16 PowerS

****| Learning Objectives Warm UpP

form.
You
will learn
to:
1) Express in expanded
recognis
number 1as base and exponent () 2 (i) (-5)' (ii) 3+3
.define six
laws
of exponents 2) Express in exponential
form.

of exponents applied negative numbers

to
(ii) 3125
define laws () 243 Gi) 729
and very small numbers in scientific notation
express very large ***********

'*********
************** *************** *****************

16.1 What is Exponential Notation? where we have to

class, you studied that thereseveral situations in mathematics
are
by
of a cube of side 2 cm given
In the previous is
number by itself several times. For example, the volume
multiply a
Volume =2 cm x 2 cmx 2 em
the
notation. In this form,
in the exponential notation or power
We express such multiplications
as
above volume can be represented
Volume = (2 x2 x 2) cm° = 2" cm
times.
Thus 2 means that 2 is multiplied by itself 3
is called the base.
Here, 2, the number that is multiplied, index or power.
number of times it is multiplied by itself, is called the exponent,
3, the notation. The following table gives
numbers can also be written in the exponential
Rational
some examples.
Read as
Exponential form
Product

raised to the power 2, orsquared

4

raised to the power 3, orcubed

raised to the power 4

16.2 Number 1 As Base and Power

1 is the number itself.
A rational number raised to the power

mentioned, it means that the exponent is 1.

Thus, when the power is not
199
 The number 1 raised to any power is 1 itself.
1'=1x1x1x1= 1; 1 =1
The number -1, raised to any power. gives 1 if the power is an even positive integer, and
-1 if the power is san odd
positive integer.
-1)'= (-1) x(-1)x (-1) x(-1) =1
-1)=-1) x(-1) x(-1)= -1
Thus, (-1)d poabtheiteg -|: ( - D apodtive kateper1

16.3 Laws of Exponents

There are certain laws that govem operations in numbers which are expressed in the exponential notation

Law 1

Ifis any rational number and mis any positive integer, then
For example. x=4xd
bxb b

Similarly,
()- axa xa
bxbxb

Solved Examples
Example1 Evaluate:()
1x1x1x 1x1
Solution
o- 3x3x3 x3x3
1
243 ) 5x5x5 125

Example 2 Express the following in exponential form. () 16 -16

(ii)
Solution =2*2x2x2
625 243 ()169
625 5x5x5x5

i) )X-)_H
3x3x3
il-32 -2)x(-2) x(-2) x(-2) x(-2)E
243
3x3x3x3x3

Civ)-1614x4)_
169
-{4
13 13 13 x
13
[Note carefully the difference between (ii) and (iv)]
Reciproca/ lustdo
af
the
the reciprocal of 2 is
, and thereciprocalof4 Evokugte
i-
t h a t

know

the reciprocal of arational numberis

you

n general

)Recicnoca od
(v) Recigrocal d 7

5:7
Solved 5xamples

Example
Find the reciprocals of the following.() 2' (i) (-2 (iv)
Solution
() Reciprocal of 2' =

() Reciprocal of(-2
=

)We can write

. Reciprocal of=

(iv) Wecan write 310P

Reciprocalof
in the
that the reciprocal of a rational number expressed
We notice from the above examples
exponential form is given by:

, b#0.
Reciprocalof
g Exercise16.1
ti)3x-3)x(-3)x(-3)x(-3)
1) Mention the base and the exponent in each 7x7x7x7x7
of the following. Show them in the expanded
2x2x2x2 x2x2
form
(-3)x(-3) x(-3)x(-3) x (-3) x (-3)
5x5x5x5x5x5x5x5
(iv) 11x11
(v)-1) (i7 11x11x11x 11 x 11 x 11 x
()(-7)x(-7)x (-7)x(-7) x (-7) x(-7)
x(-7) x(-7) x (-7) x (-7)

the foliowing rational expressions in

4 Express the following in exponential notation. 3) Express
exponential notation and write them in
15x 15 x 15 x 15
lowest terms.
17x 17x 17 x 17

20
 (i) 216
1000 (i) 27
64 (iil) 6 4
(il) 729
625
(iv) 10000 tn) (vi)

(v) 625 -1
(vi) 1000
000 25( v i l ) 4 4 1 6) Compute:
1296 36 484 () the elghth power of 2
(ix) -1000 -196 (11) the fifth power of 3
27
(x)256 (il) the first power of 21
4) Evaluate the following. (iv) the fourth power of
4
() the sixth power of
(vi) the square of
11

5) Evaluate the (vil) the cube of

lowest terms.
following. Express the answer in
(vii) the tenth power of-1
(i) 5'x2
7) Find the reciprocals of the following.

