A REPORT

ON
PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF
TAMA KHOLA MICRO HYDRO ROJECT
ILAM, NEPAL

SUBMITTED TO
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC)
Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal

SUBMITTED BY
Tisa Infratech Pvt. Ltd., Jwagal, Lalitpur
E-mail address: [email protected]
Mobile No.: 9851174410

July, 2019
 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

SALIENT FEATURES

General Features:
Name of Project : Tama Khola MHP
Location : Mangsebung Rural Municipality
District : Ilam
Province : 1
Ownership of Project : Community
Name of Source : Tama Khola
GPS Coordinate of intake (X,Y,Z) : 575492, 2971311, 555
Altitude of Forebay : 540 m
Altitude of Power house : 485 m
Route to reach the site : Ilam
Distance from nearest road head : 8 km approx
All weather road : Damak - Chature – Chibuwa
Load centers : Mangsebung Rural Municipality-2 & 3
Beneficiary Households (nos) : 68 HH
Subscribed Power : 40 Watt/HH

Technical Features
Gross Head : 55 m
Measured Flow date : July 1, 2019
Measured Discharge : 130
Design Discharge : 10 lps
Overall efficiency : 55%
Power Output : 3 kW
Headrace Canal
Length : 464 m
Type : Stone masonry and culvert crossing
Penstock pipe
Length : 142 m
Type : M.S.
Type of Intake : Side Intake
Type of Diversion : temporary
Power house : stone masonry
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Length of Tailrace Canal : 40 m

Financial Features:
Total Project Cost : NRs. 1,920,435.00
Cost Per kW : NRs. 640,145.00
Proposed Tariff
Lighting : NRs 7/kWhr
End –uses : NRs 10/kWhr

Financial Indicator:
IRR : 9.059 %
NPV at 6% : NRs. 260,023.06
Payback Period : 12.028%

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TABLE OF CONTENT

SALIENT FEATURES ......................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................vii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Back ground ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objective of the Study ................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Study Team ................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1 Field Work ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Office Work ......................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................ 5
GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................. 5
2.1 Locations and Accessibility ........................................................................................ 5
2.2 Topography and Geography ........................................................................................ 5
2.3 Climates and Vegetation ............................................................................................. 6
2.4 Project Area and Facilities .......................................................................................... 6
2.5 Hydrology and Water Left Issues................................................................................ 6
2.6 Energy Consumption Pattern ...................................................................................... 7
2.6.1 Present Situation .................................................................................................. 7
2.6.2 Domestic Demand of Electricity.......................................................................... 8
2.6.3 Potential End Uses ............................................................................................... 9
2.6.4 Expected Load Demand Pattern........................................................................... 9
2.7 Socioeconomic Condition and Affordability ............................................................ 10
2.8 Plant Size and Power Requirements.......................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................................... 12
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE MHP .......................................................................... 12
3.1 Weir and Intake ......................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Canal Profile .............................................................................................................. 12
3.3 Settling basin and forebay ......................................................................................... 13
3.4 Penstock Profile......................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Power House ............................................................................................................. 13
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3.6 Tailrace ...................................................................................................................... 13

3.7 Distribution................................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................................... 15
FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE MHP ........................................................................... 15
4.1 Quantity Estimate and Rate Analysis ........................................................................ 15
4.2 Summary of Cost ....................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Financial Mix ............................................................................................................ 16
4.4 Expected Annual Incomes ......................................................................................... 16
4.5 Financial Analysis ..................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 5 ...................................................................................................................... 19
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 19
ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................... a
PFS SURVEY FORM.......................................................................................................... b
PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................................................................................ c
SURVEY COMPLETION LETTER FROM RURAL MUNICIPALITY (MANGSEBUNG)
.............................................................................................................................................. h

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Name of Manpower ..................................................................................................... 3

Table 2: Mean Monthly Flow, Tama Khola MHP ..................................................................... 6
Table 3: Load center details and status of electricity supply ..................................................... 7
Table 4: Energy Source and Use ................................................................................................ 8
Table 5: Possible End Uses ........................................................................................................ 9
Table 6: Expected Load Demand Pattern ................................................................................ 10
Table 7: Summary of Project Costs ......................................................................................... 15
Table 8: Resource Mobilization ............................................................................................... 16
Table 9: Expected Annual Income from Lighting ................................................................... 16
Table 10: Expected Annual Income from Proabable Business ................................................ 17

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

The Tama Khola MHP is found to be feasible technically, economically and socially as well.
The site for the scheme is in stable region and hence the components of the scheme do not
need any major protection measures. The geology of the site is sound which has made the
project feasible geologically too. The project is feasible technically in the sense that its
fundamental components have been designed without consideration of severe consideration
of natural forces as high debris movement, intermittent land slide, flood, fault zone, cracking
possibilities and many more anticipated natural forces that may turn the project unfeasible if
they are likely to occur in the topography of proposed scheme.

