Mathematics 10 (Science Group): Punjab Textbook Board

Class 10th Chapter 3 Math

Exercise 3.1 v. 750 , 2250

Question No.1 750 ∶ 225𝑜
Express the following as ratio 𝑎: 𝑏 and as a fraction 30 ∶ 90 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 25
in its simplest form. 10 ∶ 30 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 3
i. 𝑅𝑠. 750 , 𝑅𝑠. 1250 1
= 1: 3
750: 1250 3
750 1250 Question No.2
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 10 In a class of 60 students, 25 students are girls and
10 10
75 125 remaining students are boys compute the ratio of
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5
5 5 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎
15 25 𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒍𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5
5 5 𝒃𝒐𝒚𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓
3: 5 i. Boys to total students
3 𝑩𝒐𝒚𝒔 ∶ 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
5 𝟑𝟓: 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟓
ii. 450𝑐𝑚, 3𝑚
𝟕: 𝟏𝟐
450𝑐𝑚 ∶ 3 × 100𝑐𝑚 ii. Boys to girls
∵ 1𝑚 = 100𝑐𝑚
𝑩𝒐𝒚𝒔 ∶ 𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒍𝒔
450 300
= 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 10 𝟑𝟓 ∶ 𝟐𝟓 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟓
10 10
45 30 𝟕 ∶ 𝟓
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5
5 5
9 6 Question No.3
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 𝒊𝒇 𝟑(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒙: 𝒚
3 3
iii. 4𝑘𝑔, 2𝑘𝑔 750𝑔𝑚 Solution:
4 × 1000𝑔𝑚: 2 × 1000𝑔𝑚 + 𝟑(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚
750𝑔𝑚 ∵ 1𝑘𝑔 = 1000𝑔𝑚 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚
4000𝑔𝑚: 2000𝑔𝑚 + 750𝑔𝑚 ⇒ 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 = −𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚
4000𝑔𝑚: 2750𝑔𝑚 ⇒ 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟖𝒚
2000𝑔𝑚: 1375𝑔𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟐
𝒙 𝟒
16 𝑔𝑚: 11𝑔𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 125 =𝟓
𝒚
16𝑔𝑚 16
= 𝒙: 𝒚 = 𝟒: 𝟓
11𝑔𝑚 11
Question No.4
iv.
Find the value of 𝒑, 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟓: 𝟑𝒑 +
27𝑚𝑖𝑛. 30 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
1650 sec ∶ 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑: 𝟒 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍.
165 𝑠𝑒𝑐: 360𝑠𝑒𝑐 Solution:
2𝑝+5 3
11𝑠𝑒𝑐: 24𝑠𝑒𝑐 =4
11𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∵ 3𝑝+4
24𝑠𝑒𝑐 4(2𝑝 + 5) = 3(3𝑝 + 4)
11 8𝑝 + 20 = 9𝑝 + 12
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠.)
24
20 − 12 = 9𝑝 − 8𝑝
1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60𝑠𝑒𝑐 8=𝑝
( ) Question No.5
27𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 27 × 60 = 1620𝑠
27𝑚𝑖𝑛30𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1620 = 1620 + 30 = 1650

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𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 ∶ 𝟔 + Now 1𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 4𝑥 = 4(2) = 8
𝟒𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐: 𝟓 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙. 2𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 13𝑥 = 13(2) = 26
Solution: Question No.8
3𝑥 + 1 2 Find the cost of 8kg of mangoes, if 5kg of
=
6 + 4𝑥 5 mangoes cost 𝑹𝒔. 𝟐𝟓𝟎
5(3𝑥 + 1) = 2(6 + 4𝑥) Solution:
15𝑥 + 5 = 12 + 8𝑥 Let 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 8𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑠.
15𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 12 − 5 8𝑘𝑔 ∶ 5𝑘𝑔 ∶ : 𝑅𝑠. 𝑥: 𝑅𝑠. 250
7𝑥 = 7 8𝑘𝑔: 5𝑘𝑔 = 𝑅𝑠. 𝑥: 𝑅𝑠. 250
7
𝑥= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
7 8 × 250 = 5𝑥
𝑥=1 8 × 250
Question No.6 =𝑥
5
Two numbers are in ratio 𝑥 = 400𝑅𝑠.
𝟓: 𝟖 . 𝒊𝒇 𝟗 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟖: 𝟏𝟏
Question No.9
find the numbers. If 𝑎: 𝑏 = 7: 6 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3𝑎 + 5𝑏: 7𝑏 −
Solution: 5𝑎
Let a number 𝒙 Solution:
According to the given condition 𝐴𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎: 𝑏 = 7: 6 𝑜𝑟
𝟓𝒙+𝟗 𝟖
= 𝑎 7
𝟖𝒙+𝟗 𝟏𝟏 =
⇒ 𝟏𝟏(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗) = 𝟖(𝟖𝒙 + 𝟗) 𝑏 6
⇒ 𝟓𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗𝟗 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕𝟐 Now
3𝑎 + 5𝑏
⇒ 𝟗𝟗 − 𝟕𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓𝒙 3𝑎 + 5𝑏: 7𝑏: 5𝑎 =
⇒ 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟗𝒙 7𝑏 − 5𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑏
⇒𝒙=𝟑
3𝑎 + 5𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟓(𝟑) 3( ) + 5( ) 3( ) + 5
𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑏
𝟖𝒙 = 𝟖(𝟑) = 𝟐𝟒 7𝑏 − 5𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
7 ( ) − 5 ( ) 7 − 5( )
Hence required numbers are 15 and 24. 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Question No.7 𝑎 7
∵ =
If 10 is added in each number of the ratio 𝑏 6
7 21 21 + 30
𝟒: 𝟏𝟑 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝟏: 𝟐. 3 (6) + 5 +5
𝑠𝑜 = 6 = 6
What are the numbers? 7 35 42 − 35
7 − 5 (6 ) 7 −
Solution: 6 6
Let a number 𝑥 51
6 = 51 × 6 = 51 = 51: 7
According to the given Condition 7 6 7 7
4𝑥 + 10 1 6
=
13𝑥 + 10 2
⇒ 2(4𝑥 + 10) = 1(13𝑥 + 10) Question No.10 Complete the following
⇒ 8𝑥 + 20 = 13𝑥 + 10 𝟐𝟒 𝟔
i. 𝒊𝒇 𝟕 = 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟕
⇒ 20 − 10 = 13𝑥 − 8𝑥 𝟓𝒂 𝟏𝟓𝒃
10 = 5𝑥 ii. 𝒊𝒇 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒚 = 𝟗𝒃𝒙
10 𝟗𝒑𝒃 𝟏𝟖𝒑
𝑥= =2 iii. 𝒊𝒇 𝟐𝒍𝒎 = 𝟓𝒎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟓𝒒 = 𝟒𝒍
5
𝑥=2

