drop into a cafe or a shop. They will not be stuck in a traffic jam for sev­
eral hours and they will certainly avoid road accidents.
What is more, travelling on foot is much healthier than travelling by car or by bus. Walking is an excellent
physical exercise that strengthens the immune system, improves mental health and helps to prevent many
diseases.

Task 4

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H D G A В C F E

Task 5
1. expenses 2. free rides 3. Hitchhiking 4. conflicts 5. light 6. sign 7. hitch-hiking impressions

143
Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Do you like travelling?
Your friend: Certainly I do.
You: What is your favourite means of transport?
Your friend: Well, there are different means of travel that provide you with comfort and security, so passengers
have a great variety of choice available for them. Personally, I like travelling by plane. It is very comfortable,
quick and thrilling. It helps me save plenty of time and gives me an opportunity to visit out-of-the-way parts of
the world.
You: I don't like travelling by air. It always takes so much time to get to the airport, to check in and to have my
baggage weighed. Flights are sometimes delayed or cancelled because of bad weather. What is more, I often feel
nervous during the flight.
Your friend: So what is your favourite means of travel?
You: I like travelling by train. Trains arc not as fast as planes, but they can run in bad weather. Travelling by
train is comfortable and it's much cheaper than travelling by plane. You can look through the window and enjoy
picturesque landscapes around you during your journey. You can go to the buffet car to have something to eat.
Besides, railway stations are usually in the centre of the city.
Your friend: But it’s usually stuffy in the compartment. And your fellow-passengers may be annoying.
You: You are hard to please! What about travelling by car?
Your friend: When you travel by car, you don't have to buy any tickets. It is comfortable and cheap and you can
stop wherever you want.
You: But it is not safe because there are a lot of road accidents every day. Besides, you may be stuck in a traffic
jam for hours.
Your friend: And what about travelling by ship?
You: I think it's fast and comfortable. While travelling, you can enjoy the wind and the sea. The ship stops in
different ports and you can go on the shore for excursions. But it is certainly not for those who suffer from sea­
sickness.
Your friend: I quite agree with you.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Town & Country

Task 1
1. city 2. settlement 3. town 4. metropolis 5. suburb 6. conurbation 7. urbanization 8. migrant 9. rural 10. urban

Task 2
1. combustion 2. communicable 3. interaction 4. probability 5. filtration 6. punishment 7. population 8. market
9. amenities 10. disposal

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Today many town dwellers want to leave crowded cities with their noise, garbage and traffic jams and to
return to a slower pace of life. They go to the country where they benefit from the peace and quiet and breathe
clean air. In the countryside people are surrounded by the beauties of nature and they can grow fruit and vege­
tables, keep animals and enjoy walking, gardening and other simple pleasures of rural life. Life in the coun­
tryside is quiet, peaceful and healthy and it is especially good for those who want to be close to nature.
Living in the countryside is cheaper than in a city. Besides, it is much safer because there is less crime and
less traffic there. In the countryside people are friendly and calm because their lives are much less stressful than
are the lives of town dwellers.
Of course life in the countryside has its drawbacks as well. Some people find rural life rather boring. They
say that in the country people often lack basic infrastructure such as roads, railways, or banks and amenities
such as shops, cinemas, parks, or restaurants. In the countryside the level of unemployment may be rather high
and those who are looking for work often have to go to big cities. In rural areas people often lack educational,
medical, transportation and recreational facilities. What is more, those who live in rural locations are
concerned about exposure to agricultural chemicals.

144
Task 4

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G E H A В D F C

Task 5
1. urban 2. traffic jams, personal space 3. fatigue, irritability 4. full-time 5. reducing stress 6. limit 7. park, cafe

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
Your friend: Would you prefer to live in a big city or in a small village?
You: Personally, 1like the speed and convenience of urban life. A city provides a wide choice of entertainment.
City residents have opportunities to visit clubs, restaurants, cafёs, discos, theatres, museums, art galleries, cine­
mas and parks. In a city you can always have a good time and enjoy yourself.
Your friend: But what about noise, garbage and traffic jams?
You: I think that city residents are used to noise and traffic and they hardly notice crowds, queues or litter. Most
young people would prefer to live in big cities because it is easier to find friends and a good job there. People
have more chances to receive a good education and to build a successful career in a big city.
Your friend: You're right. But city life is rather stressful. What is more, the prices and rents are exorbitant! On
the contrary, life in the countryside is quieter, cheaper and safer. Besides, it's much healthier. You can breathe
clean air and enjoy silence and the beauties of nature.
You: But there’s nothing to do in the country. Rural life is slow and dull. Besides, if you live in the country,
you'll face such problems as poor transport, bad roads, lack of schools and hospitals, to say nothing of no large
shops, banks or health clubs. I think people will agree to live in the country only if such benefits as healthcare,
education and employment are available. Also, they need the Internet to access and exchange information.
Your friend: I can't disagree with you. But big cities need some changes as well. For instance, city residents will
be happier if they have more parks and traffic free zones. Also, big cities must focus on reducing pollution and
recycling waste.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Money
Task 1
1. mint 2. coin 3. cheque 4. banknote/bill 5. precious metal 6. barter 7. price

Task 2
1. services 2. earn 3. encourage 4. exchange 5. account 6. barter 7. banknotes 8. vulnerable 9. durable 10. security

Task 3
Примерный текст.
It is rather difficult to imagine our lives without money. Money serves many important purposes that allow
us to function as a society. We buy and sell different things, receive salaries, fees, pensions or subsidies, send
money orders and exchange currency. We earn money, save it for a rainy day, borrow and lend it and con­
sider money to be the best present.
Many boys and girls learn to manage money at an early age. Most children and teenagers are given pock­
et money. Thus parents teach them how to budget and save. Also, pocket money can help children become
responsible and independent. But pocket money may cause a number of problems, too. For example, if children
have less pocket money than their friends, they may feel depressed or they may be tempted to steal.
Unfortunately, many parents give pocket money to their children as compensation for not spending enough
time with them.
Today many people believe that their main priority is to earn as much money as they can. They think that
money can make them powerful and independent. They have to work much and as a result, they spend little time
with their families and feel stressed. Many people admit that they will lie, cheat, or sacrifice their private lives
and health for money. Unfortunately, today many people abuse money. The laws of a country determine which
practices are illegal in the pursuit of obtaining money. Still, some people can use money for noble goals such as
for helping the poor and needy.
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Task 4

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в G D C F E A H

Task 5
1. False (In 2002 the euro was introduced in all hut three of the countries that belonged to the European Union
at that time)
2. False (The UK decided not to use the euro)
3. False (The euro is the second largest reserve currency after the United States dollar1
4. False (Reserve currency is a currency that is held in significant quantities bv many governments and institutions)
5. False (The euro makes travelling easier within the EU)
6. True
7. True
Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Why are you constantly buying lottery tickets, Max?
Your brother: I want to win a million dollars and to become enormously rich!
You: What would you do if you became a millionaire?
Your brother: I'd buy an expensive car, a large mansion, a private jet and a luxury yacht. I would visit exotic
countries, dine at the best restaurants and stay in five-star hotels.
You: Do you really believe that money would make you happier?
Your brother: Yes. Why not?
You: Life of the rich is full of dangers. Millionaires have to spend much money on security, but in spite of all the
measures that they take, they are often robbed, kidnapped or even killed. Most rich people are lonely and unhap­
py because they don't have friends. Money can't buy relationships, love and friendship.
Your brother: But if I'm wealthy, people will look up to me.
You: I doubt it! The rich are often surrounded by those who envy them and want to deceive them and to steal
their money or property.
Your brother: But if money is not the most important thing, what can make you happy?
You: l feel happy wrhen I'm surrounded by people who love me and who are always ready to give me a helping
hand. To my mind, it's more important to be healthy, to have friends and to be satisfied with what you have.
Your brother: Maybe you’re right.
Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Environmental Problems
Task 1
1. pollution 2. industrialization 3. environment 4. exhaust 5. ozone layer 6. traffic jam 7. waste 8. fertilizer 9.
pesticide 10. to contaminate

Task 2
1. farming 2. cardboard 3. lungs 4. oxygen 5. habitats 6. soil erosion 7. insects 8. pharmacy 9. species 10. animals

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Recycling is an important issue nowadays. The growth of big industrial cities has led to the concentration of
huge amounts of waste in small areas. Waste disposal has become a major problem. When rubbish is burnt, it
pollutes the atmosphere. When it is buried in landfill sites, it can cause pollution of water supplies. So the
obvious solution of this problem is recycling.
We need more recycling centres to reduce environmental pollution. Besides, everybody can help recycle
waste by collecting litter and by sorting rubbish into different categories. Paper, glass and plastic can be sold to
recycling companies. Recycled w'aste can be made into new' products, which can help save natural resources.
Waste can be used to produce electricity or to make soil for growing fruit and vegetables. If everybody made a
small effort to improve their local environment, pollution would be reduced and the global situation wrould
improve.
146
Task 4

