Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A Azospirillum brasilense, 68, 75–78 Bun system of cultivation, 128

Abiotic stress, 164–169 Azospirillum spp., 62, 65–66, 68, 84–85, Burkholderia spp., 49
drought stress, 164–165 161–162, 167–169 B. cepacia, 144–145
saline stress, 165–167 Azotobacter sp., 62, 65–66 B. phytofirman, 68
waterlogging, 167–169 A. chroococcum, 68, 144–145
A. paspali, 62
Abscisic acid (ABA), 87 C
Acacia auriculiformis, 86 Calcarisporiellomycota, 49–51
Achromobacter piechaudii, 68 B California Carpet Stewardship Program,
Acidobacteriaceae, 49 Bacillus sp., 65–66 230–231
Actinobacteria, 48, 53–54 B. megaterium, 68, 144–145 Calothrix, 51
Agricultural biostimulants. See Biostimulants B. mucilaginous, 144–145 Care, principle of, 3–4
Agricultural land, organic, 4–5, 5t, 7f, 9f B. pumilus, 75–78, 163–164 Casuarina equisetifolia, 167–169
country-wise, 6t B. subtilis, 86, 144–145 Cement kiln dust (CKD), 229, 229f
growth of, 7–8 B. thuringiensis, 75–78 Certification, 14
total agricultural land, organic share of, Bacteroidetes, 48 Certified organic products (COPs), 2,
5–7 Bamboo drip irrigation system, 128 183–184
Agri-horti-apiculture-duckery-poultry- Bangalore method of composting, 118 Chenopodium sp., 25–26
mushroom-fish farming, 130 Basidiomycota, 49–51 Chitinase and glucanase, production of,
Agrobacterium, 49 Beejamrutha, 105 83
Agroecology, 216–217 Bio-ameliorators of saline soils, 86–87 Chitinophagaceae, 48
Agroforestry based cropping systems, 129 Biofertilizers, 105–106, 134 Chlorine, 94t
Alcaligenes faecalis, 164–165 constraints in popularization of, 150–152 Chryseobacterium, 49
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, function and target crops, 137–138t Chytridiomycota, 49–51
167–169 future prospects, 152–153 Cochliobolus sativus, 52
Alder based agriculture in Nagaland, 128 groups of, 136t Colletotrichum orbiculare, 163–164
Allorhizobium, 65–66 in Indian market, 139–142t Colletotrichum spp., 68
Alternaria spp., 68 mechanism of, 135f Commercially available biopreparations and
Alternative land use system, 127 in organic farming, 144 bioproducts, 63
Amino acids, 51 role of, 145f Community-supported agriculture (CSA), 2
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), on various crops under organic farming, Composting, 104, 117–120
65–66, 164–165 144–150 enriched compost, 119
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Biologically mediated buffering, 44–45 advantages of, 119–120
deaminase (ACCD), 68, 83–84 Biological nitrogen fixation, 80 methods of compost preparation, 117–119
Anabaena, 51 Biopesticides, 134–152 Indore method, 117
Animal fats, 235 advantages of, 144 Nadep method, 118
Animal manures, 106 constraints in popularization of, 150–152 of municipal solid waste, 119
Antibiotics, 1–2, 84 future prospects, 152–153 vermicompost, 120
Antioxidant production, PGPR-induced, 85 Indian companies, 146–149t Concentrated organic manures, 121
Aquaculture based farming systems, 129–130 mechanism of, 135f Concept of organic farming, 2–4
Arabidopsis thaliana, 86 in organic crop production, 144 definition, 4
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), 22, 23f, in organic farming, 144 principles of organic agriculture approved
59–60, 65–66, 86–87 role of, 145f by IFOAM, 2–4
Ascomycota, 49–51 and target pathogens/pests, 143t care, 3–4
Ascorbate peroxidase, 164–165 on various crops under organic farming, ecological, 3
Ascorbic acid, 192 144–150 fairness, 3
Aspergillus spp., 48 Biostimulants, 60–61 health, 3
A. awamori, 144–145 Biotic stress, 163–164 Conservation agriculture (CA), 17
A. niger, 144–145 plant pathogens, 163–164 advantages, 17–18
A. tubingensis, 144–145 Blue green algae (BGA), 87 challenges in adopting conservation
Aster tripolium, 167–169 Boron, 94t, 98 practices, 19
Aulosira, 51 Bradyrhizobium, 62, 65–66, 144–145, 161–162 crop performances, impact on, 28–29
Azadirachta indica, 145–150 Breeding strategy for organic cultivar crop yield, 28–29
