Learning
Module
Number
5
Lateral-‐Torsional
Buckling
of
Beams
with
Moment
Gradient
Overview
The
influence
of
moment
gradient
on
the
lateral-‐torsional
buckling
capacity
of
compact
wide-‐flange
beams
is
studied.
Equivalent
uniform
moment
factors
Cb
back-‐calculated
from
computational
analyses
are
compared
with
values
computed
using
two
longstanding
equations,
one
appearing
in
Chapter
F
of
the
AISC
Specification
for
Structural
Steel
Buildings
(2010)
and
the
other
in
the
commentary
to
the
Specification.
Learning
Objectives
• Observe
the
effect
that
a
non-‐uniform
moment
distribution
has
on
the
lateral-‐torsional
buckling
capacity
of
compact
wide-‐flange
beams.
• Back-‐calculate
equivalent
uniform
moment
factors
Cb
from
results
of
elastic
critical
load
analyses.
• Compute
values
for
Cb
using
two
well-‐established
equations
and
compare
them
with
results
from
computational
analyses.
• Investigate
several
different
possibilities
of
moment
gradient,
including
linear,
bi-‐linear,
and
parabolic.
• Study
the
impact
of
providing
an
interior
brace
point.
Method
Prepare
a
computational
model
of
a
W24x68
(A992)
beam
with
an
unbraced
length
of
24-‐ft.
For
each
of
the
three
studies
shown
below,
perform
two
analyses:
• First-‐order
elastic
analysis.
Record
the
magnitude
of
the
internal
moments
at
the
three
quarter
points
(ML/4
,
ML/2
,
M3L/4)
and
the
maximum
moment
from
a
plot
of
the
moment
diagram.
• Elastic
Critical
Load
Analysis.
Record
the
magnitude
of
the
largest
internal
moment
from
a
plot
of
the
moment
diagram.
Of
course,
this
value
should
be
the
product
of
the
resulting
applied
load
ratio
and
the
maximum
moment
recorded
from
the
above
first-‐order
elastic
analysis.
Studies:
1) Linear
moment
distribution
(Fig.
1a):
Complete
Table
1
by
subjecting
the
beam
to
the
various
combinations
of
major-‐axis
end
moments
given
in
the
table.
Note
that
the
maximum
moment
is
M1.
Show
the
two
columns
of
computed
equivalent
uniform
moment
factors
as
curves
on
a
single
plot,
with
the
abscissa
being
the
ratio
M2/M1
and
the
ordinate
Cb.
2) Bi-‐linear
moment
distribution
(Fig.
1b):
Complete
Table
2
by
subjecting
the
beam
to
a
concentrated
force
P
located
at
the
various
x
values
given
in
the
table.
Show
the
two
columns
of
computed
equivalent
uniform
moment
factors
as
curves
on
a
single
plot,
with
the
abscissa
being
the
ratio
x/L
and
the
ordinate
Cb.
3) Parabolic
moment
distribution
(Fig.
1c).
Subject
the
beam
to
the
uniformly
distributed
loads
defined
in
Table
3
and
record
the
desired
internal
moments.
!!" !#"
!"!
!"#$
!$! #!
!&#$
!%#$
!"!
Figure
1.
Learning
Module
Number
5
2
Hints:
1) Suggested
units
are
kips,
inches,
and
ksi.
2) For
Elastic
Critical
Load
analyses,
the
models
need
not
include
initial
imperfections
such
as
member-‐of-‐
straightness.
3) 3-‐Dimensional
(space
frame)
analyses
are
required.
Support
conditions
at
the
member
ends
should
include
all
translation
degrees
of
freedom
restrained
with
the
exception
of
longitudinal
translation
at
one
end
of
the
member.
Torsional
degrees
of
freedom
(rotation
about
the
longitudinal
axis)
at
both
member
ends
should
also
be
restrained.
Warping
should
be
modeled
as
continuous
along
the
span
length
and
free
at
the
member
ends.