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в F A C H D G E

Task 5
1. True
2. False (The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination)
3. False (Radioactive dust can cause more deaths from cancer and birth defects')
4. True
5. False (There are a lot of disaster-prevention programmes which help control environmental pollution, fight
destruction of wildlife and preserve woodlands)
6. False (Greenpeace is a very well-known organization which aims to protect the animal world and to stop envi­
ronmental degradationi

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: I wonder what our life will be like in 20-30 years.
Your friend: I think it will be great! People wall make new discoveries, travel to other planets and invent medi­
cine for incurable diseases. I hope that scientists will find a way to lengthen our lives and to slow down the
process of aging.
You: As for me, I'm not so optimistic about the future.
Your friend: Why?
You: If people continue polluting the environment, the consequences will be disastrous! We will suffer from pol­
luted air, massive deforestation, the lack of drinking water and healthy food and many other problems.
Thousands of species will be threatened with extinction. Air, water and land pollution may reach catastrophic
levels. As a result, we will have to live in crowded cities among dumps of litter and with no green vegetation, to
breathe dirty air and drink water that is bad for our health.
Your friend: Do you really believe that the future will be like that?
You: I hope it won't. But if we want to live in a healthy environment, we must protect the Earth and conserve
natural resources.
Your friend: And what exactly must people do, to your mind?
You: We have technologies to make our planet cleaner: we can recycle waste materials, install antipollution
equipment, create wildlife refuges and use environmentally friendly products. Without pollution control, the
waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human
activities will degrade the environment.
Your friend: I think it will be very difficult to rectify the situation.
You: Who says it will be easy? To begin with, it is necessary to change people's attitude to Nature.
Your friend: What do you mean?
You: Care of the environment must become our first priority. People should remember that ecological problems
concern everybody and we can do much to protect the environment. We must remember some simple rules: do
not litter, do not poach, use natural resources wisely and never forget that the Earth is our home and it depends
on us what it will be like.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Global Problems
Task 1
1. the greenhouse effect 2. global warming 3. emission 4. fossil fuel 5. acid rain 6. atmosphere 7. ozone depletion
8. stratosphere 9. ultraviolet radiation 10. ozone layer

Task 2
1. warning 2. results in 3. lack of 4. Survivors 5. occur 6. move 7. rainfall 8. contamination 9. starve 10. damage

147
Task 3
Примерный текст.
Overpopulation is the condition of having more people than can live in comfort, happiness and health on
Earth. It can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates and an increase in immigration.
Today people live longer because of better medical care and nutrition. At the present time the Earth accom­
modates more than 6 billion people.
Overpopulation may cause a lot of problems. The world's population increases faster than the food supply.
Each year millions of deaths occur from malnutrition and starvation, especially in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. If the world's population continues growing, it will be very difficult to produce enough food and
goods. More people need more water, minerals, shelter and clothes.
Population growth is another reason for environmental problems. Global warming, pollution and defor­
estation are aggravated by population expansion. The more people there are on Earth, the more they pollute.
They drive cars, throw away litter, cut down forests, use electricity, build roads and plants and consume natu­
ral resources. What is more, overpopulation may result in unemployment, poverty, elevated crime rate and
conflict over scarce resources.
Limiting birth rates, educating people about family planning, increasing access to birth control can help
mitigate overpopulation in the future. For example, China and other nations already have regulations limiting
the birth rate, with China using a 'one child per family' policy.

Task 4

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F C В G A H D E

Task 5

Problem Health Effects Mitigation

Noise pollution hypertension, stress, aggression, to use noise barriers, sound tubes and traffic controls, to
hearing loss, sleep disturbance limit vehicle speeds, to use quieter jet engines, to re-design
industrial equipment

Light pollution headache, stress, fatigue to improve lighting fixtures, to re-design existing lighting
plans, to turn lights off w'hen not needed

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: So, what global problems shall we write about?
Your friend: I don't know'. What do you think?
You: Well, to my mind, the most urgent problems include the greenhouse effect, global w'arming, ozone deple­
tion, pollution and overpopulation. Shall we begin with the greenhouse effect?
Your friend: Could you explain in a few words what it actually means?
You: Well, I have just read an article about the greenhouse effect. Briefly, ’the sun heats the Earth's surface and
the Earth radiates energy back out into Space. Some of the radiation gets trapped in the atmosphere by green­
house gases. This trapped radiation warms the atmosphere and some of it goes back down to the Earth, making
it hotter than it should be'.
Your friend: It's a little bit complicated. And wdiat causes global W'arming?
You: It is caused by carbon dioxide and other gases, too.
Your friend: What problems can w'e face in the future?
You: Well, arctic ice melting and sea levels rising mean that cities like Tokyo, London and Sydney will be sub­
merged.
Your friend: As for me, I’m more worried about pollution. Ice melting is a slow process, but pollution has
reached catastrophic levels. Air, water and soil are becoming dangerously dirty and are not suitable for people
to use. For example, w'ater pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day.
You: That number is truly horrifying! And do you know' anything about ozone depletion?
Your friend: No. What is it?
You: It is 'a steady decline in the total volume of ozone in the Earth's ozone layer'. Since the ozone layer pre­
vents harmful ultraviolet light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, scientists are greatly worried about
ozone depiction.
Your friend: And what about overpopulation? Is it really a serious problem?
You: I think it is. The recent rapid increase in human population has raised concerns that the planet may not be
able to sustain present or larger numbers of inhabitants. A lot of environmental problems, including global
warming and pollution, are aggravated by population expansion. Besides, overpopulation leads to an increased
demand for resources such as drinking water and food, as well as minerals, shelter and clothes.
Your friend: Overpopulation may also lead to crimes, poverty, starvation, the emergence of new epidemics and
many other serious problems.
You: You are quite right. If we want to live longer, healthier lives, it's necessary to reduce pollution, to cut
harmful emissions, to use natural resources wisely and to use population control.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Youth Problems
Task 1
1. teenager 2. peer pressure 3. bullying 4. drug 5. confidence 6. relationship 7. breakup 8. depression 9. identity
10. addiction

Task 2
1. violations 2. criminal 3. unemployment 4. breakdown 5. excessive 6. abuse 7. drug trafficking 8. intolerance 9.
status 10. subcultures

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Youth is a very complicated period when young people are undergoing the painful transition from childhood
to adulthood. There are many reasons why a teenager’s behavior may become violent. Young people are facing
psychological problems that may cause aggression and lead to the rejection of adult values and experiences or
to rebellion. Wishing to prove their maturity and independence young people may commit various offences, or
run away from home and use violence against their peers. Sometimes young people's antisocial behaviour dis­
appears with the transition to adulthood. But some of them create criminal groups or become involved in the
activities of adult criminal groups.
Young people's lives and behaviour are greatly influenced by many factors: their family, friends, neighbourhood,
adults and peers as well as by the social, economic, political and cultural conditions prevailing in the country they
live in. Many children and adolescents suffer from parental neglect, humiliation, child abuse or domestic vio­
lence. If a teenager's parents are hostile to each other, to their children or to other family members, the teenager
is likely to exhibit similar behaviour. Besides, children who do not receive adequate parental supervision are
more likely to become involved in criminal activities. The mass media play a role in contributing to teenage vio­
lence. If young people frequently watch movies with violence, play computer games containing highly violent
content or listen to music with violent lyrics, they tend to behave more aggressively. Also, teenagers who are
victims of bullying or teasing, who abuse substances or have high pressure in school are more likely to behave
aggressively.
The prevention of juvenile delinquency is very important. It is essential to keep young people from breaking
the law, to discourage criminal behaviour and to develop effective prevention programmes. Some countries
choose punitive prevention. Others try to prevent youth involvement in delinquent activities by supplying
young people with professional training, education and new workplaces. Prevention services include family
counselling, youth mentoring, educational support, vocational training and youth sheltering. More attention
should be paid to leisure and youth development activities that prevent young people from committing
crimes. The media can play a key role in teaching teenagers to be tolerant.

