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Beam Buckling Analysis Guide

The document discusses the effect of moment gradient on the lateral-torsional buckling capacity of beams. It describes computational models that are analyzed to back-calculate equivalent uniform moment factors (Cb) for various moment distributions, including linear, bi-linear, and parabolic. The back-calculated Cb values are then compared to values computed using two industry standard equations to evaluate their accuracy in predicting the impact of moment gradient. Tables are included to record internal forces from the analyses for different loading cases.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
126 views4 pages

Beam Buckling Analysis Guide

The document discusses the effect of moment gradient on the lateral-torsional buckling capacity of beams. It describes computational models that are analyzed to back-calculate equivalent uniform moment factors (Cb) for various moment distributions, including linear, bi-linear, and parabolic. The back-calculated Cb values are then compared to values computed using two industry standard equations to evaluate their accuracy in predicting the impact of moment gradient. Tables are included to record internal forces from the analyses for different loading cases.

Uploaded by

Chris Xavana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning

 Module  Number  5  
Lateral-­‐Torsional  Buckling  of  Beams  with  Moment  Gradient  
 
Overview  
The  influence  of  moment  gradient  on  the  lateral-­‐torsional  buckling  capacity  of  compact  wide-­‐flange  beams  is  
studied.    Equivalent  uniform  moment  factors  Cb  back-­‐calculated  from  computational  analyses  are  compared  with  
values  computed  using  two  longstanding  equations,  one  appearing  in  Chapter  F  of  the  AISC  Specification  for  
Structural  Steel  Buildings  (2010)  and  the  other  in  the  commentary  to  the  Specification.  
 
Learning  Objectives  
• Observe  the  effect  that  a  non-­‐uniform  moment  distribution  has  on  the  lateral-­‐torsional  buckling  capacity  
of  compact  wide-­‐flange  beams.  
• Back-­‐calculate  equivalent  uniform  moment  factors  Cb  from  results  of  elastic  critical  load  analyses.    
• Compute  values  for  Cb  using  two  well-­‐established  equations  and  compare  them  with  results  from  
computational  analyses.  
• Investigate  several  different  possibilities  of  moment  gradient,  including  linear,  bi-­‐linear,  and  parabolic.  
• Study  the  impact  of  providing  an  interior  brace  point.  
 
Method  
Prepare  a  computational  model  of  a  W24x68  (A992)  beam  with  an  unbraced  length  of  24-­‐ft.    For  each  of  the  three  
studies  shown  below,  perform  two  analyses:  
• First-­‐order  elastic  analysis.    Record  the  magnitude  of  the  internal  moments  at  the  three  quarter  points  
(ML/4  ,  ML/2  ,  M3L/4)  and  the  maximum  moment  from  a  plot  of  the  moment  diagram.  
• Elastic  Critical  Load  Analysis.    Record  the  magnitude  of  the  largest  internal  moment  from  a  plot  of  the  
moment  diagram.    Of  course,  this  value  should  be  the  product  of  the  resulting  applied  load  ratio  and  the  
maximum  moment  recorded  from  the  above  first-­‐order  elastic  analysis.  
Studies:  
1) Linear  moment  distribution  (Fig.  1a):    Complete  Table  1  by  subjecting  the  beam  to  the  various  
combinations  of  major-­‐axis  end  moments  given  in  the  table.    Note  that  the  maximum  moment  is  M1.    
Show  the  two  columns  of  computed  equivalent  uniform  moment  factors  as  curves  on  a  single  plot,  with  
the  abscissa  being  the  ratio  M2/M1  and  the  ordinate  Cb.  
2) Bi-­‐linear  moment  distribution  (Fig.  1b):    Complete  Table  2  by  subjecting  the  beam  to  a  concentrated  force  
P  located  at  the  various  x  values  given  in  the  table.    Show  the  two  columns  of  computed  equivalent  
uniform  moment  factors  as  curves  on  a  single  plot,  with  the  abscissa  being  the  ratio  x/L  and  the  ordinate  
Cb.  
3) Parabolic  moment  distribution  (Fig.  1c).    Subject  the  beam  to  the  uniformly  distributed  loads  defined  in  
Table  3  and  record  the  desired  internal  moments.  
 
!!" !#"

!"!
!"#$

!$! #!
!&#$

!%#$
!"!  
 
