100% found this document useful (5 votes)
3K views88 pages

(개정) Reading Expert 2 - unlocked

Uploaded by

SangYoon Shin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (5 votes)
3K views88 pages

(개정) Reading Expert 2 - unlocked

Uploaded by

SangYoon Shin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 88

A 5-LEVEL READING COURSE for EFL Readers

2
2
Series Editor Yoo-seung Shin

Project Editors Mina Song, Hyobin Park, Yuna Kim

Writers Patrick Ferraro, Keeran Murphy, Nathaniel Galletta

Design Hyunah Song

Editorial Designer In-sun Lee

Sales Ki-young Han, Sung-tak Ju, In-kyou Park, Soon-yong Jang

Marketers Hye-sun Park, Sang-min Kim

Special Thanks to Seung-pyo Han, Hoe-young Kim, Hey-won Nam

Copyright©2020 by NE Neungyule, Inc.


First Printing 5 January 2020
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or

by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN 979-11-253-2928-2

Photo Credits
www.istockphoto.com
www.shutterstock.com
www.dreamstime.com
www.hellophoto.kr
www.bullittcenter.org
I NTR ODUC TION

R eading Expert is a five-level reading course for EFL readers, with special relevance
for junior and senior high school students. They will acquire not only reading skills
but also knowledge of various contemporary and academic topics.

FEATURES

Covering Current, Academic Topics: Topics ranging from real world issues to academic subjects
are covered in an easy and interesting way so that junior and senior high school students can
understand them. These subjects appeal to students and can hold their attention.

Expanding Knowledge: Each unit is composed of two articles under one topic heading. These
articles will help students expand their knowledge of various topics, including social and academic
issues.

Practicing Reading Skills: Reading comprehension checkups encourage the use of important
reading skills. They can be used to evaluate and improve students’ comprehension skills, such as
identifying main ideas, specific details, and implied meanings.

Tackling Longer Passages: EFL junior and senior high school students often find it difficult to read
long passages because they have not received much exposure to lengthy material. Interesting and
well-developed passages customized for EFL students will help learners to approach longer passages
with ease. Summarizing exercises will also help them understand the flow of long passages.

Test-Oriented Questions: Many comprehension checkup questions are similar to TOEFL questions.
They will be a stepping stone in preparing students for English tests at school, as well as for official
English language tests such as TOEFL.

LEVEL GRADE WORDS LIMITS UNITS

Reading Expert 1 Low-Intermediate 230 - 270 15


Reading Expert 2 250 - 300 15
Intermediate
Reading Expert 3 270 - 330 15
Reading Expert 4 290 - 350 15
Low-Advanced
Reading Expert 5 300 - 370 15
TO THE STUDENTS

Why Is Reading Challenging?

It is a very challenging, sometimes painful, experience for EFL students to read


English newspapers, magazines, or books. There are various reasons for this: the high
level of vocabulary and sentence structure, a lack of background knowledge on the
topic, and a need for certain reading skills.

Become an Expert Reader with Reading Expert!

Reading Expert is a five-level reading course that is intended to improve your reading
abilities gradually. There are 4 areas of reading strategies you need to focus on to improve
your reading abilities.

1. Vocabulary Skills
When you run into an unfamiliar word, try to continue reading. In many cases a couple of
unfamiliar words will not prevent general understanding of a passage. If you think they are still
a barrier to further reading, use context clues. If they also do not provide enough information, it
will be necessary to use your Word Book or look up the “problem word” in a dictionary.

2. Paragraph Approach
A passage is a collection of paragraphs, and the main point of each paragraph is organized into
the main idea of the passage. When you read a passage, try not to just focus on the meaning of
each sentence: Keep asking yourself, “What is the main point of this paragraph?” Questions on the
main point of a paragraph and summary exercises will help you stay focused.

3. Understanding Long Passages


Young EFL readers have often not been exposed to long passages (more than 200 words), and
they may find such passages difficult to understand. Various reading skills will be needed to
understand long passages: scanning, skimming, understanding the structure of the passage, etc.
Reading comprehension questions and summary exercises cover these reading skills.

4. Knowledge of the Topic


Just like when you’re reading in your native language, a lack of background knowledge can
prevent you from understanding the topic. The Reading Expert course covers a variety of topics,
including academic subjects, social issues, world culture, and more. If you are not familiar with the
topic in question, try to search for relevant information in books or on the Internet.
TO THE TEACHER

Series Overview

Reading Expert is a five-level reading course written by EFL teachers who have years of
experience in teaching EFL students. It is simple to use in a classroom and interesting
enough to keep students’ attention. Each level is composed of 15 units, and each unit has
two readings. Each unit contains the following sections:

Before Reading
The WARM-UP QUESTION before each reading is intended to get students ready by relating the
topic to their lives. You can also help students by introducing background knowledge or explaining
difficult words.

Readings
There are two readings for every unit. Before having students read the text, explain to them some
important reading skills, such as scanning and skimming. After reading the passage, they can listen
to an MP3 audio recording. Each reading is followed by a WORD CHECK. Students can use this section
to practice guessing the meanings of the key words and expressions in context. WORD FOCUS, which
shows collocations, synonyms, and antonyms, is provided alongside the passages. It will familiarize
students with some natural English expressions while increasing their range of English vocabulary.

Comprehension Checkups
Readings are also followed by comprehension checkup questions. These are intended to help
students identify the MAIN IDEA or subject of the passage and understand DETAILS. Questions related
to reading skills are sometimes included.

Summary
A SUMMARY is provided for each reading and it can take a number of different forms, such as a basic
summary, a graphic organizer, a note-taking summary, etc. All of these forms are designed to improve
students’ ability to understand and summarize a passage. There are various ways to use this section,
such as assigning it as homework or having the students complete it without referring to the reading.
It tests whether students understand the text as a whole.

Word Review Test


Learning vocabulary is important for EFL readers. They need to review key words, expressions, and
difficult or unfamiliar words. A WORD REVIEW TEST comes at the end of every two units and is
intended to test students’ vocabulary.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
3
TO THE STUDENTS
4
TO THE TEACHER
5
Reading Skills
UNIT 01 Sports
READING 1 Capoeira Skimming 8
READING 2 Alpine-Style Climbing 10
UNIT 02 Language
READING 1 Puns 12
READING 2 The Varieties of English Scanning 14
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 01·UNIT 02 16

UNIT 03 Jobs
READING 1 Recent Jobs 18
READING 2 A Glass Artist Guessing unknown words in context 20
UNIT 04 Society
READING 1 Back on My Feet 22
READING 2 The Recycled Orchestra of Cateura 24
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 03·UNIT 04 26

UNIT 05 Animals
READING 1 A Rabbit Problem in Australia 28
READING 2 TOEFL (American Bison) 30
UNIT 06 Literature
READING 1 Elements of Detective Stories Identifying cause and effect 32
READING 2 Awards for Children’s Literature 34
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 05 ·UNIT 06 36

UNIT 07 Environment
READING 1 The Bullitt Center Understanding the flow 38
READING 2 The Disappearing Honeybee 40
UNIT 08 Culture
READING 1 UK Tea Culture Inferring meaning 42
READING 2 The Ghost Month 44
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 07·UNIT 08 46
Reading Skills
UNIT 09 Origins
READING 1 Chess 48
READING 2 Guy Fawkes Day 50
UNIT 10 Geology
READING 1 Opals Identifying main ideas within paragraphs 52
READING 2 TOEFL (The San Andreas Fault) 54
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 09 ·UNIT 10 56

UNIT 11 Space
READING 1 The Proper Spacesuit 58
READING 2 Astronauts in Space Inferring meaning 60
UNIT 12 Technology
READING 1 Crash Test Dummies 62
READING 2 Inspired by Nature 64
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 11·UNIT 12 66

UNIT 13 Health
READING 1 The Nocebo Effect Understanding the details 68
READING 2 Bacteria and Viruses 70
UNIT 14 Psychology
READING 1 Tip of the Tongue 72
READING 2 The False Consensus Effect 74
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 13·UNIT 14 76

UNIT 15 History
READING 1 A Cotton Spinning Wheel Inferring from the context 78
READING 2 TOEFL (American Slavery) 80
WORD REVIEW TEST UNIT 15 82
01
U N I T

WARM-UP QUESTION • Have you ever wanted to learn a martial art?

If you plan to learn a martial art, how


about capoeira? Capoeira is a Brazilian art form

Sports that combines dance, music, and martial arts.


Participants perform inside a circle of people
5 who clap, sing, and play musical instruments.
READING 1
They punch and kick without hitting each other,
creating a fascinating dance. When I first began
to learn capoeira, I was most impressed by its
powerful actions and graceful moves. Later,
10 however, I began to understand that it also has
a rich and interesting history.
It was created by slaves brought to Brazil from Africa, mostly during the 16th
century. ⓐ They wanted to teach one another how to fight, but they had to hide this
activity from their masters. ⓑ Therefore, they disguised it as a form of dance. ⓒ In
15 the past, this was done to indicate that the master was approaching and to warn the
performers to switch from fighting moves to dance moves. ⓓ
During the Paraguayan War, which took place from 1865 to 1870, many slaves
were forced to join the army. Their capoeira skills made them fierce fighters, and the
art form gained many admirers. However, in 1890, shortly after slavery in Brazil was
20 ended, the government made capoeira illegal. They feared that it could be used for
violent crimes. The ban on capoeira was lifted in the 1930s, and today it is one of Brazil’s
national sports and it is more popular than ever.
Capoeira is a beautiful art form to watch, and it is fun to participate in. What’s
more, it builds strength, increases flexibility, and makes you a more disciplined person.
25 I strongly encourage all of you to give capoeira a try.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to change sth so it is unrecognizable
CHECK
2. obeying rules or behaving in a controlled way
3. strong and frightening
4. the system of owning other people as property
5. done in an attractive and elegant way

*sb: somebody / sth: something


8
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Skimming
1 What is the passage mainly about? Skimming is looking quickly through
the text to get a general idea of what
a. the reason slavery was ended in Brazil it is about. We move our eyes quickly
b. an art form developed by slaves in Brazil through the whole text identifying the
c. a new musical style developed during a war purpose of the passage or the main
idea.
d. the link between Brazilian music and African dance

DETAILS

2 Where would the following sentence best fit in paragraph 2?

If you watch a capoeira performance today, you may notice how the musicians
often change their tempo.

3 Why did the Brazilian government prohibit capoeira according to paragraph 3?

4 Which is closest in meaning to lifted?


a. raised b. removed c. introduced d. tightened

5 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?


a. The movements in capoeira include punching and kicking.
b. Slaves played a major role in the development of capoeira.
c. Capoeira was forbidden from being practiced during the Paraguayan War.
d. Capoeira is recommended for people who want to be both strong and flexible.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

sang disguise crime combination developed banned gain

Capoeira is a of dance, music, and martial arts. African slaves who had
been brought to Brazil first it in the 16th century. They wanted to teach
one another how to fight. However, they had to this activity as a dance.
After slaves successfully used it in the Paraguayan war, capoeira became popular. It
was temporarily , but it is now more popular than ever.