(i) 2 () (-5' ()
(v)

Law 2
lfa is a rational number and m, n are positive integers, then a" x a" m+n

a+5=
Solved Examples
-6

Example4 Show that: (1)2

Solution

From the above rule, we

-GMGGAG-G)
also conclude that

axa'xdxa'x.= dntp +q*..

Law 3 (a))
ifa is a rational number and m, n are
positive integers, such that m>n, then a" +a" =
d""
 solved ExAwples

Eramples Showthat:() o2-2-

Solution i.--
A.ai-a
Law3 (b)
number and m, n are positive integers such that m<n, then d' +d =*
fa is a rational

Solved 6xamples
M

()3
Example6 Showthat:

Solution

1
5-2

Law 4 a"=a"
integers, then (a""
=

are positive
and m, n
lfais a rational number
' *'****** ****

Just do it!
SImplity and glve
Solved ExAmples the answers in
exponential form.

) [3)T ()| (0) 3x3 () 7+7

Law4 with: (0 (2
Example7 Veify
(i)(121 ()
8

*****'
'****** **** MM
******'
**** ' * ' * *

Solution () (2 = 2x2'x2 =
22* =2
 Remember
(-3)""
=
(-3)
(-3)'x(-3)'
=

i) f-3) d"xd=d
3-8-191J- +'=d"
"+d
(d"-d=dt

Exeroise 16.2 (iv) (-4)'x(-4)*=(-4

in
Give the answer

1) Compute the following. (vi) (6)'=6

the exponential form. ()(-3/x(-3* L3). )(5=5
p+5
0992'x22 (vii) [(-8)'T=-8)*

(ix) (-2) (-2)=(-2)

(v) 3+3 (vi)(-3+(3) 3
-
x)-3)+(-3)5 3 (xi) 919136 =9144
(xi) 1,00,000 (10 =10
4) Simplify, giving the answer in the exponential
Give the in
2) Compute the following. answer
rm.

(Vi) exponential form.

(0)(28 (i) l-1* () (-6'1*+I(-6}T
(ix)

(i) 45 x
45

(vii)

3) Determine p in the following.

(i)(-1)'x (-1'= (-1P
1
(vi) -5}T (-ST *
(vii) x350

(ix) (2)x ) 6x6 x

(2
 The negative exponent
Ifa is a rational number different from 0, then a' denotes the reciprocal of a.

We know that reciprocal of a is Therefore a'=

a
ais read as 'a raised to the power -1"

For example: Reciprocal of 2 is written as 2

Reciprocal of is

Reciprocal of
Law 5
Ifa is any rational number different from 0, and m is any positive integer, then a" denotes the
reciprocal of a".
1
We know that the reciprocal of a" is Thereforea" =
a a
a is read as 'a raised to the power -m
We have also the following rule.

Ifis a rational number different from 0, and m is any positive integer, then
1
) (a/b)" (a"/b")
Law 6: The zero exponent
Ifa is a rational number, and a * 0 then a" = 1.

This can be proved as follows.

We know that, a"+a'= d""

Ifm=n then, d"+d'= d"" =a

But sincem =n, d"+d =l therefore a = 1

2x2x2x2x2=1; 2=1
Forexample, 2+2 =2 =2 and 2+2 2x2x2x2x2

Similarly G-G)-G)
4 4
x
4 4 Remember!