Azolla, 51, 105–106 development, 183 emergence and root growth of crops,
Azorhizobium, 65–66 Brevundimonas spp., 49 28

255
256 Index

Conservation agriculture (CA) (Continued) E Green, sustainable infrastructure, 233

disease and pest control, 27–28 Eco-Dyn, 29 Green concept, concrete with, 235–236
future outlook, 30–31 Ecological principle, 3 Green concrete, challenges encountered in
new optimized techniques, 29–30 Eco tourism, 203 pathway of, 236–237
soil biological activities, 21–22 Ecovida Association of Participatory Green manuring, 107, 120–121
soil fertility and nutrient cycling, 19–21 Certification Green sand, 230
changes in soil nutrient contents, 19–21 PGS, advantages of, 220 Ground granulated blast furnace slag
impact on mineralization, 21 registration procedures, 219–220 (GGBFS), 226–227, 227f
soil physical properties, 23–25 Eisenia foetida, 120 Grower’s crop, guidelines for certification
aggregate stability and mitigating soil Electronics/e-wastes, 228, 229f of, 183
erosion, 23–24 Electron transport chain (ETC), 167–169 Growth hormones, 1–2
compaction, 24–25 Employment opportunity for rural youth, Growth in major crop groups, 13–14
infiltration and soil water storage, 25 202–203 Growth of organic agricultural land, 7–8
weed control, 25–28, 26t Enriched compost, 119
Conventional vs. organic farming, 241–242 Essential amino acids, 245–247 H
challenges with organic food, 249–250 Eudrilus eugeniae, 120 Halophiles, 79–80
effects of organic farming practices on soil E-wastes, 228, 229f Hartmannibacter diazotrophicus, 68
properties, 248–249 Exopolysaccharides (EPS), 51, 164–165 Health, principle of, 3
future perspective, 250 production, in saline soils, 85 Health risk reduction of society, 202
nutrient status, 242f, 243–248 Heavy metals and pesticide residues, 247
essential amino acids, 245–247 Heterodera avenae, 52
heavy metals and pesticide residues, 247 F Hexachlorobenzene, 249
macronutrient, 243–244, 243t Fairness, principle of, 3
Horticulture based farming systems, 130
micronutrient, 244–245 Farmyard manure (FYM), 104, 117
Horticulture-cum-fish farming, 130
PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), 245 Firmicutes, 48
Hypersensitive reaction (HR), 163–164
secondary metabolites and Flavisolibacter, 49
Hyphomicrobiaceae, 49
antioxidants, 245 Flavobacteriaceae, 49
Copper, 94t, 98 Flavobacterium, 48–49
Cow dung ash (CDA) and cow dung waste, Flexibacter, 48 I
Fly ash (FA), 226, 226f Indigenous farming systems of North East
234–235, 236f
Foreign reserve and subsidy, 203 India, 128–129
Crop performances, impact on, 28–29
Foundry sand/green sand, 230, 230f Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 51
crop yield, 28–29
Frankia, 48 Indore method of composting, 117
emergence and root growth of crops, 28
Fungal-based microbial inoculants, 68 Induced systemic resistance (ISR), 85,
Cropping system management, 106–107
Fungi, 49 163–164
Crop production, 161–162
Fusarium oxysporum, 51–52 Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST), 165–167
Crop production plan, 176–177
Fusarium spp., 68 Industrial resources of wastes, 226–231
Crop residues, 107, 115–116
cement and lime kiln dusts, 229
Crop sensitivity, 96
electronics or e-wastes, 228
Curvularia spp., 68 G fly ash (FA), 226, 226f
Cyanobacteria, 51, 62, 87 Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, 51–52
foundry sand/green sand, 230
γ-amino butyrate (GABA), 167–169
ground granulated blast furnace slag
D Glass and glass wool fiber, waste of, 233
(GGBFS), 226–227, 227f
Deficiency symptoms in plants, 96 Gliocladium virens, 145–150
silica fumes, 227–228
Dehydrogenase activity (DHA), 22 Gliricidia sepium, 145–150
sludge and effluents, 228
Depleted organic reservoir, nutrient cycling Global organic market booming, 14
textile effluent waste sludge and fibers,
in, 41–43 Global scenario of organic farming, 4–15,
230–231
Depletion of organic matter, factors 11f, 13t
Infiltration and soil water storage, 25
affecting, 40f certification, 14
In situ green manuring, 120