9
01
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Can you name any famous mountain climbers?

C limbing the world’s tallest mountains is no easy


task. But it is even more difficult when it is done
in what is known as “alpine style.” This is what Reinhold
Messner and Peter Habeler decided to do in 1975.
Sports 5 The alpine style of climbing was developed as an
alternative to the traditional way the tall mountains of the
READING 2 Asian Himalayas were being climbed. In the traditional or
siege style, climbers would hire dozens of assistants to set
up a series of camps equipped with the necessary supplies. They would then climb their
10 way from one camp to the next, eventually reaching the mountain’s top.
But alpine style means climbing the mountain in a single attempt, carrying
everything you need on your back. Named after the Alps mountain range of Europe,
this style requires climbers to start at the very bottom of the mountain. They cannot use
fixed ropes, bring along oxygen tanks, or hire porters to help carry their equipment and
WORD FOCUS
15 supplies.
Collocations for
When Messner and Habeler set out to climb the Himalayan mountain known as
chance
a fair chance
Gasherbrum I in this way, other climbers thought they were crazy. They thought that
little chance alpine style was fine for smaller mountains, but not the Himalayas. However, Messner
a fifty-fifty chance
ruin the chance(s) and Habeler proved everyone wrong. It took them only three days to reach the top of
20 Gasherbrum I, and they became the first ever to climb a mountain taller than 8,000
meters in the alpine style.
Despite the high risk, there are several advantages to the alpine style. Since it takes
less time, there is a smaller chance of being caught in a snowstorm or an *avalanche. It
is also better for the environment. In traditional-style expeditions, large climbing teams
25 with many camps leave behind a lot of garbage, such as torn tents and empty oxygen
tanks. But alpine-style climbers work quickly, leaving behind no trace of their amazing
accomplishments.

*avalanche: a large amount of snow or rock sliding down a mountain

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to provide sb with the necessary things
CHECK
2. an organized journey with a specific goal
3. another option
4. a beneficial quality
5. sb hired to help another person

10
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. how the Himalayan mountains are climbed
b. the tall and beautiful peaks of the Alps
c. an alternative form of mountain climbing
d. the climbers who reached the top of Gasherbrum I

DETAILS

2 Which is NOT true about alpine-style climbing according to the passage?


a. The name originated from the Alps of Europe.
b. The climb starts from the bottom of the mountain.
c. Climbers don’t use fixed ropes or oxygen tanks.
d. Porters carry the climbers’ equipment and supplies.

3 Messner and Habeler’s attempt to climb Gasherbrum I was expected to be a failure because
.
a. they hadn’t climbed a mountain taller than 8,000 meters before
b. no one had ever succeeded reaching the top of Gasherbrum I
c. there was a high chance that they might encounter a snowstorm
d. alpine style was thought suitable only for smaller mountains

4 Why is alpine-style climbing better for the environment according to paragraph 5?

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

equipment reach assistants carry accomplishment garbage alternative

■ Traditional way of climbing tall mountains


- hire several , climb from camp to camp, bring a lot of and
supplies
■ Alpine style of climbing
- used by Messner and Habeler to climb Gasherbrum I in 1975
- everything yourself, climb to the top in one attempt
■ Advantages of alpine style
- less exposure to dangerous weather, not leaving behind

11
02
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Have you ever made a mistake with words that look or sound similar?

P uns create a double meaning by using


words that either sound or look alike.
They can also be made using words that have
more than one meaning. Puns are often used to
Language 5 make people laugh, but they can make people
think more deeply as well.
READING 1 Puns using words with multiple meanings
are known as homographic puns. A good example can be found in the following riddle:
What is the difference between a conductor and a teacher? The answer is “A conductor
10 minds a train, but a teacher trains a mind.” In this case, two words each have two different
meanings. “Mind,” as a verb, can mean “to watch over.” But as a noun, it means “brain.”
And the word “train” can refer to a mode of transportation or the act of teaching.
Homophonic puns, (A) , use two words that sound alike but have
different meanings. For example, a sign in a pizza restaurant might read: Seven days
WORD FOCUS
15 without pizza makes one weak. Here, the pun is made with the word “weak,” as it sounds
Collocations for
the same as the word “week.” Seven days do indeed make one week, while not eating
day
the following day
pizza can make a person weak. Or at least that is what the restaurant owner wants you
the previous day to believe.
the very day
the other day But puns have also been used in some of the greatest literature in the English
20 language. In Romeo and Juliet, for example, Shakespeare wrote, “Ask for me tomorrow,
and you shall find me a grave man.” This line is spoken by Mercutio after he has just
been stabbed. While the word “grave” can mean “serious,” here it also suggests that
(B) soon. This example clearly shows that puns, although they
are often simply jokes, can also be used to make writing more powerful.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. a means of traveling from one place to another
CHECK
2. to protect and look after sb or sth
3. to push a pointed object directly into sb or sth
4. a series of words in a song, poem, or play
5. a tricky, yet fun question that has a surprising answer

12
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the best title for the passage?


a. Tips for Being a Better Writer
b. The Best Puns of All Time
c. Puns: A Fun and Effective Way to Use Words
d. Common Misunderstandings in English

DETAILS

2 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. for example b. as a result
c. in addition d. on the other hand

3 What is the best expression for blank (B)?


a. he will feel sad b. he will be dead
c. he will act very serious d. he will live underground

4 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) Homographic
 puns use words that are spelled the same but have
different meanings.
(2) Homophonic words may include “their,” “there,” and “they’re.”
(3) Using puns often makes writing less attractive.

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

uses double powerful simple trains laugh sound

Definition
creating a meaning with words that sound or look similar

Homographic
■ uses words with more than one meaning
■ example: “A conductor minds a train, but a teacher a mind.”
Pun Homophonic
■ uses words that alike but differ in their meaning
■ example: “Seven days without pizza makes one weak.”

Uses
■ makes people and think deeply
■ makes writing more

13
02
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you know which countries use English as their first language?

M ore than 400 million people around the world are native English speakers. While
all of these people speak English, distance and time have caused differences in
the language. These can be anything from different accents to very different vocabularies.
Take the example of an American boy getting dressed in the morning. He puts on
Language 5 underwear, pants, a sweater, socks, and running shoes. A British boy putting on the same
clothes wears underpants, trousers, a jumper, socks, and trainers. The American boy goes
READING 2 to high school; the British boy goes to secondary school.
The English spoken in Australia is also different. Australians use many words that
English speakers from other countries may not recognize. They call a kangaroo a “roo,”
10 a chicken a “chook,” and a farm a “station.” When American or British friends meet, they
say “Hi!” or “Hello!” But in Australia, the common greeting is “G’day!”
Of course, (A) , especially when you consider how many
movies, books, and TV programs are shared between English-speaking countries. Thus,
before a British book is published in America, editors change many words and spellings
WORD FOCUS
15 to help American readers understand it. But movies and TV programs are shown without
Collocations for
changes, so it is sometimes hard for even native English speakers to understand them.
guess
(B) , the various differences between British, American, and Australian
a lucky guess
a wild guess English show the richness and variety of the English language. You will find it is fun to
a rough guess
make a guess learn the unique words of each type of English. With a little practice, you will be able to
20 guess a speaker’s country from his or her accent and vocabulary. But be careful! If you
make the wrong guess, you could make a British person “get angry,” an American “get
mad,” or an Australian “go berko”!

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. the state of including many different things
CHECK
2. to know sth because of previous experience with it
3. to print copies of a book or magazine for public sale
4. the space between two objects
5. normal; occurring often

14
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Scanning
1 What is the passage mainly about? When scanning, we rapidly search for
the information we are looking for.
a. diversity in the English language The idea behind scanning is to locate
b. how to understand different styles of English specific information without reading
c. the difficulties caused by the variety of English through the entire passage. Even if you
see a word that you don’t understand,
d. why English varies in different countries
keep on going.

DETAILS

2 What do Australians call a farm?

3 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. we just ignore these differences
b. these differences seem to be decreasing
c. these differences can cause confusion
d. we can do nothing about these differences

4 What is the best word for blank (B)?


a. Therefore b. Moreover c. Nevertheless d. Similarly

5 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?


a. There are differences between American and British English.
b. It is unlikely that native English speakers would misunderstand each other.
c. Accent and vocabulary can help you to guess a speaker’s country.
d. To say they’re getting angry, Australians use the phrase “go berko.”

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

unique variety meaning confusing recognize share native

English may be the native language for over 400 million people worldwide, but over
time and distance, it has developed a of differences. This can make it
hard for speakers to understand each other. Though at first,
with a little practice you can the patterns and more easily understand
movies, books, and TV programs from all around the English-speaking world.

15
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Max usually composes songs with a fast tempo.


a. singing b. speed c. action d. lyric

2. There is a fierce debate over how the money should be spent.


a. honest b. public c. intense d. continuing

3. She is a great pianist, but she is humble about her accomplishments.


a. achievements b. talents c. interests d. obstacles

4. The robber disappeared without a trace.


a. trouble b. arrest c. harm d. sign

[5~8] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
5.
U N I T

reach • • a. a snowstorm
6. be caught in • • b. the mountain’s top
01

7. play • • c. the army


8. join • • d. musical instruments

[9~12] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

equip flexibility alternative advantage crime ban

9. Singapore is a country with a low rate.


10. Yoga improves your and strengthens your muscles.
11. Contact lenses are a(n) to eyeglasses.
12. This building is not with fire extinguishers.

[13~16] Choose the correct word for each definition.

attempt traditional fixed supply participant illegal

13. not allowed by law:

14. the act of trying to do something difficult:

15. someone who takes part in an activity or event:

16. securely fastened in a certain place:

16
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. His name was Roald, which is a common name in Norway.


a. native b. proper c. female d. popular

2. There are various reasons why people visit this city.


a. a bit of b. a variety of c. a set of d. a series of

3. Many people think the Internet is indeed a remarkable invention.


a. really b. simply c. surprisingly d. unexpectedly

[4~6] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. cause • • a. somebody
5. ask for • • b. dressed
6. get • • c. confusion

U N I T
[7~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.

02
7. The little boy looked pale and .
a. wrong b. weak c. powerful d. alike

8. My best friend her camera with me on our vacation.


a. shared b. recognized c. helped d. called

9. The politician a book about his life.


a. guessed b. laughed c. trained d. published

10. Robinson Crusoe is a classic of English .


a. riddle b. program c. language d. literature

[11~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

editor consider conductor noun verb refer to

11. a word that describes an action:

12. to describe someone or something:

13. a person who decides what should be included in a book or movie:

14. someone who is in charge of a train:

17
03
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • What kind of job do you want to have in the future?