)-)- 3 3
4
3 3
=1
a=1
a
 Solved 5xAmples
exponent:
()
with positive
Express
Example8

Solution

() 4
(i1) (-4)
number.
rational
a
Express as ()-(G)2
Example9

()(4)"=464
)
Solution 0040
Example 1o Simplify:(5"+4x

Solution (5+4)

Find the value of: 58-HG-18|

Example 1

1x1]- [1+ 1] =0
Solution

Exponents
Applied to Negative
16.4 Laws of Exponents to negative
to positive exponents also apply
and division that apply
The rules of multiplication the following examples.
We can prove this by
exponents.
as to
exponents, as well
zero

Law1:
1, hence the law applies forzero
exponent.
F o r 0 exponent: Ifm =0, =l and
a
For negative exponent: Consider b

a
(a b
Hence, the law applies for negative exponents also.
Remember!
Law 2: a"xd' = d

F o r 0 exponent: Ifm =n = 0, we have

axd'=a'xa'=I x1 =1 axa"=amn

=a=a' =1
 For negative eiponent: Let m =
-3, m=-2
axa-a"xa'= 1. =a
a=a=a' aa'
Therefore, the law is applicable for negative exponent also.
Law 3: a+ a" =d" *

For 0 exponent: If m =n =0, we have

a+a=a+d'=1+1 = 1
aa=d= 1
Therefore, the law is applicable for zero exponent also.
For negative exponent: Let m= -3, n= -2
d+d=a+a"=.
d'-a'=
=a=a =a' =
a

Therefore, the law is applicable for negative exponents also.

Law 4: (a") = d

F o r 0 exponent: 1fm =n =0, we have * * * * *

Just do it!
(a"y=(a"°= 1°=1
aT=a=d = 1 Simplify and give the answers
in exponential form.
Therefore the law is applicable for 0 exponent )(3x 5° =.
For negative exponent: Let m = -2, n = -4

(i)14x 14=.
(i)(8)=
d= a - = d
****'******************

MM

Therefore the law is applicable for negative exponents also.

solved 6xamples
Example 12 Simplify: 0

Solution
9-C"-)-)
(-19-C)-= (44-)4
+ (2'*+ (5')'
2-1-+ 5-)-1= 4'+22 +5 =73

207
 Example 13 Show that:
o)-(3)-(: (13-G)
Solution o ()-)---(2)-G)

()-)- - )-G)
Example 13 suggests another rule followed by exponents.
Ifa and b are rational numbers and m is any integer, then a" x b" = (ax b)"

Exereise 16.3
1) Find the value of 5) Simplify, and express each of the following as
positive exponents.

(iv) 4-3°+8° -9
) 6-9-10-| E-G)'
T

(-1-Gr-G
2) Simplify and express the result as a power of 10:
(ii) 4+4-10 y
(iv) (77)x7 7
(v) 8x (8)

GG|1=1o (vil) (3+4

3) Express as a rational number.
(ii) (-6)2
(vii) (6x4')
tiv
tv) (-5)
(x)(6+8''+(3+2)
(vii) (vii) (34) (1+2+3 ) x 41
6) Show that the following are true.

4) Correct the mistakes in the

-)-27
(i) (-3+(-3)- (-3)"=-175
following.
(i) I-1)*-(2}=2
(iv) -4)=-
(iv) 4-8 = (-4°
7) Find the value of x in the following.
() 5x5+5"
3--B
 (i) 4'x 4'=4'
(i) 55'=5" 9 Which number must be nultiplied by
(v) (-3'x(-3"=(-3) toget
be
10) Bywhich numbershould
+4 -(4e') multiplied to get
8) Simpliy, and give your answers with positive ftBy which number should be divided
exponents to get
()(-5) x-5'+(-5'
,find the value of
12)1- 3
x 15y