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 249 global organic market booming, 14
Integrated farming systems, 127–128
Dieldrin, 249 growth in major crop groups, 13–14
Internal Control Systems (ICS), 211
Disease suppression in organic soils, 51–52 growth of organic agricultural land, 7–8
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 49–51
Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 109 operator types, 11–12
International Federation of Organic
Diversified farming systems for sustainable organic agricultural land, 4–5, 5t, 7f, 9f
Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), 2,
agriculture, 127–130 organic areas, 8–9
210
agroforestry based cropping systems, 129 organic producers, 11
Iron, 94t
alternative land use system, 127 organic share of total agricultural land, 5–7
aquaculture based farming systems, participatory guarantee systems (PGS), 15
129–130 retail sales, 12–13 J
indigenous farming systems of North East standards, legislation, policy support, Jasmonic acid (JA), 68
India, 128–129 14–15 Jeevamrutha, 105
integrated farming systems, 127–128 Glomeromycota, 49–51
waste land farming system, 130 Glomus etunicatum, 144–145 K
horticulture based farming Glomus fasciculatum, 144–145 Kaistobacter, 49
systems, 130 Glomus intraradices, 67 Kickxellomycota, 49–51
Drought stress, 164–165 Glomus mosseae, 68, 86, 144–145 Klebsiella sp., 65–66
Duck-cum-fish farming, 129 Glucanacetobacter spp., 68 K-strategists, 48
 Index 257

L soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen essential amino acids, 245–247
Lactuca sativa, 68 as reliable soil health indicators in heavy metals and pesticide residues, 247
Leguminous crop, 44–45 organic soils, 52–53 macronutrient, 243–244, 243t
Leucaena leucocephala, 127 soil microbial respiration in organic soils, 53 micronutrient, 244–245
Lime kiln dusts, 229 Microbial enzyme activities, organic soils PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), 245
Lindane, 249 promoting, 53–54 secondary metabolites and antioxidants, 245
Liquid organic manures, 105 Microbial flora and fauna of soil, 103
Livestock-agriculture-fish farming, 129 Micronutrient diagnosis approaches, 95–96 O
crop sensitivity, 96 Oil cakes, 105
deficiency symptoms in plants, 96 Omega-3 fatty acid, 245
M soil and plant analysis, 96 Organic crop production technology, 180t
Macronutrient, 243–244, 243t Micronutrients, 244–245 Organic fertility, 43–44
Manganese, 94t, 97 dynamics in soils, 98f Organic matter, loss and restoration, 39
Manure application strategies, 30t for human and animal health, 94–95 Organic plant breeding (OPB), 177
Manures, 117–121 Kunapajala and Panchagavya manures in Organic plant nutrition, 115–122
composting, 117–120 relation to, 103 crop residues, 115–116
enriched compost, 119 organic sources in relation to, 104–107 manures, 117–121
Indore method, 117 animal manures, 106 compost, 117–120
of municipal solid waste, 119 biofertilizers, 105–106 concentrated organic manures, 121
Nadep method, 118 compost, 104 green manuring, 120–121
vermicompost, 120 cropping system management, 106–107 sewage and sludge, 122
concentrated organic manures, 121 crop residues, 107 Organic product certification, 209–210
green manuring, 120–121 farm yard manure (FYM), 104 historical elements of, 211–212
Mesorhizobium, 65–66 green manuring, 107 Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS),
Metarhizium anisopliae, 145–150 liquid organic manures, 105 213–216
Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), 22 oil cakes, 105 basic elements, 214
Microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), 22 and plant health, 94 and Ecovida Agroecology Network,
Microbial biostimulants, 59–63 Micronutrients in relation to manures and 217–220
biostimulants, 60–61 fertilizers, 98–103 key features, 215–216
commercially available biopreparations available and total Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn relationship with agroecology, 216–217
and bioproducts, 63 status Organic production management, 126–130