Task 4

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в G D A H c E F

149
Task 5
1. looks, insecure 2. a medical problem which causes a lot of red spots on one's face and neck 3. obesity 4. to do
poorly in school 5. the media 6. eating disorders 7. parents or any trusted adult

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: There are a lot of problems in young people's lives. No wonder that teenagers often experience stress and
anxiety. Stress can be caused by hormonal changes as well as stressful events like parents’ separation or divorce,
or the death of a close friend or family member.
Your friend: Also, teenagers experience stress over schoolwork. They are often under pressure from their par­
ents and teachers to perform well academically.
You: In addition, teenagers often suffer from peer pressure, social isolation or bullying.
Your friend: Stress can have a negative influence on young people's physical and mental health. If teenagers feel
sad, lose or gain weight, have difficulty in concentrating, eat or sleep too little or too much, lack energy, lose
interest in day-to-day activities or cry for no reason, it may be that they are feeling stressed.
You: Other warning signs include agitation, falling grades, withdrawal from family and friends and changes in
behaviour.
Your friend: That's right. If untreated, depression can have disastrous consequences. Troubled teenagers may
start overeating or smoking or they may turn to alcohol and drugs.
You: They may also become aggressive or violent, commit crimes or run away from home. In extreme cases,
depression can lead to suicide.
Your friend: That's why it's very important to deal with the problem before it gets out of hand. Parents should
be able to read the warning signs and support teenagers if they face problems. What is more, parents must never
dismiss their children's feelings as silly or think that there's nothing to worry about or that teenagers will solve
their problems themselves.
You: I think that parents should not give their children unrestricted freedom or allow them to do whatever they
wish. At the same time they should be responsive to their children's needs and show them affection.
Your friend: Adults should also encourage young people to engage in regular leisure activities and relaxing hob­
bies, which are very important in reducing stress. For instance, yoga, swimming, bicycling or painting can help
teenagers relax, forget about their problems and feel more confident about themselves and their abilities.
You: I couldn't agree more.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Education
Task 1
1. education 2. professor 3. multimedia 4. videoconferencing 5. student 6. schedule 7. deadline 8. assignment
9. email 10. direction

Task 2
1. alternative 2. convenient 3. terms 4. timetable 5. determine 6. programmes 7. environment 8. communication
9. broaden 10. points of view 11. cooperate 12. extracurricular

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Some people think that self-education is not very effective. Others say that it is the only productive way of
learning. In my opinion, people can learn without schools and teachers. You can read books, speak to educated
people or spend a lot of time in libraries or on educational websites' You can surf the Net and find textbooks and
training films that can be downloaded for free.
Self-education has a lot of advantages. Firstly, self-taught people are not dependent on others for knowledge.
Secondly, self-education can help you be anything you want to be or do anything you want to do. Finally, it usu­
ally costs nothing and it does not require a fixed lifestyle.
However, some people depend on teachers and tutors for guidance. They want someone to help them and to
show them the way to acquire information and knowledge. Others admit that they are too lazy to choose self-edu­
cation. Indeed, most people need somebody who will constantly make them study and encourage their efforts to
learn. Self-education is for those who are able to motivate and discipline themselves.
150
 If we learn the art of self-education, we will have an opportunity to extend our knowledge and acquire new
skills whenever and wherever possible. I believe that the options for self-education are very flexible and the oppor­
tunities are unlimited.

Task 4

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c G D В H E F A

Task 5
1. American students usually go to college after they graduate from high school or they may take a break from
education.
2. A year off between high school and college is called a 'gap year'.
3. Some young people are so burned out that they can't imagine going straight to college. Others want to work
in order to earn tuition money. Many students take a break to have some real-world experiences and to explore
wider horizons before beginning their college studies.
4. Young people usually travel, gain volunteer experience or work during the gap year. They can do anything
they want. For example, they can help poor people in South Africa, save rain forests, make a long trek through
the jungles and so on.
5. Students that take the gap year to lie around doing nothing will hardly impress the application committee.
But colleges have regard for students who spend time doing something really meaningful like learning a foreign
language or gaining volunteer experience.
6. Gap year activities help students clarify their career goals, acquire new skills, gain valuable life experience and
discover adulthood.
7. Those who take time off may miss the college routine and their friends. They graduate at least one year later
than their peers. Also, there is a possibility that young people will decide against advancing their education at
all after a break. Besides, a gap year may involve significant expense.

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: You've just graduated from high school. What are you going to do next?
Your friend: My parents want me to go to college. But I'm sure that a high school diploma is sufficient to obtain
a job. Besides, many companies have their own training programs for their employees.
You: I guess so, but a person with a college education has more job options than a high school graduate. People
with a degree are more likely to get a job that they like. Today employers are looking for those who arc fully
trained in the profession. A degree will certainly help you meet tough job requirements.
Your friend: But college is very expensive. It's better to invest the money you would have spent on your degree
into a business.
You: Even though you spend much money to begin your college education, you will earn it back because a per­
son with a college education usually earns more than someone with only a high school education.
Your friend: I suppose so, but if you decide against attending college, you can do something truly meaningful.
For instance, you can travel, volunteer, meet different people and make good contacts.
You: That's right. But those who attend college usually have better communication and social skills than those
who begin to work right out of high school. College students communicate with their peers, roommates and
teachers and learn how to get along with others. They are self-reliant and independent and experience greater
self-esteem.
Your friend: I see your point. So you think I'd better go to college.
You: You must decide for yourself. Weigh both options and don't rush your decision.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Science & Technology

Task 1
1. technology 2. tool 3. machine 4. space station 5. particle accelerator 6. the printing press 7. the telephone
8. the Internet 9. weapon 10. by-product
151
Task 2
1. technology 2. term 3. the Industrial Revolution 4. the Age of Technology 5. Science Fiction 6. accept 7. resist
8. advance 9. keep up with 10. take over 11. keyboard 12. explode

Task 3
Примерный текст.
The rapidly changing world of technology influences our everyday lives. Technology has afforded people all
around the world flexibility and convenience in their everyday communication and overall lifestyle. Nowadays
we cannot do without such gadgets as mobile phones, PCs, laptops, iPods or GPS. Most people believe that
technologies facilitate their lives and save much time. For instance, electric equipment, such as microwave
ovens, washing machines or vacuum cleaners, makes housework much easier.
Computers help us to do the most difficult sums and to store and process large amounts of data. Laptops
make the job mobile when necessary. The Internet has revolutionized the way people live and work. We do
business, communicate and purchase different things through the Internet. Many people say that the tech­
nological boom of personal computers and the proliferation of the Internet helped them find a good job or
gave them an opportunity to work from home. The telephone and the Internet have facilitated communica­
tion. The cell phone gives us access to people that we want to contact instantly.
Today we leave more and more jobs to robots. They can explore another planet, defuse bombs, explore
inside a volcano, control cars and planes, compose music or just do boring household chores like cleaning.
Many factory jobs are performed by industrial robots. It has led to cheaper production of various goods,
including automobiles and electronics. Domestic robots provide companionship to elderly and disabled peo­
ple and make their lives easier.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

E A D H В C G F

Task 5
1. sheep 2. 1997 3. to repopulate endangered animal species 4. environmentalists 5. expensive, inefficient 6. 90%
7. unsuccessful, unethical 8. mental

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Technology has a significant impact on society. Modern technologies influence the way people live, work
and communicate.
Your friend: I agree. Nowadays people can't imagine their lives without computers, laptops, mobile phones, i-
Pods, fax machines or digital tape recorders. Modern technologies help us complete our tasks faster and more
efficiently, stay in constant touch with our friends, work from home or take classes online.
You: It’s obvious that every technological advance has a number of advantages. However, modern technologies
have a lot of disadvantages as well. On the one hand, they make our lives easier and save our time and money.
On the other hand, they have detrimental health, environmental, social and economic effects. For example, the
use of robotic mechanisms in industry increases productivity. At the same time it leads to unemployment. As
more and more robots complete assembly line tasks in an automated way, there's less of a need for physical work­
ers.
Your friend: That's right. Technology has improved communication. Cell phones and social networking allow
friends to keep in touch no matter how many miles stand between them. Nevertheless, many people say they feel
isolated or lonely because online chatting can't substitute for a face-to-face meeting.
You: Absolutely! Talking of cell phones, today many people carry them because they offer security and facilitate
communication. At the same time, the line between work and personal time has practically been eradicated
because your boss or colleagues can contact you at any time.
Your friend: I couldn't agree more! Many people say they can’t imagine their lives without a computer. It allows
them to play computer games, surf the Net, download MP3s and videos and so on. They spend too much time in
front of the screen and as a result they have problems with their eyesight or suffer from disrupted sleep. They
don’t go out or exercise and feel exhausted and depressed. Besides, computer games can cause addiction and
make people aggressive.
152
You: While modern technologies save time and effort, they cause many individuals to become dependent on
them. Most people feel helpless in accomplishing their daily tasks without the necessary gadgets.
Your friend: Advances in technology have opened up a lot of opportunities and improved our lives in many
ways. However, when any new technology arrives, there are positive and negative results. That's why when new
technology is introduced, we should think about all its possible effects before using it.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