Figure  1.  
Learning  Module  Number  5     2      

Hints:  
1) Suggested  units  are  kips,  inches,  and  ksi.  
2) For  Elastic  Critical  Load  analyses,  the  models  need  not  include  initial  imperfections  such  as  member-­‐of-­‐
straightness.  
3) 3-­‐Dimensional  (space  frame)  analyses  are  required.    Support  conditions  at  the  member  ends  should  
include  all  translation  degrees  of  freedom  restrained  with  the  exception  of  longitudinal  translation  at  one  
end  of  the  member.    Torsional  degrees  of  freedom  (rotation  about  the  longitudinal  axis)  at  both  member  
ends  should  also  be  restrained.  Warping  should  be  modeled  as  continuous  along  the  span  length  and  free  
at  the  member  ends.  
4) Do  not  include  the  self-­‐weight  of  the  member.  
 
Table  1.  
!
First,  compute  !!" = !!! !" + !! !! !" ! !    =                                                                                                                          (kip-­‐in)  
!
  st AISC  Eq.   Elastic  Critical  Load  
1 -­‐Order  Elastic  Analysis   %  
F1-­‐1   Analysis  
diff.  
M1   M2   |ML/4|   |ML/2|   |M3L/4|   |Mmax|   Cb  =  
M2/M1   Cb   Cb’s  
(kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   |Mmax|/|Mcr|  
-­‐1.0   1000   -­‐1000                
-­‐0.8   1000   -­‐800                
-­‐0.6   1000   -­‐600                
-­‐0.4   1000   -­‐400                
-­‐0.2   1000   -­‐200                
0.0   1000   0                
+0.2   1000   200                
+0.4   1000   400                
+0.6   1000   600                
+0.8   1000   800                
+1.0   1000   1000                
 

Table  2.  
!
First,  compute  !!" = !!! !" + !! !! !" ! !    =                                                                                                                          (kip-­‐in)  
!
  st AISC   Elastic  Critical  Load  
1 -­‐Order  Elastic  Analysis   %  
Eq.  F1-­‐1   Analysis  
diff.  
P   |ML/4|   |ML/2|   |M3L/4|   |Mmax|   |Mmax|   Cb  =  
x/L   Cb   Cb’s  
(kip)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   |Mmax|/|Mcr|  
100   0.125                  
100   0.250                  
100   0.375                  
100   0.500                  
100   0.625                  
100   0.750                  
100   0.875                  
 
   
Learning  Module  Number  5     3      

Table  3.  
! !    =                                                                                                                          (kip-­‐in)  
First,  compute  !!" = !!! !" + !! !! !" !
!
  AISC   Elastic  Critical  Load   %  
st
1 -­‐Order  Elastic  Analysis   Eq.  F1-­‐1   Analysis   diff.  
Cb’s  
w   |ML/4|   |ML/2|   |M3L/4|   |Mmax|   |Mmax|   Cb  =    
Cb  
(kip/in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   (kip-­‐in)   |Mmax|/|Mcr|  
0.10                  
0.30                  
 
MASTAN2  Details  
Per  Fig.  2,  the  following  suggestions  are  for  those  employing  MASTAN2  to  calculate  the  above  computational  
strengths:  
ü Subdivide  the  member  into  8  elements.  
ü Warping  resistance  to  torsion  can  be  modeled  along  the  member  span  by  using  MASTAN2’s  option  under  
Geometry  >  Define  Connections  >  Torsion  and  setting  the  warping  restraint  at  both  ends  of  all  elements  
to  “Continuous.”  
ü Because  it  may  be  difficult  to  observe  twist  when  working  with  one-­‐dimensional  line  elements,  it  is  
suggested  that  a  few  additional  elements  be  added  at  the  mid-­‐span  of  the  member  that  are  perpendicular  
to  its  longitudinal  axis.    Given  that  these  elements  should  not  resist  any  of  the  applied  moments,  their  
section  properties  only  need  to  be  non-­‐zero.  
ü Only  one  mode  is  needed  in  the  Elastic  Critical  Load  (eigenvalue)  Analyses;  be  sure  to  complete  Space  
Frame  analyses.  

 
Figure  2.    MASTAN2  model  of  Fig.  1a.  
 