Tama Khola Micro- Hydro Scheme is a runoff river type with the source as Tama Khola.
Analysis shows that the source is perennial and has sufficient discharge even in dry season.
The scheme will provide electricity to the 68 households of Mandre, ward no-3, Mangsebung
rural municipality of Ilam district. The electricity generated will be utilized mostly for
household uses along with some end uses. The gross head and design discharge of the scheme
is 55 m and 10 lps respectively resulting the total power generation of 3 kW with overall
efficiency of 55 %.

The survey team measured the discharge of 130 lps on 1st July, 2019. The design discharge is
taken as 10 lps. The survey data shows that there will be end use diversification with the
implementation of the project in years to come. The possible electrical economic end use are
found to be agro-processing like coffee processing center, moringa processing center, lemon
juice extraction center, ginger dryer, cold storage, carpentry/furniture, school/college
computers, poultry, etc.

The total cost of the project is Rs. 1,920,435.00 and the cost per kW is 640,145.00. The
project would receive Rs 2,018,750.00 as subsidy to the MHP through the AEPC for
distribution and generation. An amount of the community people would mobilize Rs.
192,043.50 through cash and voluntary labor.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The prefeasibility study of Tama Khola MHP was brought to effect after awarding the
assignment to Tisa Infratech Pvt. Ltd. For the purpose of fulfilling the above task, a well-
managed survey team with sufficient equipment was mobilized.

We would like to express our sincerely acknowledge to AEPC for providing this opportunity
to conduct the pre-feasibility survey. The report has been prepared according to the
information and guidelines provided by AEPC. And at last but not the least, we would like to
express our acknowledgement to the local villagers for their support and for delivering
valuable information, co-operation during the site visit and as well as for their hospitality
during that period

We hope that the study will truthfully reflect the villagers lighting problem and their desire to
implement the proposed MHP scheme.

…………………….
Trishakti Yadav
Managing Director
Tisa Infratech Pvt. Ltd.
Jwagal, Lalitpur
Nepal

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AEPC - Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

BOQ - Bill of Quantity
CM - Community Mobilizer
Cu.m - Cubic Meter
E/M - Electromechanical
kg - Kilogram
km - Kilometer
kV - Kilo volt
kVA - Kilo Volt Ampere
kW - Kilo Watt
kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
LPS - Liter per second
LT - Low Tension
m - Meter
MHP - Micro Hydro Project
MIP - Medium Irrigation Project
MSL - Mean Sea Level
RPM - Revolution per Minute
Rs. - Rupees
Sq. m. - Square Meter

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CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground

Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is located mainly in the Himalayas, but also
includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The total estimated population is 26.5 million, out
of which about 83% live in the rural areas. Nepal is a mountainous country. Hence most of
the areas are very remote and are far from the approach of the modern technology. The rural
sector is occupying an important place in the national economy of the country in the sense
that high percentage of population live in the rural areas. The overall performance of the
country in the area of socio-economic development is largely influenced by the development
of the rural areas. The level of development of the rural areas as compared that of the urban
areas lagged far behind even to this day. The rural sector is largely traditional and under
developed in the country.
The total population with access to grid electricity has reached about 77.8% in 2075/76 BS
where as 18 % of the total population has electricity through renewable energy. NEA’s
hydropower plants including small power stations have generation of 2,308.37 GWh of
electricity. The generation within the country has not been sufficient in eradicating load
shedding; additional power had to be imported from India. The total energy imported from
India was 2,581.80 GWh. The total power purchased from Independent Power Producers
(IPPs) within Nepal was 2,167.76 GWh. Out of the total available energy, NEA’s own
generation contributed 32.71% whereas those imported from India and local IPPs accounted
for 36.58% and 30.71% respectively. A large dissonance exists between the generation
potential, generated amount and demand for electricity in Nepal. While the potential is
estimated around 83,000 MW, Nepal has hardly utilized 1.5% of it. This scenario exists at the
developing phase of the nation, where the demand for electricity is ever increasing. The
demand side of the electricity market of Nepal is entirely represented by domestic
consumption, which grew at an average annual growth rate of 9.7% during the last decade.
This trend will continue in future with urbanization and economic growth. Even though
considerable potential of hydropower exists in Nepal, inadequate development has resulted in
acute shortages of power until recent past. According to the NEA, the peak demand for the
2017 fiscal year was 1,444 MW and 1,508 MW for the 2018 fiscal year.