The Internet
Task 1
1. the Internet 2. entertainment 3. the media 4. computer 5. to access 6. to download 7. website 8. to browse
9. hacker 10. virus

Task 2
1. users 2. link 3. communities 4. messages 5. figures 6. communicate 7. quizzes 8. face to face 9. viruses 10. harass

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Education has been undergoing major changes since the advent of the Internet. The Internet gives stu­
dents an opportunity to take classes from a college or university anywhere at any time through online educa­
tion programmes. Students can complete assignments to suit their own timetable and save money on travel
expenses. However, students cannot enjoy person-to-person interaction with their professors and peers.
Besides, online education can be a major challenge for those who find it difficult to manage their time wisely.
The Internet provides teachers and students with instant access to information on thousands of different
topics and allows them to meet people from all over the world at the click of a button. Students use the World
Wide Web for doing homework assignments or projects. The Internet has made information search much
faster. Also, the Internet gives schoolchildren a unique opportunity to take virtual trips without leaving their
classroom. They can go to an online museum or virtual zoo. They can see the sights of world-famous cities
and travel to other countries and continents. However, this experience is far from real because schoolchild­
ren cannot touch things or take pictures.
As a disadvantage, students may find it difficult to understand whether information is reliable or not. The
validity of Internet sources varies from website to website, which means that students can acquire inaccu­
rate or outdated information online. In addition, those who use the Internet for information search and com­
munication do not often talk to people in person, which makes it hard to acquire appropriate social skills.

Task 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

в H E G A C D F

Task 3
1. excessive 2. health, appearance, interaction 3. eyesight, back pain 4. overweight, obese 5. nervous, computer
6. strangers, family 7. classes, jobs 8. limit, the Internet

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: The Internet has opened the world to modern children. It is a great source of information and entertain­
ment.
Your friend: Thanks to the Internet, children can access news, documents, images, sounds and video. Also, they
use the Internet to download movies, computer games, MP3s and other things for their enjoyment and relax­
ation.
You: The Internet helps children to connect with their classmates and widens their circle of friends. They get
to know other people from around the world, which opens them up to other cultures and languages.
Your friend: What is more, the Internet is a wonderful tool to use for homework assignments. If schoolchildren
need to find information for an essay or project, there are a lot of excellent websites and online encyclopedias.
153
 яшиш

You: However, the Internet has negative impacts on children. Using the Internet for long periods of time can
isolate kids from family and friends and affect their social development. Though many children have cyber­
friends, online relationships cannot substitute for real-life communication.
Your friend: Besides, children who spend much time in front of the screen do not exercise much and face a high­
er risk of poor health.
You: Many children feel joy while on the Internet. They lose track of time and forget about their homework and
household chores. Some children may become aggressive when interrupted while on the Internet.
Your friend: Many parents and teachers worry that the information on the Internet can be unreliable. Most
children don't understand how to differentiate between facts and inaccurate information. Besides, they can
stumble upon inappropriate websites when using the Internet.
You: Another problem is that the anonymity of the Internet allows nameless strangers to infiltrate children's
lives and influence their behavior. Some kids suffer from online harassment or cyberbullying. As a result, chil­
dren may feel depressed or even commit suicide.
Your friend: In general, the Internet has a lot of benefits to children as long as it is not misused or overused.
You: 1 quite agree with you.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Family
Task 1
1. permissive 2. discipline 3. authoritarian 4. submission 5. obedience 6. neglectful 7. affection 8. compromise
9. support 10. guidance

Task 2
1. biological 2. build 3. receive 4. environment 5. childless 6. skeptical 7. genetic 8. behavioural 9. parent-child
10. international

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Everyone’s family has problems every once in a while. A family consists of people of different ages, per­
sonalities and tastes. When children, parents and grandparents live together, there is often lack of under­
standing between older people and younger people, which is called the generation gap. Poor communication
and discipline problems are common in many families. Intolerance of differences can lead to innumerable
arguments and quarrels.
Today many people work so hard and want to succeed so much that they move their families to the back­
ground. They feel emotional and physical strain which causes tension and irritability and may result in
depression and nervous breakdowns. Other family problems include constant battles between siblings, sep­
aration or divorce, financial difficulties, drug or alcohol problems, domestic violence and many others.
Sometimes even joyful events such as a new baby, a wedding, a new house or a job promotion can disrupt a fam­
ily with unexpected consequences.
The most important thing is to deal with a problem before it gets out of hand. To my mind, tmst is the basis
for a healthy relationship. I think communication is the best way to solve most family problems. The more time
family members spend together and discuss their problems, the more they understand and trust each other. In
some cases family therapy can help people cope with their problems and take measures for recovery. .

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c D F A E В H G

Task 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C F A G В E D

154
Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Which is more important to you: to make a career or to have a big family?
Your friend: I don't know. And what about you?
You: I'd prefer to have a big family. As someone has rightly said, 'The family is the nucleus of civilization'. A per­
son’s upbringing and education starts in his or her family and it is in the family that values, norms and ideas are
communicated from generation to generation.
Your friend: I agree that the family has a significant impact on our lives. Our parents and relatives often become
a role model to us and we try to copy their behavior and attitudes. They understand and support us in times of
need or crisis. But why do you think big families are better than small ones?
You: To my mind, when there are two or more children in the family, they become used to helping each other
and sharing responsibilities. They learn to live in a 'community' where every member is equal. Besides, when a
child has brothers and sisters, he or she is not likely to become egotistic because parents share their love and
attention between all their children. If grandparents live with their grandchildren, they can share their knowl­
edge, experience and skills with kids. And finally, it is difficult to feel lonely when one has a big family.
Your friend: I see your point, but I think that small families are better. First and foremost, one needs less money
to support a small family. Parents who have only one child don’t have to work too much and they can spend more
time with their family members. What is more, when several generations live together, there is often misunder­
standing between older people and younger people because of their different opinions, habits and tastes.
You: Maybe you are right. In the final analysis, it does not matter if the family is big or small. The most impor­
tant thing is that it should be happy and united. That is why there should be love, mutual respect and under­
standing in every family.
Your friend: Absolutely!

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

The Mass Media

Task 1
1. the mass media 2. DVD 3. commercial 4. documentary 5. email 6. blog 7. network 8. magazine 9. newsletter
10. flying billboards

Task 2
1. international 2. articles 3. sensational 4. schedule 5. subscribers 6. customers 7. comments 8. technology
9. eye strain 10. broadcaster 11. access 12. movement 13. environment 14. landfills *

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Radio comprises music, news, talk shows and commercials. Before the advent of cable television, DVDs
and the Internet, radio was the dominant form of entertainment at home. Because radio uses only sound, it
lets us perform other activities at the same time, such as driving or working. Radio is the cheapest form of
electronic entertainment in terms of cost and energy use. Besides, it can amuse a large crowd, while other activ­
ities, such as reading a magazine or browsing the Internet usually provide entertainment for only one person.
The disadvantage of radio is that it cannot transmit images, video or text, which makes it less entertaining
than visual media forms. Since the advent of technologies like the iPod, which can store a very large amount
of music, radio has declined in popularity.
Television displays moving images as well as sound. It provides entertainment for millions of people. It
informs us of the latest international and local events, gives us an opportunity to 'travel' all over the world
and helps us enrich our experience. Television spreads cultural values, gives us food for thought and intro­
duces us to new ideas and activities. There is always a great variety of programmes on TV: news and sports
programmes, talk shows, reality shows, documentaries, educational shows, feature films, cartoons, con­
certs and theatre performances. However, television distracts us from our family and friends, as well as our
housework. What is more, viewers are concerned about TV violence, which contributes to aggressive behav­
iour and makes people fear the world around them.

