UNIT 5-E TOOLKIT

Procedures for Naming Ionic Compounds

Always write the name of the metal first and then the nonmetal when you name an ionic compound. A good
example is the reaction between lithium and sulfur. First write the name of the metal, lithium, and then write the
name of the nonmetal, adding an -ide ending so that sulfur becomes sulfide.

Li2S: Lithium sulfide

If you are naming Ionic compounds involving polyatomic ions, it follows the same pattern. Write the name of the
metal first, and then add the name of the nonmetal. With polyatomic anions, do not add the -ide ending. Here are
two examples:

(NH4)2CO3: Ammonium carbonate

K3PO4: Potassium phosphate
The only real time students get confused by these rules is if you are studying a transition metal that has more
than one oxidation state. When the metal involved is a transition metal with more than one oxidation state. In
that case, there can be more than one way to correctly name the compound. For example, suppose that you want
to name the compound formed between the cation:

Fe3+
and the cyanide ion:

Cn-
The most common method is to use the metal name followed in parentheses by the ionic charge written as a
Roman numeral: Iron(III). But an older naming method, which is still in use, is to use -ous and -ic endings. The
ion with the lower oxidation state given an -ous ending, and the ion with the higher oxidation state (higher
numerical charge) is given an -ic ending.
So the compound can be named:

Fe(CN)3: Iron (III) cyanide or ferric cyanide

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Sometimes figuring out the charge on an ion can be a little challenging (and fun), so try to name the following
ionic compound:

FeNH4(SO4)2
The sulfate SO4 ion has a 2- charge, and from the formula you can see that there are two of them. Therefore,
you have a total of four negative charges. The ammonium ion has a 1+ charge, so you can figure out the charge
on the iron cation. Because you have a 4- for the sulfates and a 1+ for the ammonium, the iron must be a 3+ to
make the compound neutral. So the iron is in the Iron(III), or ferric, oxidation state. You can name the compound
two ways:

FeNH4(SO4)2 : Iron (III) ammonium sulfate or ferric ammonium sulfate

And, finally, if you have the name, you can derive the formula and the charge on the ions. For example, suppose
that you’re given the name cuprous oxide. You know that the cuprous ion has 1+ charge:

Cu+
The oxide ion has a 2- charge:

O2-
Put them together and you get the following formula:

Cuprous oxide: Cu2O

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 UNIT 5-E TOOLKIT

Procedures for Naming Covalent Compounds

Why are rules for naming covalent compounds a little different?
In naming ionic compounds, there is no need to indicate the number of atoms of each element in a formula
since there is only one possible compound that can form from the ions present. For example, when aluminum
combines with sulfur, the only possible compound is aluminum sulfide, Al2S3. The only exception to this is a few
variable oxidation number metals. Those metals are named with Roman numerals for the oxidation number of the
metal, as in iron (II) chloride, FeCl2.

With covalent compounds, however, we have a very different situation. There are six different covalent
compounds that can form between nitrogen and oxygen and in two of these nitrogen compounds, nitrogen
has the same oxidation number. Therefore, the Roman numeral system will not work. Chemists devised a
nomenclature system for covalent compounds that indicate how many atoms of each element are present in a
molecule of the compound.

Rules are presented here for naming binary covalent compounds, those composed of two different elements.
In naming binary covalent compounds, four rules apply:

1. The first element in the formula is named first using the normal name of the element with no changes.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion. Note: There are no ions in these compounds but we
use the “-ide” ending on the second element as if it were an anion.
3. Greek prefixes are used for each element to indicate the number of atoms of that element present in the
compound.

Greek Prefixes:
Number
Prefix
Indicated
Mono- 1
Di- 2
Tri- 3
Tetra- 4
Penta- 5
Hexa- 6
Hepta- 7
Octa- 8
Nona- 9
Deca- 10

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4. The prefix “mono-” is never used for naming the first element. For example,
CO is called carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.

Examples:
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
NO nitrogen monoxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetraoxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pentaoxide
SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
CO2 carbon dioxide
P4O10 tetraphosphorus decaoxide
P2S5 diphosphorus pentasulfide

Presented here are the names and charges of common anions and cations.

Common Cations
Charge Formula Name
+1 H+ Hydrogen ion
Li+ Lithium ion
Na+ Sodium ion
K+ Potassium ion
Ag+ Silver ion
NH4+ Ammonium ion
Cu+ Copper (I) or cuprous ion
+2 Mg2+ Magnesium ion
Ca2+ Calcium ion
Sr2+ Strontium ion
Zn2+ Zinc ion
Cu2+ Copper (II) or cupric ion
Fe2+ Iron(II) or ferrous ion
Pb 2+
Lead (II) ion
Sn2+ Tin ion
+3 Al3+ Aluminum ion
Cr3+ Chromium (III) ion

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Presented here are the names and charges of common anions and cations.
Common Anions
Charge Formula Name
1- H -
Hydride ion
F- Fluoride ion
Cl- Chloride ion
Br- Bromide ion
I- Iodide ion
CN- Cyanide ion
OH- Hydroxide ion
NO3- Nitrate ion

2- O2- Oxide ion

O22- Peroxide ion
S 2-
Sulfide ion
SO42- Sulfate ion
3- N3- Nitride ion
PO43- Phosphate ion

Try naming or providing a formula for these ionic Try naming these covalent compounds:
compounds:
SO2 sulfur dioxide
NaCl Sodium chloride

Chromium(III) phosphate N2O dinitrogen monoxide

CrPO₄

Calcium sulfate CaSO4

CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride

Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3

OF2 oxygen difluoride

PbI Lead(II) iodide

Magnesium oxide MgO IBr3 Iodine tribromide

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