SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
3524 ME 2251L - #02
VOM
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Engr. FLORENCE LESLIE CAMPOLET
REYES, MARC GABRIEL G. SEA-ECE Faculty
Date of Submission: 2-3-2021
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
Experiment No: 2
VOM
TLO 2: Measure different resistances of the various resistors and connect a simple
circuit to measure the current and voltages using Digital VOM and Analog VOM.
I. INTRODUCTION:
A multimeter, or Volt-Ohm-Meter (VOM) is an electrical instrument capable of
measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Digital multimeters have numerical
displays, like digital clocks, for indicating the quantity of voltage, current, or
resistance. Analog multimeters indicate these quantities by means of a moving
pointer over a printed scale. Analog multimeters tend to be less expensive than
digital multimeters, and more beneficial as learning tools for the first-time student
of electricity.
Watch the following videos:
Using the digital multimeter.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdUK6RPdIrA
Using an analog multimeter.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rGDx92McTY
II. EQUIPMENT/ MATERIALS NEEDED:
1 Analog VOM R1 - 100Ω, ¼ watt
1 Digital VOM R2 - 470Ω, ¼ watt
1 DC Power Supply Experiment Board K
Connecting Leads Extension Cord
10 Resistors with different values
III. PROCEDURES:
1. Given 10 resistors with different resistance values, read the coded value
through its band and verify your readings by measurement with the aid of the
VOM.
Record your data on Table A.
In lieu of this lab activity, you are to insert photos of 10 color-coded resistors,
Label them as resistors 1-10. Using the color code, determine the value of
each resistor and write them under “coded value” column.
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
Resistance Color Coding.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pD2Ce1lujNA
1.A. Complete Table A
1.B. How would you measure resistance using the VOM?
2. Set up the circuit as shown.
Use the power supply to provide the power and the VOM (both analog and
digital) to measure the voltage across terminals A-B-C and A-C. Compare your
answer by manual computation. Record your data on Table B.
In lieu of this activity, answer the questions in “Data and Results”.
2.A. Using a VOM, how do you measure the voltage drops across R1, across
R2, and across R1 + R2?
2.B. What is/are the differences between analog and digital VOM?
2.C. Calculate the voltage drops across R1, across R2, and across R1+R2.
2.D. In reality, the measured voltage drops will not be exactly equal to the
calculated voltage drops. Why?
2.E. If you had a shunt/parallel circuit with R1 and R2 on each branch, how
would you measure the voltage drops across each resistor using the
VOM?
2.F. Assuming this shunt circuit, calculate the voltage drops across R1 and
R2.
3. Using the same circuit, as in B, measure the current through points A, B and C
by connecting the VOM functioning as an ammeter in series with R1 and R2.
Record your result in Table C.
In lieu of this activity, answer the questions in “Data and Results”.
3.A. Using a VOM, how do you measure the current through R1, through R2,
and through R1 + R2?
3.B. Calculate the current through R1, through R2, and through R1+R2.
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
3.C. If you had a shunt/parallel circuit with R1 and R2 on each branch, how
would you measure the current though each resistor using the VOM?
3.D. Assuming this shunt circuit, calculate the currents through R1 and R2.
IV. DATA AND RESULTS
1. RESISTANCE
Table A
Resistors Photo of Resistor Coded Value
1 270Ω ± 10%
2 46KΩ ± 0.5%
3 0.24Ω ± 5%
4 3.75KΩ ± 10%
5 8.50MΩ ± 5%
6 6.70Ω ± 2%
7 390KΩ ± 10%
8 214KΩ ± 5%
9 3.07Ω ± 0.25%
10 0.25Ω ± 0.05%
1.B. How would you measure resistance using the VOM?
1Select
the item to be measured. 2Insert the probes into the required sockets. Typically,
these might be labelled COM for common and the other where the ohms sign is visible. This is
normally combined with the voltage measurement socket. 3Select the required range. The range
selected should be such that the best reading can be obtained. Choose the one where the
estimated value of resistance will be under but close to the maximum of the range. In this way the
most accurate resistance measurement can be made. 4Zero the meter by firmly placing the two
probes together to give a short circuit and then adjusting the zero control to give zero ohms (full
scale deflection) reading. This process needs to be repeated if the range is changed. 5Make the
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
measurement with the multimeter ready to make the measurement the probes can be applied
to the item that needs to be measured. 6Turn off the multimeter.
