ECD734 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

NAME STUDENT ID
AHMEDNUR MOHAMED 2021924271
ABDIRAHMAN
PREPARED FOR: DR. PROFESOR MADYA TS. DR. CHE
KHAIRIL IZAM BIN CHE IBRAHIM

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 Introduction

The literature review, which covers waste recycling in the construction sector, is
discussed in this chapter. The literature review is crucial since it gives relevant
information to the study topic and concerns. The reliable data from publications.
Journals, research papers, and other sources are required to back up this study.

Construction Waste Recycling

Construction waste management is defined as the appropriate storage, accumulation,

conveying, retrieving, recycling, processing, reusing, and disposal of construction
wastes in accordance with the best concept of human health, economics, engineering,
aesthetics, and other environmental sensitivities. Waste minimization techniques range
from nation to country, as does the level of environmental protection. Almost all
construction waste management practices were evaluated on the following criteria:

a. Stowage and separation.

b. To collect and transport.
c. To recover and to reuse again.
d. Dumping to the dump area.

Why Recycle Construction Trash

Recycling construction waste is an important aspect of sustainable disposal. “Building

trash recycling is one of the most prominent commitments project owners can make to
sustainable construction, since it is evident to every worker on the job site and every
passer-by (2013) (Kumbhar et al.”

To Lessen the Environmental effect

As mentioned by (Poon and Chan, 2007) Reusing building wastes:

i. Lessen the fatigue of natural assets like trees, oil and raw materials.

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 ii. Create less contamination by limiting assembling and transporting the unwanted
material.
iii. To generate utilization of less energy and liquid equivalent to various unused
material assembling methods.
iv. Reduce green-house gasses by utilizing fewer energy for assembling and
carrying to disposal area.

Recycling of Construction Waste

A recycling factory is similar to a machine that produces crushed natural coarse gravel
aggregate. The basic method of recycling concrete and masonry waste is to crush the
rubble into granular material of a certain particle size. Plants for processing construction
debris varies in terms of mobility, crusher type, and separation technique. Recycling
facilities are classified into two categories. Stationary and mobile plants. (Kumbhar et al.
2013)

A moveable plant

A movable recycling plant consists of a crusher and some sorting equipment. Hand
sorting and self-cleaning electromagnets are used to remove impurities and steel. In
certain cases, transportable units may have two crushers. In the movable plant, the
material is crushed and screened, and ferrous impurities are separated using magnetic
separation. The plant is delivered to the demolition site.

An immobile plant

A stationary recycling plant typically consists of a big primary crusher working in tandem
with a secondary crusher, as well as various cleaning and sorting equipment to produce
high-quality aggregate. From mixed and polluted input material, self-cleaning
electromagnets, sieves, and manual sorting produce a relatively clean recycled
aggregate. In the United Kingdom, this sort of operation typically combines two jaw
crushers and may produce a variety of graded material.

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 Rubbing and warming technique

The heating and rubbing process involves heating concrete masses at 300°C while the
cement paste content is weakened in order to remove mortar and cement paste from
the aggregate. While the production of recycled aggregate produced a large amount of
fine powder, it also defined the possibility of employing fine powder as a substitute
solidification material for the deep mixing stabilization process (soil-cement walls).

Method of Eccentric-shaft Blade

Crushed concrete lumps are fed downhill connecting an exterior cylinder and an interior
cylinder that eccentrically revolve round fast to break it into coarse aggregate and
mortar through a grinding action in the eccentric shaft rotor technique.

Method of Mechanical Grinding

Mechanical crushing is a process for producing coarse and fine aggregate that involves
dividing a drum into tiny parts with partitions, filling the drum with iron balls for grinding,
and grinding around the partitions.

Recycling at a Construction Waste Site has a number of advantages.

Many research (e.g., Li, 2008; Marzouk and Azab, 2013; Vieira and Pereira, 2015) have
identified numerous benefits of recycling and repurposing C&D trash.

The following are a few of the advantages:

• On-the-spot repurposing of waste materials and conservation of natural resources.

• Reducing demand for coastal and lowland regions.

