HH 3001

HISTORIOGRAPHY: THEORY AND METHODS

Contact details

Asst. Prof. Jessica Hinchy

Email: [email protected]
Office location: HSS­05­18
Office Hours: By appointment via email

Course Aims

Do historians uncover the truth, organize the facts and formulate possible causal
explanations or just tell stories that sell? Can history be written “as it actually happened”?
Are all human histories always provisional and conditional? How is a reconstruction of the
past possible given that historians cannot rethink the thoughts of the dead or relive their
lives? Are historians unfairly imposing the questions of the present to the past? Is the
writing of history ultimately a power game that ensures the dominance of those who
possess it? In a world in which an ever­growing chorus of voices is heard, what are the
criteria by which a historical work can be held as valid? With the coming of the digital age
in humanities and social sciences, will history ultimately perish as a discipline and
profession? In this course, we will discuss the aforementioned questions by examining
history’s relationship to science, postmodernism, colonialism, nation building, gender,
identity politics and globalization. Building on the basic skills acquired in HH 1001: What
is History, this course offers a more advanced introduction to the theories and
methodologies underpinning our craft.

Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of the course, you (as a student) would be able to:
1. Identify major methodological developments in the English­language
literature in the 20th century.
2. Compare and contrast the major historical approaches.
3. Synthesize and engage in various theoretical debates.
4. Articulate compelling, evidence­based, and well­reasoned arguments in
written and oral form.
5. Formulate original historical arguments and explanations that effectively
deploy primary and secondary source evidence.

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Requirements and Expectations
x Students must attend the weekly seminars and take part in discussions.
x I will generally only post slides, if available, on Blackboard after class.
x Students must read the assigned materials before each class. Those readings listed
under “further reading” are not mandatory; they are for those who wish to
explore the topic further. Essential readings will be accessible on Blackboard.
Students can find further readings in the reserves section of the HSS library.
x Students should check Blackboard for important information regarding the course
and assignments.
x Students should arrive on time; late arrival will result in a deduction of
participation marks.
x Note that NTU’s Policy on Student Code of Conduct applies.
x All work must be your own. Plagiarism of any material from outside sources for
written work or presentations or in the final exam will result in automatic failure
of the entire course. Please see the section on plagiarism below.
x If you would like to set up a consultation, please email me to set up a time.
Tuesdays and Thursdays are generally the most convenient for me.
x I do not answer student emails on weekends or outside business hours (9 am­5
pm, Monday­Friday). You can expect a response within two business days to
emails sent on weekdays.

Assessment

Individual class participation (10%)

Since discussion and debate with fellow students will be an important means by which
you will develop your critical thinking and communication skills, your contribution to
discussion in class will be assessed. It is not enough to merely turn up to class. Rather, you
will be assessed on the extent to which you participate in and contribute to the class
discussion.

Group work (online and in­class) (10%)

a) Online question post: Every week with compulsory readings, each group posts
five questions in relation to the compulsory readings on the Blackboard discussion
board. The questions need to be there by 8 am on the day of class. Questions
should engage with the methodology critically.

b) In­class question discussion: The group will together choose one question (from
your five posted questions) to present at the beginning of class. One student will

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 read out the question to the class and discuss why you asked this question, i.e.,
the rationale or thinking behind the question. The task of presenting the question
in class will be rotated among the group. You are expected to participate equally
in the question presentation task.

c) In­class group work: Each week we will do at least one group activity, followed by
a whole class discussion. You will be assessed on how well your group contributes
to the class discussion and the degree to which all group members are included in,
and able to participate meaningfully in, group work.