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Question No.11 find 𝒙 in the following 𝑝3 − 𝑞 3
(𝑝3 −𝑞 3 )(𝑝
− 𝑞) = 𝑥 ×
proportions. 𝑝+𝑞
i. 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 ∶ 𝟒 ∷ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 ∶ 𝟕 𝑝 + 𝑞
(𝑝3 − 𝑞 3 )(𝑝 − 𝑞) × 3 =𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑝 − 𝑞3
= 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑥 = (𝑝 − 𝑞) (𝑝 + 𝑞)
7(3𝑥 − 2) = 4(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 = 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2
21𝑥 − 14 = 8𝑥 + 12 v. 8 − 𝑥 ∶ 11 − 𝑥 ∶ ∶ 16 − 𝑥 ∶ 25 − 𝑥
21𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 12 + 14 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠
13𝑥 = 26 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
26 (8 − 𝑥)(25 − 𝑥) = (11 − 𝑥)(16 − 𝑥)
𝑥= =2
13 200 − 8𝑥 − 25𝑥 + 𝑥 2
3𝑥−1 3 2𝑥 7
ii. ∶ 5 ∶∶ 3 ∶ 5 = 176 − 11𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 𝑥 2
7
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 200 − 33𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 176 − 27𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 −33𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 176 − 200
3𝑥 − 1 7 3 2𝑥 −6𝑥 = −24
( ) = ( ) 𝑥=4
7 5 5 3
3𝑥 − 1 2𝑥
=
5 5
3𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 Exercise 3.2
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 1 Question No.1
𝑥=1 if y varies directly as x, and y = 8 when x
𝑥−3 5 𝑥−1 4
iii. ∶ ∶∶ ∶ = 2 Find
2 𝑥−1 3 𝑥+4
Solution: i. y in terms of x
y ∝ x
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠
y = kx → (i)
= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑥−3 4 5 𝑥−1 8= k×2
( ) = ( ) 8
2 𝑥+4 𝑥−1 3 k= =4
2𝑥 − 6 5 2
= So equation (i) becomes
𝑥+4 3
3(2𝑥 − 6) = 5(𝑥 + 4) y = 4x
6𝑥 − 18 = 5𝑥 + 20 ii. y when x = 5
6𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 20 + 18 y = 4x
𝑥 = 38 y= 4×5
𝑝3 −𝑞 3 y = 20
iv. 𝑃2 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 ∶ ∶ ∶ (𝑝 − 𝑞)2 iii. x when y = 28
𝑝+𝑞
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 y = 4x
= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 28 = 4x
(𝑝 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)2
2 28
=x
𝑝3 − 𝑞 3 4
= 𝑥× x=7
𝑝+𝑞
2 2
(𝑝 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑝 − 𝑞) Question No2.
𝑝3 − 𝑞 3 if y ∝ x, and y = 7 when x = 3 find
=𝑥× i. y in terms of x
𝑝+𝑞
y∝x
y = kx → (i)
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 3
 7=k×3 4×8= T
7 T = 32
k=
3 Question No.5
So equation (i) becomes if V ∝ R3 , and V = 5 when R = 3 find when V
7 7x = 625
y= ×x=
3 3 V ∝ R3
ii. x when y = 35 and y when x = 18 V = kR3
When y = 35 5 = k(3)3
7
y= ×x 5 = 27k
3 5
7 =k
35 = × x 27
3 So,
35 × 3
=x 5 3
7 eq (i)becomes V= R
5×3=x 27
Put V = 625
15 = x
5
Put x = 18 in (i)we get 625 = × R3
27
y = kx 27
7 R3 = 625 ×
y = × 18 5
3 R3 = 125 × 27
y = 42 Taking cubes on both sides
Question No.3 if R ∝ T and R = 5 when T = 1 1 1
8 find the equation connection R and T. Also R3×3 = (53 )3 × (33 )3
find R when T = 64 and find T when R = 21 R = 5 × 3 = 15
solution: R = 15
R∝T Question N0.6 if w varies dirctly as u3 and w =
R = kT 81 when u = 3 Find w when u = 5
when R = 5 and T = 8 w ∝ u3
5 = k8 w = ku3 → (i)
5 when w = 81 and u = 3
k= so eq (i)becomes
8
So, 81 = k(3)3
5 81 = k 27
R= T 81
8 =k
Put T = 64 27
5 k=3
R= T So,
8
PutT = 64 w = 3u3
5 Put u = 5 in (i)
R = × 64 = 40
8 w = 3 × 53
R = 40 3 × 125
when R = 20 w = 375
5 Question N0.7 if y varies inversly as x and y =
20 = × T
8 7 when x = 2 find y when x = 126
8
20 × = T Solution:
5
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 1 1
y∝ w∝
x z
k k
y= → (i) w= → (i)
x z
when y = 7 and x = 2 When w = 5 and z = 7
so (i)eq becomes so eq (i) becomes
k k
7= 5=
2 7
7×2 =k 5×7 =k
14 = k k = 35
So, So,
14 35
y= w=
x z
when x = 126 175
when z =
14 1 4
y= = 35 4 4
126 9 w= = 35 × =
1 175 175 5
y= 4
9 4
1 w=
Question No.8 if y ∝ x and y = 4 when x = 5
1
3 , find x when y = 24 Question No.10 if A ∝ r2 and A = 2 when r =
1 3 find r when A = 72
y∝
x 1
k A∝
y= r2
x k
when y = 4 and x = 3 A= 2
r
k when A = 2 and r = 3
y=
x k
k A= 3
4= r
3 k
12 = k 2=
(3)2
or k = 12 k
So, 2=
9
12 2×9 =k
y=
x k = 18
When y = 24 So,
12
24 = 18
x A= 2
12 r
x= When A = 72
24 k
1 A= 2
x= r
2 18
1
Question No.9 if w ∝ z and w = 5 when z = 72 = 2
r
175 18
7 , find w when z = r2 =
4
Solution: 72
1
r2 =
4
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 5
Taking squaring root on both sides 135
V=
1 216
r=± 5
2 V=
1
Question No.11 if a ∝ b2 and a = 3 when b = 8
when V = 320
4 , find a when b = 8
When V = 320
Solution: 135
1 320 =
a∝ 2 r3
b 135
k r3 =
a = 2 → (i) 320
b 27
when a = 3 and b = 4 r3 =
64
k k Taking cube on both sides
3= 2
=
(4) 16 1
3 × 16 = k 1 (3)3×3
r 3×3 = 1
48 = k (4)3×3
or k = 48 3
So, (i)becomes r=
4
48 1
Question No.13 if m ∝ n3 and m = 2 when n =
a= 2
b
When b = 8 4 , find m when n = 6 and n when m = 432
k Solution:
a= 2 1
b m∝ 3
48 n
a= 2 k
8 m= 3
48 n
a= When m = 2 and n = 4
64
3 k
a= m= 3
4 n
1
Question No.12 if v ∝ r3 and V = 5 when r = When m = 2 and n = 4
k
3 find V when r = 6 anr find r when v = 320 m= 3
n
1 k
V∝ 3 2=
r (4)3
k
V= 3 k
r 2=
When V = 5 and r = 3 64
2 × 64 = k
k
5= 3 128 = k
3
k So,
5= 128
27 m= 3
5 × 27 = k n
When n = 6
135 = k
128
or k = 135 m= 3
When r = 6 6
128
135 m=
V= 3 216
6