2. VOLTAGE
2.A. Using a VOM, how do you measure the voltage drops across R1, across R2, and
across R1 + R2?
- Place the VOM’s probes (Voltmeter function) across the junction points A&B for V1
and B&C for V2. The voltage reading is the voltage across each of R1, R2. To measure
the voltage drop across R1 + R2 place it to A&C.
2.B. What is/are the differences between analog and digital VOM?
- The primary difference between the two is the display, an analog multimeter uses
a needle to show the value, while a digital multimeter will show the results as numbers
on a screen. Furthermore, digital VOM has more accurate reading than the analog
because in analog VOM different persons could have different readings especially
on the decimal parts of the measurement, whereas in digital VOM the reading is
already accurately given.
2.C. Calculate the voltage drops across R1, across R2, and across R1+R2.
V=IR
10V = I x (100+470Ω)
I = 0.0175438596491228 A
V1: I x R1 V2: I x R2
= 0.0175438596491228A x 100Ω = 0.0175438596491228A x 470 Ω
= 1.7544 V = 8.2456 V
Across R1+R2
V1+V2
= 1.7544V + 8.2456V
= 10V
2.D. In reality, the measured voltage drops will not be exactly equal to the calculated
voltage drops. Why?
- First, is that resistors have tolerances. A 5V power supply is probably not exactly 5V,
imperfect accuracy of the meter. LEDs may drop a slightly different voltage, one to
the next, and it depends a bit on the exact current and temperature. More so, the
discrepancies between the measured and calculated may occur especially when
rounding-off with the calculated measurements was used.
2.E. If you had a shunt/parallel circuit with R1 and R2 on each branch, how would you
measure the voltage drops across each resistor using the VOM?
- Determine the combined resistance, or opposition to the flow of charge, of the
parallel resistors. Sum them up as 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 for each resistor. Multiply the
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
current by the total resistance to get the voltage drop, according to Ohm's Law V
= IR.
2.F. Assuming this shunt circuit, calculate the voltage drops across R1 and R2.
- Formula: V = I x R, 1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2, ITotal = VTotal/RTotal
RT = (1/100 + 1/470)-1 = 82.4561 Ω IT = 10V/ 82.4561Ω = 0.1213 A
Vtotal = V1 = V2
Vt = ITotal x RTotal
=82.45614035 x 0.1212765957
V1 = V2 = 10V
3. CURRENT
3.A. Using a VOM, how do you measure the current through R1, through R2, and through
R1 + R2?
- The current across R1 and R2 can be measured one at a time by placing the
ammeter to measure the current, the ammeter must be placed in the circuit in series
or connected through the resistor, not across the resistor.
3.B. Calculate the current through R1, through R2, and through R1+R2.
- In series circuit, current is the same all throughout.
IT = VT / RT
= 10V / 570Ω
IT = I1 = I2 = I1+2 = 0.0175 A
= 0.01754385965 A
3.C. If you had a shunt/parallel circuit with R1 and R2 on each branch, how would you
measure the current though each resistor using the VOM?
- to measure currents, you can place a precision resistor called a shunt in parallel
with the meter. Most of the current flows through the shunt, and only a small fraction
flows through the meter. This allows the meter to measure larger currents.
3.D. Assuming this shunt circuit, calculate the currents through R1 and R2.
-Formula: I = V / R, IT = I1 + I2,
I1 = 10 / 100 = 0.1A IT = 0.1 + 0.0213
I2 = 10 / 470 = 0.0213 A IT = 0.1213 A
V. OBSERVATIONS
First, among my observations is that there is a discrepancy between the measured value
and calculated value, but that discrepancy can be avoided when rounding-off with the
calculated values is not done. Secondly, I have observed the differences of obtaining the values
of Voltage, Current, and Resistance when it comes to a Series and on Parallel Circuits. Although,
the Ohm’s Law is being used for both circuits the total Voltage/Current/Resistance vary among
the two types of circuits.
VI. DISCUSSION OF THEORY
The key in understanding the concepts of electricity is starting with the fundamentals which
are the voltage, current, and resistance. They are the three basic building blocks required to
manipulate and utilize electricity. With these in mind, we can already know their relationships and
know how to apply it or how we can use it on our daily lives.