D id you know that many of the jobs you are


familiar with today didn’t actually exist until
recently? For example, consider people whose
work is related to smartphones. Until smartphones
Jobs 5 became popular in the mid-2000s, there were no
“app developers” or “app marketers.” Nowadays,
READING 1 however, thousands of people do these jobs. So
what other kinds of jobs have appeared recently?
One of the most common new jobs is “data miner.” Since modern market research
10 relies heavily on customer data, companies are hiring experts to gather and analyze it.
Those experts who look through large amounts of customer data to identify trends in
(A) are data miners. With their help, businesses can predict
future trends or build personalized advertising.
Another recently created job is “drone operator.” Drones have been around for a
WORD FOCUS
15 long time, but they were only used by the military or people who flew them as a hobby.
Collocations for
Now, however, some big companies are making drones part of their business. Online
job
a temporary job
shopping sites, for example, are planning to use them to make deliveries, and movie
get a job studios are already using them to film scenes from the air. All of these companies will
lose a job
apply for a job require individuals skilled in flying high-tech drones.
20 Of course, new technology is not the only factor affecting job trends. Society’s
changing needs are also shaping the job market. For example, some companies are
now hiring “sustainability experts” to help ensure that their business practices are
environmentally sustainable. Other companies are even looking for “youth experts.”
These are mostly young people who can explain the behavior of the younger generation
25 to older executives. Examples like these make it clear that job trends are changing rapidly.
Can you imagine what kind of jobs will be available by the time you go out into society?

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to make certain that sth occurs
CHECK
2. to begin to exist
3. capable of continuing for a long time
4. to read sth to find information
5. being experienced or having good ability in a specific activity

18
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. jobs that are difficult to get
b. jobs that are popular today
c. changing job qualifications
d. jobs that have recently been created

DETAILS

2 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. job markets
b. consumer behavior
c. marketing campaigns
d. product developments

3 Which of the following is a drone NOT likely to be used for?


a. spying on enemy soldiers
b. filming a car chase for a movie
c. advertising online shopping sites
d. bringing purchases to consumers

4 According to paragraph 4, what are the two factors that affect job trends?

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

behavior consumer technology collects experts delivers environment

Jobs That Have Evolved Recently

Data miner Drone operator


(1) (2)
and analyzes customer items purchased online and
information for market research films scenes by flying drones
Sustainability expert Youth expert
ensures that companies don’t harm the explains youth (4) to executives
(3)
with their actions

19
WARM-UP QUESTION • What do you know about glassblowing?

03
U N I T

Dale Chihuly is a glass artist from Seattle,


Washington. One day while he was studying
interior design at college, Chihuly saw some
Jobs glassblowing. He was amazed by this skill
5 and decided to become a glass artist. Now
READING 2 his artwork is displayed in museums and
public buildings worldwide, and people
from many countries love his beautiful glass creations. I recently spoke with the
artist at a coffee shop near his studio.

10 Q: (A) Q: Can you tell us about the glass ceiling


Chihuly: Glass is very beautiful because it you created for the Bellagio Hotel in Las
shows light and color so well. I can shape Vegas?
it into many different forms. Also, glass is Chihuly: I built the ceiling in the lobby of
very fragile. It can break very easily, so it the Bellagio with the help of a hundred 30

15 seems very special. I create pieces of many other people. It is the largest piece I have
different shapes and sizes out of brilliantly ever made. It contains about one thousand
colored glass. multicolored glass flowers that hang from

Q: (B) metal branches.

Chihuly: They come from the world around Q: (C) 35

20 me. My mother’s beautiful flower garden Chihuly: I work in the style of a movie
inspires me. Also, I live near the ocean and director; I lead a team of glass artists at
I love to walk along the beach because the my studio. Each artist has a special job.
ocean gives me ideas. I also get ideas from We work together to create the pieces
other types of art, like Native American according to my designs. It’s a wonderful 40

25 baskets and blankets. process.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to include sth
CHECK
2. very brightly
3. to show specially arranged objects to people
4. sth that a person has made (usually art)
5. easy to break

20
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Guessing unknown words in
context
1 What is the interview mainly about? We often encounter unknown words
a. the daily life of Dale Chihuly while reading a passage. When this

b. the art world of Dale Chihuly happens, context gives us an idea of


the possible meaning. We can also use
c. Dale Chihuly’s most recent works
our knowledge of how a word is put
d. artists inspired by Dale Chihuly together to work out its meaning.

DETAILS

2 Why did Dale Chihuly decide to become a glass artist?

3 Match the questions to blanks (A), (B), and (C).


(1) (A) • • ⓐ Do you usually create your art alone or with others?
(2) (B) • • ⓑ Why did you choose to create art with glass?
(3) (C) • • ⓒ Where do the ideas for your glass creations come from?

4 If something inspires you, it .


a. gives you new ideas
b. makes you feel calm
c. improves your health
d. helps you to concentrate

5 Which is true about Dale Chihuly according to the passage?


a. His works are displayed only in his studio.
b. He thinks that glass seems special because it is fragile.
c. His ideas for his artwork mainly come from his family.
d. He enjoys working by himself more than working with others.

SUMMARY

6 Match each topic to the correct paragraph in the passage.


(1) Paragraph 1 • • ⓐ the largest work of art the artist ever created
(2) Paragraph 2 • • ⓑ the qualities of glass that the artist admires
(3) Paragraph 3 • • ⓒ a brief biography of the artist
(4) Paragraph 4 • • ⓓ how the artist makes his works of art
(5) Paragraph 5 • • ⓔ where the artist gets his inspiration

21
04
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you enjoy a morning run?

A t 5:30 a.m. in an empty parking lot, a group


of people gather together for a morning run.
But they are not jogging to lose weight or to train
for a marathon. They are homeless people, and
Society 5 many of them are former drug and alcohol addicts
trying to improve their lives.
READING 1 They are part of an organization called Back
on My Feet. Members go on group runs three times a week. The only requirement is that
they must be clean and *sober for at least one month before joining the group. Besides
10 having fun and getting exercise, members also get some useful benefits after 30 days.
These include financial aid, housing assistance, and access to employment opportunities.
Back on My Feet started in 2007, when Anne Mahlum decided to organize a running
club at a homeless shelter in Philadelphia. Many people told her that her idea would never
work. “People said, ‘These guys aren’t going to want to run. They have other things to
WORD FOCUS
15 worry about,’” she explains. However, they were clearly wrong. In just six years, the club
Collocations for
expanded to nearly 400 members in 10 different cities, and by 2019 it had spread to a total
weight
put on weight
of 13 cities across the US.
watch one’s weight The New York branch of Back on My Feet currently has about 60 members in its
weight loss
weight control running club. In its first year, it helped 41 people find jobs, assisted 34 people in finding
20 places to live, and enrolled 50 people in job-training
programs. Morning runs may be the main activity for
Back on My Feet’s members, but they are just the
first steps toward (A) .

*sober: having no drugs or alcohol in one’s body

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. sth that is necessary
CHECK
2. help given to sb in achieving sth
3. a place that offers safety from danger
4. sb who cannot stop doing sth
5. one of many offices representing a large company

22
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. the most famous group run in the US
b. Back on My Feet’s job training programs
c. an organization for helping the homeless improve their lives
d. the US government’s welfare system for the homeless

DETAILS

2 What benefits are given to Back on My Feet members 30 days after they join?

3 According to paragraph 3, when Anne Mahlum started the running club, many people
.
a. encouraged her
b. were skeptical about the idea
c. predicted it would attract public attention
d. were worried about the health of the homeless

4 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. getting a better job b. having a successful business
c. winning a global title as a runner d. getting their lives back on track

5 Which of the following is NOT likely to be said by Back on My Feet members?


a. I have to get up early in the morning three times a week.
b. I used to be a drug addict but now I am making my life better.
c. During the first month of group runs, it was hard to stop drinking alcohol.
d. The organization helped me join a job training course.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

shelters running branches employment homeless benefits enrolling

Back on My Feet is an organization that helps people. It requires them to


go on group runs several times a week. In return, they get help in acquiring financial
assistance, housing, and . The organization was started in Philadelphia in
2007. It expanded to 400 members in just six years and now has in 12
cities. The one in New York alone helped 50 people in its first year by
them in job-training programs.

23
04
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Can you play any musical instruments?

“The world sends us garbage. We send back music.” – Favio Chávez

T he town of Cateura, Paraguay, was built on a landfill. Most of the population makes
a living by collecting recyclable items from the trash that is brought daily to the
town. In addition to poverty, another challenge the people of Cateura face is a lack of
Society 5 education. Forty percent of the children there do not finish school. These children are
often sent to work in the landfill.
READING 2 In order to provide a better future for the children of Cateura, two men, Favio Chávez
and Nicolás Gómez, wanted to (A) . However, instruments were
too expensive. One day, Favio and Nicolás had an idea. The idea was to build their own
10 instruments out of materials found in the landfill, such as pieces of sheet metal, oil cans,
rope, and broomsticks. That’s how the “Recycled Orchestra of Cateura” was born.
The orchestra started with only a few musicians. But it has expanded to more than
35 members. It is now teaching more than 200 children how to play music and even
how to build recycled instruments of their own. While the orchestra cannot immediately
WORD FOCUS
15 fix problems like hunger and poverty, the education that it provides will lead to fewer
Synonyms for
inspire
children facing these problems in the future.
motivate Inspired by the Recycled Orchestra,
encourage
influence
people in other countries, such as Spain,
Brazil, and Mexico, started their own recycled
20 orchestras. Not only has the Recycled
Orchestra brought hope and a sense of pride
to the residents of Cateura, but it has also
shown that music truly has the power to
change society.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. a device that is played to make music
CHECK
2. at once; without delay
3. a site where garbage is buried
4. able to be remade into usable material
5. the condition of not being able to afford basic necessities

24
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the best title for the passage?


a. An Orchestra That Brought Hope Through Music
b. A Creative Plan to Fix the Economy of Paraguay
c. The Controversy Surrounding the Recycled Orchestra
d. Can Music Be the Answer to Global Poverty?

DETAILS

2 Which is NOT mentioned about the town of Cateura?


a. where the town is located
b. what most residents do for a living
c. how much trash is brought there every day
d. what difficulties the residents have

3 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. organize a campaign for children’s rights
b. create a children’s orchestra
c. make a safe working environment for children
d. set up a job training school in the town

4 What is the orchestra teaching to more than 200 children?

5 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) Many children in the town of Cateura drop out of school.
(2) Favio and Nicolás made musical instruments using trash.
(3) The
 Recycled Orchestra solved poverty in the town right away.

SUMMARY

6 Complete the main idea of each paragraph using words in the passage.
▪ Paragraph 1: The people of Cateura face many challenges, including poverty and a
lack of .
▪ Paragraph 2: Favio
 Chávez and Nicolás Gómez created a children’s orchestra, which
played instruments made out of trash from the town’s .
▪ Paragraph 3: Children
 in the orchestra learn to play and recycled
instruments.
▪ Paragraph 4: The Recycled Orchestra has shown that music can society.

25
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. He has displayed his artwork at a number of art galleries.


a. painted b. given c. protected d. exhibited

2. To lose weight, he tried not to eat foods that contain fat.


a. include b. taste c. burn d. gain

3. Rebecca was hired as the sales manager earlier this month.


a. applied b. promoted c. employed d. quit

4. They are taking every step to ensure that this kind of accident never happens again.
a. warn b. inform c. take care d. make sure

[5~8] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
5.
U N I T

predict • • a. the beach


6. fly • • b. future trends
03

7. walk along • • c. the artist


8. speak with • • d. the drones

[9~12] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

available advertising executive creation amazed fragile

9. Online was used to promote her website.


10. Carl is a senior of a multinational company.
11. Use some type of cushioning when you pack items.
12. The audience was by his performance.