Research essay proposal (15%)

Due Week 7, Monday 23 September 11:59 pm
800 words

The research essay proposal should contain the following elements:

1. State your essay question and explain why you are exploring this question. An
essay question is not the same as an essay topic or subject area and needs to take
the form of a question.
2. Discuss the key issues or points of debate in the secondary source literature. How
will your analysis contribute to, extend or (perhaps) challenge this secondary
literature? (You don’t necessarily need to disagree with previous authors on the
subject, but good research projects extend the existing literature in new directions,
ask new questions or contribute a fresh perspective.)
3. Discuss the theoretical or methodological approach/es you will take in the essay.
As the purpose of this course is to deepen your understanding of historiography,
you are expected to engage with theories and methodologies. You can draw on
the approaches to history in the course syllabus, or other approaches we have not
covered. But either way, I expect to see engagement with history theories and
methodologies.
4. Discuss the available primary sources for the topic and any anticipated limitations
in the primary source evidence. Using a mix of primary sources strengthens the
analysis. If you only have access to certain kinds of primary sources, how will this
impact your anlaysis?

The secondary literature, primary sources and theoretical approach (points 2­4 above)
should be fully referenced in footnotes, using the Course Style Guide in the appendix to
this syllabus. You should include a bibliography.

The proposal should be in prose, with full sentences and paragraphs. Although all four
elements listed above need to be included in the proposal, the structure is up to you. If
you like, you can organise the proposal under the following headings: Essay question;

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Secondary literature; Theoretical and methodological approach; Primary sources.
However, this is not compulsory.

The late submission penalty for this assignment is 2% per day that the assignment is late.

Take­home essay test (20%)

Due Week 9, Friday 18 October 11:59pm
3 questions

During week 9, students will be given 5 full days (Monday 14 October 12:00 am until
Friday 18 October 11:59 pm) to complete a take­home test, in essay format.

The focus of the take­home test will be on anlaysing how historical change is perceived in
the week 2­8 course readings. You may be asked to compare and contrast different
compulsory readings. You may also be asked to examine how a particular compulsory
reading relates to the broader methodology examined that week (e.g. Marxist, gender or
postmodernist history): is there anything specific about this work that deviates from the
broader approach with which it is associated?

You should include examples from the readings to illustrate your argument. Your answers
should be clearly expressed and logically structured.

The responses will be marked on: a) argument and analysis; b) understanding of the
historiography; c) evidence/supporting examples; d) structure; e) expression and
grammar.

I do not recommend that you brainstorm your responses to the questions with other
students. This can result in your essays having a very similar or identical argument to
another student’s essays, which is plagiarism, even if the phrasing or structure is different.
Plagiarism will be penalised according to NTU’s policies.

The essay responses should be fully referenced in footnotes, using the Course Style Guide
in the appendix to this syllabus. However, a bibliography is not necessary.

The late submission penalty for this assignment is 5% per day that the assignment is late.
There is an increased penalty due to the time­sensitive nature of this assignment.

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Research essay (45%)
Due exam week 1, Monday 18 November 11:59 pm
3000 words

The final research essay should be a well­argued and well­researched piece of writing,
based on both primary and secondary source research.

The essay should:

x present a clear research question and a convincing overarching argument (please
state the question itself at the beginning of the essay in a heading);
x analyze the major points of debate in the secondary literature on the subject and
highlight how your approach is similar to and/or different from that of other
historians;
x draw on relevant historical methodology/ies and theory/ies to frame the research
question, approach and argument;
x analyse a variety of primary source data to support the argument of the essay.

The research essay can be a chapter of a student’s final year project (FYP).

The essay should be fully referenced in footnotes, using the Course Style Guide in the
appendix to this syllabus.

The late submission penalty for this assignment is 2% per day that the assignment is late.

Assignment policies

Plagiarism and improper citation

NTU’s academic integrity policy applies at all times. If you don't know what plagiarism is
or are unclear on the details, review this module:
http://academicintegrity.ntu.edu.sg/for­students/module.

Plagiarism occurs when an author attempts to pass off the work of another author as
their own. It is a serious offence. Assignments that have significant plagiarism will
receive a fail mark. Assignments that contain minor incidents of plagiarism (e.g.
inadequate paraphrasing or improper citation practices) will be significantly marked
down or failed.

The following are general principles for proper citation:

a) Quote sentences or phrases that you feel are particularly important or cannot be
matched by paraphrasing. Every direct quote requires a reference in a footnote.