4) Do
not
include
the
self-‐weight
of
the
member.
Table
1.
!
First,
compute
!!" = !!! !" + !! !! !" ! !
=
(kip-‐in)
!
st AISC
Eq.
Elastic
Critical
Load
1 -‐Order
Elastic
Analysis
%
F1-‐1
Analysis
diff.
M1
M2
|ML/4|
|ML/2|
|M3L/4|
|Mmax|
Cb
=
M2/M1
Cb
Cb’s
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
|Mmax|/|Mcr|
-‐1.0
1000
-‐1000
-‐0.8
1000
-‐800
-‐0.6
1000
-‐600
-‐0.4
1000
-‐400
-‐0.2
1000
-‐200
0.0
1000
0
+0.2
1000
200
+0.4
1000
400
+0.6
1000
600
+0.8
1000
800
+1.0
1000
1000
Table
2.
!
First,
compute
!!" = !!! !" + !! !! !" ! !
=
(kip-‐in)
!
st AISC
Elastic
Critical
Load
1 -‐Order
Elastic
Analysis
%
Eq.
F1-‐1
Analysis
diff.
P
|ML/4|
|ML/2|
|M3L/4|
|Mmax|
|Mmax|
Cb
=
x/L
Cb
Cb’s
(kip)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
|Mmax|/|Mcr|
100
0.125
100
0.250
100
0.375
100
0.500
100
0.625
100
0.750
100
0.875
Learning
Module
Number
5
3
Table
3.
! !
=
(kip-‐in)
First,
compute
!!" = !!! !" + !! !! !" !
!
AISC
Elastic
Critical
Load
%
st
1 -‐Order
Elastic
Analysis
Eq.
F1-‐1
Analysis
diff.
Cb’s
w
|ML/4|
|ML/2|
|M3L/4|
|Mmax|
|Mmax|
Cb
=
Cb
(kip/in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
(kip-‐in)
|Mmax|/|Mcr|
0.10
0.30
MASTAN2
Details
Per
Fig.
2,
the
following
suggestions
are
for
those
employing
MASTAN2
to
calculate
the
above
computational
strengths:
ü Subdivide
the
member
into
8
elements.
ü Warping
resistance
to
torsion
can
be
modeled
along
the
member
span
by
using
MASTAN2’s
option
under
Geometry
>
Define
Connections
>
Torsion
and
setting
the
warping
restraint
at
both
ends
of
all
elements
to
“Continuous.”
ü Because
it
may
be
difficult
to
observe
twist
when
working
with
one-‐dimensional
line
elements,
it
is
suggested
that
a
few
additional
elements
be
added
at
the
mid-‐span
of
the
member
that
are
perpendicular
to
its
longitudinal
axis.
Given
that
these
elements
should
not
resist
any
of
the
applied
moments,
their
section
properties
only
need
to
be
non-‐zero.
ü Only
one
mode
is
needed
in
the
Elastic
Critical
Load
(eigenvalue)
Analyses;
be
sure
to
complete
Space
Frame
analyses.
Figure
2.
MASTAN2
model
of
Fig.
1a.
Questions
1) For
each
of
the
three
moment
distributions,
comment
on
the
accuracy
of
AISC
Eq.
F1-‐1.
Is
the
use
of
this
equation
conservative,
overly
conservative,
or
unconservative,
when
compared
to
the
results
of
an
elastic
critical
load
analysis?
Please
qualify
your
response
based
on
the
specific
cases
investigated.
2) For
many
editions,
the
AISC
Specifications
employed
Eq.
C-‐F1-‐1;
see
Commentary
to
the
AISC
Specification
for
Structural
Steel
Buildings
(2010).
Use
this
equation
to
compute
Cb’s
for
the
three
moment
distributions
studied
and
comment
on
its
accuracy.
Suggest
a
rule
of
thumb
for
when
it
may
or
may
not
give
adequate
results.
