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What Makes Technology at The Nanoscale Different From Technology at The Macroscale?

The document discusses several topics related to nanotechnology including: 1. The key differences between nano- and micro-technology include the scale (nanotechnology deals with structures 1000x smaller than microtechnology), newer research area, and higher costs for nanotechnology research. Quantum physics also plays a bigger role. 2. There is interest in nanotechnology due to its enormous potential applications, large unknown risks, difficulty detecting and removing nanoparticles, and lack of regulations. 3. Top-down approaches build nanostructures from larger objects using techniques like lithography and etching, while bottom-up approaches use self-assembly of atoms or molecules as building blocks.

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Jasmin Yadav
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103 views4 pages

What Makes Technology at The Nanoscale Different From Technology at The Macroscale?

The document discusses several topics related to nanotechnology including: 1. The key differences between nano- and micro-technology include the scale (nanotechnology deals with structures 1000x smaller than microtechnology), newer research area, and higher costs for nanotechnology research. Quantum physics also plays a bigger role. 2. There is interest in nanotechnology due to its enormous potential applications, large unknown risks, difficulty detecting and removing nanoparticles, and lack of regulations. 3. Top-down approaches build nanostructures from larger objects using techniques like lithography and etching, while bottom-up approaches use self-assembly of atoms or molecules as building blocks.

Uploaded by

Jasmin Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

What makes technology at the nanoscale different from


technology at the macroscale?
ANS: - Micro technology = 10-6 m
Nano technology = 10-9m
(1) The dealing of product or object’s scale in nano technology is thousand times smaller
than micro technology.
(2) Nano technology is newer than micro technology and more research is done across
the world on it.
(3) Cost of nano technology research is higher than micro technology at present.
(4) Although, bottom-up approach is followed in both micro and nano technology and
molecular Scale assembly is only available in nano technology.
(5) Some production processes which were earlier belonged to micro technology have
now further scaled down and now they are belong to nano technology.
(6) Results that are different in micro technologies can be obtained through nano
technology as laws of quantum physics become increasingly important at lower scale.
(7) Since, aspect ratio (surface area/ volume) is higher for nano particles products of
nano technology are more reactive than micro technology.

2. Elaborate the need for Nano Technology.


ANS: -
(1) Nano technology Allows the placement of small structures placed with precision,
simplicity and at low cost.
(2) New development in nano technology leads to economic growth.
(3) Development of nano technology in the area of defense enhances national security.
(4) By using nano technology, we can improve the quality of life.
(5) More research and advancement in this area also creates new job opportunities.

3. Why is there so much interest/concern about


nanotechnology?
ANS: -
(1) Enormous potential.
(2) Huge gaps in knowledge concerning the possible risks.
(3) Difficulty in detecting and removing.
(4) Absence of regulation.
(4) What are the various potentials risks associated with
nanotechnology?
ANS: -
There are many types of engineered nanomaterials, and not all are alike or potential
hazards. Many factors should be considered when evaluating the potential risks
associated with an engineered nanomaterial: the likelihood of being exposed to
nanoparticles (ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers, about one-thousandth of the
width of a human hair) that may be shed by the nanomaterial; whether there are any
hotspots of potential exposure to shed nanoparticles over the whole of the
nanomaterial’s life cycle; identifying who or what may be exposed; the eventual fate of
the shed nanoparticles; and whether there is a likelihood of adverse biological effects
arising from these exposure scenarios.
The intrinsic toxic properties of compounds contained in the nanoparticle are also
important, as well as particle size, shape, surface charge and physico-chemical
characteristics, as these greatly influence their uptake by cells and the potential for
subsequent biological effects. In summary, nanoparticles are more likely to have higher
toxicity than bulk material if they are insoluble, penetrate biological membranes, persist
in the body, or (where exposure is by inhalation) are long and fiber-like.
 Ideally, nanomaterial development should incorporate a safety-by-design approach, as
there is a marketing edge for nano-enabled products with a reduced potential impact on
health and the environment.
Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures.

(5) Explain Top-Down and Bottom-up approach with


respect to Nano Manufacturing.
ANS: - Top-down and bottom-up methods are two types of approaches used in
nanofabrication. The bottom-up approach is more advantageous than the top-down
approach because the former has a better chance of producing nanostructures with less
defects, more homogenous chemical composition, and better short- and long-range
ordering.

(1) Top-Down approach - Create smaller objects using larger objects and Uses principles
of molecular recognition.
A top-down synthesis method implies that the nanostructures are synthesized by etching
out crystals planes (removing crystal planes) which are already present on the substrate.
A top-down approach can thus be viewed as an approach where the building blocks are
removed from the substrate to form the nanostructure.
(2) Bottom-Up approach - They arrange smaller components in to more complex. The
assembly is layer by layer self-assembly.
A bottom-up synthesis method implies that the nanostructures are synthesized onto
the substrate by stacking atoms onto each other, which gives rise to crystal planes,
crystal planes further stack onto each other, resulting in the synthesis of the
nanostructures. A bottom-up approach can thus be viewed as an synthesis approach
where the building blocks are added onto the substrate to form the nanostructures. 

6. Differentiate between Top-Down and Bottom-up approach.

7. Explain any one method for nano manufacturing using Bottom-up approach.

8. Explain any one method for nano manufacturing using Top-down approach.

9. Explain the concept of Nanolithography.

10. Explain the principle, working and application of Sputtering.

11. Differentiate between CVD and PVD in the context of Nano machining.

12. Elaborate briefly the variants of CVD processes.

13. Elaborate briefly any two variants of nanolithography processes.

14. What is Molecular Dynamics (MD)? Discuss briefly its applications.

15. Enlist application area of the physical elements and principles in MD modelling.

16. Which are the basic elements of molecular dynamics modelling? Explain the effect of atomic
interaction in MD.

17. What is the difference between Fixed boundary and Periodic Boundary condition? What are the
effects on MD modelling?

18. Elaborate the analysis of microstructure and deformation in orthogonal cutting conditions during MD
modelling of nano material removal process.

19. What are the problems encountered while nano machining of Brittle material?

20. How the parameters like tool cutting edge radius and uncut chip thickness affects the mode of
machining (ductile/brittle)?

21. How ductile mode of material removal is achieved in a brittle material?


22. Explain characteristic features and application of Micro turning

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