155
Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c В H G A D F E

Task 5
1. False (Kate's elder brother works at a large advertising agency)
2. False (Commercials encourage people to consume unhealthy foods such as hamburgers and chips)
3. True
4. True
5. False (Advertisements can be found in newspapers and magazines, on the sides of buses, walls of buildings,
shopping carts, billboards, subway platforms and trains)
6. False (Many Internet users receive email messages that they have not asked for and do not want to read, which
are called spam)
7. False ^Subliminal advertising is shown for too short a time for one to be conscious of it)
covert advertising - скрытая реклама
subliminal advertising - подсознательная реклама (незаконная реклама, призванная воздействовать на
подсознание путем слов, мелькающих на экране с интервалом не более 10 секунд)

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Today teenagers can't imagine their lives without television, the Internet, magazines, radio and other types
of the mass media.
Your friend: You're right. Teenagers can spend many hours a day watching TV or browsing the Internet. But
their parents are worried about the influence of the mass media on their mental, physical and emotional health.
For example, TV viewing may seem like a harmless activity, but it can have a negative effect on young people's
health and behaviour. The more time they watch TV, the less time they have for exercise.
You: I couldn't agree more. Watching TV interferes with activities like doing homework, reading and spending
time with friends and family. What is more, teenagers may imitate risky and violent behavior such as smoking,
drinking or bullying.
Your friend: TV can influence young people’s academic performance, too. Those who watch TV too much leave
their homework unfinished and get poor grades. Studies have shown that teenagers who watch a lot of television
do poorer on tests at school and have smaller vocabularies.
You: Another problem is that teenagers are very impressionable. Many advertisements and commercials are
designed to target a teenage audience. As a result, young people spend much money on clothes, fast food, elec­
tronic devices and entertainment.
Your friend: In addition, the mass media can influence teenagers' attitude toward themselves. For instance,
teenagers see a lot of pictures of slim women and muscular men in magazines and learn to fit the stereotypes.
Girls try to lose weight in order to resemble top fashion models. Boys take muscle pills which have damaging
health effects.
You: Is it possible to make the effects of the mass media less harmful?
Your friend: In my opinion, parents should talk to their children about what they see in the media. Adults
should express their strong disapproval of violence and explain to teenagers what is right and what is wrong.
You: Also, parents should pay attention to the programmes their children watch, the magazines they read and
the websites they visit.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

The Arts
Task 1
1. ceramics 2. sculpture 3. architecture 4. graphic design 5. interior design 6. poetry 7. opera 8. museum
9. theatre 10. imagination

Task 2
1. paints 2. abstract 3. symbolism 4. psychological 5. scenery 6. expression 7. inanimate 8. natural 9. man-made
10. inspiration
156
Task 3
Примерный текст.
Dance is a type of art that generally involves movement of the body, often rhythmic and to music. Most
people like dancing and they dance for different reasons. It is difficult to say when dance became an important
part of human culture. Dance has been used during different ceremonies, rituals and celebrations since pre­
historic times. In the past people danced to tell stories and to show feelings for one of the opposite gender.
Dance plays a vital role in many of the world's religions. People have used dance in praise of their gods, in
celebration of the seasons, and simply as an outward expression of joy or grief.
For many people dance is an excellent opportunity to have fun, to express their emotions, to relieve stress,
to experience music and to improve their health and fitness levels. Also, dance can be a form of nonverbal
communication. It helps two people say 'I love you' to each other. That is why many couples celebrate their
unions with a wedding dance, which is the symbol of their love and affection.
There are lots of different dancing styles. Some of them can be practiced alone (solo dance), as a couple
(partner dance), or as a part of a much larger group (group dance). Many people dedicate their lives to dancing
and spend years perfecting their dancing skills. But it is not necessary to be a professional. The most important
thing is just to love dancing. There are many reality television shows and movies that have made ballroom danc­
ing popular and appealing to the average person. Some people take dance lessons or just buy videos and DVDs
that teach different dance steps.
While dancing, people try to express their emotions or to tell a story through their movements and facial
expressions. Dance fills your body with energy and makes you feel happier. Dancing is a wonderful way to
exercise while having fun. Besides, it has a lot of health benefits. It increases your muscle tone, lowers blood
pressure and enhances the release of endorphins. It helps you burn calories and lose weight. But of course
many people dance simply for the sake of dancing.
Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c F H A В G E D

Task 5
1) Graffiti varies from simple written words, slogans and political statements to elaborate wall paintings.
2) Many people think that graffiti is vandalism because it often appears on private or public property without
permission.
3) Many people believe that graffiti art often beautifies the community by appearing on areas that normally
would be eyesores, such as a wall in a vacant lot or an abandoned building.
4) Graffiti is always forced upon the public. Public funds are used to remove it. Some pictures are unsightly and
have little or no aesthetic appeal.
5) Some cities provide a means for artists to do legal graffiti art, which has helped to foster the art form and less­
ened the amount of graffiti art that appears in the city as vandalism. Some organizations of graffiti artists solicit
places to do legal graffiti such as abandoned buildings, businesses, or community walls in parks.
6) Some artists rebel against a repressive political and economic order. Others view their creations on public and
private spaces as a statement against Western ideas of capitalism and private property. Some artists want to show'
that art is not only what appears in the gallery or museum. But most artists use graffiti because they want other
people to recognize their artistic talent. Graffiti is a form of self expression. It gives artists an opportunity to com­
municate their feelings and ideas to the audience. In addition, graffiti is a creative method of communicating with
other artists and the general public. This type of communication links people regardless of cultural, linguistic, or
racial differences. The majority of graffiti artists enjoy what they do and find it to be rewarding, and exciting.
7) The art world has already recognized graffiti as art. One can see graffiti in galleries, museums, on many web­
sites, in fashionable magazines and even on clothes and toys. Some graffiti artists get thousands of dollars for
their paintings.

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Why do people create art and w'hat is its purpose, to your mind?
Your friend: I think art is created for many different reasons. It is something people must do by their very
nature. Art gives us a sense of beauty and harmony. It serves as inspiration to awaken the imagination, talent
and skill hiding in someone and ignites the passion to create something of beauty and importance.
157
You: In many cultures art has been used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. Also, art
is a form of communication because it helps people express themselves.
Your friend: Art influences our mood, helps us relax and awakens a mental feeling of pleasure. It is a great source
of enjoyment for many people.
You: In addition, art has psychological effects. That's why it is used by psychotherapists and psychologists for
treating psychiatric disorders, medical problems and developmental disabilities.
Your friend: Art can be used in the classroom to create an enjoyable environment for learning. For example,
teachers can decorate the walls of the classroom with beautiful pictures or play classical music while students
are engaged in work. Music helps reduce stress and build self-esteem.
You: The teacher can also encourage students to discuss the paintings they like or the musical compositions
they've listened to. Young people can share their ideas and engage in an open dialogue. It teaches them to com­
municate and learn from each other.
Your friend: Teachers can assign students art-based projects. It encourages young people's creativity and allows
them to demonstrate their abilities. A teacher can propose students to visit a museum or an art gallery and to
write an essay on what they've seen and learned.
You: Last but not least, art can be used for illustrative purposes. For instance, sculptures of the human figure
can illustrate idealized anatomy.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

The Cinema
Task 1
1. camera 2. projectionist 3. western 4. epic 5. comedy 6. masterpiece 7. special effect 8. action film 9. horror film
10. fantasy 11. science fiction film 12. thriller

Task 2
1. graphics 2. cameras 3. screen 4. true-to-life 5. dimensions 6. flat 7. amusement 8. glasses 9. headaches
10. expensive 11. profits 12. moviegoers

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Comedy films are designed to amuse and entertain the audience and to make people laugh. They often
humorously exaggerate situations, ways of speaking, the action and characters. Many comedies are lightheart­
ed stories which have a happy ending.
Action film is a film genre where characters are thrust into a series of challenges that require physical
feats. Action films usually feature explosions, car chases, villains, fist fights and other acts of violence. Stunt
men are employed to take the place of an actor when something dangerous has to be done in a film. Action films
often employ visual effects and computer animation.
Romance films are love stories that focus on passion and emotion. They make the love story or the search
for love the main plot focus. Occasionally, lovers face obstacles such as finances, physical illness, various forms
of discrimination, psychological restraints or families that threaten to break their union of love. Tensions of
day-to-day life and temptations enter into the plots of romantic films. Romantic films often explore the essen­
tial themes of love at first sight, unrequited love, forbidden love or tragic love.
Horror films often feature scenes that startle the viewer. They may deal with the viewer's nightmares, hid­
den fears, revulsion and terror of the unknown. Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an
evil force, event, or personage, commonly of supernatural origin, into the everyday world. Prevalent elements
include ghosts, aliens, vampires, werewolves, curses, demons, monsters, zombies, cannibals, and serial killers.
Thriller is a film genre that uses suspense, tension and excitement as the main elements. The aim of a thriller
is to keep the audience alert and on the edge of their seats. Thrillers heavily stimulate the viewer’s moods giv­
ing them a high level of anticipation, expectation, uncertainty, surprise, anxiety or terror. The concealing
of important information from the viewer, as well as fight and chase scenes are common devices used in all of
the thriller subgenres. Others such as red herrings, plot twists and cliffhangers are also used extensively.
Thrillers tend to be adrenaline-rushing, fast-moving, psychological, threatening, mysterious and sometimes
involve espionage, terrorism and conspiracy.
Fantasy films are films with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe
creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds. They often have an element of magic, myth, wonder, escapism, and the
158
extraordinary. Flying carpets, magic swords, spells, dragons, and ancient religious relics or objects are com­
mon elements. Some fantasy films may include supernatural characters such as magicians, fairies, dwarves and
elves. In fantasy films, the hero often undergoes some kind of mystical experience and must ask for assistance
from powerful, superhuman forces.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