3) In
studying
the
beam
with
a
uniformly
distributed
load,
were
the
Cb
factors
a
function
of
the
magnitude
of
the
load
w?
Provide
an
explanation
to
your
response.
4) Repeat
a
portion
of
the
above
studies
(e.g.
M2/M1
=
+1.0,
P
at
x/L
=
0.5,
and
w
=
0.1)
by
providing
a
lateral
brace
(i.e.,
restraining
out-‐of-‐plane
lateral
movement
and
twist
about
the
length
axis
of
the
member)
at
the
mid-‐span
of
the
beam.
Note
that
Cb
factors
should
be
computed
for
the
span
to
the
left
of
the
brace
and
for
the
span
to
the
right.
Compare
these
results
with
previous
results
that
did
not
include
a
mid-‐span
Learning
Module
Number
5
4
brace.
What
do
you
observe?
For
the
specific
case
of
M2/M1
=
+1.0
in
Study
1,
can
one
conclude
that
an
inflection
point
in
a
beam
without
a
brace
is
equivalent
to
a
beam
with
brace
at
the
location
of
this
inflection
point
(be
sure
to
compare
the
results
of
the
two
critical
load
analyses,
one
with
the
mid-‐span
brace
and
one
without)?
Justify
your
response.
More
Fun
with
Computational
Analysis!
1) Use
the
results
of
Elastic
Critical
Load
analyses
to
back-‐calculate
Cb
factors
for
several
of
the
cases
shown
in
Table
3-‐1
of
the
AISC
Steel
Construction
Manual
(2011).
How
well
do
these
values
compare
to
those
provided
in
the
table?
Note
that
the
brace(s)
shown
can
be
modeled
in
the
analysis
by
restraining
the
out-‐of-‐plane
translation
and
twist
about
the
length
axis
of
the
member
at
the
brace
point(s).
2) Modify
the
investigation
of
the
beam
with
a
uniformly
distributed
load
(Study
3)
by
including
equal
and
2
opposite
concentrated
moments
of
M
=
βwL /12
at
the
member
ends,
with
β
varying
from
0
to
2.0.
Note
that
the
direction
of
the
end
moments
are
defined
so
that
an
equivalent
fixed
ends
condition
occurs
when
β
=
1.0.
Prepare
a
plot
with
the
abscissa
being
the
ratio
β
and
the
ordinate
Cb.
3) Repeat
all
portions
of
the
above
studies
by
providing
a
lateral
brace
(out-‐of-‐plane
restraint)
at
the
mid-‐
span
of
the
beam.
Note
that
Cb
factors
should
be
computed
for
the
span
to
the
left
of
the
brace
and
for
the
span
to
the
right.
4) Repeat
the
previous
problem
also
including
a
torsional
brace.
Are
there
significant
benefits?
5) Repeat
the
original
study
also
including
some
amount
of
axial
force
(e.g.
P
=
0.2Py
=
0.2AgFy).
Extend
this
study
to
include
a
range
of
axial
forces.
6) Perform
a
study
that
employs
the
second-‐order
inelastic
analysis
concepts
presented
in
Learning
Module
Number
4.
How
do
Cb
factors
back-‐calculated
from
second-‐order
inelastic
analyses
compare
with
the
corresponding
elastic
Cb’s?
Do
not
employ
Inelastic
Critical
Load
analyses.
Additional
Resources
MS
Excel
spreadsheet:
5_LTBofBeamswithMomentGradient.xlsx
MASTAN2
–
LM5
Tutorial
Video
[13
min]:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrgfq1hRSaU
MASTAN2
-‐
How
to
include
warping
resistance
[1
min]:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttoVaiEnn0M
AISC
Specification
for
Structural
Steel
Buildings
and
Commentary
(2010):
http://www.aisc.org/content.aspx?id=2884
MASTAN2
software:
http://www.mastan2.com/