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To promote fast economic growth, GON has a plan of developing 5,000 MW in next five
years and 15,000 MW in next ten years with the export capacity of 5000 MW in the
neighboring countries. To meet the growing electricity demand of the country through
promotion of hydropower development, the Government of Nepal, in addition to NEA and
IPPs, has established generation and transmission companies with share from government
organizations. The government has target to supply electricity to all the population by 2022
AD.
The country has a growing economy and, hence, rising energy demand with the option to
supply electricity demands from distributed generators becoming increasingly attractive. To
meet the government target of 100%, micro hydro could be one of the options in the rural
areas. Micro Hydropower has a well-established role in the energy sector and support for
further development of this energy resource is very important, especially in developing
countries like ours. Electricity from Micro Hydro Plant is one of the reliable and affordable
sources of energy for rural communities in remote hilly areas of the country. AEPC under the
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation and National
Rural and Renewable Energy Programme are jointly working for the promotion of alternative
renewable energy.

1.2 Objective of the Study

Energy is the basic tool for development activities in any village. With the realization of this
fact this study has been carried out. Basically, the followings are the objectives of the study.
From analyzing various projects, the study shows that most of the project fails due to the
improper analysis of the hydrology, failure in civil structure and also in selection of the
appropriate and sufficient electro-mechanical components. Considering all the issues the pre-
feasibility study shall include, but not be limited to, the following
 Field survey around the project site as per demand from the villagers/developers.
 Consult with the User’s committee/developers, Chairperson of Municipality/
Gaunpalika, and other relevant stakeholders during the field visit time.
 Measure discharge of the river in intake area.
 Carry out topographic surveys, locate intake and canal alignment to obtain
required discharge.
 Locate settling basin and forebay, powerhouse and tailrace and obtain penstock
profile.
 Identify potential load and collect information regarding villages covered and
households to be served.

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 Identify environmental impacts (adverse) and find out issues related to water right
and land use.
 Collect relevant information of environment and social safeguards.
 Discuss about the technical and socio-economic aspects of the proposed scheme.
 Collect recommendation letter from concerned Municipality/rural municipality.
 Fill up the format for obtaining social and financial information of the beneficiary
households.
 Fill up the format for pre-feasibility study of micro and mini hydropower projects.

1.3 Study Team

The site was visited by a team led by an Electrical Engineer Mr. Sumesh Raut, who is one of
the responsible person of the consultant. The site was visited from 29th June 2019 to 2nd July
2019. Professionals as enlisted below visited the site:
Table 1: Name of Manpower

Name Designation
Mr. Sumesh Raut Team Leader, Electrical
Engineer
Mr. Jeevan Yadav Civil Engineer
Mr. Saroj Yadav Electrical Engineer
Mr. Trishakti Yadav Coordinator

1.4 Methodology

The entire work of the Pre-Feasibility Study was carried out in two stage via fieldwork and
desk (office) work. Specifically the following activities were carried out for the anticipated
task.

1.4.1 Field Work

The survey team comprised of 2 Electrical Engineer, 1 Civil Engineer, a Coordinator and
some local people who were employed for carrying out technical survey. The survey was
performed with the active participation of the villagers.
To start with, the team made a comprehensive reconnaissance survey around the village and
along stream bank with the villagers. Consultations were made with local representative,
local teachers, social workers and senior citizens of the locality, who were present in the
village during the time. With the thorough analysis of the situation, measurements were
carried out to locate the best suitable intake, proper canal alignment, stable forebay location
and powerhouse.
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The team carried out survey of intake area, alignment of the headrace conveyance, forebay
and powerhouse locations and exit of the water (tailrace and spillway). The length of
transmission/distribution line was also measured with due considerations of having least
adverse impact on environment and aesthetics. The team tried to make the T/D lines shortest
possible and the alignment in the stable place. Due attention was given to have multipurpose
use of water, both for irrigation and power generation.
The following tools were used during field survey:
 Conductivity meter
 Garmin GPS
 Abney level
 Fiber glass measuring tape

The survey was done with the help of an Abney level, 50m tapes for head measurement and
penstock alignment profile. The survey was done within the principles of leveling. The flow
measurement was done by the salt dilution method using conductivity meter.