mechanism associated with, 65–67 in subsurface soils, 100–101 steps for organic crop production, 126
mycorrhizal association, 63 in surface soil, 98–100 sustainable agriculture, diversified
nitrogen fixing microorganisms, 62 fractions of Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in soil, farming systems for, 127–130
phosphate-mineralizing and phosphate- 101–103 agroforestry based cropping systems, 129
solubilizing microorganisms, 62 Micronutrients sources and behavior in soil, alternative land use system, 127
potassium-solubilizing 96–98 aquaculture based farming systems,
microorganisms, 63 Mineralization, impact on, 21 129–130
soil nutrient Molasses, chemical compositions of, 235f indigenous farming systems of North
assimilation, 67 Molasses waste, 233–234 East India, 128–129
availability, 65–66 Moldboard plowing (MP), 21–22 integrated farming systems, 127–128
uptake, 66–67 Molybdenum, 94t waste land farming system, 130
stress tolerance, microorganisms affecting, Morus lavigata, 129 technical issues, 126–127
67–69 Multiple cropping based production system, Organic protection, 122–125
zinc-solubilizing microorganisms, 62–63 129 avoidance, 123
Microbial community structure Municipal solid waste, composting of, 119 methods of insect pests and disease
development of disease suppression in Mycorrhizal association, 63 management under organic
organic soils, 51–52 Mycorrhizal fungi, 86–87 production, 123–125
factors affecting soil microbial abundance Mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB), biological methods, 124
and diversity in organic soils, 54–55 164–165 chemical methods, 125
climatic conditions, 54 cultural methods, 123
crop rotation, 55 physical/mechanical methods, 123–124
quality of organic materials, 54–55 N monitoring, 122–123
soil chemical properties, 54 Nadep method of composting, 118 therapy, 123
soil physical properties, 54 National Organic Standards for organic seed Organic seed certification, 184
management of soil microbial structure, 55 production, 176 Organic seed production, 173
microbial enzyme activities, organic soils Natural stimulants, 61 basis of, 177
promoting, 53–54 Neotyphodium spp., 68 breeding strategy for organic cultivar
soil microbes in organic farming, 47 Nickel, 94t development, 183
soil microbial abundance and diversity in Nitrogen fixing microorganisms, 62 certified organic products (COPs),
organic soils, 48–51 Nostoc, 51 183–184
abundance of cyanobacteria in organic Nutrient cycling, 41, 42f criteria to be fulfilled during investigation
soils, 51 in depleted organic reservoir, 41–43 for certification, 185
soil beneficial bacteria in organic soils, 49 Nutrient management, 178–179 crop production plan, 176–177
soil fungal diversity under organic Nutrient status of conventional and organic facts to overcome constraints/challenges
farming, 49–51 food products, 242f, 243–248 of, 188–189
258 Index

Organic seed production (Continued) basic elements, 214 siderophore, production of, 81–82
future challenges, 188 and Ecovida Agroecology Network, Plastic debris, 232–233
grower’s crop, guidelines for certification 217–220 Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), 163–164
of, 183 key features, 215–216 Potassium-solubilizing microorganisms, 63
important operations for, 178–180 relationship with agroecology, 216–217 Poultry-cum-fish farming, 129
avoiding contamination, 178 Paspalum notatum, 62 Poultry-rice-vegetable-fish farming, 130
choice of crop and varieties, 178 Perionyx excavetus, 120 Principles of organic agriculture approved by
nutrient management, 178–179 Peroxidase (POX), 163–164 IFOAM, 2–4
pest and disease management, 179 Pest and disease management, 179 care, 3–4
planting technique, 178 Pesticides, 1 ecological, 3
selection and preparation of land, 178 Pests, 1, 4 fairness, 3
weed management, 179 PGPR (Plant growth-promoting health, 3
individual organic operator, 185 Rhizobacteria), 59–60, 69 Producers, organic, 11
key challenges while promoting organic Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, 27–28 Proline production, PGPR-induced, 84–85