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 b) Paraphrasing material shows that you understand it and extensive quotes
(particularly from secondary sources) are not recommended. You need to
reference a source in a footnote whenever you borrow an idea, argument or
piece of information from another author. If a paragraph or sentence contains
material paraphrased from several different sources, you can cite multiple
sources separated by semi­colons in one footnote at the end of the sentence.

Late submission of assignments

The late penalty varies depending on the nature of the assignment. The following late
submission penalties apply:

1. Essay proposal: 2% per day that the assignment is late

2. Take­home format test: 5% per day that the assignment is late (due to the time­
sensitive nature of the assignment)

3. Major essay: 2% per day that the assignment is late

Written feedback will not be given on assignments that are 3 or more days late.

Extensions

It is each student’s responsibility to ensure that their assignment is properly uploaded

on Blackboard. If you have any issues, immediately email me your assignment and an
explanation of the technical difficulty you are having in order to minimize the deducted
late penalty.

If you require an extension please email me prior to day the assignment is due.
Extensions will only be given in cases of illness (in which a student presents a medical
certificate) or in very serious (and rare) extenuating circumstances (such as a death or
sudden hospitalization in the student’s family).

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Course Outline

Week 1: Introduction

I will discuss the main objectives of the course, practical issues, and questions regarding
assessment. I will also offer a brief introduction to some of the main questions, as well
as a first macro­overview of some of the developments in twentieth­century
historiography. For the introduction, I will base myself on these readings, which I will
post on Blackboard (I do not expect you to read them before class, but they may be
helpful for further study).

Non­compulsory reading (theory and method):

Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. History: An Introduction to Theory, Method, and
Practice. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2012, 1­23. (“Proof and the Problem of
Objectivity.”)
Iggers, Georg. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the
Postmodern Challenge. Middletown, Con.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997, 1­19.
(“Introduction.”)
Feldner, Heiko. "The New Scientificity in Historical Writing around 1800." In Writing
History: Theory & Practice, ed. Stefan Berger, Heiko Feldner and Kevin Passmore, 3­
22. London: Holder Arnold, 2003.

An example of mid­20th century historical critique:

E.H. Carr. What is History? London: Palgrave, 2001.

Week 2: Annales

Compulsory reading:
Braudel, Fernand. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, translated by
Patricia M. Ranum. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977.

Further reading (theory and method):

Hoefferle, Caroline. The Essential Historiography Reader. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011, 139­
171. (“Marxism, Annales, and the New Left.”)
Stoianovitch, Traian. French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press, 1976.
Iggers, Georg. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the
Postmodern Challenge. Middletown, Con.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997, 51­64.
(“France: The Annales.”)

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Week 3: Marxist Historiography and New Social History

Compulsory reading:
Thompson, E.P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books,
1963.

Further reading (theory and method):

Eley, Geoff. “Marxist Historiography.” In Writing History: Theory & Practice, ed. Stefan
Berger, Heiko Feldner and Kevin Passmore, 63­79. London: Holder Arnold, 2003.
Schofield, Philipp. “History and Marxism.” In Making History: An Introduction to the
History and Practices of a Discipline, Peter Lambert and Phillipp Schofield, 180­191.
New York: Routledge University Press, 2004.
Hoefferle, Caroline. The Essential Historiography Reader. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011, 172­
208.
Iggers, Gerog G., Edward Wang and Supriya Mukherjee. A Global History of Modern
Historiography, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017, chapter 6.

Week 4: Postmodernism and the Linguistic Turn

Compuslory reading:
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan.
New York: Vintage Books, 1995.

Further reading (theory and method):

Hoefferle, Caroline. The Essential Historiography Reader. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011, 209­
247. (“The Linguistic Turn, Postmodernism, and New Cultural History.”)
Burke, Peter. What Is Cultural History? Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2008, 77­101.
Paul Rabinow, ed. The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.

Week 5: Gender

Compulsory reading:
Scott, Joan W. “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis.” The American
Historical Review 91, no. 5. (1986): 1053­1075.
Thomas, Lynn M. ‘Historicising Agency.’ Gender & History 28, no. 2 (2016): 324­39.