• Conserving energy and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

• Dropping health concerns associated with landfilled building wastes.

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• Adhering to government policy or company practice to attain ecological property.

Construction Waste Segregation and Sorting

Construction trash contains items that are deemed hazardous. As a result, screening
and separation should be implemented in the recycling and reuse of building debris.
Should some of the recycled garbage from "Banadir" end up in landfills? Unfortunately,
because the collection approach does not include a degree of sifting, landfills include a
lot of garbage. As a result, the construction industry should create a clear separation
amongst inert and non-inert waste. Concrete, soil, and blocks are examples of inert
materials, whereas non-inert materials include glass, polymers, and wood, among other
organic materials. In fact, materials that have been completely sorted can be processed,
reused, or recycled as a result. “As a result, successful management of solid waste
necessitates a flexible system that allows fabric flows to keep up with the rising waste
creation”. (Conceico Leite and colleagues, 2011)

Waste Generation Reprocessing

A slew of new methods for repurposing building debris have emerged. Basically,
numerous states with trash collecting characteristics comparable to "Banadir" had
achieved remarkable success in developing technology to synthesize building debris.
Depending on the conditions of Mogadishu, Somlia, multiple academics investigated the
benefits of recycling building debris. The municipality of Lagos established a
mechanism that allowed the province to recover about 70percent of total of its garbage
(Lawal 2011)

The Benefits of Reusing and Recovering Construction Materials

Protection of the environment has been one of the administration's primary

responsibilities (Banadir state Environmental protection agency 2015). The
accumulation of trash in the state, on the other hand, is a result of the state

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government's devotion to its values. However, the state's attitude toward trash
management has shifted dramatically. Local governments collect solid home garbage
as part of the waste management process. As a result, municipalities are struggling to
collect the solid trash that collects on building sites. As a result, it is the duty of
individual contractors to ensure that the garbage is disposed of at the specified
dumpsites. “(Kennedy 2013) cite three key causes for the building industry's
reprocessing of trash. Waste minimization and the exploration for alternatives are
among the causes, and they need a reduction in reliance on scarce resources”. And as
per the study, recycling waste products reduces the amount of rubbish that accumulates
in dump sites. Waste minimization and the seek for alternatives are among the causes,
and they need a reduction in reliance on scarce resources. According to the study,
recycling solid wastes reduces the amount of rubbish that accumulates in dumpsters.
Nevertheless, this reduces the difficulties associated with a government's waste
minimization.

Reprocessing Waste Generation: Environmental Concerns

To reduce the negative influence on the environment, building waste management

requires proper and careful attention. The handling of building trash has piqued the
interest of numerous states, as well as an environmentalist expert concerned about the
environmental impact. There are environmental consequences to accumulating building
trash. Therefore, it is critical to make use of the vast territory set aside for a building
waste disposal. Building waste disposal is complicated by restrictions imposed by some
states on the disposal of construction waste, as well as the location of new landfills. In
many nations, such as Nigeria, landfilling is the most frequent method of waste
disposal. The dumping of garbage in landfills has resulted in major environmental
issues, notably in "Yobe," where construction waste output has steadily increased over
time. As a result, landfill disposal of construction waste cannot be regarded the utmost
operative disposal strategy in any scenario (AL Nasser 2008).

According to (Taher 2013), depositing building trash in landfills and perhaps other
unregulated areas causes major environmental issues. Unchecked discharge of building

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trash in "Yobe" has been shown that at a particular point, a business dumps its garbage
in landfill areas. Unregulated open-pit dumping creates a significant environmental
hazard by polluting the land and water. Furthermore, garbage damages open spaces
and reduces the price of property. Furthermore, building trash contains hazardous
wastes such as asbestos and perhaps other elevated wastes that pose major threats to
the health. In particular, depositing rubbish in exposed, unmanaged areas causes major
pollution and threats to the wellbeing of those living nearby. As a result, environmental
considerations are crucial in limiting the significant impact on the environment of
building debris. According to Tehar (2013), the construction sector might consider
specific destruction, whereby an experts deconstruct selected elements of a structure
before demolishing the rest. Moreover, the sector might consider on-site arrangements
for the sorting of unwanted trash as well as the removal of unwanted product to ensure
that the debris is repurposed on-site.