1.4.2 Office Work

After the completion of the fieldwork, the team proceeded to analyze the data and work out
for feasibility of MHP. All the data and information were carefully analyzed to come to the
final and to investigate the feasibility of the proposed micro hydro project. The views and
suggestions were duly taken into consideration while carrying out the study of the scheme.
The study was carried out following AEPC guide lines. And necessary layouts were prepared.
This prefeasibility study report is the outcome of the survey conducted.

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CHAPTER 2

2 GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Locations and Accessibility

The proposed micro-hydro project is in Tama Khola in Mangsebung rural municipality of

Ilam district. Mangsebung is a rural municipality (Gaunpalika) out of six rural municipality
located in Ilam District of Province No. 1 of Nepal. It is one of the mountainous regions with
full of slope terrain and cultivated land. Banjho, Ibhang, and Gajurmukhi which previously
were all separate village development committee merged to form this new local level body
Mangsebung. The border of this village is linked to Deumai and Mai Municipality in the east,
Chulachuli rural municipality in the west and south, and Falkfolkthum rural municipality and
Panchthar district in the north.
The Mangsebung rural municipality lies in the North-East side of the Damak. It takes about 3
hours by motor vehicle to reach Mangsebung through newly opend track and the proposed
MHP site lies in South-West Side of the village and take about 3 hours walk for normal and
about more than 4 hours for loaded porter to reach the site from the nearest road head through
pedestrian road. Damak - Chature - Chibuwa Road of Ilam district is the nearest road head
which is about 8 km away from the site. This village is connected to north-south gravel road
with Jhapa district whereas Ranke-Ravi road connect this village with Panchthar district.

2.2 Topography and Geography

The topography and geography condition of the proposed site is found to be stable enough.
The topography of the proposed site lies in the Mahabharata range and Kankai Mai basin.
The average altitude of the proposed site is situated at 500 above MSL. Most of the proposed
project area lies in highly sloppy area with full of slope terrain. No any sign of major
landslide and other instability were found during the site visit.
Geologically the proposed site is predominated by sedimentary and metamorphic rock
consisting of shale, mudstone and limestone. All components of the proposed micro-hydro
will lie on the right bank of the Tama Khola.
The proposed intake and diversion location is at the right bank of Tama Khola, and lies in
stable place and possibility of bed scouring is also less. The bank of the Khola is also strong
and stable enough. The alignment of the headrace runs through right bank of the Khola,
which consists of boulder mix type of soil.
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2.3 Climates and Vegetation

The proposed project site is located in Ilam district. The two seasons of the year are well
marked with typical variations. Due to the moderate altitude the climate is suitable for
growing different types of plant and vegetation. The natural vegetation in this project area
changes with the variation in elevation, soil regime and slope. Agriculture is the most
predominant land use pattern of the area both geographically and economically. Major land
use category of the rural municipality includes agriculture land, forest and bushes, hard rock
and hills, rivers and stream banks. The natural vegetation around the project area consists of
bushes, soft wood trees and hard wood trees. Major agricultural products are maize, paddy,
millet, tomato, ginger, broom grass (Amliso), cadamol, etc.

2.4 Project Area and Facilities

The target area covers ward no-2&3 of Mangsebung rural municipality. The number of
household which remain unelectrified in beneficiary area is 618 out of 5500 households in
rural municipality. There are six schools out of which 3 primary school, 1 lower secondary
school and 2 secondary school and one health post lies in ward-3, Mangsebung. Also, there
are five schools and one health post in ward-2, Mangsebung. As per the information provided
by the villager, one 15 beds hospital is under construction in ward-3, Mangsebung and rural
municipality office is situated in Ibhang, ward-2, Mangsebung.

2.5 Hydrology and Water Left Issues

The source of flow is Tama Khola, which is a perennial stream. The flow in the stream was
measured following salt dilution method using conductivity meter and found to be 130 l/s.
The flow was measured on July 1, 2019.
The hydrological calculation is based on MIP method. The site lies on the MIP region 6,
Kankai Mai Basin. The design discharge was calculated considering about 85% of 11-month
exceedance, 5% for water losses and 10% for downstream release and found to be 10 l/s
which are quite safe. The average monthly flow using the MIP method is presented in the
table below.
Table 2: Mean Monthly Flow, Tama Khola MHP
Date of Flow Measurement July 1, 2019, Flow Measured: 130 l/s, MIP Region: 6
Month @ river
January 17.36

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February 13.86
March 10.86
April 8.55
May 21.98
June 52.00
July 208.00
August 288.91
September 231.18
October 52.00
November 28.91
December 21.98
Annual Average 79.632

So far as the water left issues concerned, there is not as such any serious conflict on water
use. The water needed for the plant can be diverted without any conflicts. The matter of water
use was thoroughly discussed amongst the community people.