[13~16] Choose the correct word for each definition.

expert director ceiling film individual analyze

13. the top part of a room that connects the walls:

14. to examine something carefully in order to understand it:

15. the person who tells actors what to do:

16. to use a camera to record a story or shoot scenes:

26
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. These days I’m suffering from a headache due to lack of sleep.


a. plenty b. shortage c. benefit d. expense

2. I’ve collected information about the company I will apply for.


a. created b. compiled c. organized d. collaborated

3. The clothing store is currently having a huge sale.


a. still b. unusually c. actually d. now

[4~6] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. go on • • a. the country
5. fix • • b. problems

U N I T
6. spread across • • c. group runs

04
[7~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

enroll provide inspire expand face survive

7. Paul is planning to his son in an English camp.


8. The purpose of the campaign is to people to have a bigger dream.
9. The organization will the unemployed with job-training opportunities.
10. The small office has into an international enterprise.

[11~12] Choose the correct definition of the underlined word in each sentence.

work v. 1. to do a job to earn money: He works as a photographer . 2. to put lots of time


and effort in doing something: Jina worked hard to get good grades . 3. to produce a
desired result: Our plan worked —they promised to support us . 4. if a machine works, it
operates correctly: My laptop doesn’t work now .

11. The pill didn’t work. I still have a fever.

12. The employees were forced to work long hours in the factory.

27
05
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you think rabbits can cause any harm to human?

A re rabbits dangerous? In most places, the


answer is no. They are usually considered
cute and lovable, and many people keep them as
pets in their homes. But in Australia, rabbits are a
Animals 5 big problem, due to the fact that they are a danger
to the country’s delicate ecosystem.
READING 1 Rabbits were not indigenous to Australia. In
1859, however, a man brought 24 wild rabbits from England to Victoria, Australia, and
released them into the woods so they could be hunted. Unfortunately, Australia is the
10 perfect habitat for rabbits, as there are plenty of open spaces, lots of vegetation to eat,
and few people. Also, Australian winters are mild, so the rabbits can breed all year. Most
importantly, rabbits have fewer natural predators in Australia.
Soon there were millions of rabbits in Victoria. Most of the land in Australia isn’t
good for growing food, and the rabbits made this situation even worse. They ate so many
WORD FOCUS
15 plants that the soil underneath was eroded by the wind, leaving the land even less fertile.
Synonyms for
Moreover, some native animals which had to compete with the rabbits for food and habitat
mild
gentle
greatly decreased in number. Soon, the rabbits began to spread across the country. By the
temperate 1920s, the Australian rabbit population was estimated to be about 10 billion.
warm
moderate The Australian government has tried many things to control the rabbit population.
20 At the beginning of the 20th century, they built long fences to keep the rabbits away from
farmland. Contrary to the government’s expectation, many rabbits crossed to the other
side during construction, while others dug holes under the fences. The government also
introduced diseases that kill rabbits. This significantly reduced the rabbit population, but
only in certain areas.
25 Today, Australia’s rabbit population is estimated to be about 200 million. Although
the situation has improved, it is still a serious problem that the country is desperately
trying to solve.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to have offspring
CHECK
2. plants and animals that live in a certain area by depending on each other
3. able to support plant life, especially crops
4. to wear away the surface over time especially by natural forces
5. plant life in general, such as trees or flowers

28
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the best title for the passage?


a. Learning to Live with an Invasive Species
b. Why There Are No More Rabbits in Australia
c. Controlling Diseases Spread by Wild Animals
d. Australia’s Fight Against Unwelcome Guests

DETAILS

2 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) Rabbits are native to Australia.
(2) Australia’s weather is good for rabbits to reproduce.
(3) Without rabbits, the land in Australia is perfect for agriculture.

3 Why did some native animals in Australia greatly decrease in number?

4 Which is mentioned as Australia’s effort to deal with the rabbit problem?


a. planting poisonous plants that are harmful to rabbits
b. increasing the number of predators that prey on rabbits
c. spreading diseases that kill rabbits on purpose
d. rewarding people who caught rabbits

5 Which CANNOT replace significantly in paragraph 4?


a. considerably b. greatly c. accurately d. substantially

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

bred competed control fences habitat predators decreased

Topic how rabbits have become a threat to Australia


Background ■ Some wild rabbits were brought to Australia from England in 1859.
■ The rabbits quickly across the country.
Problems ■ The land became infertile.
■ The population of some native animals .
Reaction ■ Australia has tried to the rabbit population.
■ They built long and introduced diseases that affect rabbits.

29
05
U N I T

American Bison

The American bison is the largest land animal in North America. Males can weigh up
to 2,000 pounds and stand 1.8 meters tall. Bison have huge heads, humps on their backs,

TOEFL and long, messy brownish-black fur. Bison travel together in herds looking for grass to eat.
Huge herds of bison once traveled across the grasslands of North America. They were
5 an important resource for Native Americans living on the plains. ■ They hunted bison and
READING 2 used almost every part of the animal. ■ They ate the meat and made tools and weapons out
of the bones. ■ Blankets, clothing, and tents were all made from bison skins. ■ Bison calves
are born in April, and the Native Americans believed that a kind spirit sent them bison each
spring to help them survive.
10 All of this changed with the arrival of Europeans in the 1800s. The Native Americans
only hunted bison when they needed resources. The Europeans, on the other hand, killed
them in huge numbers for sport. They competed to see who could kill the most animals in
one day. The effect on the environment was huge; when Columbus arrived in America, there
were about 60 million bison. By 1890, less than 1,000 animals survived.
15 Bison were saved from extinction by the American Bison Society, which was formed
in 1905. Many were raised in protected areas and then released into national parks. Today,
there are about 500,000 animals. Although bison still need to be protected, they aren’t at
risk of extinction anymore.
Even though the bison can no longer live freely on the grasslands of North America,
20 it remains a symbol of the American Wild West. Each year, thousands of visitors to national
parks can see herds of bison and imagine the past.

1 What is the primary purpose of this passage?

to introduce ways to protect bison


to criticize the Europeans for their behavior
to describe the changes bison have gone through
to warn people of the possibility of animal extinction

30
2 Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.

Bison were also important to the Native Americans’ spiritual beliefs.

Where would the sentence best fit?

3 All of the following are mentioned in the passage as possible uses of bison for Native
Americans EXCEPT

food clothing equipment entertainment

4 According to the passage, the number of bison decreased because

the Europeans also started to hunt bison for food


diseases were spread when the Europeans arrived
many bison were killed by the Europeans for sport
the Europeans made profits by selling bison skins

5 The word extinction in the passage is closest in meaning to

dying out
getting lost
becoming old
suffering from a disease

6  Directions Look at the sentence in bold. It is the first sentence of a short summary of the
passage. Choose THREE answers to complete the summary. Wrong answer choices use minor
ideas from the passage or use information that is not in the passage.

Large numbers of bison once lived in the American grasslands.

They have disappeared due to excessive hunting.


Native Americans hunted them with no consideration for their future.
They were an important resource in the lives of Native Americans.
Their population greatly decreased after the arrival of Europeans.
They became popular as a source of food among Europeans.
Thanks to protection efforts, they are now safe from extinction and live in national parks.

31
06
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Have you read any Sherlock Holmes detective stories?

M ost detective novels and stories share the same basic storyline: There is a mystery
that must be solved by uncovering clues, questioning witnesses, and discovering
the identity of the criminal. There are also a number of standard character types that
occur again and again in detective fiction.
Literature 5 The heroes of these stories are almost always some sort of detective. The detective
may be a professional or an amateur, but he or she must be very wise, observant, and
READING 1 logical. The detective uses these qualities to solve the crime along with the person who
is reading the story.
These detectives often have a faithful assistant to help them out. This character is
10 sometimes referred to as a “Watson,” after Sherlock Holmes’s trusted companion. He or
she is generally not as wise and logical as the detective and often makes foolish mistakes.
However, the Watson character still manages to help the detective solve the crime.
Finally, all good detective stories must contain a villain. The storyline is usually
focused on discovering who this person actually is. For this reason, in most cases, the
WORD FOCUS
15 true identity of the villain isn’t revealed until the end of the novel. Unlike the Watson
Collocations for
character, the villain is usually (A) . However, he or she always
mystery
remain a mystery
makes one big mistake and is captured in the end.
be a mystery to sb The next time you read a detective story, think about how these characters are
a complete mystery
an unsolved mystery described. But don’t forget to try to solve the mystery, too! That’s the best part of reading
20 detective fiction!

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. the plot of a story
CHECK
2. a main character in a story who is bad; the opposite of a hero
3. one who observes criminal activity or an accident by chance
4. a friend or partner who spends time with sb
5. giving unending support for sb or sth

32
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Identifying cause and effect
1 What is the best title for the passage? To recognize cause and effect we
identify words and phrases such as
a. Tips for Writing Detective Stories “because,” “consequently,” “for this
b. Characters You’ll Meet in Detective Stories reason,” “as a result,” etc. We can
c. The Secret to Solving Fictional Mysteries also identify how the information fits
together. Start with a “why” question to
d. Sherlock Holmes: Not as Smart as You Think
discover the cause and then figure out
the effect.

DETAILS

2 Which is closest in meaning to uncovering?


a. finding b. providing c. hiding d. notifying

3 Why is the true identity of the villain often revealed at the end of the story?

4 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. an outstanding fighter
b. quick to solve crimes
c. as intelligent as the detective
d. described as a smart assistant

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

solve criminal create amateur errors described identified

Most detective stories include:


■ Hero
- can be a professional or detective
- is wise, observant, and logical
■ Assistant
- helps the hero the mystery
- makes silly
■ Villain
- is often not until the end
- is smart but makes a big mistake eventually

33
06
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • What is your favorite children’s book?

K ids enjoy fun and exciting stories, and reading


helps their brains develop. But how can
readers find the best children’s books? One way is
to look up the winners of major awards. There are
Literature 5 many awards for children’s literature. However, two
of the biggest are the Newbery Medal and the Hans
READING 2 Christian Andersen Award.
The Newbery Medal has been given out annually since 1922. It was started by
Frederic G. Melcher, a bookseller and editor. At that time, children’s literature was
10 often overlooked. Melcher hoped his award would bring public attention to children’s
books and make it easier for librarians to recommend good books to kids. He named the
award after John Newbery, an 18th-century English publisher considered the “father of
children’s literature.” Prize-winning works include The Giver by Lois Lowry and A Single
Shard by Linda Sue Park.
WORD FOCUS
15 The Hans Christian Andersen Award was started in 1956 to honor the famous
Antonyms for
writer’s contribution to children’s literature. It is given every other year to one author
lifelong
temporary
and one illustrator of children’s books. Along with the quality of the work, the award’s
transitory judges consider the ability of each nominee to see the world from a child’s point of view
momentary
and to stimulate children’s imaginations. Some well-known past winners include Tove
20 Jansson, the writer of the famous Moomin books, and Eiko Kadono, the author of Kiki’s
Delivery Service.
Although both of these awards are highly respected, there are some big differences
between them. The Newbery Medal recognizes the best children’s book of the year.
The Andersen Award, on the other hand, isn’t based on a single book. It celebrates the
25 lifelong work of the people who receive it. Also, the Andersen Award considers writers
and illustrators of all nationalities, while the Newbery Medal is only given to American
citizens or residents.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to ignore or neglect the importance of sth
CHECK
2. to tell sb that sth is good and worth trying
3. to make sth develop or become more active
4. to publicly confirm sb’s or sth’s value of performance, as with an award
5. time, effort, money, etc. given to sth to make it successful

34
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. the history of children’s literature in the USA
b. two awards that celebrate children’s literature
c. characteristics of the most popular children’s books
d. a children’s book author who won many respected awards

DETAILS

2 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) The Newbery Medal has been awarded every year since 1922.
(2) John Newbery was the creator of the Newbery Medal.