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 6

 16 a2 − b 2 ∶ a − b ∶ ∶ a − b ∶ x
m=
27 product of Extremes = product of Means
When m = 432 a2 − b 2 × x = a − b × a − b
k a−b×a−b
m= x=
n3 a2 − b 2
128 a−b×a−b
432 = 3 x=
n (a − b)(a + b)
128 a−b
n3 = x=
432 a+b
8
n3 = iv. (x − y)2 , x 3 − y 3
27 let x be the third proportional to
Taking cube on both sides by
1
(x − y)2 ∶ x 3 − y 3 ∶ ∶ x 3 − y 3 ∶ c
1 (2)3×3 product of Extremes = product of Means
n3×3 = 1 (x − y)2 × c = x 3 − y 3 × x 3 − y 3
(3)3×3
2 x3 − y3 × x3 − y3
n= c=
(x − y)2
3
(x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 )(x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
c=
(x − y)(x − y)
x = (x + xy + y 2 )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
2

v. (x + y)2 , x 3 − xy − 2y 2
let x be the third proportional to
(x + y)2 ∶ (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) ∶ ∶ (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 )
∶ c
product of Extremes = product of Means
Exercise 3.3 (x − y)2 × c = (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 )
Question No.1 find third proportional to × (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 )
i. 6,12 (x − xy − 2y 2 ) × (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 )
2
c=
let x be the third proportional to (x + y)2
6 ∶ 12 ∶ ∶ 12 ∶ x (x − xy − 2y 2 )2
2

product of Extremes = product of Means c=

(x + y)2
6x = 12 × 12 (x 2 − 2xy + xy − 2y 2 )2
12 × 12 c=
x= (x + y)2
6 2
x = 24 (x(x − 2y) + y(x − 2y))
c=
ii. a3 , 3a2 (x + y)2
2
let x be the third proportional to ((x + y)(x − 2y))
a3 ∶ 3a2 ∶ ∶ 3a2 ∶ x c=
(x + y)2
product of Extremes = product of Means (x + y)2 (x − 2y)2
a3 × x = 3a2 × 3a2 c=
(x + y)2
3a2 × 3a2 9a4 c = (x − 2y)2
x= = 3
a3 a c = (x − 2y)(x − 2y)
x = 9a p2 −q2 p−q
vi. ,
iii. a2 − b 2 , a − b p3 +q3 p2 −pq+q2
let x be the third proportional to let x be the third proportional to

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 7

 p 2 − q2 p−q p−q 2a2 b5 × 7a3 b3
∶ ∶ ∶ ∶ c c=
p3 + q3 p2 − pq + q2 p2 − pq + q2 a5 b 6
product of Extremes = product of Means c = 14 a b × a3 b3 × a−5 b−6
2 5

p 2 − q2 p−q c = 14a2+3−5 b5+3−6

× c = c = 14b2
p 3 + q3 p2 − pq + q2
p−q iv. x − 11x + 24, x − 3, 5x 4 − 40x 3
2
× 2
p − pq + q2
p−q p−q let x be the fourth proportional
c= 2 ×
p − pq + q2 p2 − pq + q2 x − 11x + 24 ∶ x − 3 ∶ ∶ 5x 4 − 40x 3
2

p 3 + q3 ∶ c
× 2
p − q2 product of Extremes = Product of means
p−q p−q x 2 − 11x + 24 × c
c= 2 ×
p − pq + q2 p2 − pq + q2 = (x − 3) × (5x 4 − 40x 3 )
(p + q)(p2 − pq + q2 ) (x − 3) × (5x 4 − 40x 3 )
× c=
(p − q)(p + q) x 2 − 11x + 24
p−q (x − 3)5x 3 (x − 8)
c= 2 c= 2
p − pq + q2 x − 8x − 3x + 24
Question No.2 find a fourth proportional to 5x 3 (x − 3)(x − 8)
i. 5,8,15 c=
x(x − 8) − 3(x − 8)
let x be the fourth proportional 5x 3 (x − 3)(x − 8)
5 ∶ 8 ∶ ∶ 15 ∶ x c=
(x − 3)(x − 8)
product of Extremes = Product of means c = 5x 3
5x = 8 × 15 v. p3 + q3 , p2 − q2 , p2 − pq + q2
8 × 15
x= let x be the fourth proportional
5 p + q3 ∶ p2 − q2 ∶ ∶ p2 − pq + q2 ∶ c
3
x= 8×3
product of Extremes = Product of means
x = 24
p3 + q3 × c = p2 − q2 × p2 − pq + q2
ii. 4x 2 , 2x 3 , 18x 5
p2 − q2 × p2 − pq + q2
let x be the fourth proportional c=
p 3 + q3
4x 2 ∶ 2x 3 ∶ ∶ 18x 5 ∶ c
(p − q)(p + q)(p2 − pq + q2 )
product of Extremes = Product of means c=
4x 4 × c = 2x 3 × 18x 5 p 3 + q3
2x 3 × 18x 5 (p − q)(p3 + q3 )
c= c=
4x 4 p 3 + q3
36x 8 c = (p − q)
c= vi. (p − q )(p + pq + q2 ), p3 + q3 , p3 − q3
2 2 2
4x 4
c = 9x 4 let x be the fourth proportional
iii. 15a5 b6 , 10a2 b5 , 21a3 b3 (p − q2 )(p2 + pq + q2 ) ∶ p3 + q3 ∶
2