2.6 Energy Consumption Pattern

2.6.1 Present Situation

All most all the people in the village used wood as their sources of energy for cooking.
Almost every village has access to electricity except Kerabari, Mandre, Khundruka and
Sunachen. Very few household uses kerosene oil for lighting purposes. Firewood is being
used extensively as the major source of energy and it is being largely consumed for
residential purposes. Consequently, massive encroachment of forests has taken place due to
fuel wood collection. Based upon the household survey, the fuel wood consumption per HH
per month is approximately on an average, 300-400 kg in the project area. However most of
the people have no records of energy consumption, the general energy use pattern of this
settlement (community) has been summarized in the following tables.
Table 3: Load center details and status of electricity supply

Status of
Load Rural Ward No. of Electricity
center Municipality No. Village Name Tole households Supply
L1 Mangsebung 3 Chibuwa Chibuwa 65 Pico hydro
L2 Mangsebung 3 Simle Simle 40 Pico hydro

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Previously Pico
hydro (flooded
L3 Mangsebung 3 Kerabari Khogi 30 away)
Mandre
L4 Mangsebung 3 Mandre 68 No grid
Mandre
L5 Mangsebung 3 Khundruka 31 No grid
Silabu
L6 Mangsebung 3 Silabu 47 Pico hydro
Silabu
L7 Mangsebung 3 Gurung Gaun 14 Pico hydro
Silabu
L8 Mangsebung 3 Khogi 48 Pico hydro
L9 Mangsebung 3 Chature Sunachen 35 NEA grid
L10 Mangsebung 3 Sunachen Sanachen 40 No grid
L11 Mangsebung 2 Ibang Ibang 200 NEA
Total 618

Table 4: Energy Source and Use

Qty. (per Average Monthly Use
Rate/
Items Unit HH per Remarks
Unit Cooking % Lighting %
month)
Fuel Wood 300-400
m3 50 - 100 - -
Per HH Kg

Kerosene Litre 85 3.0 - - 3 100

Dry/Rechargable 50 % for radio

Pair 50 2.0 - - 1.0 50
Cell Batteries and torch.
70% Lighting,
Solar Panels Set 30 radio and
battery charging

2.6.2 Domestic Demand of Electricity

The study shows that almost the entire village has minimum 2 to maximum 4 rooms. That
means an average demand of electricity is between 2 to 4 bulbs, which will be enough.
Considering the average demand and the production of electricity about 40 watt per
household is proposed for the electricity, which is just sufficient to illuminate three to five
LEDs/CFLs bulbs of 10 watt. Almost in every house there is a television and a radio which
will add some load for a particular time period, the villager should be advised to operate the
television in off hours. Furthermore, with the technological advancement in the study area the
people are willing to switch from traditional firewood cooking to electric cooking which
would increase the load on the electricity grid. The community people discussed in length
about the matter during the survey of the MHP and share their plan to include all the
households of the locality (618 households) in Mangsebung-2&3.

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There is existing Picohydro and NEA grid supply in some of the areas namely, Chibuwa,
Simle, Silabu, Gurung Gaun, Khogi and Chature. There was one picohydro plant of capacity
3 kW in Kerabari, Khogi which were flooded away. Therefore, among the villages having no
access to the grid namely, Mandre, Khunduka, Sunachen and Kerabari (Khogi) should be
planned to electrify through the planned micro hydro. There are 169 number of household
have no access to electricity in that area. The capacity of the plant is not sufficient to supply
to the whole un-electrified area.
The plant should be designed to supply the peak demand of electricity that shall come from
household lighting in morning and in the evening. In addition to household lighting, for the
use of daytime energy there is a maximum possibility for small scale industries and
enterprises.

2.6.3 Potential End Uses

Electrical energy is one of the least cost options for income generating activities in the remote
rural area. The proposed MHP is designed to produce electricity, which can only meet the
peak demand for lighting, so the end-use application will be done mostly during daytime. As
per survey of the area and views of the local people, the following end uses of electricity
seem possible with optimum and managed use of available electric power. The possible
electrical economic end use is found to be Agro-processing like Coffee processing center,
Moringa processing center, lemon juice extraction center, ginger dryer, cold storage,
Carpentry/furniture, Computer in school/colleges, Poultry, etc.
Table 5: Possible End Uses
Operation
Annual Energy
kW Demanded

Consumption
Tariff Rate
(Rs./kWh)
End Uses

Remarks
Location
(kWh)
Days/Years
Hrs./Day

Small Agro-processing 1.0 10 5 330 1,650 Mandre

Rural Carpentry 1,980

1.0 10 6 330 ”
(Furniture)
Computer in School 1.0 10 6 330 1,980 ”

2.6.4 Expected Load Demand Pattern

The expected load demand pattern (Watt) over 24 hours period has been provided in the
following table.

