Second Law of
Thermodynamics and Entropy
ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer of ABE
MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC 1
Intended Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:
• State the statements for 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Explain what is entropy
• Discuss the changes in the entropy of different thermodynamic
process.
• Describe Carnot Cycle.
• Plot the processes of Carnot Cycle in property diagrams.
• Solve problems related to Carnot Cycle.
MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC 2
Review
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
“If the two systems are in thermal equilibrium
with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium
with each other”
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Review
First Law of Thermodynamics:
“When a system undergoes a cyclic change, the net heat
to or from the system is equal to the net work from or to the
system”
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Review
First Law of Thermodynamics:
“The total energy of an isolated system is constant.
Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can
neither be destroyed nor created”
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Limitations of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
• No restriction on the direction of flow of heat
• Does not specify the spontaneity of the reaction
• Practically, it is not possible to convert the heat into
an equivalent amount of work.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Clausius Statement:
“It is impossible to construct a device operating
in a cycle with sole effect of which is the transfer of
heat from low temperature reservoir to high
temperature reservoir”
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Kelvin-Planck Statement:
“It is impossible to construct a device operating in
a cycle with sole effect of which is the raising of a
weight and the exchange of heat with a single
reservoir”
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Other Statements of the 2nd Law of thermodynamics
• No actual or ideal heat engine operating in a cycle can
convert into work all the heat supplied to the working
substance.
• All spontaneous processes results in a more probable state.
• The entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Reasons for studying 2nd Law of thermodynamics
• It predicts the direction in time of processes.
• It aids in determining equilibrium conditions.
• It allows one to determine peak performance of practical devices.
• It enables one to frame analysis of the factors which inhibit the
realization of peak performance.
• It allows a rational definition of the absolute temperature scale.
• It has implications beyond engineering in physics, philosophy,
economics, computer science, etc.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
What is entropy?
•Entropy refers to the statistical disorder of a
system.
•Entropy is the measure of a system’s thermal
energy per unit temperature that is unavailable
for doing useful work.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Clausius Inequality
2nd Law equation
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Change in Entropy
• For a cycle with internal irreversibility:
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Carnot Principle
• No engine can be more efficient than a reversible engine
operating between the same high temperature and low
temperature reservoirs.
• The efficiencies of all reversible engines operating between
the same constant temperature reservoirs are the same.
• The efficiency of a reversible engine depends only upon the
temperatures of the Heat source and heat receiver.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Kelvin-Planck Statement
Heat Engine (or thermal Engine) is a
closed system (no mass crosses its
boundaries) that exchanges only heat
and work with its surroundings and that
operates in cycles.
Elements of a thermodynamic heat engine:
1. Working substance
2. Heat Reservoir
3. Heat Sink
4. Engine
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Heat Pump and Refrigerator
• A refrigerator or heat
pump is a device which,
with work input, moves
thermal energy from cold
regions to hot regions
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Carnot Cycle
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Mean Effective pressure is the average constant pressure that, acting
through one stroke, will do on the piston the net work cycle.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Carnot Power Cycle
1. One kilogram of air between the limits of 21°C and
260°C. The pressure at the beginning of isothermal
expansion is 2,758 kPaa and at the end of isothermal
expansion is 1,275kPag. Determine (a) the volume at
the end of isothermal compression, (b) ΔS during an
isothermal process, (c) QH, (d) QL, (e) Wnet , (f)η, (g) the
ratio of expansion during isothermal heating and the
overall ratio of expansion, and (h) pm.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Carnot Power Cycle
2. A Carnot engine operating between 775 K and
305 K produces 54 kJ of work. Determine (a)QA,
(b) ΔS during heat rejection and (c) η.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
• The inside of a refrigerator is held at TL = 3 ◦C. The
surroundings are at TH = 27 ◦C. We must remove 1.25
kW of thermal energy from the inside of the
refrigerator to balance the thermal energy entering
from the environment. Find the best possible
coefficient of performance β and the minimum power
requirement to operate the refrigerator.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Otto
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto
cycle is 8. At the beginning of the
compression stroke the pressure is 0.1
MPa and the temperature is 15°C. The
heat transfer to the air is 1800 kJ/kg air.
Determine:
a) The pressure and temperature at the
end of each process of the cycle.
b) The thermal efficiency.
c) The mean effective pressure.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
An air-standard Diesel cycle has compression
ratio of 18, and the heat transferred to the
working fluid per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. At the
beginning of the compression process the
pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is
15°C. Determine:
a) The pressure and temperature at each
point of the cycle.
b) The thermal efficiency.
c) The mean effective pressure.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Brayton Cycle
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Problem
Determine the P-V-T values in each point, the thermal efficiency, and
mean effective pressure in an air-standard Brayton Cycle under the
following conditions:
a) At the start of the compression process the condition is 103kPa,
26°C.
b) The heat added is 1850kJ/kgair.
c) The compression ratio is 8.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Problem
Determine the P-V-T values in each point, the thermal efficiency, and
mean effective pressure in an air-standard Diesel Cycle under the
following conditions:
a) At the start of the compression process the condition is 103kPa,
26°.
b) The heat added is 1850kJ/kgair.
c) The compression ratio is 16.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Problem
Determine the compression ratio and the cycle work per kg of air in an
air-standard Otto cycle engine. The temperatures at the start and end
of the adiabatic expansion are 3260K and 1420K. The heat added per
cycle is 1850kJ/kgair.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Rankine Cycle
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Problem
• Consider a 200-MW steam power plant that operates
on a simple Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at
10 MPa and 500°C and cooled in the condenser at a
pressure of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram
with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the net power
output of the power plant.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Rankine Cycle with Reheat
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Problem
Find the net power generated, η,
and the heat transfer to the
condenser in a power plant
operating in a Rankine power cycle
with reheat. The first turbine has
water enter at P3 = 8000 kPa, T3 =
480 ◦C. The water expands to 700
kPa, undergoes reheat, and then
expands again to 8 kPa. The mass
flow rate is m = 2.63×105 kg/hr.
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
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MOServiñas ABE 051: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Agricultural Engineering Department - MSU-GSC