3 What ability do writers and illustrators need to win the Andersen Award?

4 Which is closest in meaning to residents?


a. occupations b. landlords c. inhabitants d. novelists

5 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?


a. who Frederic G. Melcher is
b. when the Andersen Award was founded
c. when Tove Jansson won the Andersen Award
d. who are eligible for the Newbery Medal

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

attention named illustrator lifelong nationalities recognizes quality

Awards for Children’s Literature

The Newbery Medal The Hans Christian Andersen Award


■ started in 1922 to draw people’s ■ started in 1956 to honor Hans Christian
(1)
to children’s books and to Andersen
assist librarians ■ given to one author and one (3)
■ given to one author each year every two years
■ (2) the year’s best children’s ■ celebrates winners’ (4)
book achievements
■ awarded to American citizens or ■ awarded to people of all (5)
residents ■ includes Tove Jansson and Eiko Kadono
■ includes Lois Lowry and Linda Sue as past winners
Park as past winners

35
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Experts gathered to restore this historically important building.


a. beneficial b. significant c. huge d. national

2. Yellowstone National Park is a good habitat for wild animals.


a. prey b. home c. herd d. vegetation

3. I was raised by my grandparents until I was ten.


a. put away b. brought up c. lifted up d. cut off

4. The settlers were looking for a fertile land to grow crops.


a. rich b. local c. native d. vast

[5~8] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
5.
U N I T

weigh • • a. rivals
6. solve • • b. 2,000 pounds
05

7. compete with • • c. the grasslands


8. travel across • • d. the problem

[9~12] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

introduce estimate release erode hunt save

9. Ron’s annual income is to be around $3 million.


10. The child was from drowning by the lifeguards.
11. Thousands of balloons were to the sky at the ceremony.
12. The cliffs on the shore have been by the waves for decades.

[13~16] Choose the correct word for each definition.

delicate resource hump spiritual weapon desperately

13. a round part that rises on an animal’s back:

14. easily damaged and needing to be handled carefully:

15. something used to fight with or hurt someone:

16. something such as oil and trees that can be used by people:

36
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. He revealed his true self when money problems arose.


a. showed b. hid c. suspected d. kept

2. We should not overlook the importance of mental health.


a. ignore b. recommend c. respect d. celebrate

3. Authors spend much time reading other people’s works as well.


a. Illustrators b. Authorities c. Writers d. Artists

[4~6] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. enjoy • • a. a witness
5. stimulate • • b. fun stories
6. question • • c. imaginations

U N I T
[7~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.

06
7. The festival is held annually to the war heroes.
a. receive b. honor c. share d. contain

8. Thank you for your to success of our project.


a. quality b. fiction c. nationality d. contribution

9. The only to the murder was a bracelet found at the scene.


a. clue b. assistant c. villain d. case

10. The scientist drew a conclusion based on evidence.


a. foolish b. detective c. faithful d. logical

[11~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

award judge identity standard resident capture

11. who a person is:

12. to catch someone and keep him or her as a prisoner:

13. common and widely accepted:

14. a person who decides the winner of a competition:

37
07
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • What makes a building eco-friendly?

T hese days, architecture is “going green,” as more and more architects design
buildings with efficiency and sustainability in mind. One great example is the
Bullitt Center, a six-story office building in Seattle, Washington, USA. This impressive
building produces more energy than it uses, and it is the new standard for sustainable
Environment 5 architecture.
The Bullitt Center was opened on Earth Day, April 22, in 2013. ⓐ Its primary
READING 1 purpose is to be a good model for office buildings pursuing sustainability. ⓑ The building
has many eco-friendly features. ⓒ Also, solar panels on the roof provide all the building’s
energy. ⓓ For another thing, the elevator is located out of sight and the stairway offers
10 beautiful views of the city, which encourages people to take the stairs.
In summertime, blinds on the outside of the windows automatically adjust
depending on the angle of the sun to manage the temperature inside the building. On
cold winter days, a special heat pump system absorbs heat from deep in the ground. And
then the system transfers this heat into the building, while triple-pane windows provide
WORD FOCUS
15 fantastic insulation.
Synonyms for
The roof of the Bullitt Center has holes that collect rainwater. This water is stored
feature
trait
in an underground tank and is used throughout the building. Even though the building
quality only uses about 500 gallons of water per day, the tank can hold up to 56,000 gallons!
characteristic
Finally, the Bullitt Center has a unique toilet system
20 that transforms human waste into fertilizer.
Thanks to these amazing features, the Bullitt
Center will have its own steady supply of water and
electricity―and will avoid utility bills―for the next
250 years! The building’s creators hope that it will
25 inspire others to embrace green architecture and
take practical action for sustainability.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. more significant than anything else
CHECK
2. to change the position or setting of sth
3. related to the sun
4. a type of chemical that is added to soil to help plants grow
5. a guideline or model that is accepted by people

38
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Understanding the flow
1 What is the best title for the passage? In smoothly flowing writing, all the
sentences are arranged in the right
a. The Bullitt Center: A Green Model for the Future order. No sentences stray from the
b. The Dark Side of Green Architecture topic. So, when reading the passage,
c. New Emerging Technologies for Sustainability see if individual sentences connect
smoothly. Pay special attention to
d. Eco-Friendly Buildings Around the USA
the connections between words and
pronouns.

DETAILS

2 Which is NOT mentioned about the Bullitt Center?


a. how many floors it has b. where it is located
c. when its construction started d. when it was opened

3 Where would the following sentence best fit in paragraph 2?

For example, there is a garage for bicycles but not for cars.

4 How does the Bullitt Center manage the temperature inside the building in summer?

5 Which is NOT true about the Bullitt Center’s water system?


a. The building collects rainwater through the holes in the roof.
b. The tank placed on the rooftop stores rainwater.
c. The amount of water the building uses a day is less than it can retain.
d. It will make the building’s water supply self-sufficient for hundreds of years.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

insulation elevator fertilizer adjusting sustainable rainwater stairs

Eco-Friendly Features of the Bullitt Center


■ a garage for bikes, solar panels on the roof, and encouraged for use
■ Temperature maintenance
- blinds automatically in summer
- a heat pump system storing solar heat
- triple-pane windows providing in winter
■ Water and toilet system
- being collected through holes in the roof
- human waste being transformed into

39
07
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • What would happen if all the honeybees disappeared?

Reporter: Good afternoon, Dr. Kirkland. Recently, the world’s honeybee population has
been dropping dramatically. Strangely, nobody is sure why. Can you please explain the
situation?
Dr. Kirkland: Certainly. Ever since the 1970s, the number of wild honeybees in North
Environment 5 America has been dropping rapidly. But now we’re seeing a similar drop in the number
of honeybees kept by beekeepers.
READING 2
Reporter: I see. What are some possible causes?
Dr. Kirkland: The most likely cause is climate change. Bees depend on flowers, and
the growing seasons of many plants are changing along with the climate. Scientists
10 are trying to find out what kind of effect this is having on honeybees. There are also
some researchers who think that our cell phones are the problem. These phones use
electromagnetic waves, which might be confusing the bees. If they can’t find their way
back to their hive, they’ll most likely die. And finally, some scientists believe that toxic
WORD FOCUS chemicals in some pesticides sprayed on plants are causing the honeybees to die.
Synonyms for
ignore 15 Reporter: Interesting. But why should people care? Without honeybees, we’d have no
overlook honey. But surely there are bigger problems to worry about.
neglect
disregard Dr. Kirkland: Honeybees are responsible for more than just honey. In fact, some experts
believe that if bees were to go extinct, so would humans. This is because bees pollinate
nearly 100 different crops, including soybeans, apples, and broccoli. It is estimated that one
20 third of our diet comes from plants that are pollinated by insects. Without honeybees, it is
possible that we wouldn’t be able to grow enough food to feed ourselves.
Reporter: I see. Clearly, this is a problem that should not be ignored.
Thank you very much, Dr. Kirkland.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. a structure that bees live in
CHECK
2. suddenly and in large amounts
3. relating to both magnetism and electricity
4. no longer existing as a species
5. to help flowers reproduce by moving pollen

40
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the interview mainly about?


a. how honeybees pollinate crops
b. the causes and effects of disappearing honeybees
c. climate change caused by honeybee extinction
d. influences the cell phone has on honeybees

DETAILS

2 Which is closest in meaning to likely?


a. acceptable b. probable c. preferable d. questionable

3 Which is NOT mentioned as a possible reason why honeybees are disappearing?


a. abnormal changes in the climate
b. interference caused by the use of cell phones
c. poisonous chemical substances
d. beekeepers’ poor management of hives

4 According to Dr. Kirkland, what would we not be able to do without honeybees?

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

decreasing pollinate confuse die potential extinct toxic

An Interview with Dr. Kirkland


■ The problem happening to honeybees
- The number of honeybees is sharply .
■ The causes
- The earth’s changing weather is affecting bees.
- Cell phones bees and cause them to get lost.
- chemicals in some pesticides are killing off bees.
■ The importance of honeybees
- They much of the food we eat.

41
Welcome to My Blog

08
U N I T
HOME CONTACT BLOG

WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you like to drink tea?

For many British people, the morning must begin with a cup of tea. Otherwise,
they can’t make it through the rest of the day! It’s no surprise, then, that the UK is one
Culture of the world’s largest tea consumers. In this country, five cups a day is only average
and for some this number is closer to 15 or 20. In fact, during World War II, Winston
5 Churchill said tea was more important to British soldiers than weapons!
READING 1
The British tea habit started as a result of trade with China. In China, the tradition
of drinking tea goes back to 3000 B.C., but it only arrived in the UK in the mid-17th
century. The most common tea during these years was the green variety. However, in
the 19th century, black teas became the preferred type. It was also around this time that
10 a British tea culture started to form. British people developed a practice of drinking tea
with milk and sugar, whereas in other countries people usually drank it plain. Tea was
also consumed at specific times of day and during certain events. Terms like “tea break,”
“tea time,” and “tea party,” which are commonly used today,
were created at this time.
15 British people also got really good at (A) .
You can do this easily yourself. First, select a type of tea that
you would like to try. Here are some popular choices: Darjeeling,
Ceylon, English Breakfast, and Earl Grey. Place an infuser
filled with loose tea into a teapot full of water. For
20 convenience, you can also use a teabag. Boil the
water, and then let it sit for a few minutes. Your tea is
now ready to serve, and you can add milk and sugar
according to your taste!