let x be the fourth proportional ∶ p 3 − q3 ∶ c

15a5 b6 ∶ 10a2 b5 ∶ ∶ 21a3 b3 ∶ c (p2 − q2 )(p2 + pq + q2 ) × c
product of Extremes = Product of means = p 3 + q3 × p 3 − q3
15a5 b6 × c = 10a2 b5 × 21a3 b3 p 3 + q3 × p 3 − q3
c= 2
10a2 b5 × 21a3 b3 (p − q2 )(p2 + pq + q2 )
c= (p + q)(p2 − pq + q2 )(p − q)(p2 + pq + q2 )
15a5 b 6 c=
(p + q)(p − q)(p2 + pq + q2 )
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 8
 c = p2 − pq + q2 Taking squaring root on both sides
Question No.3 find a mean proportional √c 2 = √(x − y)2
between x = ±(x − y)
i. 20,45 Question No.4 find the valves of the
let x be the mean proportional letter involved in the following continued
20 ∶ x ∶ ∶ x ∶ 45 proportional
product of means = product of extremes i. 5, p, 45
x 2 = 20 × 45 5 ∶ p ∶ ∶ p ∶ 45
x 2 = 900 product of means = product of extremes
Taking squaring root on both sides p2 = 5 × 45
√x 2 = √(30)2 p2 = 225
x = ±30 Squaring root on both sides
ii. 20x 3 y 5 , 5x 7 y √p2 = √(15)2
let x be the mean proportional p = ±15
20x 3 y 5 ∶ c ∶ ∶ c ∶ 5x 7 y ii. 8 , x, 18
product of means = product of extremes 8 ∶ x ∶ ∶ x ∶ 18
c 2 = 20x 3 y 5 × 5x 7 y product of means = product of extremes
c 2 = 100x10 y 6 x 2 = 8 × 18
Taking squaring root on both sides x 2 = 144
√c 2 = √(10)2 x10 y 6 Squaring root on both sides
x = ±10x 5 y 3 √x 2 = √(12)2
iii. 15p4 qr 3 , 135q5 r 7 x = ±12
let x be the mean proportional iii. 12,3p − 6,27
15p4 qr 3 ∶ x ∶ ∶ x ∶ 135q5 r 7 12 ∶ 3p − 6 ∶ ∶ 3 p − 6 ∶ 27
product of means = product of extremes product of means = product of extremes
x 2 = 15p4 qr 3 × 135q5 r 7 (3p − 6)2 = 12 × 27
(3p − 6)2 = 324
x 2 = 2025p4 q6 r10 Squaring root on both sides
Taking squaring root on both sides √(3p − 6)2 = √(18)2
√x 2 = √(45)2 p4 q6 r10 3p − 6 = ±18
x = ±45p2 q3 r 5
x−y
iv. x 2 − y 2 , x+y 3p − 6 = +18 3p − 6 = −18
3p = 18 + 6 3p = −18 + 6
3p = 24 3p = −12
let x be the mean proportional
x−y 24 12
x2 − y2: c ∶ ∶ c ∶ p= =8 p=−
x+y 3 3
p=8 p = −4
product of means = product of extremes
x−y
c2 = x2 − y2 ×
x+y
x−y iv. 7, m − 3, 28
c 2 = (x − y)(x + y) ×
x+y 7 ∶ m − 3 ∶ ∶ 3m − 3 ∶ 28
2 (x product of means = product of extremes
c = − y)(x − y)
c 2 = (x − y)2 (m − 3)2 = 7 × 28

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 9

 (m − 3)2 = 196 𝑎𝑐 2 +𝑏𝑑 2 𝑐 3 +𝑑3
iii. 𝑎𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑑 2
= 𝑐 3 −𝑑3
Squaring root on both sides 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
√(m − 3)2
= √(14)2 (𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) + (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
m − 3 = ±14 (𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) − (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
(𝑐 3 + 𝑑3 ) + (𝑐 3 − 𝑑3 )
= 3
m − 3 = +14 m − 3 = 14 (𝑐 + 𝑑3 ) − (𝑐 3 − 𝑑3 )
2 2 2 2
m = 14 + 3 m = −14 + 3 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 𝑐 3 + 𝑑3 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑑3
=
m = 14 m = −11 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 − 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑐 3 + 𝑑3 − 𝑐 3 + 𝑑3
2𝑎𝑐 2 2𝑐 3
=
2𝑏𝑑2 2𝑑3
𝑎𝑐 2 𝑐 3
=
𝑏𝑑2 𝑑3
𝑑 2
Exercise3.4 Multiplying by 𝑐 2
Question No.1 prove that 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑐
=
4𝑎+5𝑏 4𝑐+5𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
i. 4𝑎−5𝑏
= 4𝑐−5𝑑 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
Solution:
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
(4𝑎 + 5𝑏) + (4𝑎 − 5𝑏) 𝑎 2 𝑐+𝑏2 𝑑 𝑎𝑐 2 +𝑏𝑑 2
iv. 𝑎 2 𝑐−𝑏2 𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑑2
(4𝑎 + 5𝑏) − (4𝑎 − 5𝑏)
(4𝑐 + 5𝑑) + (4𝑐 − 5𝑑) 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
= (𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑) + (𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑑)
(4𝑐 − 5𝑑) − (4𝑐 − 5𝑑)
4𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 4𝑎 − 5𝑏 4𝑐 + 5𝑑 + 4𝑐 − 5𝑑 (𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑) − (𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑑)
= (𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) + (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
4𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 4𝑎 + 5𝑏 4𝑐 + 5𝑑 − 4𝑐 + 5𝑑 =
4𝑎 + 4𝑎 4𝑐 + 4𝑐 (𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) − (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
=
5𝑏 + 5𝑏 5𝑑 + 5𝑑
8𝑎 8𝑐 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑑
=
10𝑏 10𝑑 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑 − 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑
10
Multiplying by
8 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 + 𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2
𝑎 𝑐 = 2
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑2 − 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 2𝑎2 𝑐 2𝑎𝑐 2
ii.
2𝑎+9𝑏
=
2𝑐+9𝑑 =
2𝑎−9𝑏 2𝑐−9𝑑 2𝑏 2 𝑑 2𝑏𝑑2
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
(2𝑎 + 9𝑏) + (2𝑎 − 9𝑏) 𝑎2 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 2
=
(2𝑎 + 9𝑏) − (2𝑎 − 9𝑏) 𝑏 2 𝑑 𝑏𝑑2
𝑏𝑑
(2𝑐 + 9𝑑) + (2𝑐 − 9𝑑) Multiplying by 𝑎𝑐
=
(2𝑐 + 9𝑑) − (2𝑐 − 9𝑑)
2𝑎 + 9𝑏 + 2𝑎 − 9𝑏 2𝑐 + 9𝑑 + 2𝑐 − 9𝑑
=
2𝑎 + 9𝑏 − 2𝑎 + 9𝑏 2𝑐 + 9𝑑 − 2𝑐 + 9𝑑
2𝑎 + 2𝑎 2𝑐 + 2𝑐
=
9𝑏 + 9𝑏 9𝑑 + 9𝑑
4𝑎 4𝑐
=
18𝑏 18𝑑 𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐+𝑞𝑑
18 v. = 𝑝𝑐−𝑞𝑑
Multiplying by 4 𝑝𝑎−𝑞𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
=
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 10
 (𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏) + (𝑝𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏) 2a + 3b + 2c + 3d + 2a + 3b − 2c − 3d
(𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏) − (𝑝𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏) 2a + 3b + 2c + 3d − 2a + 3b + 2c + 3d
(𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑) + (𝑝𝑐 − 𝑞𝑑) 2a − 3b + 2c − 3d + 2a − 3b − 2c + 3d
= =
(𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑) − (𝑝𝑐 − 𝑞𝑑) 2a − 3b + 2c − 3d − 2a + 3b + 2c − 3d
𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑝𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑 + 𝑝𝑐 − 𝑞𝑑 4a + 6b 4a − 6b
= =
𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 − 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑 − 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑 4c + 6d 4c − 6d
2𝑝𝑎 2𝑝𝑐 4a + 6b 4c + 6d
= =
2𝑞𝑏 2𝑞𝑑 4a − 6b 4c − 6d
𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑐 by componendo − dividendo
=
𝑞𝑏 𝑞𝑑 (4a + 6b) + (4a − 6b) (4c + 6d) + (4c − 6d)
𝑞 =
Multiplying by 𝑝 (4a + 6b) − (4a − 6b) (4c + 6d) − (4c − 6d)
𝑎 𝑐 4a + 6b + 4a − 6b 4c + 6d + 4c − 6d
= =
𝑏 𝑑 4a + 6b − 4a + 6b 4c + 6d − 4c + 6d
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 8a 8c
a+b+c+d a−b+c−d =
vi. = a−b−c+d 12b 12d
a+b−c−d
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 2a 2c
=
(a + b + c + d) + (a + b − c − d) 3b 3d
3
(a + b + c + d) − (a + b − c − d) Multiplying by 2
(a − b + c − d) + (a − b − c + d) a c
= =
(a − b + c − d) − (a − b − c + d) b d
a+b+c+d+a+b−c−d a ∶ b = c ∶ dd
a2 +b2 ac+bd
a+b+c+d−a−b+c+d viii. = ac−bd
a2 −b2
a−b+c−d+a−b−c+d
= by componendo − dividendo
a−b+c−d−a+b+c+d (a2 + b2 ) + (a2 − b2 ) (ac + bd) + (ac − bd)
2a + 2b 2a − 2b =
= (a2 + b 2 ) − (a2 − b 2 ) (ac + bd) − (ac − bd)
2c + 2d 2c − 2d
a+b a−b a2 + b2 + a2 − b2 ac + bd + ac − bd
= =
c+d c−d a2 + b 2 − a2 + b 2 ac + bd − ac + bd
by comoponendo − dividendo 2a2 2ac
=
(a + b) + (a − b) (c + d) + (c − d) 2b 2 2bd
= a2 ac
(a + b) − (a − b) (c + d) − (c − d) =
2a 2c b 2 bd
= b
2b 2d Multiplying by a
a c a c
= =
b d b d
a ∶ b = c ∶ dd a ∶ b = c ∶ dd
2a+3b+2c+3d 2a−3b+2c−3d
vii. = Question No.2 using theorem of componendo −
2a+3b−2c−3d 2a−3b−2c+3d
Solution: dividendo
x+2y x+2z 4yz
(2a + 3b + 2c + 3d) + (2a + 3b − 2c − 3d) i. Find the value of x−2y + x−2z if x = y+z
(2a + 3b + 2c + 3d) − (2a + 3b − 2c − 3d) 4yz
(2a − 3b + 2c − 3d) + (2a − 3b − 2c + 3d) x= → (i)
= y+z
(2a − 3b + 2c − 3d) − (2a − 3b − 2c + 3d) From eq. (i)
2y + 2z
x=
y+z