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
Resistance
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. It is
measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named after Georg
Simon Ohm, a German physicist who studied the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance. He is credited for formulating Ohm's Law.
Resistance measurements are normally taken to indicate the condition of a component
or a circuit. The higher the resistance, the lower the current flow. If abnormally high, one possible
cause (among many) could be damaged conductors due to burning or corrosion. All conductors
give off some degree of heat, so overheating is an issue often associated with resistance. The
lower the resistance, the higher the current flow. Possible causes: insulators damaged by moisture
or overheating.
In a series circuit, the total resistance is simply the sum of the resistances of the components
connected to the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the fact that current can flow along more than one
pathway means that the total overall resistance is lower than the resistance of any single
component. The total overall resistance, Rt, can be calculated from the equation Rt = R1 + R2 +
R3 … Rn, where R1, R2, R3 and so on are the resistances of the individual components.
Current
Current is the rate at which electrons flow past a point in a complete electrical circuit. At
its most basic, current = flow. An ampere (AM-pir), or amp, is the international unit used for
measuring current. It expresses the quantity of electrons (sometimes called "electrical charge")
flowing past a point in a circuit over a given time. A current of 1 ampere means that 1 coulomb
of electrons—that is 6.24 billion (6.24 x 1018) electrons—is moving past a single point in a circuit in 1
second.
In a series circuit, the current anywhere in the circuit is defined by the most important and
basic law of electricity, known as Ohm’s Law. Ohm’s Law states that I = V/R, where I represents
electrical current, V represents the voltage supplied by the source and R represents the total
resistance -- opposition to the flow of electric current -- of the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the
current in each branch of the circuit is inversely proportional to the resistance of each branch,
and the total current is equal to the sum of the currents in each branch.
Voltage
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a
light. In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). The term recognizes Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), inventor of the voltaic pile—the forerunner of today's household
battery. In electricity's early days, voltage was known as electromotive force (emf). This is why in
equations such as Ohm's Law, voltage is represented by the symbol E.
In a series circuit, the potential difference, or voltage -- the force that “pushes” the
electrons around decreases across each component in the circuit. The voltage drop across
each component is proportional to its resistance, such that the sum of the voltage drops is
equal to the total voltage supplied by the source. In a parallel circuit, each component
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
effectively connects the same two points of the circuit, so the voltage each component is the
same.
VOMs
The multimeter or volt-ohm-milli-ammeter (VOM) is the type of meter which performs the
multiple functions. In other words, in VOM the multiple measuring functions are combined in a
single unit. The multimeter is used for measuring voltage, current and resistance. It contains the
circuitry switch which makes the meter to operate like a voltmeter, ammeter, and as an
ohmmeter.
VII. CONCLUSION
With this experiment, the relationship of the Voltage, Current, and Resistance was
explored both having the calculated and measured values using an Analog/Digital
Multimeter. The relationship of the three can be summarized as the Ohm’s Law where it states that;
the strength of a direct current is directly proportional to the potential difference and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the circuit (V=I x R). Moreover, this experiment is designed to
determine the value of a resistor via the given color bands of the resistor.
When it comes to Series Circuits, the current has the same value all throughout its
flow. The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances, and the voltage
drop across a resistor is directly proportional to the size of the resistor. On the other hand,
prior to Parallel Circuits, the value of the voltage drops is the same all throughout. The
total current is the sum of individual currents across each resistor. Lastly, the total
resistance can be described as (1/R1 + 1/R2+1/R3+…1/Rn)-1.
VIII. REFERENCES: (APA format)
Dunning, D. (2017, April 24). Differences & Similarities Between a Series Circuit & a Parallel Circuit.
Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/two-types-electrical-circuits-8246628.html
Fluke. (2016, October 31). What is resistance? Retrieved from
https://www.fluke.com/en/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-resistance#
Fluke. (2021, February 1). What is current? Retrieved from https://www.fluke.com/en-
ph/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-current
Fluke. (2021, January 12). What is voltage? Retrieved from https://www.fluke.com/en-
ph/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-voltage#
What is Volt-Ohm-Milli-Ammeter (vom)? - Definition & explanation. (2017, December 26). Retrieved
from https://circuitglobe.com/volt-ohm-milli-ammeter-vom.html
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Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
LABORATORY MANUAL
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