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. sth used to fight with or hurt sb
CHECK
2. sb who buys and uses things
3. a type of sth
4. the act of buying, selling, or exchanging goods
5. a usual way of doing sth

42
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Inferring meaning
1 What is the best title for the passage? While reading, sometimes you have to
guess meanings. To identify ideas that
a. Various Types of Tea in the UK are not clear, you can use common
b. The Tea-Loving Culture of the UK sense or general knowledge. Also, you
c. The Most Popular Teas in the UK can guess meanings by using some
hints from contexts or situations.
d. An Increase in Tea Drinkers in the UK

DETAILS

2 What can be inferred from the underlined part in paragraph 1?


a. Tea was more expensive than weapons.
b. British people really loved to drink tea.
c. Churchill was against using weapons.
d. The tea trade was more important than the war.

3 How did the tea habit start in the UK according to paragraph 2?

4 Which is NOT true about the tea habit of the British in the 19th century?
a. They usually drank green tea.
b. They put milk and sugar in their tea.
c. They took breaks specifically to drink tea.
d. They enjoyed “tea time” and “tea party.”

5 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. making a proper pot of tea
b. choosing a fine tea to taste
c. naming teas according to their tastes
d. matching each tea with the right kind of dessert

SUMMARY

6 Choose the proper topic of each paragraph.

(1) Paragraph 1 ⓐ the importance of tea in Britain


ⓑ the history of tea use during WWII
(2) Paragraph 2 ⓐ how tea became part of British culture
ⓑ similarities between British and Chinese tea cultures
(3) Paragraph 3 ⓐ the recipe for the most popular variety of British tea
ⓑ instructions for preparing your own British-style tea

43
08
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you know any festival for the dead in the world?

I n parts of Asia, the seventh month of the


lunar calendar is known as the Ghost
Month. It is said that every year on the first day
of the Ghost Month, the gates of Hell open. This
Culture 5 allows ghosts to return to the world of the living
and stay until the gates of Hell close again on
READING 2 the last day of the month. During this period,
people remember their dead relatives and show respect to their ancestors.
The Ghost Month features three important days. On the first day, people burn small
10 items made of paper, representing clothes and money. This is believed to provide ghosts
with these items in Hell. On the last day, people release paper lanterns onto rivers. These
floating lanterns guide the ghosts to the items being offered to them.
The highlight of the month is the Hungry Ghost Festival celebrated on the fifteenth
day of the month. During the festival, a delicious feast is offered to the hungry ghosts. In
WORD FOCUS
15 return for the food, the ghosts bring good luck. According to one legend, a man named
Synonyms for
Mulian worried about his dead mother in Hell. She had to compete with other hungry
offer
provide
ghosts for food. He traveled to Hell on lunar July 15 to give her food. Many people think
give this led to the tradition of offering food to the ghosts during the festival.
present
grant There are some taboos associated with the Ghost Month. People must not step on
20 paper items being burned as offerings. Wearing red or black clothing after 11 p.m. should
also be avoided because these colors could attract hungry ghosts. Finally, people must
not hang their clothes outside to dry, as passing ghosts may steal them.
In addition to honoring the dead, the Ghost Month gives people a lesson about
(A) . Worshiping ancestors encourages respect for family
25 members, while making offerings to ghosts represents the importance of sharing.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to be a symbol of
CHECK
2. related to the moon
3. sth that a society views as bad to do
4. to try to get more than sb or do better than sb
5. a plentiful meal that is held in celebration of a special event

44
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. different types of ghosts in traditional Asian legends
b. a holiday during which people tell scary stories
c. a celebration that brings the living and the dead together
d. traditions that encourage family members to gather together

DETAILS

2 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) People burn items during the Ghost Month in fear of ghosts’ stealing them.
(2) People float paper lanterns on rivers on the last day of the month.
(3) The gates of Hell are closed on the Hungry Ghost Festival day.

3 Why did Mulian worry about his dead mother in Hell?

4 Which is true about taboos associated with the Ghost Month?


a. People must not burn paper items.
b. People must not buy black clothes.
c. People must not wear red clothes during daytime.
d. People must not hang their laundry out to dry.

5 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. religious rituals b. proper behaviors
c. preciousness of life d. funeral arrangements

SUMMARY

6 The sentence below is the first sentence of a short summary of the passage. Choose TWO
additional sentences from below to complete the summary.

During the Ghost Month, the gates of Hell are said to be opened.

a. A man named Mulian started the Ghost Festival in honor of his dead mother.
b. People traditionally burn paper items and serve delicious feasts for visiting ghosts.
c. Red and black, the traditional colors of the Ghost Month, are worn by people.
d. The activities of the Ghost Month not only honor the dead but also teach social
lessons.
e. Ghosts are trapped in Hell when their family don’t make offerings to them.

45
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. The patient will be transferred to a bigger hospital.


a. moved b. treated c. located d. estimated

2. The artist transformed useless trash into a beautiful statue.


a. stored b. changed c. embraced d. buried

3. The situation was clearly worse than ever.


a. extremely b. uncertainly c. strangely d. obviously

[4~6] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. pollinate • • a. extinct
5. take • • b. plants
6. go • • c. the stairs
U N I T

[7~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.


07

7. She was arrested for dumping waste into the river.


a. eco-friendly b. similar c. toxic d. fantastic

8. Prices change according to and demand.


a. system b. insulation c. supply d. utilities

9. the things you really love and want.


a. Pursue b. Avoid c. Inspire d. Adjust

10. There can be some harmful in our beauty products.


a. crops b. waves c. fertilizers d. chemicals

[11~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

cause automatic efficiency sustainable confuse population

11. the ability to make good results with minimal resources:

12. to disturb in mind or make it difficult for someone to understand:

13. the number of people or animals living in a particular area:

14. able to continue without harming the environment:

46
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Americans consume 12 pounds of chocolate a year on average.


a. serve b. produce c. import d. eat

2. I had to select only one person among those people.


a. choose b. hire c. meet d. rescue

3. Children should learn proper table manners.


a. complete b. strict c. appropriate d. genuine

4. The teacher guided the students to their new classroom.


a. caught b. led c. picked d. offered

[5~8] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B

U N I T
5. hang • • a. a practice
6. boil • • b. ready to serve

08
7. develop • • c. clothes
8. be • • d. water

[9~12] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

dry worship weapon represent compete encourage

9. The displayed here were used during World War II.


10. The stars in American flag each state of the country.
11. The players have been for weeks to get medals.
12. This book will your ambition to be an artist.

[13~16] Choose the correct word for each definition.

form release add term celebrate attract

13. to show that an occasion is special by doing enjoyable activities:

14. to start to exist or develop:

15. a word or phrase used to mean something:

16. to make someone or something come:

47
09
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you know how to play chess?

T wo players stare at each other in silence.


Suddenly, one player makes a move. He
captures the other player’s king and wins the
game! The game is chess, and it is centuries old.
Origins 5 It is played on a checkered board, with squares
arranged on an 8×8 grid.
READING 1 You may have played chess before, but do
you know where it comes from? The earliest version of chess appeared in India in the 6th
century. According to a tale, a powerful king ordered a poor mathematician to invent an
10 exciting game for him. The mathematician created a game with two armies, each led by
a king. The game pieces included foot soldiers, horse riders, elephants, and *chariots, all
standing on a board of 64 squares. The goal was to capture the enemy’s king.
The king loved the game and promised the mathematician a reward. The
mathematician cleverly placed a grain of wheat on the first square of the board and asked
WORD FOCUS
15 the king to double it once for each of the other squares on the board. At first, the king
Synonyms for
thought it didn’t seem like much. He ordered his servants to begin counting out the wheat
enemy
rival
grains. As the number of wheat grains continued to double, the pile of wheat became
foe huge. Eventually, the king realized there wasn’t enough grain in the whole kingdom.
opponent
competitor Laughing, he recognized that the mathematician was a (A) .
20 Over the centuries, the game became popular throughout India and started to
spread west. Once in Europe, the game pieces began to develop into a European style.
For example, instead of horse riders and chariots, there were knights and *rooks. By the
15th century, the game had started to resemble our modern version of chess. Although it
was once a game for an Indian king, now it is played by people all over the world.

*chariot: a two-wheeled horse-drawn cart used in ancient battles


*rook: a chess piece that looks like a castle tower

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. with a pattern of squares of two separate colors
CHECK
2. a country or government led by a king or queen
3. to have the similar appearance or qualities as sb or sth
4. a grain grown and used to make flour
5. a prize earned for doing sth well or as requested

48
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. the complex rules of chess
b. the first board game in India
c. how chess was created
d. why chess became so popular

DETAILS

2 Why did the mathematician invent a new game according to paragraph 2?

3 According to the mathematician’s request, how many wheat grains would there be on the
fourth square on the board?
a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 64

4 What is the best word for blank (A)?


a. liar b. fool c. magician d. genius

5 Which is NOT true about chess according to the passage?


a. A player must capture the enemy’s king to win the game.
b. It is played on a board with a checkered pattern of 64 squares.
c. The original game pieces were related to the army.
d. The original names of the game pieces are still widely used.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

servants double spread invent armies led reward

Chess is a centuries-old game played on a checkered 8×8 board. It was created when
an Indian king ordered a mathematician to a new game. The
mathematician’s game featured two on a board of 64 squares. As a
he placed a grain of wheat on the board and asked the king to
it for each of the other squares. The king agreed, but there wasn’t enough
grain in the kingdom to fulfill the request. Over time, chess to Europe
and turned into the modern version that we know today.

49
09
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Have you ever heard of Guy Fawkes Day?

I f Guy Fawkes’s plan had succeeded, we might


remember him as the world’s first famous
terrorist. Instead, every year on November 5
people in Britain make models of him. Then, at
Origins 5 night, they put the models on top of fires and
burn them.
READING 2 What did Guy Fawkes try to do? In 1605,
James I was King of England. He treated Catholics very badly. Tired of the harsh treatment,
Guy Fawkes and seven other Catholics made a plan to kill King James and every member
10 of the English government. They hid a huge bomb under the Houses of Parliament. Guy
Fawkes knew that King James and all the members of the government would be there on
the night of November 5. But when he went to light the bomb, the king’s guards found
him and arrested him.
Immediately after his arrest, the English government declared November 5 to
WORD FOCUS
15 be a day of celebration. Over 400 years later, although the man himself is sometimes
Collocations for
remembered in a more sympathetic way, “Guy Fawkes Day” is still celebrated. People
bomb
a fake bomb
spend several weeks getting ready for the big night. Stores start selling boxes of fireworks,
drop a bomb and people buy their favorite kinds. Everyone collects wood, leaves, and garden trash to
a bomb threat
make bonfires.
20 Traditionally, children take their models of Guy Fawkes―called a “guy”―through
the streets, shouting “A penny for the guy!” If people think it is a good model, they will
give the children some money. The children then spend the money on fireworks.
On the night of November 5, people light fireworks in their gardens. Then they
stand around the bonfire, cooking the traditional Guy Fawkes Day meal―sausages and
25 potatoes. Finally, of course, they put the “guy” on top of the bonfire and burn him,
thinking about (A) .