Further reading (theory and method):

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Rose, Sonya O. What is Gender History? Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.
Scott, Joan W. Gender and the Politics of History. New York: Colombia University Press,
1988.
Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. History: An Introduction to Theory, Method and
Practice. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2012, 196­214. (“Feminism, Gender and
Women’s History.”)

Week 6: Postcolonialism

Compulsory reading:
Edward Said. Orientalism. London: Penguin, 2003 [1978].

Further reading (theory and method):

Young, Robert J.C. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell,
2001.
Young, Robert J.C. Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 2003. [Available as an ebook through NTU Library]
Childs, Peter, and R.J. Patrick Williams. An Introduction to Post­Colonial Theory. London:
Prentice Hall, 1997.

Week 7: Subaltern Studies

Compulsory reading:
Guha, Ranajit. Introduction to Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and
Society, vol 1. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical
Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008 [2000].

Further reading (theory and critiques):

Ludden, David. ‘Introduction: A Brief History of Subalternity.’ In Reading Subaltern
Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning, and the Globalization of South Asia,
David Ludden (ed.), 1­42. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002.
O’Hanlon, Rosalind. ‘Recovering the Subject: Subaltern Studies and Histories of
Resistance in Colonial South Asia.’ In Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History,
Contested Meaning, and the Globalization of South Asia, David Ludden (ed.), 135­86.
Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002.
Sarkar, Sumit. ‘The Decline of the Subaltern in Subaltern Studies.’ In Reading Subaltern
Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning, and the Globalization of South Asia,
David Ludden (ed.), 400­29. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002.

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Recess week

Week 8: Microhistory

Compulsory reading:
TBA
Levi, Giovanni. “On Microhistory.” In New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter
Burke, 97­119. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2001.

Further reading (theory and method):

Burke, Peter. What Is Cultural History? Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2008, 31­50. (“The
Moment of Historical Anthropology.”)

Another example of microhistory:

Ginzburg, Carlo. The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth­Century Miller.
Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Week 9: NO CLASS ­ Take­Home Essay Format Test

This week you have your take­home essay format test, running from Monday 12 am
until Friday 11:59 pm and there is no class.

Please take note that during this week I am travelling for work, so it will take 24 hours
for me to respond to any queries on the take­home. I can only answer the sorts of
questions that I could answer in an exam, i.e., on the test instructions.

Week 10: Oral History

Compulsory reading:
Butalia, Urvashi. The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India. Durham:
Duke University Press, 2000.

Further reading (theory and method):

Gwyn Prins. “Oral History.” In New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter Burke,
120­156. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2001.

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Hoefferle, Caroline. The Essential Historiography Reader. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011, 172­
208. (“New Social History.”)
Perks, Robert, and Alistair Thomson, eds. The Oral History Reader. London, New York:
Routledge: 2006
Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. History: An Introduction to Theory, Method and
Practice. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2012, 405­426. (“Oral History.”)

Another example of oral history:

Raphael Samuel. East End Underworld: Chapters in the Life of Arthur Harding. Boston:
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981.

Week 11: Global History

Compulsory reading:
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. ‘Connected Histories: Notes Towards a Reconfiguration of Early
Modern Eurasia.’ Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 3 (1997): 735­62.
Bayly, C. A., Sven Beckert, Matthew Connelly, Isabel Hofmeyr, Wendy Kozol, and Patricia
Seed. ‘AHR Conversation: On Transnational History.’ The American Historical Review
111, no. 5 (2006): 1441­1464.

Further reading (theory and method):

Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. History: An Introduction to Theory, Method and Practice.
Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2012, 233­253. (“Global Histories.”)
Osterhammel, Jürgen. “World History.” In The Oxford History of Historical Writing,
Volume Five: Historical Writing since 1945, ed. Axel Schneider and Daniel Woolf, 93­
112. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Another example of global history:

Bayly, C.A. The Birth of the Modern World, 1780­1914: Global Connections and
Comparisons. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

Week 12: CLASS CHOICE – Environmental History OR History of Emotions

Students will vote for which they would prefer—environmental history or the history of
emotions—and we will cover the class choice this week.

Readings TBA.