farming, 189 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 163–164 Proteobacteria, 48
National Organic Standards for, 176 Pheritima elongata, 120 Proteus penneri, 164–165
need for organic seed, 174–175 Phormidium, 51 Pseudomonads, 48
need of organic farming/agriculture, 187 Phosphate-mineralizing and phosphate- Pseudomonas, 49, 86
organic certification, application procedure solubilizing microorganisms, 62 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 67–68, 164–165
for, 185 Phosphate solubilization, 81, 82f Pseudomonas fluorescens, 59–60, 163–164
organic certification mark, 183 Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), 62 Pseudomonas putida, 68
organic grower groups, requirement for Phosphobacteria spp., 68 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), 245,
registration as, 186–187 Phosphorus, 62 246t
organic seed certification, 184 Phytohormones, 51 Pythium sp., 51–52
organic seed systems, benefits of, 188 Phytohormone signaling, 165–167 Pythium ultimum, 83
with perspective to Rajasthan, 184 Pig-cum-fish farming, 129
plant breeding for organic agriculture, 177 Piriformospora indica, 68
progressive implementation, 187 Planctomycetes, 48
Q
QPCR (quantitative polymerase chain
relevant facet for, 177 Plant biostimulants (PBs), 60, 67
reaction), 48
seed and organic seed, 173–174 Plant breeding for organic agriculture, 177
Quality food availability due to organic
squeezing of biological diversity, 183 Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB),
farming, 202
strategies to promote organic farming, 189 164–165
suggested organic farming techniques/ Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
recommended techniques, 189 (PGPR), 59–60, 65–66, 161–162 R
various forms, availability of, 185 for ameliorating salinity stress, 78–79 Ralstonia solani, 83
Organic soils Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Ramlibacter, 49
abundance of cyanobacteria in, 51 (PGPR), salt stress alleviation via, Rattan cultivation, 129
development of disease suppression in, 51–52 80–86 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 85, 247
promoting microbial enzyme activities, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) Reclaimed/recycled asphalt pavement
53–54 deaminase, production of, 83–84 materials and roofing shingles waste,
soil beneficial bacteria in, 49 antibiotic production, 84 232
soil microbial abundance and diversity in, biological nitrogen fixation, 80 Recycled concrete and coarse aggregate
54–55 chitinase and glucanase, (RCA), 231
climatic conditions, 54 production of, 83 Recycled waste materials, 233
crop rotation, 55 enhanced osmo-tolerance via beneficial Reduced tillage (RT), 22
quality of the organic materials, 54–55 soil microorganisms, 85 Resource optimization, 43
soil chemical properties, 54 manipulation of nutrient uptake in saline Retail sales, 12–13
soil physical properties, 54 soils via PGPR, 86 Rhizobacterial phytohormone production,
soil microbial biomass carbon and PGPR-induced antioxidant 82–83
nitrogen as reliable soil health production, 85 cytokinins, 83
indicators in, 52–53 PGPR-induced correction of nutrient gibberellins, 83
soil microbial respiration in, 53 imbalances in saline soils, 86 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)/IAA-like
Osmotic stress, 165–167 PGPR-induced proline production, 84–85 substances, 83
Osmo-tolerance via beneficial soil PGPR-mediated induced systemic Rhizobacterium, 79f
microorganisms, 85 resistance during salt shock, 85 Rhizobiaceae, 49
Oxidative stress (OS), 247 PGPR-mediated root growth and Rhizobium, 41, 62, 65–66, 161–162
development, 85 Rhizobium leguminosarum, 68
phosphate solubilization, 81, 82f Rhizobium trifolii, 67–68
P production of exopolysaccharides in saline Rhizoctonia solani, 51–52
Paenibacillus polymyxa, 68–69 soils, 85 Rhizosphere, 161–162
Panchagavya, 105 rhizobacterial phytohormone production, Rhizosphere engineering, 87–88