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Table 6: Expected Load Demand Pattern

4am- 7am- 10am - 12pm – 2 pm- 5pm - 11pm-
Load Remarks
7am 10am 12pm 2pm 5pm 10pm 4am
HH
3 kW 3 kW 8 hrs/day
lighting
1 kW 1 kW 1 kW 1 kW 10 hrs/day, 330 days/year
Agro-Pro
operation
Rural 1 kW 1 kW 1 kW 1 kW 10 hrs/day, 330 days/year
Carpentry operation
Computer 1 kW 1 kW 1 kW 6 hrs/day, 264 days/year
Lab operation(2pm-4pm)
Total 3 kW 2 kW 2kW 3 kW 3 kW 3 kW

2.7 Socioeconomic Condition and Affordability

The proposed project area is situated in Province-1. The study shows that there are 11 major
settlements in Mangsebung 2 &3 and the total households are around 618 households. As the
capacity of the plant is very low so the nearest village should be chosen as the load center.
Mandre is the nearest village to the proposed microhydro station. Only 68 household of
Mandre, Mangsebung-3 out of around 169 unelectrified households in Mangsebung 2&3 will
be benefited from the project. The dominant caste of the proposed project area is Limbu
which is 43% and next major cast of people is Rai 36%.
Agriculture is the main source of income of the people. In recent days most of the young
generation are interested in foreign employment and several has been also gone aboard. The
project area is economically active area of the district and most of the people have well
understanding and commitments on work.
The average landholding per household in the village is about 20 ropanies, broom grass
(Amliso), tomato, maize and ginger are the main cash crops of this area. The vast majority of
the grain production fields are available in this area. People also keep livestock to improve
their economy. Cow, buffalo, goat, pig, ox are species kept by the villagers. The economic
status of the villagers is good. About 80 % of the population is capable to pay the electricity
bill and have good understanding about the electricity.
The educational back ground of the project area is also fare. There are at least 2 literate in
each household and more than 500 people with education of SLC or more. The status and
interest of the women in the area is good and having high levels of enthusiasm for the
development of project.

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2.8 Plant Size and Power Requirements

Before effective design of hydropower project, one must consider the coordinated use of the
stream water for power generation as well as other local purposes. The site for the
powerhouse is selected in such a way that the water from the tailrace can safely be discharge
to the parent stream. No serious water left issues have been observed during the survey. The
hydrology and water left issues were already above.

The net power of hydropower is given by

Pnet    Q  g  H kW
 0.55  0.01 9.81 55 kW
 2.96 kW
 3kW
where,
Q = Discharge in m3/s = 0.001 m3/sec (10 l/s)
H = Gross Head in m = 55.0 m
 = Overall Efficiency of System   p t d  g  55%
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/sec2
where,
Penstock ( p ) = 95 %

Efficiency of turbine (t ) = 70%

Efficiency of Drive system ( d ) = 97 %

Efficiency of Generator ( g ) = 86 %

All the project structures are proposed to be constructed on the right bank of Tama Khola.
The tail water can be safely discharged to the river and about 40 meter long tailrace canal is
proposed

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CHAPTER 3

3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE MHP

3.1 Weir and Intake

A hydro system must extract water from the river in a reliable and controllable way. The
water flowing in the channel must be regulated during high river flow and low flow
conditions. A weir can be used to raise the water level and ensure a constant supply to the
intake. Sometimes it is possible to avoid building a weir by using natural features of the river.
An intake can be defined as a structure that diverts water from river or other water course to a
conveyance system downstream of the intake. Side intake and bottom intake are the common
types of river intakes that are used in Nepali hydropower schemes
Side intake with weir is proposed for this micro hydro. The proposed intake and diversion
location is at the right bank of Tama Khola, and lies in stable place and possibility of bed
scouring is also less. The GPS location of intake is 575492 Easting, 2971311 Northing, and
555 m Elevation. The bank of the Khola is also strong and stable enough. The alignment of
the headrace runs through right bank of the Khola, which consists of boulder mix type of soil.

