§6.
LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.1. Linear Momentum (động lượng)
- Linear momentum of a particle: (của 1 chất điểm)
= (6.1)
- Three components of the linear momentum:
= ; = ; = (6.2)
- Linear momentum of a system of n particles: (của 1 hệ nhiều chất điểm)
= + + ⋯ + " = + + ⋯ + " "
= # $ = # $ $ (6.3)
$ $
* The alternative form of Newton’s second law: (dạng khác của ĐL II Newton)
' '() '
# % = & = = =
' ' '
(6.4)
The time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal to the net
force acting on the particle
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.2. Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)
An isolated system of two particles with masses *+ and *, moving with
velocities -⃗+ and -⃗,
% + % = / & + & = /
' ' '
⟹ + =/ ⟹ + =/
' ' '
⟹ = + = 1 "2 or ∆ = /
(6.4)
Or: $ + $ = 6 + 6
(6.5)
The linear momentum of an isolated system is conserved
The total momenta in the x, y, and z directions are all independently conserved:
$ + $ = 6 + 6 ; $ + $ = 6 + 6 ; $ + $ = 6 + 6
Whenever two or more particles in an isolated system interact, the total
momentum of the system does not change
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.3. Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)
'
- From ∑ % = the momentum of a particle changes if a net force acts on
'
the particle
- Similarly, the momentum of a system changes if a net force from the
environment acts on the system
- For momentum considerations, a system is nonisolated if a net force acts on
the system for a time interval
- Under a net force ∑ % acts on a particle in a time interval dt, the change in its
momentum:
' = # % '
+ The change in the momentum of the particle during a time interval ∆t = 89 - 8: :
6
∆ = 6 − $ = = # %' (6.6)
$
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.3. Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)
- The impulse of the net force ∑ >⃗ acting on a particle over
the time interval ∆8 = 89 − 8: : xung lương của ∑ >⃗
6
?⃗ = = # %' (6.7)
$
- The magnetude of impulse N⃗ equals to the area under the
force–time curve
- Impulse is not a property of a particle; rather, it is a measure of the degree to
which an external force changes the particle’s momentum
- If ∑ >⃗ = constant:
N⃗ = # >⃗ ∆8 (6.8)
- Impulse–momentum theorem: The change in the momentum of a particle is
equal to the impulse of the net force acting on the particle: (ĐLí Xung lượng-Đ. Lg)
∆ = ?⃗ (6.9)
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.4. Collisions in One Dimension (Va chạm 1 chiều)
- Collision: two particles come close to each other and
interact by means of forces (thời gian rất ngắn)
+ A collision may involve physical contact between two
macroscopic objects
+ A collision on an atomic scale may not involve physical
contact between particles
- Elastic collision: the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved
- Inelastic collision: the total kinetic energy of the system is not conserved
+ Perfectly inelastic collision: objects stick together after they collide (V/c
mềm)
+ Inelastic collision: colliding objects do not stick together but some kinetic
energy is transformed or transferred away The kinetic energy of the system
changes
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.4.1. Perfectly Inelastic Collisions
Because the momentum of an isolated system is
conserved in any collision:
∆ = / ⟹ , $ = , 6
$ + P $ = ( + )6
- The final velocity:
6 = ( $ + $ )/(
)/ + ) (6.12)
6.4.2. Elastic Collisions
- In an elastic collision, both the momentum and kinetic energy of the system are
conserved:
$ + P $ = 6 + 6 (6.13)
$ + $ = 6 + 6 (6.14)
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.4.2. Elastic Collisions
From Eqs. (6.13) and (6.14), the final velocities of particles:
−
6 = $ + $
+ + (6.15)
−
6 = $ + $ (6.16)
+ +
- If = 6 = $ and 6 = $ particles exchange velocities
- If *+ is much greater than *, and -,: = 0 -+9 ≈ -+: and -,9 ≈ 2-+:
- If *, is much greater than *+ and particle 2 is initially at rest
-+9 ≈ −-+: and -,9 ≈ 0
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.5. The Center of Mass (khối tâm)
- The center of mass of the pair of particles of masses *+
and *, located at positions of d+ and d, :
+
[\ = (6.15)
+
- The x-coordinate of the center of mass of n particles:
+ + ⋯ + " " ∑$ $ $
[\ = = = # $ $
+ + ⋯ + " ∑$ $ \
(6.16)
$
- The y- and z-coordinates of the center of mass:
[\ = # $ $ and [\ = # $ $
\ \ (6.17)
$ $
- The position vector ]⃗^_ of the center of mass:
`[\ = [\ a⃗ + [\ b⃗ +[\ c
`[\ = # $ $ a⃗ + # $ b⃗ + # $ $ c
\ \ \
$ $ $
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.5. The Center of Mass
`[\ = # $ `$
\ (6.18)
$
where ]⃗: = d: l⃗ + m: n⃗ +o: p is the position vector of the ith particle
- The center of mass for an extended, continuous objects:
[\ ≈ # ∆$ $ , [\ ≈ # ∆$ $ , [\ ≈ # ∆$ $
\ \ \
$ $ $
+ If the number of elements n approaches ∞:
1
[\ = lim # ∆*: d: = = ' (6.19)
∆gh →j k \
:
[\ = = ' (6.20)
\
[\ = = ' (6.21)
\
+ The position vector of the center of mass of an extended object:
`[\ = = `'
\
(6.22)
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.5. The Center of Mass
- The center of mass of any symmetric object of uniform density lies on an axis of
symmetry and on any plane of symmetry
- Center of gravity:
gravity trọng tâm
+ Because an extended object is a continuous distribution
of mass, each small mass element is acted upon by the
gravitational force
+ The net effect of all these forces is equivalent to the
effect of a single force Mw⃗ acting through a special point,
called the center of gravity.
