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Reservoir Modelling Lectures-7

A stratigraphic model incorporates stratigraphic surfaces and zonations to define the geological framework. It can be constructed from interpretations of surfaces using well data and seismic horizons. Stratigraphic correlation establishes which sedimentary strata are the same age in different regions. Well-to-well correlation provides constraints on the framework using true vertical depth. The model framework uses conformable stratigraphic zonations defined by interpreted horizons. Models can be built as single-zone or multi-zone grids depending on the needs of the modelling team. The geocellular model provides the fine-scale internal architecture of the reservoir that will be populated with properties.

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181 views

Reservoir Modelling Lectures-7

A stratigraphic model incorporates stratigraphic surfaces and zonations to define the geological framework. It can be constructed from interpretations of surfaces using well data and seismic horizons. Stratigraphic correlation establishes which sedimentary strata are the same age in different regions. Well-to-well correlation provides constraints on the framework using true vertical depth. The model framework uses conformable stratigraphic zonations defined by interpreted horizons. Models can be built as single-zone or multi-zone grids depending on the needs of the modelling team. The geocellular model provides the fine-scale internal architecture of the reservoir that will be populated with properties.

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Aws Amgad
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Reservoir Modelling 4th Year

8-2 Stratigraphic Model:

A stratigraphic model is the model framework that incorporates the


stratigraphic surfaces and zonations. A stratigraphic model may or may not
have faults. Both structural and stratigraphic models are also called a geological
or reservoir model framework.

A reservoir framework can be constructed from geological interpretations


of stratigraphic surfaces (Fig.20). Geological surfaces are interpreted using
sequence stratigraphic analysis and are then used to construct the framework. For
subsurface formations, one cannot interpret surfaces as easily as for outcrops
because of limited and indirect data.

The stratigraphic levels in the reservoir framework is represented by


seismically interpreted horizons or events and geologically significant
surfaces identified in well data: where the levels are identified in both data sets,
then the mapped seismic horizons are constrained by the well picks.

Fig.20: stratigraphic surfaces


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Dr. Maha M. Al-Dabagh Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Reservoir Modelling 4th Year

8-2-1 Stratigraphic Correlation:


Correlation is the process of establishing which sedimentary strata are
of the same age but in different regions (fig.21). In the subsurface, correlation
usually begins with markers picked from well data – well picks and seismic
data. There are three main types of stratigraphic correlation: lithological,
biostratigraphical or chronostratigraphical correlations (fig.22).

Fig.21: the correlation between three outcrops.

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Dr. Maha M. Al-Dabagh Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Reservoir Modelling 4th Year

Fig.22: correlations of the same sand observations in three wells


(a) chronostratigraphic and (b) lithostratigraphic

8-2-2 Well-to-Well Correlation:


The product of well
correlation provides a
fundamental constraint on the
reservoir framework. Well
correlation should be done using
TVD (true vertical depth) will
stretch/squeeze the thickness,
especially of highly deviated
wells (fig.23).

Fig.23:Depth reference terminology for use in well correlation


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Dr. Maha M. Al-Dabagh Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Reservoir Modelling 4th Year

8-2-3 Stratigraphic Surfaces:

The surfaces were used to construct the framework with conformable


stratigraphic zonations.

The choice of horizon type (Fig.24) is the decision to use a


lithostratigraphic well correlation or to employ sequence stratigraphic
principles.

Fig.24: Classification and impact of different types of horizons used in modelling

8-2-4 How Many Zones:

A zone in a grid-based modelling context is a modelling unit or sub-grid


(Figure). In conventional map-based modelling, the zones are introduced to keep
a certain level of vertical resolution. 3D geocellular modelling builds a grid within
each zone, thus simplifying the reservoir model.

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Dr. Maha M. Al-Dabagh Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Reservoir Modelling 4th Year

Fig: Horizon, zone and sub-grid nomenclature used in geocellular modelling

Multi-Zone Grid or Single-Zone Grids:


Models can be built as single-zone grids (SSG) or multi zone grids (MZG)
depending on what is required by the modelling team: speed, accuracy,
simplicity.

Reasons for Using MZG:

 Everything is stored within one zone container.


 Operations can be performed on all zones at the same time or separetly.
 Fault modelling will easier, as the grid construction is performed for the
full reservoir. With SSG, it is possible to generate faults that are
inconsistent from one zone to another

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Dr. Maha M. Al-Dabagh Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Reservoir Modelling 4th Year

Reasons for Using SSG:


 If only one or a few zones are of interest for a particular study, it is much
faster to work with SSG than a huge multi-zone, both for visualization and
calculations.
 You can easily choose independent well data sets for each zone for
conditioning. For instance, if well tracks are good in some zones whereas
poor in other zones, you can make flexible choices.
 With MSG, you have to use the same XY grid resolution on all your zones.
This means that if a zone needs a particularly refined XY grid, all other
zones will have to build with that resolution.
 Using SSG makes it possible for several people to work with different
zones at the same time.

8-2-5 Geocellular Model


The structural and stratigraphic models provide the skeleton of the reservoir
framework and comprise the largely deterministic element.

The geocellular model, a generic term often used to describe any 3D model,
provides the fine-scale internal architecture of the reservoir that will ultimately
be populated with facies and petrophysical properties.

The definition of the internal architecture should not be done without


reference to the conceptual depositional model and, to a large extent, the dynamic
properties of the reservoir.

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Dr. Maha M. Al-Dabagh Petroleum and Mining Engineering

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