3.2 Canal Profile

A canal conducts the water from the intake to the forebay tank. A canal can be unlined
(earthen) or lined (stone masonry or concrete). Rectangular and trapezoidal canal cross
sections are mostly used profiles.
The proposed canal route passes through slightly sloping boulder mix soil, stable terrain and
follows the shortest reasonable route with minimum crossings and a minimum of head loss
and minimum seepage loss. The risk of flood damage is very low. The length of canal is
about 464 m. The canal passes through 555 m above MSL to 540 m above MSL. Tama Khola
has the following features of a slope or rock face that indicate its slope stability:
 Thick vegetative cover, including trees standing vertically.
 Straight, even slope profile
 Hard, impermeable rock
 Rock with no or few joints
 Well-packed debris, with fine material packed into voids between coarse material
 Well-established trees and shrubs
Thus, a lined (stone masonry or concrete) rectangular canal is proposed.
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3.3 Settling basin and forebay

The water drawn from the river and fed to the turbine will usually carry a suspension of small
particles. This sediment will be composed of hard abrasive materials such as sand which can
cause expensive damage and rapid wear to turbine runners. To remove this material the water
flow must be slowed down in settling basins so that the silt particles will settle on the basin
floor. The deposit formed is then periodically flushed away. The forebay tank forms the
connection between the channel and the penstock. The main purpose is to allow the last
particles to settle down before the water enters the penstock. Depending on its size it can also
serve as a reservoir to store water. A sluice will make it possible to close the entrance to the
penstock. In front of the penstock a trashrack need to be installed to prevent large particles to
enter the penstock.
The location of settling basin is 575486 Easting, 2971271 Northing and 545 m Elevations
whereas the location of forebay is 575475 Easting, 2970857 Northing and 540 m Elevation. It
is advisable to have pondage for water storing.

3.4 Penstock Profile

A Penstock is a pressurized water conduit that conveys water under pressure to the turbine
from a Forebay. The length of the penstock is 142 m. The net head is found to be 55 m.
H  A sin   55m

3.5 Power House

The power house location is 575593 Easting, 2970781 Northing and 485 m Elevation. The
proposed location of power house has less trees and well established shrubs, flat land surface
suitable for power house construction.
The power house location has stable slope and no major possibilities of landslide were seen

3.6 Tailrace

The tail race, containing tail water, is a channel that carries water away from a hydroelectric
plant or water wheel. The water in this channel has already been used to rotate turbine blades
or the water wheel itself. This water has served its purpose, and leaves the power generation
unit or water wheel area. The length of tailrace is about 40 m. from power house.

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3.7 Distribution

The targeted load centers Mandre, Mangsebung-3. The beneficiary households will be 68.
The total demand for lighting load is estimated as 2.72 kW. The possible electrical economic
end use is found to be Agro-processing like Coffee processing center, Moringa processing
center, lemon juice extraction center, ginger dryer, cold storage, Carpentry/furniture,
Computer in school and colleges and Poultry. The total demand from end uses is estimated
about 3 kW The economic generating activities are suggested to be operating during day
time.
The generated power should be proposed to be transmitted due to very high length of the line
and it has been distributed to the load centers via 3 phases, 0.4 kV LT lines and single phase
230V overhead lines.
The nearest NEA grid substation is at 569068 Easting, 2972940 Northing, 1849 m Elevation,
Rakshebazar substation and nearest existing 11 kV feeder is at 571307 Easting, 2967810
Northing, 1114 m Elevation.

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CHAPTER 4

4 FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE MHP

4.1 Quantity Estimate and Rate Analysis

Rate analysis for the construction activities of the MHP has been done using Nepal
Government norms. A district rate at Ilam has been also considered while analyzing the rates.
Since the project is in far remote place and will be constructed by the local people using
available local materials, so the local available materials rates and local labor rates are also
consider in the rate analysis. The rate of electro-mechanical equipments has been workout as
per the market price during the time of making this report for the submission.

4.2 Summary of Cost

The total cost estimation of the project has been carried out from the costing of mechanical
works, electrical works, civil works, tools, spare parts, transportation cost, and installation,
testing commissioning and contingency. The total project cost is Rs 1,920,435.00 and the cost
per kW is Rs 640,145.00.The tentative cost estimate of the project is presented below
Table 7: Summary of Project Costs

Descriptions Amount
429000
Mechnaical works
577500
Electrical works
495000
Civil works
49500
Transportation
16500
Tools
16500
Spare parts
49500
Installation
16500
Testing-Commissioning
1,650,000
Sub-Total
49,500
Contingencies (3% except VAT)
220,935.00
VAT( 13% )
1,920,435.00
Total Project Cost
640,145.00
Cost Per kW
28,241.69
Cost Per Household
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4.3 Financial Mix