(iv) (-1'+-1) x(-1

16.5 Scientific Notation

notation
introduced to the concept of scientific notation. You learnt that this
is
In Class 7. you were

used when we are dealing with very large or very small numbers.
Do you know the number 30,00,00,000 m/s?
It is the speed of light!
Do you recognise the number 0.000000000753 kg?
This is the mass of a dust particle!
To write these numbers in this given form is cumbersome. So
or in standard form.
we express them in scientific notation Numbers Scientific notation
To write the number 123000000000 in scientific notation
ee**************
*********************
9876543 = 9.8765543 x10
number 9.876543 x 10
Put the decimal after the first digit, count the total 987654.3
the trailing 9.876543 x 10*
of places after the decimal digit and then drop 98765.43
9.876543 x 10
zeroes. 9876.543
9.876543 x 10
987.6543
9.876543 x 10
98.76543
1.23,00,00,00,000 9.876543 9.876543 x 10
The total number of places from the decimal to the end of the 0.9876543 9.876543 x 10

0.09876543 9.876543 x 10
number is the exponent of the number. 9.876543 x 10
In 1, 23,00.00.00,000 there are 11 places afterthe 0.009876543
0.0009876543 9.876543 x 10
decimal and 11 is the positive exponent. 0.00009876543= 9.876543 x 10
Therefore we write 1,23,00,00,00,000 as 1.23x 10 0.000009876543 9.876543 x10
Numbers expressed in scientific notation

9
 number in the decimal notation using the following procedure.
is easy to write a decimal point after the first non
scientific notation should have the on-
A
number expressed in the
zero digit. of 10.
moved determines the cxponent
T h e number of places the decimal point has to be the exponent is positive.
from right to left,
lfthe decimal point has to be moved the exponent is negative.
decimal point has to be moved from left to right,
lf the
For very small numbers also a similar approach is used. Numbers smaller than I will have a negatjve
1.0 x 10s
exponent. A millionth ofa second is 0.000001 s or

Solved 5xaples
Example 14 Express the following in scientific notation. (i) 235600o (integer
1) 238.090 (decimal with integer part) (ii) o.000o5678 (decimal without integer part)

Solution () 2356000=2.356 x 10,00,000 = 2.356 x 10 (i) 238.090 2.3809x 100 = 2.38 x 10

(ii) 0.00005678=5.678 + 1,00,000= 5.678 10

Example 15 Express in scientific notation. (i) 67530000 i) o.000o565 in scientific notation.

Solution () 67530'o0o (i) o.0'o oo's 6 5
The decimal point is placed after 6. Counting the places before 5,
Counting the places after 6, we have 7 as the exponent. we have-5 as the exponent.
Hence 67530000 = 6.753 x 10 Hence 0.0000565=5.65 x10
-16 wral
s,7,2,I
Exercise 16.4
1) Express each of the following in scientific 3Expand the following.
notation. 499.00876 x 10 (ii) 6.80968 x 10
(i) 64350000 (ii) 890078 (ii) 2.0007x 10° (iv) 3.1x 10
(ii) 80109 (iv) 0.0001 (v) 3.079 x 103 (vi) 7.896856 x 10
(v) 2000050 (vi) 43.0877 (vi) 2.001x 10 vii) 5.55x 105
(vi) 748.9876t (vii) 4.0809 t Mm¬ 4) Express the following in standard form.
(i) 90877665 x 10 (i) 47.896x 103
2 Correct the mistakes in each of the following.
(ii) O.000096 x 10 (iv) 0.90089 x 10
(i) 0.002546=2.546 x 10=1
(v) 3400908 x 10 (vi) 0.00976 x 10d
(i) 4.06750 =4.0675 x 1010
ii) 0.099999 =9.9999x10It 5) In January 1999, the fastest computer in the
(iv) 7895600=7.8956x 10 world could performa single calculation in
about 0.000b008000d026 seconds. How long
(v) 1008= 1.008 x 10
would it take this computer to do 500000 such
(vi) 0.001010 1.010 x 102
calculations? Answer in scientific notation.
 Abusiness deal involved 6,40,00,000 Answer in
number of rniles in a light year.
HOw much is this expressed in scientific
scientific notation.
notation? A profit of R3.80,00,000 was made 1 of a metre
Express thiS also in scientific notation.
9) One micron is equal to 10,00,000 xD
notation.
7The half-lite of a radioactive isotope is the Express this in scientific
time required for half the quantity of the
10) One tonne is equal to 1000 kg. Express 1 mg
isotope to decompose. The half-life of the scientific
uranium 238 is 4.5 x 10 years. The half-life of in terms of tonnes using
uranium 234 is 2.5 x 10' years. How much notation.
radius to our
more greater is the half-life of uranium 238 11) What is the ratio of Milky Way
than uranium 234? solar system radius given
that, the distance
5.9x10 metres
and
from Pluto to sun is
radius is. 3.9 x 10
8) Light travels at a speed of 1.86 x 10' miles the Milky Way disk
coefficient to the
off
per second. A light year is the distance the metres? Round
light travels in one year. Determine the nearest tenth.