в G E A H C D F

Task 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

F D H C A J В I E G

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: I think everybody likes watching movies. Movies are a source of entertainment for people of all ages and
professions. They stir emotions and stimulate conversations.
Your friend: I agree with you. Movies introduce us to cultures, historical events, and stories with which we are
unfamiliar. They can bring families together. Family movie night is a fun activity that encourages parents and
children to spend more time together and discuss different things.
You: Besides, movies can be used in classrooms to enhance learning. For example, watching the original version
of a foreign movie is an effective way of improving one's language skills. Those who learn foreign languages sel­
dom have an opportunity to talk to native speakers. Original movies give us a chance to listen to fluent speech
and introduce us to new vocabulary and grammar.
Your friend: However, not all films are good. Watching violent films or horror movies can lead to nightmares,
disruption of concentration or a fearful view of the world. Many films feature scenes that startle the viewer,
including blood and injuries, environmental disasters or scary animals. Besides, films may contain rough or abu­
sive language.
You: In addition, watching movies can interfere with basic physical activity. People who spend too many hours
in front of a television have little time for exercise and outdoor activities. Some people eat fast food while watch­
ing a movie, which can result in excess weight gain.
Your friend: Last but not least, watching a movie is a one-sided activity. People look at the screen and don't
look at each other during the film. They dip into exciting adventures of the main characters and don't pay atten­
tion to what their friends or family members do or say.
You: For this reason, watching a movie may be a disadvantage for dating or other relationship-building activi­
ties.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Books
Task 1
1. papyrus 2. printing press 3. parchment 4. cover 5. novel 6. philosophical works 7. detective story 8. manual
9. reference book 10. adventure story 11. guidebook 12. verse 13. encyclopedia 14. thriller 15. directory
16. dictionary

Task 2
1. available 2. compact 3. touch-sensitive 4. add notes 5. read in the dark 6. download 7. cause problems
8. limited 9. disappear 10. display

159
Task 3
Примерный текст.
People often read books for pleasure. Reading can be one of the cheapest and most satisfying forms of enter­
tainment. But books have the power to educate, too. History, science, art, sport, geography, philosophy and rela­
tionships are topics that books cover in detail. Books can tell us about different countries and people as well as
their customs and traditions. Besides, reading can help you improve your vocabulary and develop your critical
thinking and analytical skills. Reading requires a great deal of concentration and teaches readers to focus.
Reading is an excellent way to reduce stress and a healthy means of escapism. Books transfer you to other
countries, continents or even to other worlds, introduce you to amazing people, and make you laugh and cry.
Reading fires your imagination. Just open a book and you will dip into exciting adventures of the main char­
acters. You will hardly feel lonely or bored with an interesting book in your hands. A book is a faithful and
undemanding friend: it can be put aside and taken up again at any moment. That is why many people cannot
imagine their lives without books.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

G E H А В F С D

Task 5
1) sister 2) short, simple 3) Egypt, treasure 4) finding one's destiny 5) praise 6) modern 7) weeks, 1987 8) to
pursue our dreams

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Hi, Victor.
Your friend: Hi! What are you doing?
You: Гm reading a new book by J.K. Rowling. It's called The Casual Vacancy'. Have you heard about it?
Your friend: Actually, I haven't.
You: Joanne Rowling is my favourite author. I simply adore her Harry Potter series. Would you like me to give
you this book as soon as I finish reading it?
Your friend: I'm not an avid reader, you know. I prefer playing computer games or watching TV to reading
books.
You: It's a pity. Personally, 1love reading. It fires my imagination and gives me an opportunity to link up with
authors who lived hundreds and thousands of years ago. Through reading books I can talk to people who lived
in different ages and countries. I hear their voices and understand their thoughts and feelings. Books bring past
centuries to life, introduce me to fascinating people and help me understand my deepest dreams and fears. The
book is an inexhaustible source of information. It has the power to educate and entertain. That’s why many peo­
ple sav that reading is the best way to learn.
Your friend: Still, people read much less nowadays. If they want to learn about the latest events, they watch TV
or listen to the radio. They search the Internet for the information they need and read everything online. It's
much more efficient and time-saving. In the past, reading was one of the few ways to pass the time, but that was
before the advent of new technologies. Nowadays, people have many other options for spending time. They pre­
fer doing something that actually interests, relaxes or excites them, ranging from more active pursuits such as
playing sports to more passive activities such as watching movies or playing video games. Besides, some people
think that the fewer books they buy, the more trees they save.
You: I think it's just an excuse for not reading much. If you arc bored with traditional print books and consider
yourself a technologically advanced person, e-books are for you. They are light, compact and can store thousands
of pages. So if you go on holiday, you can put a lightweight e-book into your bag and enjoy reading while you are
en route.
Your friend: That's a good idea! I think e-books can make people read more. They can even replace paper books
in the future.
You: I doubt this is going to happen. Many people like buying and collecting traditional paper editions. A book
still remains one of the most popular presents. So I think that e-books will coexist with paper books. Anyway,
we'll have to wait and see.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

160

яяш яш шшштт
 Music
Task 1
1. folk music 2. opera 3. classical music 4. country music 5. jazz 6. blues 7. rock 8. pop music 9. heavy metal І0.
hip hop

Task 2
1. delight 2. irritation 3. healing effect 4. heart rate 5. beneficial 6. nervous 7. improve 8. developmental disabil­
ities 9. reduce 10. self-esteem

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Many people say that listening to music is their favourite pastime. They close their eyes and begin to surf
on the waves of rhythm and to dive into the sea of pleasant sounds. Scientists say that listening to either
soothing or upbeat music can have positive psychological and physical effects. Music helps you relax and
eases anxiety even in moments of great stress. Music can help change your mood when you are feeling exces­
sively up or down. Also, it can bring back memories you may have forgotten.
Music can challenge us intellectually. People listening to music tend to feel more creative in the task they
are doing, such as writing, painting or even cleaning the house.
Music can help calm a person down, but it can also give a person energy. Many people listen to an MP3 play­
er when exercising. They say that music increases the enjoyment of exercise.
Exploring different types of music can broaden your experience. Listening to music improves your con­
centration and increases productivity. What is more, music often touches us more deeply and reaches us more
profoundly than any words.
Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

в E D A F H C G

Task 5
1. British 2. In November 2011 3. popular music 4. Classical music 5. the electric guitar, sound synthesizer and
computer 6. the piano

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: What are you doing, Max?
Your friend: I'm writing an essay on education in England. I’ve got loads of homework.
You: But you are listening to music. How can you concentrate on your essay?
Your friend: It doesn't distract me a bit! On the contrary, it improves my concentration. No matter what task
I'm performing, silence never seems to promote productivity. Besides, listening to music makes the task seem
less boring.
You: Really? As for me, I need total silence to be able to work. If there's any background noise, I get distracted
and annoyed.
Your friend: You remind me of my elder brother. He works in an office and he complains that his colleagues
always have their favourite records on while they work. They say it helps them relax and they can't imagine their
working day without music.
You: Well, I think it's up to you to decide whether to listen to music while you're working or not. It's a matter
of personal preference. But it is not always good to have music playing in the workplace. While it improves con­
centration or provides relaxation for some people, for others it may be a distraction and even an irritation.
People should think not only about themselves, but about those studying or working beside them. Don’t you
agree with me?
Your friend: Of course I do. I listen to music as long as it doesn't bother anybody. If we do our homework
together, I will certainly turn off the radio.
You: Thanks. I'd appreciate it.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

161
 Leisure Time Activities
Task 1
1. rest 2. recreation/hobby 3. hiking 4. backpacking 5. bird-watching 6. martial art 7. wind-surfing 8. carving
9. painting 10. motivation

Task 2
1. fight 2. save 3. plunge 4. explore 5. operate 6. solve 7. lifelike 8. technicians 9. sound effects 10. artificial 11.
dramatic 12. interactivity

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Computer games are growing in popularity. But they are meant not only for entertainment. Educational
games teach players using the game as a vehicle. They help children develop reading skills, strategic think­
ing and planning skills. It has been noticed that gamers don't realize they are learning. So if educational games
could be used at school, education would enjoy significant benefits. Some computer games increase players'
attention capacities because they require a great deal of patience and focus from the player. Also, they can
improve your visual skills and help you develop coordination. Certain types of computer games can improve
gamers' dexterity and their ability to solve problems.
However, computer games have a lot of disadvantages. Their developers have been accused of the depiction
of graphic violence, sexual themes, consumption of drugs, alcohol or tobacco, bad language, propaganda,
profanity and advergaming (a form of advertising in games). Many games encourage violent behaviour, blur
the difference between right and wrong and can lead to addiction. Computer games make children and
teenagers unsociable and passive. Time spent in front of the computer has increased, while time spent reading,
playing outside or exercising has decreased. Children can play for hours without eating and sleeping. That is one
of the reasons why levels of obesity among children and teenagers are rising.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

F D H A G В E C

Task 5
1. False (Ecotourists travel to natural destinations with rare flora and faunal
2. False (Ecotourism is extremely popular today)
3. True
4. False (Ecotourism benefits the economic development of local communities. Tourists provide jobs to local
people, use local transportation, inns and markets and make voluntary contributions)
5. False (The expansion of infrastructure has a damaging impact on the environment. Many parts of the natural
environment may be destroyed to make room for hotels, restaurants and other structures)
6. False (The main rule of ecotourism is 'leave nothing behind you except footprints and take nothing away
except photographs")
7. False (First and foremost, ecotourism is education!