+ If w⃗ is constant over the mass distribution, the center of
gravity coincides with the center of mass.
+ If an extended object is pivoted at its center of gravity, it
balances in any orientation.
+ The center of gravity of an irregularly shaped object can
be determined by suspending the object first from one
point and then from another.
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.6. Systems of Many Particles
- The velocity of the center of mass of the system:
system
y]⃗^_ 1 y]⃗:
[\ = = # *: = # $ $
y8 k y8 \
(6.23)
: $
⟹ \[\ = # *: -⃗: = # z⃗: = (6.24)
: :
where -⃗: is the velocity of the ith particle
The total linear momentum of the system equals the total mass multiplied by the
velocity of the center of mass.
mass. In other words, the total linear momentum of the
system is equal to that of a single particle of mass M moving with a velocity [\
- The acceleration of the center of mass of the system:
system
%$ = $ &$ tổng hợp lực tác
y-⃗^_ 1 y-⃗:
&[\ = = # *: = # $ & $
y8 k y8 \ (6.25)
: $
⟹ \&[\ = # *: {⃗: = # %$ (6.26)
: $
⃗
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.6. Systems of Many Particles
- The net force on the system is caused only by external forces:
# >⃗: = # >⃗
:
∑ %
⟹ &[\ = Newton’s second law for a system of particles
\
(6.27)
The center of mass of a system of particles having combined mass M moves like
an equivalent particle of mass M would move under the influence of the net
external force on the system
- From Eq. (6.27), we have:
y-⃗^_
= # % ' = = k{⃗^_ y8 = = k y8 = k = y-⃗^_ = \[\
y8
⟺ ∆ = ?⃗ Impulse–momentum theorem for a system of particles (6.28)
where N⃗ is the impulse imparted to the system by external forces and is the
momentum of the system
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.6. Systems of Many Particles
- If the system is isolated (∑ % = /) N⃗ = 0
⟹ ∆ = / (6.29)
(6.30)
⟺ \[\ = = # z⃗: = z⃗+ + z⃗, + ⋯ + z⃗ = 1 "2
:
The total linear momentum of a system of particles is conserved if no net
external force is acting on the system
“Tổng động lượng (động lượng) của 1 hệ gồm nhiều chất điểm sẽ đc bảo toàn
nếu tổng ngoại lực tác dụng lên hệ bằng 0”
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.7. Rocket Propulsion
- At some time t, the magnitude of the momentum of a
rocket plus its fuel is:
(\ + ∆) (6.31)
- is the speed of the rocket relative to the Earth
+ Over a short time interval ∆8, the rocket ejects fuel of
mass ∆*. At the end of this interval, the rocket’s mass
is M and its speed is - + ∆-, where ∆- is the change in
speed of the rocket
+ If the fuel is ejected with a speed - relative to the rocket, the velocity of the fuel
relative to the Earth is: −
+ Because the system of the rocket and the ejected fuel is isolated, we apply the
isolated system model for momentum and obtain:
\ + ∆ = \ + ∆ + ∆( − ) (6.32)
⟹ \∆ = ∆ (6.33)
§6. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS
6.6. Rocket Propulsion
+ As ∆8 0, ∆- y- and ∆* y*. The increase in the exhaust mass y*
corresponds to an equal decrease in the rocket mass, so y* = −yk
⟹ ky- = - y* = −- yk
_
yk
⟹ = y- = −- =
k
h _h
\$
⟹ 6 − $ = " (6.34)
\6
The increase in rocket speed is proportional to the exhaust speed of the
\
ejected gases and the natural logarithm of the ratio $
\