The Effect on Human Health

Poor construction waste management and disposal can pose a number of concerns to
public health. The health effects of building waste are determined by the waste
management systems utilized. There is a substantial amount of research on the
possible negative health impacts of various building waste disposal strategies, notably
land filling and incineration. According to the majority of research, the possible health
risks associated with composting and recycling are negligible.

Many studies have been conducted on the negative health consequences of

communities living near landfill sites, such as reproductive effects such as low birth
weight, fetal and infant mortality, spontaneous abortion, and the prevalence of birth
abnormalities. Both Vienna and Poland, as well as Goldman et al, discovered an
elevated frequency of low birth weight in the communities surrounding the Love Canal
location in the United States. A comparable rise in the number of low-birth-weight
newborns was discovered at another US landfill, the Lipari Landfill in New Jersey. A
study of bad birth outcomes connected with residing within 2 kilometers of a garbage
site in the United Kingdom discovered a considerably increased health risk as well.

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Other health effects of landfills, according to Vryheid, “include respiratory symptoms,
skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal difficulties, exhaustion, headaches,
psychological disorders, and allergies.” It has been proposed that assessing a link
between these symptoms is hampered by stress, public perception of danger, smells
and unpleasantness associated with the place, and recollection bias. A survey, for
example, discovered that individuals who expressed concern about pollution reported
greater symptoms than those who did not, both in exposed and control locations.

Several studies have also been conducted to assess the influence of incineration on
human health. Particles, acidic gases and aerosols, metals, and organic compounds are
among the principal contaminants related with cremation, according to research.
Several studies have consistently shown a link between particle exposure and acute
health impacts such as increased overall fatality and emergency hospitalizations,
including heart and respiration mortality and morbidity.

Economic Implications

Various research has demonstrated the clear financial benefits of reducing material
squandering in homebuilding (Noor et al 2013, Nagapan 2011).”This could include
lesser raw material number of products and value, reduced waste material
transportation worth into and out of locations, reduced waste material disposal prices,
reduced damage of new materials when considering use and utilization, and future
benefits by optimizing building life and avoiding expenditures for destruction and
construction of new (Jain 2012)”.According to Bossink et al 1996, waste generation
pricing include purchase losses, collection costs, cost of transportation, usage costs,
and retailing prices. Reduced construction waste prices can result in significant savings.

According to Minstrel et al. (1999), “waste reduction and utilization provide significant
economic benefits in terms of lower consumption”. “The economic benefits of waste
reduction and usage include the possibility of trading particular waste materials as well
as the removal from site of various trash at no fee or at a reduced value, with a further
reduction in materials going to landfill at the next value” (Snook et al., 1995). Reducing

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waste materials has an indirect economic benefit because it provides an incentive for
investors to work hard to reduce solid waste.

Reducing waste materials has an indirect economic benefit because it provides an

incentive for investors to work hard to reduce solid waste.

Factors Influencing Generation of Waste

Construction waste generation variables vary depending on the size of the project,
connected activities, and also the location of the project. Construction trash may be
generated from the start of development operations, such as excavation work, all the
way through to the end of project. "(Gavilan and Bernold) determined that the primary
causes of waste were design, acquire, handling of materials, operation, and residual
trash on-the-scene. “They also stimulate the location construction material flow model,
as well as guidance for dealing with such wastes. The examination of literature includes
a large number of prior analyses to establish the elements that influence construction
waste creation. “Faniran and Caban (2010) used a survey technique to analyze building
solid waste variables and construction waste minimization policies”. According to the
findings, numerous businesses did not have a waste-reduction program in place. Firms
with defined policies, on the other hand, have attempted to reduce waste from the
demand side, such as preventing waste creation from the development approach. The
investigation discovered that the five major building waste drivers are variety in style,
unused material, trash collection, faults in style, and improper climatic condition. “Alwi et
al. (2006) investigated solid waste prices in the Indonesian housing industry and found
six factors to be most factors of construction waste generation: fix works, planning
ahead of schedule for materials, time overrun, and non-skilled workers, raw materials
waste on-the-scene, and drained monitoring.” Style, operation, and material handlings
were identified as critical web site waste sources in the Singaporean constructing home
business. “Wan et al., (2011) analyze the waste causes at each step of electrical and
machine-driven works in China and discover that incorrect creation, design
modifications, and faults were the most significant contributors to order and work on
variations”. A contractor's perspective on the origins of building waste in the UAE was a