For the implementation of this MHP, major source of finance will be provided by AEPC as a
subsidy. The total subsidy amount for the MHP as calculated will be Rs. 830,000 according
to Nepal government policy for proposed 3 kW micro/pico hydro project.
Table 8: Resource Mobilization
Source of Finance
Share
S.N. Sources Amount (Rs) (%) Remarks
AEPC Subsidy
For Category
1 Distribution (per HH) 680,000.00 35% C region,
Subsidy is
150,000.00 8% taken as
2 Generation 50,000/kW
and Rs
10,000/HH
Total Subsidy from AEPC 830,000.00 43%

3 Bank Loan 898,391.50 47%

4 Local contribution 192,043.50 10%

Total Source of Finance: 1,920,435.00 100%

4.4 Expected Annual Incomes

Based on the investment required, annual expenses and other necessary provisions, tariff rate
has been proposed herewith but this might have to be revised regularly to incorporate the
changes in price and other relevant factors over time. Considering these, fixed tariff rate of
Rs. 7.0 per watt per month for domestic lighting and Rs. 10.0 per kWh for end-use activities
have been proposed for this scheme.

Table 9: Expected Annual Income from Lighting

days / Year

Powe Total Energy

Operating

Operating

S. Type of power Tariff Total

r Consumption
N Business consumption/hh (kwh) Income
Hours

(kW) (kWh)

1 Lighting 40 2.72 8 330 7180.8 7 50,265.60

Total 7180.8 50,265.60

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Table 10: Expected Annual Income from Proabable Business

days / Year
Total Energy

Operating

Operating
Power Tariff
S.N Type of Business Location Consumption Total Income
(kW) (kwh)
(kWh)

ours
1 Agro processing unit Village 1 10 330 3300 10 33,000.00
2 Rural Carpentry " 1 10 330 3300 10 33,000.00
3 Computer in School " 1 6 264 1584 10 15,840.00

Total 8184 81,840.00

Expected total income = Rs 50,265.60 + Rs 81,840.00 = Rs 132,105.60

4.5 Financial Analysis

This section of the report presents the brief cost analysis of the proposed scheme. The cost
evaluation is undertaken to assess the economic viability of the project. This will be useful to
judge the project from the developer's and financial institution's perspective. The following
parameters are considered for the cost analysis of the project.
- Capital Investment
- Economic Life of the Project
- Running Cost Involved
- Revenues from the Project
The financial analysis of the scheme focuses on the source of funding for the project, annual
income, and financial indicator of the project such as Net Present Value, and Internal Rate of
Return etc. Main financial indicators are presented below.
NPV at 6 % Discount Rate = Rs. 260,023.06
IRR = 12.028%
Pay Back Period = 10.73 years
The Financial Analysis Sheet has been below.

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Discounted Payback Period = X + Y/Z = 10 + |-50710.71| / 69591.58 ≈ 10.73 years

CF = Cash Flow
NCF = Net Cash Flow
PV = Present Value Factor, PV1 = 1/(1+i)n
DCF = Discounted Cash Flow, CF × PV1
CCF = Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow

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CHAPTER 5

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the above prefeasibility study, it is found that the project is technically and financially
feasible. The implementation of the project will provide high quality lighting for household
purpose as well as reliable and environmentally safe power for end-use applications. The
MHP will help in saving carbon annually due to the replacement of kerosene and diesel by
micro hydroelectricity.
As seen through the financial analysis, the NPV of the project is Rs. 260,023.06 and positive
(6% rate, 15 years) with Payback period of 10.73 years and IRR being 12.028%. The cost/kW
of the proposed project is about Rs. 640,145.00. Thus the project should be considered
beneficial from all aspects viz. financially, environmentally and socially.

Obviously, the socio-economic status of the village will be improved with the
implementation of the project. Presently used resources to mitigate the lighting energy
demand will be replaced by converting the water potential to electrical energy as discussed
above. It will definitely reduce forest product consumption. After implementation of the
scheme, there will several end uses like agro-processing mill, rural carpentry, bakery and
battery charging etc and many more installations, which will automatically make life easier.
Thus the project is feasible and thus, recommended for detailed study.

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ANNEXES

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

PFS SURVEY FORM

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

PHOTOGRAPHS

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

Picture 1: Tama Khola

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

Picture 2: Discharge Measurement at Tama Khola

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

Picture 3: Determination constant k

Picture 4: Power House Location

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

Picture 5: Existing picohydro in Tama Khola Upstream

Picture 6: NEA 11/0.4 kV line at Dumse, Mangsebung

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 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tama Khola MHP, Mangsebung, Ilam

SURVEY COMPLETION LETTER

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