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 11

 x 2z By applying componendo − dividendo
=
2y y + z theorem
By applying componendo − dividendo m + 5n 2p + n + p
=
theorem m − 5n 2p − n − p
x + 2y 2z + y + z m + 5n 3p + n
= = → (ii)
x − 2y 2z − y − z m − 5n p−n
x + 2y y + 3z From eq.(i)
= → (ii)
x − 2y z−y 2n × 5p
m=
From eq (i) n+p
2y × 2z m 2n
x= =
y+z 5p n + p
x 2y By applying componendo − dividendo
=
2z y + z theorem
By applying componendo − dividendo m + 5p 2n + n + p
=
theorem m − 5p 2n − n − p
x + 2z 2y + y + z m + 5p 3n + p
= = → (iii)
x − 2z 2y − y − z m − 5p n−p
x + 2z z + 3y Adding (ii) and (iii)
= → (iii)
x − 2z y−z m + 5n m + 5p 3p + n 3n + p
Adding equations (ii) and (iii) + = +
m − 5n m − 5p p−n n−p
x + 2y x + 2z y + 3z z + 3y 3p + n 3n + p
+ = + =− +
x − 2y x − 2z z−y y−z n−p n−p
y + 3z z + 3y 3n + p 3p + n
=− + = −
y−z y−z n−p n−p
z + 3y y + 3z 3n + p − 3p − n
= − =
y−z y−z n−p
z + 3y − y − 3z 2n − 2p
= =
y−z n−p
2y − 2z 2(n − p)
= =2
y−z n−p
2(y − z) x−6a x+6a 12ab
= =2 iii. Find the value of − x−6a , if x =
x+6a a−b
y−z
m+5n m+5p Solution:
ii. find the value of m−5n + m−5p 12ab
10np x= → (i)
If m = a−b
n+p
From equation (i)
Solution: 6a × 2b
10np x=
m= → (i) a−b
n+p x 2b
From eq(i) =
6a a − b
5n × 2p By applying componendo − dividendo
m=
n+p theorem
m 2p x + 6a 2b + a − b
= =
5n n + p x − 6a 2b + a − b

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 12

 x + 6a a+b x y
= =
x − 6a 3b − a 3z y − z
x − 6a 3b − a By applying componendo − dividendo
= → (ii)
x + 6a a+b theorem
From eq.(i) x + 3z y + y − z
6b × 2a =
x= x − 3z y − y + z
a−b x + 3z 2y − z
x 2a =
= x − 3z z
6b a − b x + 3z 2y − z
By applying componendo − dividendo = → (iii)
x − 3z z
theorem Subtracting equation (iii) from eq. (ii)
x + 6b 2a + a − b x − 3y x + 3z 2z − y 2y − z
= − = −
x − 6b 2a − a + b x + 3y x − 3z y z
x + 6b 3a − b z(2z − y) − y(2y − z)
= → (iii) =
x − 6b a+b yz
Subtracting equation (iii) from (ii)
2z − zy − 2y 2 + yz
2
=
yz
x − 6a x + 6b 3b − a 3a − b
− = − 2(z − y 2 )
2
x + 6a x − 6b a+b a+b
3b − a − 3a + b yz
= v.
s−3p s+3q 6pq
Find the value of s+3p + s−3q , if s = p−q
a+b
−4a + 4b 6pq
= s= → (i)
a+b p−q
4(b − a)
= From eq. (i)
a+b 3p × 2p
x−3y x+3z 3yz
iv. Find the value of x+3y − x−3z , if x = y−z s=
p−q
3yz s 2q
x= → (i) =
y−z 3p p − q
From equation (i) By applying componendo − dividendo
3y × z theorem
x=
y−z s + 3p 2q + p − q
x z =
= s − 3p 2q − p + q
3y y − z s + 3p q+p
By applying componendo − dividendo =
s − 3p 3q − p
theorem s − 3p 3q − p
x + 3y z + y − z = → (ii)
= s + 3p p+q
x − 3y z − y + z From eq.(i)
x + 3y y 2p × 3q
= s=
x − 3y 2z − y p−q
x − 3y 2z − y s 2p
= → (ii) =
x + 3y y 3q p − q
s + 3q 2p + p − q
From equation (i) =
s − 3q 2p − p + q
3z × y s + 3q 3p − q
x= = → (iii)
y−z s − 3q p+q
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 13
 Adding equation (ii) and (i) Solution:
s − 3p s + 3q 3q − p 3p − q √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2
+ = + =2
s + 3p s − 3q p+q p+q
√x 2 + 2 − √x 2 − 2
3q − p + 3p − q By applying componendo − dividendo
=
p+q theorem
2q + 2p
= √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2 + √x 2 + 2 − √x 2 − 2
p+q
p+q √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2 − √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2
=2 2+1
p+q =
=2 2−1
(x−2)2 −(x−4)2 12 2√x 2 + 2 3
vi. Solve (x−2)2+(x−4)2 = 13 =
2√x 2 − 2 1
(x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 12 √x 2 + 2
= =3
(x − 2)2 + (x − 4)2 13
√x 2 − 2
By applying componendo − dividendo Taking square on both sides
theorem x2 + 3
(x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 + (x − 2)2 + (x − 4)2 =9
x2 − 2
(x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 − (x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 x 2 + 2 = 9(x 2 − 2)
12 + 13 x 2 + 2 = 9x 2 − 18
=
12 − 13 2 + 18 = 9x 2 − x 2
2(x − 2)2 25 20 = 8x 2
2
=
−2(x − 4) −1 or 8x 2 = 20
(x − 2)2 20
= 25 x2 =
(x − 4)2 8
Taking root on both side 5
x2 =
x−2 2
= ±5
x−4 5
x−2 x−2 x = ±√
=5 = −5 2
x−4 x−4
x − 2 = 5(x − 4) x−2 If we check the given equation for this
x − 2 = 5x − 20 = −5(x − 4) value doesn’t satisfy the equation so the
x − 5x = −20 + 2 x−2 given solution is extraneous.
−4x = −18 = −5x + 20 So,
4x = 18 x + 5x S. S = { }
18 = 20 + 2 √x2 +8p2 −√x2 −p2 1
x= viii. =3
4 6x = 22 √x2 +8p2 +√x2 −p2
9 22 Solution:
x= x=
2 6 √x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 1
11 =
x= √x 2 + 8p2 + √x 2 − p2 3
3
By applying componendo − dividendo
9 11 theorem
S. S = { , }
2 3
√x2 +2+√x2 −2
vii. Solve √x2 =2
+2−√x2 −2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 14

