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Differential Equations: Homogeneous DE

The document discusses homogeneous differential equations. It defines homogeneous functions and gives examples. It then explains that homogeneous differential equations can be solved by making a substitution to transform the equation into a separable form. It provides examples of solving homogeneous differential equations using this method. The substitution and separation of variables allows the equations to be integrated to find the general solution.

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96 views

Differential Equations: Homogeneous DE

The document discusses homogeneous differential equations. It defines homogeneous functions and gives examples. It then explains that homogeneous differential equations can be solved by making a substitution to transform the equation into a separable form. It provides examples of solving homogeneous differential equations using this method. The substitution and separation of variables allows the equations to be integrated to find the general solution.

Uploaded by

balaji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equations

Homogeneous DE

Homogeneous Differential Equations

The given differential equation will be of the form f(x, y) dy = g (x, y) dx, where
f (x, y) and g (x, y) are homogeneous functions in x and y of the same degree.

Definition: A function F(x, y) in x and y is a homogeneous function in x and y of


y x
degree n (n, a rational number), if F(x, y) can be expressed as xn φ   or yn Ψ   .
x y
 4y y3 
3 2 3 3
1+ − 
(i) x + 4x y – y = x  x x3  is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 3.

y
(ii) x 3 tan   is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 3.
x
x+y
(iii) is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 0.
2x − 3 y
We change the dependent variable y to v by the substitution y = vx. Then,
dy dv
=v+x .
dx dx
dy
On substitution y and dx in the given homogeneous equation, it reduces to the
variables separable form.
2 dy 2
Eg 1. Solve: x =x + 7xy + 9y2
dx

dy
Sol. x2 = x2 + 7xy + 9y2
dx
2
dy 7y y
= 1+ + 9 
dx x x
Put y = xv
dy xdv
⇒ =v+
dx dx
xdv
v+ = 1 + 7v + 9v 2
dx
Differential Equations

dv
x = 9v 2 + 6v + 1
dx
1 1
2 dv = dx
9v + 6v + 1 x
Integrating on both sides,
1 1
∫ dv = ∫ dx
9v 2 + 6v + 1 x
1 1
∫ dv = ∫ dx
2
(3v + 1) x

1
− = log x + log c
3(3v + 1)
1
= − = loge cx
 3y 
3 +1
x 
−x
= 9 y + 3 x = log e cx

where c is an orbitary constant.

dy y
Eg 3. Solve x dx = y + x sin x 
 

y
= y + x sin  x 
dy
Sol. Given: x
dx
dy y y
= + sin  → (1)
dx x x
dy dv
Put y = vx., =v+x .
dx dx
Substituting in (1) we get,
dv
v+x = v + sinv
dx
xdv 1 1
⇒ = sinv = dv = dx
dx sin v x
1
= ∫ cos ecv dv = ∫ dx
x
⇒ log (cosecv − cotv) = logx + logc
Differential Equations

⇒ cosecv − cotv = cx.]


y y
cosec x − cot  x  = cx.
 
   

Eg 3. Solve 3y2 dx + (2xy + 3x2) dy = 0


Sol. 3y2 dx + (2xy + 3x2) dy = 0.
dy − 3y 2
=
dx 2xy + 3 x 2

dy dv
Put y = vx ⇒ =v+x
dx dx
dv − 3v 2
v+ x =
dx 2v + 3

dv − 3v 2
x = −v
dx 2v + 3
dv − 3v 2 − 2v 2 − 3v
x =
dx 2v + 3
2v + 3 1
dv = dx
2
− 5v − 3v x
2v + 3 1
⇒ dv + dx = 0
v (5 v + 3 ) x
Integrating on both sides,
1 3  1
⇒ ∫
 v − 5v + 3  dv + ∫ x dx = 0
 
3
⇒ log v − log (5v + 3) + log x= log c.
5
⇒ 5 logv − 3log (5v + 3) + 5 logx = 5log c.
v5
⇒ log x 5 = log C 5
3
(5 v + 3 )

y5
⇒ 3 = c1, where c1 = c5
 y 
5 + 3
 x 

y5x3
⇒ 3 = c ⇒ x3y5 = c1(5y + 3x)3
(5 y + 3 x )

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