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: My hobbies include reading, cooking, dancing and swimming. What are you fond of doing?
Your friend: When I was 10, my hobby was collecting CDs, but now I don't have a hobby.
You: It's a pity. In my opinion, everybody should have a hobby. Hobbies help us relax and reduce stress. Also,
they help us acquire knowledge and skills and make our lives more interesting. All hobbies are beneficial, though
it’s not always easy to find the right one.
Your friend: How can I find a hobby that will fit me?
You: First, you should think about what you like and what you've always wanted to do. For example, if you
enjoy visiting new places, maybe travelling is a hobby that you will enjoy. If you like spending time outdoors,
you can choose from hobbies like hiking, horseback riding, backpacking, climbing or observing wildlife.
Your friend: No, it's certainly not for me. I don't like travelling and I'm not very athletic.
162
You: Have you got a camera?
Your friend: Yes, I have.
You: Then you can choose photography as a hobby. Take photos of your friends, family, animals or the coun­
tryside. You can make a photo album or put your photos in frames to decorate your house. I think this hobby is
very enjoyable and relaxing. Besides, photos will bring back happy memories. What do you think about it?
Your friend: 1don't think photography is a hobby that’s right for me. Besides, my old camera is not good enough
and I can’t afford to buy a new one.
You: Then make a list of things you're interested in. You can look through magazines and jot down what looks
interesting. You can also try searching the Internet for information on different leisure time activities and hob­
bies. I think one of the best ways to find a hobby is by trying new things. You may find that you enjoy things
you never thought you would.
Your friend: I think I could try painting. My art teacher has always told me I’m good at drawing. Or I could
learn to play a musical instrument. My elder brother plays in a band. He can teach me to play the drums and gui­
tar.
You: What a great idea! But if you decide that it isn't right for you, you can always change your hobby. No rules
exist that say you have to keep the same hobbies throughout your life.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Work & Career

Task 1
1. career 2. information technology 3. business 4. law 5. health care 6. software 7. hardware 8. cardiologist
9. paralegal 10. entrepreneur

Task 2
1. employee 2. suitable 3. resumes 4. desirable 5. live 6. personality 7. relevant 8. acquire 9. white-collar 10. audi­
tion

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Making a good career choice is a problem which worries many people today. Employers demand perfect
knowledge, work experience, a range of transferable skills and such qualities as efficiency, punctuality, prac­
ticality, creativity and many others. If you want to get a good job, you should know your employer's require­
ments and you need to convince your employer that you are the best candidate for it.
If you want to become a good specialist, you should be competent. Competence is a requirement for a per­
son to properly perform a specific job. In other words, it is a combination of knowledge, skills and behaviour
and the ability to carry out a specific role. Many companies need people who can work effectively in different
countries and cultures. Therefore, it is important to acquire intercultural competence. Employees should
understand people of other cultures and work effectively with them.
The ability to make the right decision is crucial in the world of business. Л good employee should demon­
strate problem-solving capability and think about what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved.
Negotiating is an important part of working life. That is why negotiating skills are essential no matter what kind
of job a person has. Employees should be able to build good relationships with partners and clients, under­
stand their needs and respect their rights. They should also maintain good relationships with their supervi­
sors and colleagues. It is very important to handle appropriately criticism and complaints, to deal respect­
fully with cultural and racial diversity and never to engage in harassment of any kind.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

F C В G E D H A

Task 5
1. anxiety 2. self-esteem, self-respect 3. blood pressure 4. isolated 5. quarrels, divorce 6. depressed, repeat 7.
abuse, robbery 8. benefits, assistance
163
Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Making career choices is something that everybody has to do at some point or another. A career choice is
a very important decision that affects the rest of a person's life. However, choosing a career can take a lot of time,
thought and energy.
Your friend: I quite agree with you. Many people find it difficult to choose a career, but certain factors influ­
ence their decision. Some young people think that they'd better follow in their parents' footsteps when choos­
ing a job. They choose careers that mirror their family members' professions because they can see the benefits
and disadvantages of their parents’careers and receive their help and advice. Others choose a career just because
'everyone else is doing it'.
You: 1 think first of all, you should ask yourself what you really love doing. Do you enjoy travelling and meet­
ing new' people? Do you love crunching numbers? Do you need to be creative in your w-ork? You should think
of a career that will be intellectually rewarding and personally fulfilling.
Your friend: However, not everyone is fortunate to find a job that they will like. Many people say that money
plays a key role in career decisions, especially if they have families to support.
You: I agree that money is very important, but doing something you hate will make you unhappy despite the
possible financial gains. If your work is too boring or difficult, you will feel dissatisfied and depressed.
Your friend: I think you're right. Besides, when you choose your future career, you should consider your cur­
rent level of education. Most jobs require at least a high school diploma, and many jobs require specific training,
college or university degrees, in general, the more education you have, the wider your career options are.
You: Your career will influence your daily activity and your social life. That's why it is important to weigh up
all the pros and cons before you make a decision about your future career.
Your friend: Absolutely!

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Foreign Languages
Task 1
1. language 2. promotion 3. communication 4. negotiation 5. hobby 6. mother tongue 7. multilingualism 8. intol­
erance 9. racism 10. xenophobia

Task 2
1. communicate 2. immigration 3. mixture 4. multilingual 5. outnumber 6. mother tongue 7. education 8. bilin­
gual 9. trilingual 10. polyglot

Task 3
Примерный текст.
English has become a global language. Millions of people speak English today. It is used by at least 750
million people. Some estimates have put that figure closer to one billion.
The historic and economic dominance first of England and then of the United States have made English
the most widespread language for both business and leisure. English is the primary language for global com­
merce and it is the primary language used in international affairs. For example, when a Chinese businessman
and his German clients meet in an international location, they communicate in English. English is the medium
of communication in such fields as aviation and science. Therefore, there is no sense in looking for jobs in
these fields if you don't speak English. Knowledge of English is important for diplomats and high-ranking
officials. Knowing English can provide you with a job advantage over non-English speakers and opens
employment opportunities in many countries and markets.
Travelling will be a lot easier if you speak English. Major tourist destinations use English as a primary lan­
guage and many countries offer tourist services in English. With English, you can travel confidently around
the globe because English is the most popular second language in many countries.
A lot of movies, songs and books are in English. Three-quarters of the world's mail is in English, so are
more than half of the world’s technical and scientific periodicals. The largest broadcasting companies in the
world, including BBC and CNN, transmit in English to audiences that regularly exceed one hundred million.
What is more, 80 per cent of all information stored in the world's computers is in English.