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lack of knowledge, off-cuts resulting from poor design, and reworks and revisions.
“Nagapan et al. (2009) conducted research in Thailand. They observed that the five
major construction waste reasons were poor site management and supervision,
insufficient work experience, poor coordination and planning, stylistic mistakes, and
flaws all across the design process”.

“According to Muhwezi et al., the development waste drivers in Rwanda include style
variation during construction, insufficiently skilled personnel or subcontractors, non-
compliant goods, incorrect material depots, and change order”.

Construction trash that should be recycled and used on the job site

Bitumen

As stated by (Tchobanoglous 1993), various asphalt waste was created while repaving.
Asphalt paving is made out of around 10% significant oil and 90% mixture. Broken
asphalt can be used as warm and cold mix asphalt for paving and chuckhole repair.
Apart from that, it might also be linked to the development of new metal roofing. The
majority of previously reutilized pavement is ready for road base, although up to 40% is
added in new pavement. Old asphalt pavement, concrete, and additional debris are
prepared separately; the combination is crushed, metal metals square measure
separate magnetically, and the crushed material is filtered to size. The stratified material
is reinforced with additional crushed and screened dust and used as a road base or
mixed with modern asphalt binder technology to create new paving materials.

Concrete

Concrete is the industry's third recyclable material. Concrete that has been crushed and
abandoned while not being used is used as gravel as recommended by (Peng1997).
These gravels are as strong as unused aggregates. Following that, concrete is used to
pave a temporary website. “As declared by cap (2006), the abandoned concrete is
discharge on the development website to utilize by the development personnel.” It
prepares development professionals to move from one location to another more quickly.

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Crushed concrete is frequently utilized as aggregates to fill the road base. It will reduce
the space between the gravels in the sub-base. The third most important recycling
policy on the building website is to make a kicker block and paving wedges. “The
abandoned concrete is often used to method the blocks in a very smaller scale, as
stated by (Sangiorgi 2014).”

Cardboard

Cardboard is an overweight wood-based reasonably paper that is well-known for its

rigidity as well as hardness. A composition board is made of paper and has a fluted
sheet of paper that connects two flat liner boards. It is the most common type of building
product packaging material. Cardboard can be stored in a cardboard-only receptacle at
the job site and picked up by a waste management provider. The numbers are
increasing as long as various building items are brought to the job site as finished
product. Despite the fact that board is not a weight-bearing material, it might account for
30% of the total volume.. “The most hindrance for paper and cardboard utilization is site
sorting and also the capability to form provision of associate degree uncontaminated
material that may reach the recyclers' standards quality (Sangiorgi 2014).”

Glass

According to the findings of previous studies, glass is the most recycled material on
building sites. According to (Jagmeet Singh and Rajindervir Singh 2016), glass from
construction sites is often crushed and used as granules for Conventional
concrete .Glass is recycled for a variety of purposes, including the production of self-
compacting concretes and roadways. The second phase of recycling is to use glass as
concrete blocks or pavement blocks. The glass is broken into powder and mixed with
concrete to make pavements. “These paving blocks square measure used in numerous
countries just like the USA and Europe (Tam, 2006).” Aside from that, glass is recycled
as a sand or cement alternative on construction sites. The glass is carefully prepared by
grinding with sand or cement to strengthen the compressive strength of concrete. The
material's reliability when going through the usage process is similar.

