The role of risk factors in the outcome measures in patients diagnosed with COVID-

19

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 COVID-19 has damaged almost everyone emotionally, physically, economically, or

financially, and it can cause symptoms. Since it has characteristics or medical problems that raise

their risk of severe illness from these other respiratory infections, certain persons are more

susceptible to severe illness from these other respiratory viruses. They're usually referred to as

"lifestyle factors" in most cases. Getting on in years or possessing certain fundamental medical

concerns. According to Rosenthal et al., 2020 “Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality

in a US national sample of patients with COVID-19. JAMA network open” The Organization for

Research On the Epidemiology (CDC) conducts disease monitoring and experimental research to

learn why certain people are more susceptible to severe COVID-19 illness (Lerner et al., 2020 pp

1-5). This is one of the CDC's main objectives in the COVID-19 program. The amount of data

collected will be critical in assisting CDC investigators and other public health professionals in

making choices that will safeguard our neighborhoods. State, regional, national, and sub-national

medical organizations, health policy, economic and diagnostic facilities, central statistical

offices, healthcare practitioners, emergency services, and educational and corporate sector

organizations all contribute to these efforts.

According to Al-Zaman, (2020)” Healthcare crisis in Bangladesh during the COVID-19

pandemic”. A client with acute lung infection who lived in Bangladesh or traveled to a country

and tried unsuccessfully to document local COVID-19 reporting and data within 14 days of the

appearance of symptoms, or a customer service worker with just about any ARI who had been in

contact with an independently verified or trying to convince COVID-19 case in the 14 days

before symptom onset. As per Efros et al., 2021 “Myocardial injury in hospitalized patients with

COVID-19 infection—Risk factors and outcomes”A suspected case with unclear COVID-19
viral testing or a suspicious case where testing was not possible for whatever reason is also

assessed.

According to Lacour et al., 2021 “Insights for increased risk of failed fibrinolytic therapy

and stent thrombosis associated with COVID‐19 in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction

patients”. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, a wide body of research, cigarette

smoking has a negative effect, which may be associated with COVID-19's unfavorable

repercussions. One of the most well-known studies, done in the Chinese city of Wuhan,

discovered that patients who required intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, endotracheal

intubation or died had larger percentages of current and former tobacco users as higher cigarette

consumption in the most severe instances. Non-survivors were considerably more likely to be

older and male, according to a study of COVID-19 patients' outcomes, as they had a bigger

incidence of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and CHDs. Compared to survivors, non-survivors had a

larger risk of current cigarette consumption and COPD.

SARS-CoV-2, a new zoonotic coronavirus, has had a considerable international effect on

the coronavirus communicable diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Mortality rates in the

elderly, and those with comorbidities may surpass 15 percent (Korath et al., 2022 pp, 55-71).

Advanced age, diabetes, hypotension, and heart disease contribute to COVID-19 aggravation and

death. Seasonal community-acquired cardiopulmonary virus (CARV) infection has increased

viral shedding, pneumonia, and mortality in immunocompromised people. As a result, those with

hematopoietic cells are more prone to becoming infected with COVID-19 et al., 2020.

According to Almazeedi et al., 2020 “Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes among

Kuwait's first consecutive 1096 patients diagnosed with COVID-19” the pandemic is spreading,
and various risk variables influence COVID-19 outcomes. As a result, identifying risk factors is

critical to avoiding COVID-19 individuals' catastrophic consequences. This research aimed to

look at the risk factors associated with COVID-19 participants' overall mortality outcomes in a

variety of settings. The researchers analyzed exposed and non-exposed subgroups for COVID-19

morbidity and fatality results on the 28th day of illness. Our experience combating the COVID-

19 pandemic has taught us that at least three independent signals may be exploited to assess risk.

First, since the COVID-19 pandemic covers all of the lifestyle traits that we identify with

increased risk, we have a predisposition to believe that the potential danger linked with COVID-

19 is substantially more than that of other well-known risks with high death rates. In other

sectors, this trend does not apply to impoverished countries with less population than Japan, but

with hundreds of COVID deaths every day. The second concern is the method and tone of the

Japanese media reports on information disclosure. Third, after threat information has dispersed

across society, we may witness emotional distortions emerge among distinct portions of the

population.

For example, selective risk information availability demonstrates that we only hear about

COVID-19 patients who are extremely unwell or have died. Still, we never learn about people

who have just moderate symptoms or none at all. In this arrangement, individuals do not have

equal access to all the information but simply to a subset of them. The fear factor (a large

number of people are critically ill or have died), the unrestrained factor (there is no cure for

COVID-19), and the component of selective information dissemination (the mass media reports

the number of deaths due to COVID-19 every day but rarely discusses the virus) are all factors

that contribute to the current COVID-19 pandemic's perception of risk. We must measure the
threat of COVID-19 against other dangers such as common influenza, road fatality, diseases

other than COVID-19, or death as a result of a criminal act.

To put it another way, the media distorted the public's perception of risk by focusing

entirely on COVID-19, an unknown virus, while denying the public the chance to compare it to

other threats. Because of the commercial structure, the mainstream media may have had no

choice but to present the news in this fashion. As a result, "information literacy" is vital for the

general public to objectively judge the validity and reliability of any media item. Unfortunately,

there is a paucity of information literacy in the classroom (Rozenfeld et al., 2020).

Individual and interpersonal biases in risk information processing

When it comes to risk knowledge, people have a lot of cognitive biases. As a result of

these biases, we either exaggerate or underestimate the true extent of the threat. People

experience risk less when they have access to information, competence, and a wide array of

skills. They contrast with risky variables such as unknown, scary, or uncontrolled items, as well

as selective access to knowledge, as previously noted. The "normalcy bias," which results in a

typical attitude about acknowledged risks, is another form of prejudice. The boiling frog

metaphor may help you appreciate the idea of bias.

Reports in the media that heighten the risk perception

As previously noted, news articles in the mainstream media are often selective. They

prefer to report on infected people over healthy ones, and they prefer to report on those who are

extremely ill or have died over those with little or no symptoms. As a result, viewers are more

likely to see the condition as "unknown, risky, and unexpected." For example, few papers at the
outset of the pandemic compared the threat of COVID-19 to other conventional threats.

However, the media has recently begun to pay more attention to links to other subjects.

Factors that contribute to our aversion to risk

Dr. Paul Slovic and his colleagues researched behavioral finance features around four

decades ago, focusing on the two components of "unknown" and "fear." The phrase "unknown

things" simply translates as "unknown." Although the current viral category encompasses

ailments such as cold viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be a genetic mutation of the existing

coronavirus, with numerous unknown properties, such as the capacity to create deep vein

thrombosis and defy the immune system. The fear factor is characterized as "a sense of dread or

apprehension." For example, when word of a COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China, appeared

in January 2020, television and media sources depicted hundreds of unwell protestors in

hospitals, raising international worry.

Risk Factors and Their Importance

i. People with risk features who have COVID-19 may need hospitalization or

emergency surgery or die due to the disorder.

ii. Understanding the risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease is vital since it may

help you in the following ways:

iii. Be careful while going about your daily activities and attending gatherings.

iv. If you get unwell, COVID-19 will assist you in understanding how a health

problem may affect your health.

v. Prepare for the prospect of having to have hospital care if you get ill.
vi. Manage any risk factors you may have to reduce your chances of being

hospitalized for severe COVID-19.

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