164
Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

G D H A E В F C

Task 5
1) on 21 February 2) 1999, linguistic, cultural 3) hundreds 4) Bangladesh 5) 1952, students, killed 6) Martyr's
7) six thousand
Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Learning foreign languages has a lot of benefits. If you don't speak foreign languages, you'll probably have
difficulty in finding a well-paid job.
Your friend: I agree. Learning foreign languages can make you an attractive candidate for many jobs and
improve your chances of career development. Besides, knowledge of a foreign language is important for those
who do business around the globe.
You: I think learning foreign languages is also important for those who are fond of travelling. Not knowing the
language of a country you're visiting can be annoying and even dangerous. If you are able to communicate with
the locals, read signs and understand your surroundings, travelling will be much easier.
Your friend: What is more, those who learn foreign languages are introduced to other cultures, which results in
broader understanding of the world, of politics, history and human interactions.
You: However, learning a foreign language can be a challenging task for many people. It is necessary to memo­
rize thousands of words and to learn grammatical rules to master a new language. Besides, one may face pro­
nunciation problems. Learning a foreign language takes a lot of time, patience, dedication and hard work.
Your friend: I agree. Learning a foreign language requires a significant investment of your time, effort and
money. You could do something else with those resources, such as spend time with your family and friends, read
books, exercise or take up a new hobby such as photography or painting.
You: In addition, learning a foreign language can be expensive, especially if you take college courses or pay for
private tutoring. It's possible to learn a new language from self-study, but practicing speaking with others makes
learning more effective and enjoyable.
Your friend: As a matter of fact, knowing a foreign language isn't useful to everybody. For example, if you can't
afford to travel, you might never get to speak the language with natives. Knowledge of a foreign language is not
essential for some jobs either. So there's no need to learn a foreign language if you are not planning to use it.
Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

Etiquette & Good Manners

Task 1
1. etiquette 2. custom 3. hug 4. greeting 5. title 6. common ground 7. bow 8. inferior 9. superior 10. acquaintance
Task 2
I. behaviour 2. host 3. accept 4. threshold 5. bad luck 6. bring 7. bad manners 8. cash gifts 9. hats 10. households
II. remove 12. soles
Task 3
Примерный текст.
Etiquette is a set of formal rules for polite behaviour in a given social situation. Nowadays good manners
are becoming even more important. Common courtesies such as saying 'please' and 'thank you' or holding doors
open for women make the world a nicer place to live in. Good manners cost nothing, and it takes little extra
time to practice them.
I believe that people should treat others as they wish to be treated. Our behaviour and manners help form
the perception people have of us. If you display proper etiquette, you are considered polite and well-bred.
Demonstrating etiquette can help to make the right first impression and build personal and professional rela­
tionships. Using good manners shows your respect for others. It also shows that you are a person to be
respected. Good manners help people make friends and make social interactions more pleasant.
Etiquette, good manners and communication skills are essential for success in business. Businessmen need
to understand how best to deal with their clients and business partners. Customers and other businessmen
would rather deal with someone who exercises manners and professionalism. Using basic business etiquette
165
can help improve business interactions with co-workers and clients. Besides, a businessman with good manners
is likely to earn a reputation as a calm and competent professional.
Etiquette and good manners are a person's ticket to success and happiness. No matter who you arc, what you
do, or where you live, etiquette and good manners are essential if you want to succeed either socially or in busi­
ness.

Task 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

D В F A G H E C

Task 5
1) Netiquette is a set of rules governing polite behavior on the Internet.
2) Posting inappropriate or unsightly content on the Internet, making obscene comments, typing a message or
email in ail capital letters, using shortened words and nonsensical grammar, 'spamming', 'trolling' and 'flaming'
arc generally considered bad etiquette.
3) Spamming is sending the same message to many different people using email or the Internet, usually as a way
of advertising something.
4) People that create messages specifically to incite anger, cause pointless discussion or shock others are some­
times called 'Internet trolls'.
5) Online insults and other breaches of netiquette are sometimes called 'flaming'.
6) Observing netiquette helps keep communication civilized and smoothly flowing.

Task 6
Примерный диалог.
You: Our parents teach us how to behave in social situations from a very early age. Every child knows that it is
polite to say 'please' and 'thank you’, to cover your face when you sneeze or to hold a door open for someone. But
it is rude to chew with your mouth open or to pick your nose.
Your friend: It’s very important to use proper etiquette and good manners in public places. Don’t throw trash
on the ground, don’t point or stare at people and never push your way through lines. It's impolite to make rude
comments about others, to talk loudly and to behave noisily.
You: Everyday etiquette is very important. The way you behave and interact with others shows what kind of
person you are. If you want other people to like you, you shouldn't forget about good manners. For instance, you
should try never to be late no matter whether you have an important meeting or are invited to dinner with your
friends.
Your friend: I quite agree with you. I think it's not polite to call anyone before 9 a.m. I don't make any phone
calls after 9 p.m. either. We should be respectful of others' private time.
You: Absolutely! Good manners are important no matter where you are. Using good manners at home makes
your family members happier. If you're always tactful and polite to your nearest and dearest, they will certainly
appreciate it.
Your friend: Also, you should treat your co-workers and superiors with respect and maintain good relationships
with them. It is very important to accept both compliments and criticism with tact and professionalism and
never to engage in harassment of any kind.
You: A person should exhibit good manners when talking to someone. It's rude to interrupt your interlocutor
while he or she is talking. Showing interest in others, listening and being polite are three simple cornerstones of
good manners. Making eye contact during conversation shows that you are both listening and are genuinely
interested in what is being said. Think before you speak to avoid offending or insulting others.
Your friend: You should also stay in control of your body language to avoid exhibiting hostility, annoyance or
anger. If another person exhibits bad manners, it is not polite to point this out in front of others. If someone is
rude, try to ignore them.
You: If everybody observes etiquette rules, our lives will become better and social interactions will run more
smoothly.
Your friend: Exactly!

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

 5 Feelings & Emotions

i Task 1
1. consciousness 2. thought 3. anger 4. pride 5. love 6. elation 7. despair 8. jealousy 9. anxiety 10. guilt

Task 2
1. affection 2. elusive 3. unconditional 4. chemical 5. neuroscience 6. appetite 7. passion 8. mental 9. negative
10. spectacles

Task 3
Примерный текст.
Jealousy is a powerful emotion that can be damaging to relationships. When you commit your love to one
person, you want a deep commitment in return. Anything that threatens that commitment provokes jealousy.
Jealousy usually arouses negative emotions like sadness, anger, anxiety, fear and a feeling of insecurity.
It also involves suspicion of betrayal, distrust, uncertainty, fear of separation and low self-esteem. We often
m feel jealous when we are afraid of losing the person we love. Jealousy occurs in romantic relationships, but it
к can also occur in friendships, family and work relationships or in almost any form of human interaction.
Some people say that mild jealousy heightens passion for one’s partner and keeps a relationship alive. It
IV can encourage people to appreciate each other. But if jealousy becomes irrational, it can be destructive.
Jealousy is often triggered by our imagination and assumptions. Having a jealous partner is exhausting because
e- everything you do will be interpreted wrongly. When we are jealous, common sense and rationality matter
very little and our emotions get out of control. In extreme cases jealousy can lead to aggressive behaviour and
violence. Excessive jealousy can cause significant damage to relationships, and can even cause them to end.
Overcoming jealousy is hard work which demands patience and self-control. People cope with jealousy in
different ways. First, you should take a good look at those things that trigger your jealousy and think what
your partner and you can do to avoid the situations that make you feel jealous. You can ask your partner to
change his or her behaviour so as to help you not to feel jealous any more. And of course you should trust the
; IS person you love and be honest with them.
ten
Task 4
ish
ide 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Iof F C H G В D E A
roc
our
Task 5
me 1. False (It is normal to feel anxiety, but not if it becomes constanti
2. False (The symptoms of anxiety include panic attacks, insomnia, heart palpitations, unreasonable fears, dizzi­
kes ness or chest pains’)
inly 3. True
4. False (People with anxiety mav not, even know7why or where it comes from)
flips 5. True
and 6. False (Meditation and regular exercise will help reduce anxiety. Medications and antidepressants are neces­
sary for treating severe anxiety)
ator 7. True
sof 8. False (Experiencing persistent fear of certain situations or specific objects is considered a phobia)
nely
Task 6
ж or Примерный диалог.
ae is You: Our emotions affect our behaviour. When w'e’re happy, we smile and w-ant to hug and kiss
When we're sad, we often feel like crying. When we're angry, we need to release this tension tb
nore some kind - to shout, bang, even to hit.
Your friend: In fact, emotions make us act and help us survive. For example, when we feci fear
protect ourselves.
You: Different situations and events arouse either positive or negative emotions. Events like a wedding or the
arrival of a new baby usually make us happy. However, there are some unpleasant and stressful events in our
lives like divorce, job loss or illness. They often result in feelings of anger, bitterness, despair or hopelessness.
Holding on to negative emotions harms your health and well-being. It can cause stress and lead to health prob­
lems. That's why people try to avoid negative emotions.
Your friend: What do you usually do when you're in a bad mood?
You: When I'm in a bad mood, I try to spend more time outdoors. Having a picnic or just walking my dog in the
park can turn my negative emotions into positive energy.
Your friend: Personally, I like reading when I'm sad or worried about something. Reading helps my mind and
body relax and helps me escape from the negativity of bad emotions.
You: If you are constantly in low spirits, engage in some activities that can elevate your mood. For example,
exercising will help you relieve the stress associated with negative emotions. Dancing,jogging, running, swim­
ming or weight lifting are beneficial to the body and mind. Exercising lowers stress-producing chemicals. That's
why it’s the best remedy for insomnia, depression and stress.
Your friend: Relaxing hobbies such as yoga will help to calm your nerves and allow you to forget about your
negative emotions.

Task 7. Задание с открытым ответом.

168
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