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 Metals

Metals such as metallic element, copper, and steel are widely used in the building
industry. It is a component, compound, or alloy with high energy conductivity. Metal is
frequently used in the construction of steel homes, steel roofs, clear span buildings, and
other structures. They are often dense, ductile, malleable, have a high freezing point,
and are electrified. Metals have the highest usage grade among debris recovered from
construction and demolition sites.

Metal metals such as copper and brass have thriving markets. “The recycling grade for
construction and demolition steel is concerning eighty-five per cent (Franklin
Associates, 2017)”.

“Reinforcing steel utilized in footing, slabs and pavement is usually retrieved and sold
for scrap dealers. Processors additionally recycle nonferrous scrap like aluminum
window frames, screen doors, gutters, siding, and copper pipe and plumbing elements
(Tchobanoglous et al., 2013)”

Waste Management Plan

The sector strategy for construction and demolition (CDW) waste management is
included in the plan. The sector strategy describes the following significant decisions:
CDW is defined as waste released during the construction, renovation, and demolition
of buildings and other construction works, including civil engineering, and household
waste, which includes waste that is unseparated released during the construction,
destruction, or remodeling of private households. Minimum processing ordinary: Sorting
or other processing is the minimal level for CDW processing.

The goal of this treatment is to separate as many mono streams as possible that are
appropriate for recycling, with the caveat that the remaining residue must be able to be
burnt. Burning as a disposal option is the minimal criterion for sorting leftovers for which
recycling is not possible or where the recycling route is so expensive that the cost of
transportation by the producer/disposer exceeds $200 per ton. Cross-border waste

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transport: (Temporary) disposal: shipping from Amsterdam to landfill are not permitted
on the basis of national self-care; shipments from the Netherlands in other forms of
(temporary) removal than disposal is not permitted in principle since recycling is
conceivable.

The districts in the nation are primarily in charge of enforcing legislation. Furthermore,
the Environment and Transport Inspection has been tasked with maintaining effective
supervision over waste management and processing. It monitors whether recycling
objectives are reached and if manufacturers are held accountable. The inspection looks
at how garbage is collected and what happens to it after that. There are additional
evaluation guidelines and what are known as the Netherlands Norms. This is a market
instruction (forcing by the business itself) that employs waste stream certification.

Waste Management and Disposal Practices

Even providing a basic overview of the condition of construction waste management in

Somalia is a difficult undertaking due to the fact that it is mostly unstudied and there is a
severe dearth of data. However, considering government programs, research on solid
waste management in Somalia, its building sector, and pertinent studies on growing and
African nations at similar stages of development, one might infer about the practice and
its obstacles. The following are examples of industrial waste management practices:

•The most prevalent construction waste management approach is solid-waste land

filling The most common method is solid-waste land filling with insufficient landfill sites
for depositing solid waste. In Mogadishu, for example, there is just one open wasteyard
for the disposal of all forms of solid waste. The site is known as "Kaawa Godey," and it
is becoming increasingly crowded, encroaching on residential areas and organizations,
causing a nuisance and posing a health risk to those who live nearby.

• Construction waste, including waste from the construction of residential houses, is

mostly disposed of in accordance with contracts. Engineers building condominiums for
the KCSP, for example, have a contractual responsibility to dispose of excavated
elements such as dirt, as well as a general need to clean the site upon completion.

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Excavated materials, such as dirt, must be disposed of four or five kilometers away from
project locations, according to the stated obligation.

There is no item stating where it should be discarded or how it should be disposed.

Consultants are also not required to dispose of garbage in an ecologically clean and
healthy manner. There is a problem with enforcing contractual commitments, and there
have been occasions when contractors have failed to dispose of building trash in
accordance with their obligations. The obligation to remove the site of garbage is
likewise broad, and there is no method in place to ensure that waste is properly
disposed of at the end of projects.

• Recycling and reuse- Metal, wood, electrical cables, and bricks are examples of
recyclable items found in building trash. However, because to infrastructure and
technological obstacles, recovering is not generally implemented. The current
infrastructure and facilities lack the capability for garbage reuse and recycling. Access
to information on construction waste quantity and composition, technical, institutional,
and organizational capabilities, and prevalent attitudes are all missing and access to
expertise and finance.

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