Week 13: NO CLASS – Essay Writing Week

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Textbooks, Readers, and General Works on Historiography
Berger, Stefan, Heiko Feldner, and Kevin Passmore, eds. Writing History: Theory and
Practice. London: Hodder Arnold, 2003.

Bloch, Mark. The Historian’s Craft. Trans. Peter Putnam. Manchester: Manchester
University Press, 1992.

Burke, Peter, ed. New Perspectives on Historical Writing. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2001.

Burrow, John. A History of Histories: Epics, Chronicles, Romances and Inquiries from
Herodotus and Thucydides to the Twentieth Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.

Carr, E.H. What is History? London: Palgrave, 2001.

Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. History: An Introduction to Theory, Method, and Practice.
Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2012.

Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twentieth­
century History and Theory. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Hoefferle, Caroline. The Essential Historiography Reader. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2011.

Iggers, Georg. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the
Postmodern Challenge. Middletown, Con.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997.

Iggers, Gerog G., Edward Wang and Supriya Mukherjee. A Global History of Modern
Historiography, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017,

Lambert, Peter and Phillipp Schofield. Making History: An Introduction to the History and
Practices of a Discipline. Oxon; New York: Routledge University Press, 2004.

Schneider, Axel and Daniel Woolf, eds. The Oxford History of Historical Writing, Volume
Five: Historical Writing since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Tosh, John, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of
Modern History. New York: Longman; Pearson: 2010.

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 Appendix: Course Style Guide

1. Format of all written assignments

1.A. Font
The essay should be in Times New Roman font. The body of paragraphs should be 12
point size. Headings should be 14 point size and footnotes 10 point size.

1.B. Spacing
The body of the essay (including block quotations) should be double spaced. However,
footnotes may be single spaced.

2. Elements of style

2.A. Quotations
Double quotation marks should be used. Quotations within quotations should be
indicated with single quotation marks. Place commas and full stops inside quotations
and other punctuation marks (e.g. colons and semi­colons) outside the quotation, unless
they are part of the quoted text.
Short quotes: Short quotations from other sources should be included in quotation
marks within the body of the paragraph.
Block quotes: Quotations of four or more lines (before indenting) should be formatted
as a block quote. In a block quote, the quoted text should be in a separate paragraph
from the main text and indented from the margin. Neither italics nor quotation marks
should be used in a block quote unless they appear in the original. The footnote to the
quote should be included at the end of the quote, after the punctuation mark. The
quoted text should be in double line spacing (like the main text).

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2.B. Spelling
The essay should be in the English language. Students may use either American or
British spelling, but should be consistent throughout. Quotations should follow the
original text precisely, even if there are spelling or grammatical errors in the original.
Students should insert “[sic]” after spelling and grammatical mistakes in quotations.

2.C. Italics
Italics should be used for non­English language words. However, words of non­English
language origin that are commonly used in English (such as “bazaar”) do not need to be
in italics. Moreover, foreign language proper nouns such as names, places, and
organisations (for example, “Guomindang” or “Barisan Nasional”) should not be
italicised.

2.D. References to titles in the text

References to the titles of books, pamphlets, films, etc. should follow the referencing
style (see section 2 below). Thus, the following titles should be italicised: books;
pamphlets; periodicals; plays; and films. The following should be enclosed in quotation
marks: titles of articles; book chapters; unpublished works; and theses.

2.E. Brackets
Round brackets should be used in the main text (these are round brackets). Square
brackets should be used for insertions in quotations, if an insertion is required so that
the quoted sentence makes sense. For example: Washington stated in his 1796 Farewell
Address, “The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to
you [the American people].”

2.F. Numbers and dates

Spell out numbers less than ten, except for page numbers and dates, and material in
footnotes and bibliography (see section 2 below on referencing style).