CALCuLATIONS
MATHLETICS CONCEPTS AND

Miscellaneous Exercises

in each of the following. (i)

1) Mention the base and exponent
notation.
2) Express the following in exponential
lil-12X-12x-12 x-12 11x11x11x 11 x11
0) 3*13x13 i) 13x 13x 13x 13 15 x15x 15 x 15x 15
)7x7x7 in the exponential notation and
reduce to lowest terms.
3) Express the following 625
-1 (iv) 2401
32
(1) 81
1296 (i) 1,00,000
1,00,000
in the lowest terms.
express the
answer
4) Evaluate the following and

5) Compute the sixth power of-2

(i)
(i) The fifth power of 7
(iv) the thirteenth power of-1
(Gii) the square of
answers in the simplified form.
the following. Express
6) Find the reciprocals of
()3 (ii) 4
form.
the following. Give your answer in the exponential
Compute (iv)(-7'+7
()(4"x(-4
211
 8) Compute the following. Give
yo answer in the exponential form.
(i) (3
(i) I-1"T t
9) Determine x in the
following
()(-2' x(-2)'= (-2*
10
(i) (5=5
13
10) Find the value of
the following and express each as a power of 10
(i) 7-8°+90
-197-(-G]
(iv) 10610
11) Express as a rational number.
( )| ()(-8*x (i)(-9) (iv)
12) Simplify and express the following as
positive exponents.
(i) 6+6-10
(i) (5+5)
xs()(4 +3)+| () (1+2+3)x
13) Write in scientific notation.
()0.000467 (i) 32000000
14) Calculate and
express your answer in
scientific notation: (4.5 x 10) x (5.2 x 10)
15) Express -0.00036 in scientific
notation.

Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct
option.
)Expressing in power notation, the answer is:
(b) 3x3x 3x3
( 5X5x5x5 c) 81 3x4
625
5x4
2) The value of
(b)

3) 1 is divided by the answer in its

,

exponential form will be

ta
 4)Simplifying the result when expressed as a power of 2 15.

2 (b) 1
(d) 3x2
(a) (c) 2
Expressingin pOwer notation, the answer is:
3
3x 3x3 3x9
02x2x2x2x2x7
2 x2x 2x2 x2x2 (8x8
6) Which of the following is equal to ?

7) Which of the following is true? (d) 100= 10

(a) 100>10° (b) 100°= 10* (c) 100°< 10

8) The reciprocal of am is:

(a) a (b) (d) m

9) Which of the following is not true? (d) ( a = o

(c) a = d
(a) axb=(a xb" (b) d"xd'= dmm

10) 17,350 expressed in scientific notation is: 1.735 x 10

(a) 1.735 x 10 (b) 1735.0 c) 1.735 x 10 (d)

MATHLETICS-APPLY AND ANALYSE

*** * *****************************************"************************

******************************************** ******** **** * *****

**************************************************

MatAs Lab Activity

Try this!
Take a double sheet of newspaper. Fold it into
half-in any manner. Fold it again into half.
Folds 5
The challenge is- you will not be able to fold it
8 or more times.
Number of 8 16 32 64 128 256
Why was this difficult? Draw a table.
The nurmber of layers keeps increasing in powers
layers
of 2. It then becomes so thick that it cannot be
folded. If a paper can be folded 10 times, Powers of 2
then how many layers would there be?
****---*.*...... .....**********************
****************************************************************************************************************************************************.

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