Questions  
1) For  each  of  the  three  moment  distributions,  comment  on  the  accuracy  of  AISC  Eq.  F1-­‐1.    Is  the  use  of  this  
equation  conservative,  overly  conservative,  or  unconservative,  when  compared  to  the  results  of  an  elastic  
critical  load  analysis?    Please  qualify  your  response  based  on  the  specific  cases  investigated.  
2) For  many  editions,  the  AISC  Specifications  employed  Eq.  C-­‐F1-­‐1;  see  Commentary  to  the  AISC  Specification  
for  Structural  Steel  Buildings  (2010).    Use  this  equation  to  compute  Cb’s  for  the  three  moment  
distributions  studied  and  comment  on  its  accuracy.    Suggest  a  rule  of  thumb  for  when  it  may  or  may  not  
give  adequate  results.  
3) In  studying  the  beam  with  a  uniformly  distributed  load,  were  the  Cb  factors  a  function  of  the  magnitude  of  
the  load  w?    Provide  an  explanation  to  your  response.  
4) Repeat  a  portion  of  the  above  studies  (e.g.  M2/M1  =  +1.0,  P  at  x/L  =  0.5,  and  w  =  0.1)  by  providing  a  lateral  
brace  (i.e.,  restraining  out-­‐of-­‐plane  lateral  movement  and  twist  about  the  length  axis  of  the  member)  at  
the  mid-­‐span  of  the  beam.    Note  that  Cb  factors  should  be  computed  for  the  span  to  the  left  of  the  brace  
and  for  the  span  to  the  right.    Compare  these  results  with  previous  results  that  did  not  include  a  mid-­‐span  
Learning  Module  Number  5     4      

brace.    What  do  you  observe?    For  the  specific  case  of  M2/M1  =  +1.0  in  Study  1,  can  one  conclude  that  an  
inflection  point  in  a  beam  without  a  brace  is  equivalent  to  a  beam  with  brace  at  the  location  of  this  
inflection  point  (be  sure  to  compare  the  results  of  the  two  critical  load  analyses,  one  with  the  mid-­‐span  
brace  and  one  without)?    Justify  your  response.  
 
More  Fun  with  Computational  Analysis!  
1) Use  the  results  of  Elastic  Critical  Load  analyses  to  back-­‐calculate  Cb  factors  for  several  of  the  cases  shown  
in  Table  3-­‐1  of  the  AISC  Steel  Construction  Manual  (2011).    How  well  do  these  values  compare  to  those  
provided  in  the  table?    Note  that  the  brace(s)  shown  can  be  modeled  in  the  analysis  by  restraining  the  
out-­‐of-­‐plane  translation  and  twist  about  the  length  axis  of  the  member  at  the  brace  point(s).  
2) Modify  the  investigation  of  the  beam  with  a  uniformly  distributed  load  (Study  3)  by  including  equal  and  
2
opposite  concentrated  moments  of  M  =  βwL /12  at  the  member  ends,  with  β  varying  from  0  to  2.0.    Note  
that  the  direction  of  the  end  moments  are  defined  so  that  an  equivalent  fixed  ends  condition  occurs  when  
β  =  1.0.    Prepare  a  plot  with  the  abscissa  being  the  ratio  β  and  the  ordinate  Cb.  
3) Repeat  all  portions  of  the  above  studies  by  providing  a  lateral  brace  (out-­‐of-­‐plane  restraint)  at  the  mid-­‐
span  of  the  beam.    Note  that  Cb  factors  should  be  computed  for  the  span  to  the  left  of  the  brace  and  for  
the  span  to  the  right.  
4) Repeat  the  previous  problem  also  including  a  torsional  brace.    Are  there  significant  benefits?  
5) Repeat  the  original  study  also  including  some  amount  of  axial  force  (e.g.  P  =  0.2Py  =  0.2AgFy).    Extend  this  
study  to  include  a  range  of  axial  forces.  
6) Perform  a  study  that  employs  the  second-­‐order  inelastic  analysis  concepts  presented  in  Learning  Module  
Number  4.    How  do  Cb  factors  back-­‐calculated  from  second-­‐order  inelastic  analyses  compare  with  the  
corresponding  elastic  Cb’s?    Do  not  employ  Inelastic  Critical  Load  analyses.  
 
Additional  Resources  
  MS  Excel  spreadsheet:    5_LTBofBeamswithMomentGradient.xlsx  
  MASTAN2  –  LM5  Tutorial  Video  [13  min]:  
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrgfq1hRSaU  
  MASTAN2  -­‐  How  to  include  warping  resistance  [1  min]:  
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttoVaiEnn0M  
  AISC  Specification  for  Structural  Steel  Buildings  and  Commentary  (2010):  
    http://www.aisc.org/content.aspx?id=2884  
  MASTAN2  software:  
    http://www.mastan2.com/  
 

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