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to state sth officially or publicly
CHECK
2. unkind or cruel
3. to take sb away for breaking a law
4. having feelings of compassion for sb
5. an object that explodes with colored lights and loud sounds

50
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the best title for the passage?


a. The World’s First Famous Terrorist
b. How Catholics Changed British History
c. The Fifth of November: Bonfire Night in Britain
d. The Unlucky Fate of a Great Hero

DETAILS

2 How did James I act toward Catholics?

3 What is NOT likely to happen on Guy Fawkes Day according to the passage?
a. People enjoy their favorite kinds of fireworks.
b. People make a bonfire with wood, leaves, and trash.
c. Children sell models of Guy Fawkes on the street.
d. Sausages and potatoes are cooked at night.

4 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. the big mistake James I made
b. their anger at Guy Fawkes’s failure
c. a traditional Catholic ritual
d. the crime that he tried to commit

5 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) Guy Fawkes’s plan failed, and he was arrested.
(2) Guy Fawkes was killed in a large fire.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

celebrate bonfire fireworks failed arrested model choose

In Britain, every year on November 5 people Guy Fawkes Day. The story
of Guy Fawkes dates back to 1605, when he tried to blow up Britain’s Houses of
Parliament with a bomb to kill King James I and all the members of the government.
The plan , but people remember it each year by making a of
Fawkes and burning it on top of a . They also light and enjoy
a traditional meal of sausages and potatoes.

51
10
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Have you ever seen an opal?

A ustralia is the land of the opal. This precious


stone is the country’s national emblem for a
good reason: more than 90 percent of the world’s
opals come from a remote central area of Australia
Geology 5 sometimes called the “Red Center.” They are
mined in severe climatic conditions in the desert
READING 1 areas of Queensland, South Australia, and New
South Wales. Despite the abundance and popularity of opals, scientists were unable until
recently to explain exactly how or why so many of the earth’s opals formed in Australia.
10 Recent research findings at the University of Sydney have provided new insights
into the mysterious formation of opals. Around 100 million years ago, an inland sea that
covered 60 percent of Australia began to dry out. This caused extraordinary changes
in the makeup of the rocks, soil, and minerals of the region. Acidity levels in the sea
first increased and then decreased. This helped create ideal conditions for opals to form.
WORD FOCUS
15 Central Australia is known to be the only place on earth where these types of changes
Collocations for
have ever occurred on such a large scale.
reason
Surprisingly, these findings may help us (A) . The
a main reason
a simple reason red-colored dirt and terrain of Central Australia share many characteristics with the
have (a) reason
give a reason surface of the Red Planet. In 2008, astronauts found opal-like deposits on the planet,
20 strengthening the belief that opals may also exist
there. The discovery of opals on Mars could
be the key to further proving the similarities
between Mars and the landscape of Central
Australia. This means that scientists may be able
25 to study biological processes possibly present on
the faraway planet, right here on earth.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. distant from a particular place or most places
CHECK
2. extreme; intense
3. a naturally occurring layer of rock or other material
4. new knowledge or understanding
5. an object or design used as a symbol for sth

52
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Identifying main ideas within
paragraphs
1 What is the best title for the passage? Every paragraph contains a main idea.
a. Opals: Mysterious Hidden Gems This idea outlines the basic point of a

b. Why Is Mars Called the Red Planet? paragraph. The first or last sentence of
a paragraph usually gives us the main
c. Opals: A Link Between Australia and Mars
idea.
d. How Gemstones Form in Desert Areas

DETAILS

2 What is closest in meaning to extraordinary?


a. incredible b. major c. different d. destructive

3 How did acidity levels in an Australian sea change around 100 million years ago?

4 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. preserve the opal-like materials on Mars
b. better understand the environment on Mars
c. save the natural resources of Central Australia
d. copy the biological processes happening on Mars

5 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?


a. Australia supplies the great majority of the world’s opals.
b. Most opals are found in the remote, desert areas.
c. A moderate climate helped form Australian opals.
d. Opal-like deposits were discovered on Mars.

SUMMARY

6 Choose the proper topic of each paragraph.


(1) Paragraph 1 • • ⓐ the significance of possibly finding opals on Mars
(2) Paragraph 2 • • ⓑ introduction to Australian opals
(3) Paragraph 3 • • ⓒ the formation of opals in Central Australia

53
10
U N I T

The San Andreas Fault

The San Andreas *Fault, the boundary between the Pacific *Plate and the North
American Plate, runs along the northern coast of California and extends inland into the

TOEFL southern part of the state. It was discovered in 1895 and named after San Andreas Lake,
which was formed by the movements of these plates.
5 These movements have helped shape the landscape of California in many other ways
READING 2 too. They have created beautiful mountains and valleys. But the San Andreas Fault is also a
cause of much concern. The plates are still moving today, and they make the ground in the
area dangerously unstable.
The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault. This means that the plates that form
10 it are moving past each other. ■ Since they are moving in opposite directions, there is a
high chance of serious earthquakes occurring. ■ This is especially worrisome because the
fault runs through several highly populated areas. ■ Actually, a huge earthquake hit San
Francisco in 1906. ■
Earthquakes are very difficult to predict, but studying plate boundaries more carefully
15 may help scientists develop better warning systems for these natural disasters. The San
Andreas Fault, one of rare plate boundaries on land, is much easier to study than other plate
boundaries, which are mostly found beneath the ocean. Geologists are carefully studying it
and watching for any signs that could help them predict when the next big earthquake may
occur.

*fault: a large crack in the earth’s crust


*plate: one of the layers of rock that form the surface of the earth

1 The word unstable in the passage is closest in meaning to

unhealthy
unnatural
unclear
unsteady

54
2 Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.

It destroyed much of the city and showed just how destructive these plate movements
can be.

Where would the sentence best fit?

3 In paragraph 3, the writer mentions San Francisco

to explain how a transform fault forms


to emphasize the danger of earthquakes
to give an example of an earthquake caused by the San Andreas Fault
to describe one of the most damaging earthquakes in recent years

4 According to paragraph 4, the San Andreas Fault is relatively easy for studying plate
boundaries because

it runs along an urban area.


it has changed the entire landscape of the ocean.
it is not underwater unlike other plate boundaries.
its movements are easy to predict.

5 According to the passage, which is NOT true about the San Andreas Fault?

It extends through the state of California.


It was first identified in 1895 and named after a lake.
Underneath the fault, two plates are moving in the same direction.
It can provide a better understanding of earthquakes.

6  Directions Look at the sentence in bold. It is the first sentence of a short summary of the
passage. Choose THREE answers to complete the summary. Wrong answer choices use minor
ideas from the passage or use information that is not in the passage.

The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that runs through much of California.

Not much is known about its possible effects on this populated area.
The geological activity that it caused has now stopped.
It is located on the boundary between two major moving plates.
There is an increased chance of earthquakes in the areas around it.
Scientists are studying it to create better earthquake warning systems.
Although it has not caused any major earthquakes yet, it may soon.

55
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Mom asked me to separate the trash before disposing of it.


a. bucket b. equipment c. garbage d. luggage

2. Jessica invented a device to help her sister walk.


a. made b. bought c. installed d. witnessed

3. The police officer ordered them to step out of the car.


a. threatened b. shouted c. persuaded d. commanded

4. A huge painting occupies a whole wall of my living room.


a. large b. old c. wonderful d. valuable

[5~7] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
5. light • • a. New Year’s Day
U N I T

6. cook • • b. the traditional meal


7. celebrate • • c. fireworks
09

[8~11] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.

8. I found my bracelet under a of books.


a. board b. pile c. reward d. version

9. The police have the person who started the fire.


a. developed b. succeeded c. collected d. arrested

10. Their goal is to the number of customers who visit them.


a. burn b. include c. double d. appear

11. The president May 1 a national holiday.


a. declared b. treated c. hid d. became

[12~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

servant arrange burn grain modern recognize

12. the seeds from certain plants, such as rice or wheat:

13. to place things in a particular position:

14. relating to or belonging to the present time:

56
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. It is hard to predict exactly where tornadoes will occur.


a. warn b. prove c. investigate d. forecast

2. There is an abundance of natural gas in the area.


a. use b. plenty c. supply d. import

3. An unexpected drought occurred in this region last year.


a. repeated b. continued c. happened d. stopped

4. They sent the child to be raised in a faraway country.


a. distant b. native c. vast d. strange

[5~7] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
5.

U N I T
move in • • a. a belief
6. strengthen • • b. signs
7.

10
watch for • • c. opposite directions

[8~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.

8. There is growing about violence of some mobile games.


a. terrain b. insight c. popularity d. concern

9. There were rich of gold in this region until recently.


a. deposits b. minerals c. directions d. planets

10. The flights were delayed two hours due to weather conditions.
a. biological b. remote c. severe d. mysterious

[11~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

plate precious landscape unstable extend mine

11. likely to move or change:

12. to dig resources out of the ground:

13. considered very valuable:

14. the whole visible part of a certain area:

57
11
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • If you could travel to another planet, which one would you choose?

M ost of us hope that space vacations will become


possible in our lifetime. Imagine it for a moment.
You hop into your personal spacecraft and set off for a
hike on Mars or a star-gazing trip through the Milky Way.
Space 5 What should you take with you? Certainly, you’ll need
your camera and some tasty snacks for the journey. But
READING 1 above all, remember to wear the right kind of spacesuit.
Without it, you won’t survive on some of Earth’s nearest destinations.
Let’s start with Mercury. It is a fun planet to explore, with deep craters and high
10 cliffs. However, Mercury has no air, so you definitely need a spacesuit with plenty of
oxygen. Also, temperatures range from -173°C to 427°C, so wear a spacesuit that prevents
you from freezing or burning.
Next is Venus. Frankly, Venus isn’t a great vacation destination. It is too hot and
cloudy, and its atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. In addition, the pressure of the
WORD FOCUS
15 atmosphere there is 90 times greater than it is on Earth. So, you need a *titanium spacesuit
Synonyms for
to protect you. Without one, you will be instantly crushed.
trip
journey
The safest destination is certainly our moon. Gravity on the moon is around
voyage 83 percent as strong as that of Earth. So you can
expedition
tour easily bounce around and explore. Best of all, most
20 spacesuits work well here. But make sure your
spacesuit has temperature controls. On the moon,
temperatures range from -173°C to 100°C. And you’ll
need oxygen, since there isn’t any air there. But if you
run into any problems, there should be a handy moon
25 base nearby!