Papaver rhoeas, 25–26 82–83 Rice-fish-farming, 129
Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), cytokinins, production of, 83 Rice-fish system of Apatani Plateau, 128
15, 209, 213–216. See also Ecovida gibberellins, production of, 83 Rice-poultry-mushroom-fish farming, 130
Association of Participatory indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)/IAA-like R-strategists, 48
Certification substances, production of, 83 Rural vitality, 203
 Index 259

S management, in organic farming Squeezing of biological diversity, 183

Salicylic acid (SA), 68 biologically mediated buffering, 44–45 Stale/false seedbeds, 26–27
Saline soils loss of organic matter and its Standards, legislation, policy support, 14–15
bio-ameliorators of, 86–87 restoration, 39 Stenotrophomonas spp., 49
exopolysaccharides production in, 85 management controls on soil carbon, 39–40 Streptomyces scabies, 51–52
Saline stress, 165–167 nutrient cycling in depleted organic Streptomyces sp., 48
Salt-affected soils reservoir, 41–43 Stress tolerance, microorganisms affecting,
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 86–87 organic fertility, 43–44 67–69
cyanobacteria, 87 resource optimization, 43 Superficial tillage (ST), 21
future studies, 88–89 and nutrient cycling, 19–21 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 164–165
halophiles, 79–80 changes in soil nutrient contents, 19–21 Supplementary waste materials, 224–235
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mineralization, impact on, 21 green concept, concrete with, 235–236
(PGPR), salt stress alleviation via, 80–86 renewal and preservation, 41 green concrete, challenges encountered in
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Soil health management in organic pathway of, 236–237
(ACC) deaminase, production of, 83–84 vegetables, 196–198 industrial resources of wastes, 226–231
antibiotic production, 84 Soil microbes in organic farming, 47 cement and lime kiln dusts, 229
biological nitrogen fixation, 80 Soil microbial abundance and diversity in electronics or e-wastes, 228
chitinase and glucanase, production of, 83 organic soils, 48–51, 54–55 fly ash (FA), 226, 226f
enhanced osmo-tolerance via beneficial abundance of cyanobacteria in organic foundry sand/green sand, 230
soil microorganisms, 85 soils, 51 ground granulated blast furnace slag
manipulation of nutrient uptake in climatic conditions, 54 (GGBFS), 226–227, 227f
saline soils via PGPR, 86 crop rotation, 55 silica fumes, 227–228
PGPR-induced antioxidant production, 85 quality of organic materials, 54–55 sludge and effluents, 228
PGPR-induced correction of nutrient soil beneficial bacteria in organic soils, 49 textile effluent waste sludge and fibers,
imbalances in saline soils, 86 soil chemical properties, 54 230–231
PGPR-induced proline production, 84–85 soil fungal diversity under organic solid wastes, 231–235
PGPR-mediated induced systemic farming, 49–51 animal fats, 235
resistance during salt shock, 85 soil physical properties, 54 cow dung ash and cow dung waste,
PGPR-mediated root growth and Soil microbial biomass (SMB), 22 234–235
development, 85 SMB carbon and nitrogen as reliable soil molasses waste, 233–234
phosphate solubilization, 81, 82f health indicators in organic soils, 52–53 plastic debris, 232–233
production of exopolysaccharides in Soil microbial respiration in organic soils, 53 reclaimed or recycled asphalt pavement
saline soils, 85 Soil microbial structure management under materials and roofing shingles waste,
rhizobacterial phytohormone organic farming, 55 232
production, 82–83 Soil nutrient assimilation, 67 recycled concrete and coarse aggregate
siderophore, production of, 81–82 Soil nutrient availability, 65–66 (RCA), 231
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Soil nutrient uptake, 66–67 scrap of tires, 231–232
(PGPR) for ameliorating salinity Soil organic build-up on micronutrient sewage sludge, 233
stress, 78–79 dynamics and transformations, 107–109 swine manure, 233