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For dates, use the following forms: 20 December 1875; 1875–77; nineteenth century;
1870s; 200 B.C. and A.D. 200. Including A.D. is only necessary if non­inclusion would
cause confusion. Abbreviations may be used in footnotes, e.g.: 20 Dec. 1875.
The following are examples of correct and incorrect references to decades:
The doctor gave up smoking back in the 1980’s. Æ Incorrect
The doctor gave up smoking back in the 1980s. Æ Correct
The doctor gave up smoking back in the ’80’s. Æ Incorrect
The doctor gave up smoking back in the ’80s. ÆCorrect

3. Footnote and bibliography referencing style

Students are required to use the 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which is
available on­shelf in the NTU library. Below are examples of footnote and bibliography
references taken from the Chicago style guide.

3.A. Footnotes
The first time a work is referenced in the footnotes, a full reference (including full
author name, title and publication details) should be used. Subsequent references
should be shortened to author’s family name, short title and page number. When the
same work is referenced in two consecutive footnotes, “Ibid., [page number]” should be
used for the second footnote.

Book
One author
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York:
Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
[Short reference: Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.]
Two or more authors
1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New
York: Knopf, 2007), 52.
[Short reference: Ward and Burns, War, 59–61.]

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Four or more authors: List all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the
first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):
1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . .
.
Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author
1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 91–92.
[Short reference: Lattimore, Iliad, 24.]
Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author
1. Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London:
Cape, 1988), 242–55.
[Short reference: García Márquez, Cholera, 33.]

Chapter or other part of a book

Book chapter:
1. John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of
War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.
[Short reference: Kelly, “Seeing Red,” 81–82.]
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
1. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx–xxi.
[Short reference: Rieger, introduction, xxxiii.]

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, list a URL. Include the year that the book was published, not the date
it was put online, or the date you accessed it. If no fixed page numbers are available,
you can include a section title or chapter number.
1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.

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2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987), http://press­pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
3. Austen, Pride and Prejudice. [Short reference]
4. Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19. [Short reference]

Periodical
Article in a print journal
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the
page range for the whole article. If you access a print journal electronically, you do not
need to include the URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI is a permanent ID that,
when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead
to the source. URL’s and DOI’s are only necessary for journals which are published in
electronic format only (see below).
1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009):
440.
[Short reference: Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53.]
Article in an online journal
Include a DOI if the journal lists one. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Do not include an
access date.
1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010,
doi:10.1086/599247.
[Short reference: Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.]
Article in a newspaper or popular magazine
If you consulted the article online, include a URL; an access date is not necessary. If no
author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.
1. Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker, January 25, 2010, 68.
2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, accessed February 28, 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
3. Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” 69. [Short reference]

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4. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.” [Short reference]
Book review
1. David Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner,” review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan, New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book
Review, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
[Short reference: Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner.”]

Unpublished source
Essay or dissertation
1. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song
Dynasty” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).
[Short reference: Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires.”]
Paper presented at a meeting or conference
1. Rachel Adelman, “‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the
Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for
the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009).
[Short reference: Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.”]

Website
Because website content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a
date that the site was last modified.
1. “Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009,
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
2. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July
19, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
3. “Google Privacy Policy.” [Short reference]
4. “Toy Safety Facts.” [Short reference]

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3.B. Bibliography
The bibliography below contains examples of each of the source types listed above. The
source type is included in square brackets after the example. You obviously should
not include this in your bibliography. The sources should be listed in the bibliography
according to alphabetical order (as below).
For journal articles and book chapters, include the page number range of the
article/chapter in the bibliography. For other types of books, it is not necessary to
include the pages or chapters you consulted.
Bibliography entries should be indented from the margin from the second line (as
below).

Adelman, Rachel. “‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for
the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009.
[Paper presented at a meeting or conference]
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.
[Book published electronically]
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song
Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. [Essay or dissertation]
García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman.
London: Cape, 1988. [Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author]
Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html. [Website]
Kamp, David. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday
Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
[Book review]
Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of
War.” In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly,
Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 2010. [Book chapter]
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February
28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247. [Article in an online journal.]

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Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press­pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. [Book
published electronically]
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951. [Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author]
McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19,
2008. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html. [Website]
Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25, 2010. [Article in a
newspaper or popular magazine]
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin, 2006. [Single author book]
Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
[Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book]
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html. [Article in a
newspaper or popular magazine]
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York:
Knopf, 2007. [Book with two authors]
Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009):
439–58. [Article in a print journal]

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