√x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 + √x 2 + 8p2 + √x 2 − p2 x − 3x = −9 − 5
−2x = −14
√x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 − √x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2
14
1+3 x=
= 2
1−3 x=7
S. S = {7}
2√x 2 + 8p2 4
=
−2√x 2 − p2 −2
√x 2 + 8p2
=2 Exercise 3.5
√x 2 − p2
Question No.1 if S varies directly as u2
Taking square on both sides
and inversely as v and s = 7 when u =
x 2 + 8p2
=4 3, v = 2. Find the value of S when u=6
x 2 − p2
x 2 + 8p2 = 4(x 2 − p2 ) Solution:
x 2 + 8p2 = 4x 2 − 4p2
s ∝ u2
x 2 − 4x 2 = −4p2 − 8p2 1
−3x 2 = −12p2 s∝
v
12 2 u2
x2 = p s=k → (i)
3 v
x 2 = 4p2 put s = 7, u = 3, v = 2
Taking squaring root both sides 32
x = ±2p 7=k
2
S. S = {2p, −2p} 9
(x+5)3 −(x−3)3 13 7=k
ix. Solve (x+5)3 = 2
+(x−3)3 14
7×2
Solution: =k
9
(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 13 14
= =k
(x + 5)3 + (x − 3)3 14 9
By applying componendo − dividendo 14
or k =
theorem 9
So, equation (i) becomes
(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 + (x + 5)3 + (x − 3)3 14u2
S= → (ii)
(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 −(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 9v
13 + 14 Put u = 6 and v = 10 in equation (ii)
= 14(6)2
13 − 14 S=
2(x + 5)3 27 9(10)
3
= 14 × 36
−2(x − 3) −1 S=
(x + 5) 3 9 × 10
= 27 28
(x − 3)2 S=
Taking cube roots on both side 5
Question No.2 if w varies jointly as x, y 2
x+5
=3 and z and w=5 when x=2,y=3, z=10. Find
x−3
x + 5 = 3(x − 3) w when x=4,y=7 and z=3.
x + 5 = 3x − 9 Solution:

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 15

 w∝x 3x 3
y = 2 → (ii)
w ∝ y2 z t
w∝z Put x = 2, z = 3 and t = 4 in equation(ii)
w = kxy 2 z → (i) 3(2)3
y=
Putw = 5, x = 2, y = 3, z = 10 (3)2 (4)
5 = k(2)(3)2 (10) 3(8)
y=
5 = k(180) 9(4)
5 Divide by 3
k= 8
180 y = 12
1
k= Divide by 4
36 2
so, Equation (i) becomes y=3
xy 2 z
w= → (ii)
36 Question No.4 if u varies directly as
Putx = 4, y = 7 and z = 3 in equation (ii) x 2 and inversly as the product yz 3 , and u =
4(7)2 (3) 2 when x=8, y=7. Find the value of u
S=
36 when x=6, y=3 , z=2
49
S= Solution:
3
u ∝ x2
Question No.3 if Y varies directly as
1
x 3 and inversly as z 3 and t, and y = 16 u∝ 3
yz
When x = 4 , z = 2, t = 2
x
3. find the value of y when x = 2, z = u = k 3 → (i)
3 and t = 4 yz
Solution: put u = 2, x = 8 , y = 7, z = 2
82
2=k
y ∝ x3 7(2)3
1 64
y∝ 2 2=k
z 7×8
1 64
y∝ 2=k
t 56
2 × 56
x3 =k
y = k 2 → (i) 64
z t divide by 8
Puty = 16, x = 4, z = 2, t = 3
2×7
43 =k
16 = k 2 8
2 (3) 14
64 =k
16 = k 8
12 Divide by 2
16 × 12 7
=k =k
64 4
16 So, Equation (i)
=k
4
3=k 7x2
or k = 3 u = 4yz3 → (ii)
So, equation (i) becomes put x = 6, y = 3 and z = 2 in equation (ii)