rhizosphere engineering, 87–88 Soil organic carbon (SOC), 19–21, 39–40, waste of glass and glass wool fiber, 233
soil salinity management with beneficial 43–44 Sustainability, 19
soil microorganisms, 75–78 Soil organic matter (SOM), 39, 43–44, 107–109 Sustainable agriculture, 241
soil salinization, 75 Soil physical properties, 23–25 diversified farming systems for, 127–130
Saturated fat, 245 aggregate stability and mitigating soil agroforestry based cropping systems,
Sclerospora graminicola, 163–164 erosion, 23–24 129
Sclerotium rolfsii, 83 compaction, 24–25 alternative land use system, 127
Scytonema, 51 infiltration and soil water storage, 25 aquaculture based farming systems,
Secondary metabolites and antioxidants, 245 Soil salinity management with beneficial soil 129–130
Seed and organic seed, 173–174 microorganisms, 75–78 horticulture based farming systems, 130
Segetibacter, 49 Soil salinization, 75 indigenous farming systems of North
Semi oasis farming (SOF), 51 Soil water storage, infiltration and, 25 East India, 128–129
Serratia marcescens, 163–164 Solid wastes, 231–235 integrated farming systems, 127–128
Sewage sludge, 122, 233, 234f animal fats, 235 waste land farming system, 130
Shallow moldboard plowing (SMP), 21 cow dung ash and cow dung waste, Swine manure, 233
Shallow soil tillage (ST), 22 234–235
Siderophore, production of, 81–82 molasses waste, 233–234 T
Silica fumes, 227–228, 228f plastic debris, 232–233 Terminalia myriocarpa, 129
Simiduia, 48 reclaimed/recycled asphalt pavement Textile effluent waste sludge and fibers,
Sinorhizobium, 65–66 materials and roofing shingles waste, 230–231
Soil and plant analysis, 96 232 Third-party certification, 209, 211–212,
Soil bacterial diversity, 50t recycled concrete and coarse aggregate 220–221
Soil biological activities, 21–22 (RCA), 231 Tillage, 21
Soil enzymes, 52–53 scrap of tires, 231–232 reduced tillage (RT), 22
Soil fertility sewage sludge, 233 shallow soil tillage (ST), 22
assessment of, 127 swine manure, 233 superficial tillage (ST), 21
waste of glass and glass wool fiber, 233 very superficial tillage (VST) treatment, 21
260 Index

Tires, scrap of, 231–232 use of botanicals and organic products, 196 soil health management in organic
Tolypothrix, 51 environment, impact on, 199–201 vegetables, 196–198
Total agricultural land, organic share of, 5–7 biodiversity, 193–194 vegetable productivity under organic
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), 167–169 emission of GHGs, 200 production system, 194
Trichoderma (Fungi), 62 energy use, 193 Vegetables-cum-fish farming, 130
Trichoderma, 65–66, 68, 144–150 food quality, 193 Vermicompost, 120
Trichoderma atroviride, 66 soil quality, 199–200 Vermiwash, 105
Trichoderma harzianum, 75–78, 145–150 water quality, 200 Verticillium albo-atrum, 52
Trichoderma lignorum, 145–150 fundamental characteristics of production Verticillium dahlia, 52
Trifolium alexandrinum, 67–68 of, 192 Very superficial tillage (VST) treatment, 21
Tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), 163–164 impact of organic vegetable production on
society, 202–203 W
eco tourism, promoting, 203 Waste land farming system, 130
V employment opportunity for rural horticulture based farming systems, 130
Vegetable, organic, 191–192 youth, 202–203 Waterlogging, 167–169
disease and pest management in, foreign reserve and subsidy, 203 Weed control, 25–28, 26t
194–196 health risk reduction of society, 202 Weed management, 179
application of bio-control agents, 196 quality food availability due to organic
application of organic amendments, 195 farming, 202
cultural control, 195 rural vitality, 203 X
Xanthomonadaceae, 49
orchard bio-intensification, 195 nutrient management options for,
pathogen, exclusion of, 195 193–194
physical methods, 195–196 composting and vermin-composting, Z
post harvest disease management, 196 193–194 ZABO system, 128
selection of disease resistant varieties, green manure, 193 Zinc, 94–95, 94t, 98
194–195 nutritional quality of, 192–194 Zinc-solubilizing microorganisms, 62–63