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 16

 7(6)2 7×2
u= u=
4(3)(2)3 3
7 × 36 14
u= u=
4(3)(8) 3
7×9 Question No.6 if w varies inversely as
u= (÷ by4) the cube of u, and w=5 when u=3. Find w
3(8)
7×3 when u=6
u= (÷ by 3) Solution:
8
21 1
u= w∝ 3
8 u
k
w = 3 → (i)
Question No.5 if v varies directly as the u
product xy 3 and inversly as z 2 and v = 27 Put w=5 and u=3
when k
5= 3
x = 7, y = 6, z = 7. find the value of v 3
k
when x = 6, y = 2, z = 3 5=
27
Solution: (5 × 27) = k
v ∝ xy 3 135 = k
1
v∝ 2 or 135 = k
z So, equation (i) becomes
xy 3
u = k 2 → (i) 135
z w = 3 → (ii)
u
put v = 27, x = 7, y = 6, z = 7 Put u=6 in equation (ii)
(7)(6)3 135
27 = k w=
(7)2 (6)3
216 135
27 = k (÷ by 7)
7 w=
27 × 7 216
=k 5
216 w=
7 8
8
=k by(27 ÷ 216
= 8) Exercise 3.6
7
or k =
8 Question No1 if a ∶ b = c ∶
so, Eqution (i)becomes
d, , then show that
7xy 3 4a−9b 4c−9d
u= → (ii) i. = 4c+9d
8z 2 4a+9b
put x = 6, y = 2, z = 3 in equation (ii) Solution:
7(6)(2)3 As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
u= a c
8(9) let b = d = k
7×6×8
u= thena = bk and c = dk
8×9
7×6
u= 4a − 9b 4c − 9d
9 =
4a + 9b 4c + 9d
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 17
 Putting the valves
bk b 2 k 2 + k 2 d2
4(bk) − 9b 4(dk) − 9d = √
= b b 2 + d2
4(bk) + 9b 4(dk) + 9d
Putting the valves k 2 (b 2 + d2 )
4bk − 9b 4dk − 9d k=√
= b 2 + d2
4bk + 9b 4dk + 9d
b(4k − 9) d(4k − 9) k = √k 2
=
b(4k + 9) d(4k + 9) k=k
(4k − 9) (4k − 9) L. H. S = R. H. S
= iv. a + c ∶ b + d6
6 6 6
= a3 c 2 ∶ b3 d3
(4k + 9) (4k + 9)
L. H. S = R. H. S a6 + c 6 a3 c 3
=
b 6 + d6 b 3 d3
6a−5b 6c−5d As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
ii. = 6c+5d a c
6a+5b
let b = d = k
Solution:
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d thena = bk and c = dk
a c a6 + c 6 a3 c 3
let b = d = k =
b 6 + d6 b 3 d3
thena = bk and c = dk
6a − 5b 6c − 5d
= Putting these valves
6a + 5b 6c + 5d (bk)6 + (dk)6 (bk)3 (dk)3
=
b 6 + d6 b 3 d3
Putting these valves 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3
b k +d k b k d k
6(bk) − 5b 6(dk) − 5d 6 6
=
= b +d b 3 d3
6(bk) + 5b 6(dk) + 5d k 6 (b6
+d 6)
k 6 (b3 3 )
d
6bk − 5b 6dk − 5d =
= b 6 + d6 b 3 d3
6bk + 5b 6dk + 5d 6
k =k 6
b(6k − 5) d(6k − 5)
= L. H. S = R. H. S
b(6k + 5) d(6k + 5) v. p(a + b) + qb ∶ = (c + d) + qd =
6k − 5 6k − 5
= a ∶ c
6k + 5 6k + 5 p(a + b) + qb a
L. H. S = R. H. S =
p(c + d) + qd c
a a2 +c2
iii. = √b2+d2 As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
b a c
Solution: let b = d = k
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d thena = bk and c = dk
a c putting these valves
let b = d = k
p(bk + b) + qb bk
thena = bk and c = dk =
p(dk + d) + qd dk
a a2 + c 2 (pkb + pb) + qb bk
= √ =
b b 2 + d2 (pdk + pd) + qd dk
Putting these valves b[p(k + 1) + q] b
=
d[p(k + 1) + q] d
bk (bk)2 + (dk)2 b d
=√ =
b b 2 + d2 d d

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 18

 L. H. S = R. H. S bk b dk d
a3 c3
× = ×
vi. a2 + b2 ∶ a+b = c 2 + d2 ∶ c+d bk − b bk + b dk − d dk + d
bk b dk d
Solution: × = ×
b(k − 1) b(k + 1) d(k − 1) d(k + 1)
a2 + b 2 c 2 + d2 k k
= =
a3 c3 (k − 1)(k + 1) (k − 1)(k + 1)
a+b c+d L. H. S = R. H. S
Question No.2
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d a c e
a c if b = d = f (a, b, c, d, e, f , ≠ 0) show that
let b = d = k
a a2 +c2 +e2
thena = bk and c = dk i. = √b2 +d2+f2
b
putting these valves
(bk)2 + b2 (dk)2 + d2
= As a ∶ b = c ∶ d = e ∶ f
(bk)3 (dk)3 a c e
bk + b kd + d let b = d = f = k
b2 k 2 + b2 d2 k 2 + d2 thena = bk , c = dk and e = fk
=
b3k3 d3 k 3 putting these valves
bk + b kd + d
b2 (k 2 + 1) d2 (k 2 + 1) a a2 + c 2 + e2
= =√ 2
b3k3 d3 k 3 b b + d2 + f 2
b(k + 1) d(k + 1)
b 2 (k 2
+ 1) d2 (k 2 + 1) bk (bk)2 + (dk)2 + (fk)2
= =√
b2k3 d2 k 3 b b 2 + d2 + f 2
(k + 1) k+1
(k 2 + 1)(k + 1) (k 2 + 1)(k + 1) b 2 k 2 + d2 k 2 + f 2 k 2
k=√
= b 2 +d2 + f 2
k3 k3
L. H. S = R. H. S
k 2 (b 2 +d2 + f 2 )
k=√
b 2 +d2 + f 2
a a+b c c+d
vii. ∶ = c−d ∶ k = √k 2
a−b b d
Solution: k=k
a a+b c c+d L. H. S = R. H. S
∶ = ∶
a−b b c−d d 2
a c ac+ce+ea ace 3
a−b = c−d ii. = [ ]
a+b c+d bd+df+fb bdf
b d Solution:
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d 2
a c
ac + ce + ea ace 3
let b = d = k =[ ]
bd + df + fb bdf
thena = bk and c = dk
putting these valves As a ∶ b = c ∶ d = e ∶ f
a c e
let b = d = f = k
a b c d thena = bk , c = dk and e = fk
× = ×
a−b a+b c−d c+d putting these valves

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 19

 2 i. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
bkdk + dkfk + fkbk bkdkfk 3
=[ ] 𝐴 = 3(4)2
bd + df + fb bdf 𝐴 = 3(16)
2
k 2 bd + k 2 df + k 2 fb k 3 bdf 3 𝐴 = 48𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
=[ ] ii. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 12 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
bd + df + fb bdf
12 = 3𝑙 2
k 2 (bd + df + fb) 2
12
= [k 3 ](3) = 𝑙2
bd + df + fb 3
k2 = k2 4 = 𝑙2
L. H. S = R. H. S 𝑙
ac ce ea a2 c2 e2 =2 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
iii. + df + fb = b2 + d2 + f2
bd Question No.2
Solution: The surface area
𝑺 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d = e ∶ f 𝟏𝟔𝝅 when r=2.
a c e
let b = d = f = k Find 𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟑𝟔𝝅
Solution:
thena = bk , c = dk and e = fk
𝑆 ∝ 𝑟2
putting these valves
𝑆 = 𝑘𝑟 2 → (𝑖)
ac ce ea a2 c 2 e2 𝑆 = 16𝜋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 2
+ + = + +
bd df fb b 2 d2 f 2 16𝜋 = 𝑘(2)2
16𝜋 = 4𝑘
bkdk dkfk fkbk 16𝜋
+ + =𝑘
bd df fb 4
b2 k 2 d2 k 2 f 2 k 2 4𝜋 = 𝑘
= 2 + 2 + 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 4𝜋
b d f
k 2 bd k 2 df k 2 fb So, equation (i) becomes
+ + = k2 + k2 + k2 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
bd df fb
k2 + k2 + k2 = k2 + k2 + k2 When 𝑆 = 36𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
36𝜋 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟2 = 9
Exercise3.7 𝑟=3
Question No.3 in Hook’s law the force F applied to
Question No1. The surface area A of a cube varies
directly as the square of the length 𝒍 of an edge and stretch a spring varies directly as the amount of
A=27 square units when 𝒍 = 𝟑𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 elongation S and
Find (𝒊)𝑨 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒍 = 𝟒𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑭 = 𝟑𝟐 𝒍𝒃 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝒊) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑭 =
𝟓𝟎𝒍𝒃
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒍 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Solution:
Solution:
𝐹∝𝑆
𝐴 ∝ 𝑙2
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑆 → (𝑖)
𝐴 = 𝑘𝑙 2 → (𝑖)
𝐹 = 32𝑙𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 1.6
When 𝐴 = 27 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑙 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
(32) = 𝑘(1.6)
27 = 𝑘(3)2 32
27 = 𝑘(9) 𝑘=
27 1.6
=𝑘 32
9 𝑘= × 10
16
3=𝑘 𝑘 = 20
𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 3 So equation (i) becomes
So equation (i) becomes

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 20

 𝐹 = 20𝑆 𝑘 = 0.45
i. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹 = 50 𝑙𝑏 So equation (i)
50𝑙𝑏 = 20𝑆 𝑃 = 𝑜. 45𝑑
𝑆 = 2.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃 = 9 𝑙𝑏\𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
ii. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0.8 𝑖𝑛 9 = 0.45𝑑
𝐹 = 20(0.8) 9
=𝑑
𝐹 = 16 𝑙𝑏 0.45
Question No.4 The intensity 𝑰 of light from a given 9 × 100
=𝑑
source varies inversely as the square of the distance d 45
900
from it. If the intensity is 20 candlepower at a distance =𝑑
of 12ft. from the source, find the intensity at a point 45
20 = 𝑑
8ft. from the source.
Question No.6 𝑳𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓 costs c varies jointly as the
Solution:
number of workers n and the average number of days
1
𝐼∝ 2 d, if the cost of 800 workers for 13 days is Rs. 286000,
𝑑
𝑘 then find the 𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓 cost of 600 workers for 18days.
𝐼 = 2 → (𝑖) Solution:
𝑑
𝐼 = 20 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑 = 12𝑓𝑡 𝒄 ∝ 𝑛𝑑
𝑘 𝒄 = 𝑘𝑛𝑑 → (𝑖)
(20) = 𝑐 = 𝑅𝑠. 286000, 𝑛 = 800, 𝑑 = 13
(12)2
𝑘 286000 = 𝑘(800)(13)
20 = 286000
144 𝑘=
𝑘 = 20 × 144 10400
𝑘 = 2880 𝑘 = 27.5
So equation (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 So equation (i) becomes
2880 𝑐 = 27.5
𝐼= 2 When 𝑛 = 600, 𝑑 = 18
𝑑
When 𝑑 = 8𝑓𝑡 𝑐 = 27.5(600)(18)
2880 𝑐 = 297000
𝐼= 2
8 Question No. 7 The supporting load c of a pillar varies
2880 as the fourth power of its diameter d and inversely as
𝐼=
64 the square of its length 𝒍. A pillar
𝐼 = 45𝑐𝑝 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟑𝟎 feet will
Question No.5 The pressure 𝒑 in a body of fluid varies
support a load of 63 tons. How high a 4 inch pillar
directly as the depth d. if the pressure exerted on the
must be to support a load of 28 tons.?
bottom of a tank by a column of fluid 5ft. high is 2.25
Solution:
𝒍𝒃\𝒔𝒒. 𝒊𝒏. In how deep must fluid be to exert a
𝑑4
pressure of 9 𝒍𝒃\𝒔𝒒. 𝒊𝒏? 𝑐∝ 2
𝑙
Solution: 𝑘𝑑2
𝑃∝𝑑 𝑐 = 2 → (𝒊)
𝑙
𝑝 = 𝑘𝑑 → (𝑖) 𝑐 = 63 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑑 = 6𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ , 𝐼 = 30𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
𝑑 = 5𝑓𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃 = 2.25𝑙𝑏\𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛 𝑘(6)4
2.25 = 𝑘(5) 63 =
(𝟑𝟎)𝟐
2.25
𝑘= 𝑘 = 43.75
5 So equation (i) becomes
225
𝑘= 43.75𝑑2
5 × 100 𝑐=
45 𝑙2
𝑘= When 𝑑 = 4𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ , 𝑐 = 28 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
100

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 21

 43.75(4)4 So equation (i) becomes
28 =
𝑙2 𝑚𝑣 2
43.75(4)4 𝐾. 𝐸 =
𝑙2 = 6
28 When 𝑚 = 3000𝑙𝑏, 𝑣 = 44 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑙 2 = 400 (3000)(44)2
𝑙 2 = 20𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝐾. 𝐸 =
6
Question No.8 𝐾. 𝐸 = 500 × 1936
The times T required for an elevator to lift a weight 𝐾. 𝐸 = 96800 𝑓𝑡/ 𝑙𝑏
varies jointly as the weight w and the lifting depth d
varies inverlsy as the power P of the motor. If 25 sec. Best wishes
are required for a 4-hp motor to lift 500lb through
40ft, what power is required to lift 800lb. through 120
ft in 40 sec?
Solution:
𝑤𝑑
𝑇∝ 𝑝
𝑘𝑤𝑑
𝑇= → (𝑖)
𝑝
𝑇 = 25𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑝 = 4 − ℎ𝑝, 𝑤 = 500𝑙𝑏, 𝑑 = 40𝑓𝑡 WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD
𝑘(500)(40)
25 =
4
MSC.MATHEMATICS
25 × 4
𝐾=
500 × 40
03434443214
So equation (i) becomes https://www.mathcity.org/people/amir
0.005𝑤𝑑
𝑇=
𝑝
When 𝑤 = 800𝑙𝑏, 𝑑 = 120 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑇 = 40 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
0.005 × 800 × 120
40 =
𝑃
𝑃=
0.005 × 800 × 120 Available at
40
𝑝 = 12ℎ𝑝 www.MathCity.org
Question No.9
The kinetic energy (𝑲. 𝑬)of a body varies jointly as the
mass "m" of the body and the square of its velocity
"𝑽" if the energy is 4320𝒇𝒕/𝒍𝒃 when the mass is 45𝒍𝒃
and the velocity is 𝟐𝟒𝒇𝒕/sec. Determine the kinetic
energy of a 3000 𝒍𝒃 automobile travelling 44ft/sec.
Solution:
𝐾. 𝐸 ∝ 𝑚𝑣 2
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑚𝑣 2 → (𝑖)
𝐾. 𝐸 = 4320𝑓𝑡/lb, m=45 𝑙𝑏, v=24𝑓𝑡/sec.
4320 = 𝑘(45)(24)2
4320
𝑘=
45 × 476
4320
𝑘=
25920
1
𝑘=
6

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD MSC.MATHEMATICS 03434443214 22