*titanium: a silver-white metal that is used as a strong building material

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. a final location where sb or sth is headed
CHECK
2. a hole in the ground caused by an impact
3. to be between two limits
4. protective clothing that lets one survive in space
5. to move in an upward and downward motion

58
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the best title for the passage?


a. The Best Materials Used for Spacesuits
b. The Most Popular Space Destinations
c. The Latest Technology for Space Travel
d. The Right Spacesuit for a Space Vacation

DETAILS

2 Which is closest in meaning to set off?


a. prepare b. carry out
c. depart d. set up

3 How much pressure does the atmosphere on Venus have compared to that of Earth?

4 Which of the following is true according to the passage?


a. The temperature range is greater on Mercury than on the moon.
b. Both Venus and the moon have no air, while Mercury has some.
c. Due to the hot and cloudy air, a titanium spacesuit is crucial on Venus.
d. The moon’s gravity is stronger than Earth’s gravity.

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

freezing extreme atmosphere gravity explore adjust crushed

Mercury
■ no air and temperatures
■ need a spacesuit with sufficient oxygen that prevents
Proper and burning
Spacesuit
Venus
for
■ high-pressure of the that is mostly carbon dioxide
Destination
■ need a titanium spacesuit that can keep you from being

Moon
■ the safest destination
■ need a spacesuit that allows you to its temperature

59
11
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Have you ever thought about being an astronaut?

Y ou’ve probably seen pictures of astronauts in


space. They are floating around and enjoying
the feeling of weightlessness. But is living in space
all fun and games? What is an astronaut’s usual day
Space 5 like?
Actually, on the International Space Station
READING 2 there aren’t any “days.” The station speeds around
Earth so quickly that the sun rises 15 times every 24 hours. However, astronauts must
work and sleep on the natural 24-hour biological clock, or they would soon suffer from
10 non-stop *jet lag. So the astronauts use an alarm clock to wake them up at the right time.
After waking up, it is time to get clean. Instead of taking a shower, however,
astronauts give themselves a sponge bath. This is because, without gravity to pull it down,
water clings to the body. It also conserves water, which is in limited supply on the station.
The astronauts then get dressed and sit down for breakfast. Space food is usually
WORD FOCUS
15 kept in plastic bags and drunk with straws. Otherwise, it will float around. Sometimes,
Collocations for
the astronauts eat regular food, but it is fixed to the dish with straps, and the dishes,
bath
take a bath
knives, and forks have magnets attached.
a warm bath The astronauts have plenty of scientific work to keep them busy through the day,
bath water
bath time but they must also exercise. Human muscle and bone weaken in space, so there is an
20 exercise bike to keep the astronauts fit. And what else must they do every day? Yes, what
about the toilet? In space, toilets don’t use water. A strong bar holds the astronauts onto
the seat, and a fan empties the toilet like a vacuum cleaner.
At the end of their day, the astronauts are ready to fix their sleeping bags to a wall
and get some sleep. Or they can find a window and enjoy the most popular pastime in
25 space―watching the world go by hundreds of kilometers below.

*jet lag: tiredness you feel after taking a long flight because of the time difference

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. normal, typical
CHECK
2. to protect sth from being used up
3. a narrow piece of material like leather or cloth used to hold or tie sth
4. to have pain or discomfort from sth
5. a hobby or sth you enjoy doing when you are not working

60
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Inferring meaning

1 What is the passage mainly about? To identify ideas that are not directly
stated in writing, we can make use of
a. training to be an astronaut common sense or our knowledge of
b. purposes of space research the world. Also, we can guess meanings
c. a typical day for astronauts by using some clues from context or
situations.
d. difficulties astronauts go through

DETAILS

2 It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that usual space food must be .


a. fresh b. healthy
c. delicious d. processed

3 Why do astronauts have to exercise in space?

4 Which is NOT true about astronauts according to the passage?


a. They need an alarm clock to maintain their biological rhythms.
b. They have sponge baths instead of regular showers.
c. They fix their sleeping bags to a wall to get some sleep.
d. One of their important duties is to watch Earth before going to sleep.

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

strapped bar floats weakens conserved clock straw

Getting clean Eating


■ Astronauts take sponge baths. ■ Food is usually eaten from a
■ Water must be (1) . plastic bag with a (2) .
■ Regular food must be
A Day in (3)
to the plates.
Space
Exercising Using the toilet
(4)
■ Living in space ■ No water is used.
muscles and bones. ■ A (5) keeps them on
■ They ride exercise bikes. the seat.

61
12
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you know how car safety tests are carried out?

D ecades ago, people rarely survived serious


car accidents. Cars today are much safer,
thanks to improvements in safety tests. During a
car safety test, a new car is crashed into a wall at
Technology 5 high speed. Inside the car there are passenger-sized
dolls called “crash test dummies.” By studying these crash test dummies, scientists can
READING 1 see (A) in a crash and improve the safety of the car.
Today’s crash test dummies are built to be as much like human beings as possible.
They have ribs like ours inside their artificial skin. They even have backbones made
10 out of metal and rubber. Their knees and ankles are designed to act just like ours do in
accidents. They also come in different sizes; there is an entire dummy family, including
smaller “female” and even smaller “child” dummies.
The dummies have three different kinds of sensors that measure the impact of a
crash. Sensors in the head, legs, and other areas show how fast a body part moves during a
WORD FOCUS
15 crash. Another sensor can record how much pressure our bones can take before breaking.
Collocations for
Finally, a sensor in the chest area shows whether a crash would cause injuries that could
speed
an average speed
lead to death.
at full speed Crash test dummies are very high-tech, but they’re also extremely expensive.
reduce the speed
speed limit Each one costs more than $100,000. A cheaper alternative, however, is being developed.
20 “Virtual” crash test dummies exist only on the computer screen, yet it may be possible to
make them even more lifelike than today’s crash test
dummies. They can easily be altered to resemble
people of any height or weight, and, best of all, they
can be used over and over without being damaged.
25 In the future, they may completely change the way
crash tests are conducted.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. to find the size, length, or amount of sth
CHECK
2. appearing to be alive
3. to come into contact with sth very hard
4. to make slight changes to sth
5. equipment that can feel or sense sound, light, motion, etc.

62
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. how to survive serious car accidents
b. the lifelike dolls used for car crash tests
c. various kinds of high-tech car safety tests
d. the sensor technology adopted for the safety of drivers

DETAILS

2 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. how the engine in a car reacts
b. what kind of cars are damaged the most
c. what would happen to real passengers
d. where passengers are most likely to be

3 Which is closest in meaning to artificial?


a. natural b. beautiful
c. sensitive d. man-made

4 What dose a sensor in dummies’ chest area do according to the passage?

5 Which is NOT true about crash test dummies according to the passage?
a. They are produced in various sizes.
b. They have ribs and backbones like humans.
c. Each of their sensors costs more than $100,000.
d. Virtual crash test dummies can be reused.

SUMMARY

6 Match each topic to the correct paragraph in the passage.


(1) Paragraph 1 • • ⓐ improvements in car safety through crash tests
(2) Paragraph 2 • • ⓑ the development of virtual dummies
(3) Paragraph 3 • • ⓒ purposes of sensors placed in dummies
(4) Paragraph 4 • • ⓓ the human-like bodies of crash test dummies

63
12
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Can you think of anything that was designed based on nature?

T he Eiffel Tower in Paris is one of the most famous


structures ever created by humans. But not many
people know the inspiration behind the design of the tower.
As a matter of fact, the Eiffel Tower is modeled on a human
Technology 5 thigh bone!
Interesting discoveries were made about the thigh
READING 2 bone in the 1850s. Anatomists were studying the top of the
thigh bone, called the head, which connects to the hip joint. The thigh bone head is
specially designed to bear the weight of a standing human being. Its internal structure
10 is made up of many small interconnected *struts like the bars of a cage. This interesting
structure is what enables the thigh bone to support the body’s weight. The engineer
Gustave Eiffel was very impressed with the structure of the thigh bone, and he used it
to design the Eiffel Tower. This structure is why the tower can remain steady in strong
winds.
WORD FOCUS
15 Besides the Eiffel Tower, other human-made structures modeled on nature can be
Antonyms for
seen in many places in the world. For example, the roof of Munich’s Olympic Stadium is
steady
unstable
based on the design of a dragonfly’s wings. It is made up of thousands of tiny transparent
vulnerable sections, giving it strength but also allowing light to pass through. And gecko tape,
unfixed
which is stronger than glue but easily sticks on and peels off, was developed based on
20 the microscopic hairs on a gecko lizard’s toes.
These and other innovations show we actually have much
to (A) . People are beginning to realize
that solutions to many of the problems we face may exist in the
natural world already. All we have to do is find them.

*strut: a supporting bar in a structure

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. able to be seen through
CHECK
2. a sticky substance that is used to join things together
3. the upper part of the leg
4. to plan or shape sth based on sth else
5. a new idea or method which has been introduced

64
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. the creative ability of humans
b. great structures in the natural world
c. innovations following principles of nature
d. protecting nature with modern inventions

DETAILS

2 What is the thigh bone head designed to do?

3 Match each object with the inspiration for its design.


(1) the Eiffel Tower • • ⓐ dragonfly’s wings
(2) Munich’s Olympic Stadium • • ⓑ hairs on a lizard’s toes
(3) gecko tape • • ⓒ top of the thigh bone

4 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. do to protect our planet b. explain to our children
c. learn from nature d. gain by designing buildings

5 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?


a. The human thigh bone is connected to the hip joint.
b. Gustave Eiffel was an anatomist who designed the Eiffel Tower.
c. The Eiffel Tower can stand strong winds due to its structure.
d. Light can pass through the roof of Munich’s Olympic Stadium.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

solutions inspired design exist modeled changes bear

The of the Eiffel Tower is based on that of a human thigh bone. Thanks
to this borrowed structure, the tower can strong winds. There are many
other examples of how nature has humans. The roof of a stadium was
on dragonfly wings, and gecko tape was based on a lizard’s toes. These
examples suggest that nature has to human problems, and we can learn
from it.

65
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. She tries to keep herself physically fit by exercising every day.


a. young b. healthy c. tiny d. weak

2. We turn off all the lights after ten o’clock in order to conserve energy.
a. develop b. produce c. fix d. save

3. His new movie is definitely worth watching.


a. never b. readily c. surprisingly d. certainly

4. My hair clings to my forehead when I sweat.


a. calls to b. looks after c. sticks to d. leans on

[5~7] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
U N I T

5. set off for • • a. a journey


6. hop into • • b. a spacesuit
11

7. wear • • c. a spacecraft

[8~11] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

survive float weaken attach burn instantly

8. White clouds are in the sky.


9. There is a price tag to everything.
10. Your bones can if you drink too much Coke.
11. Emma knew that her son was lost in the crowded store.

[12~15] Choose the correct word for each definition.

gravity handy magnet explore crush atmosphere

12. the gases that surround the surface of a planet:

13. to use force to break something:

14. the force that pulls objects toward the center of a planet:

15. a special piece of metal that attracts other metal objects toward it:

66
[1~4] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Thanks to your call, I wasn’t late for the meeting.


a. In spite of b. Because of c. In favor of d. According to

2. Staying in the sun too long can lead to a headache.


a. result in b. stop from c. deal with d. belong to

3. A few technological innovations have changed our lives completely.


a. chances b. solutions c. directions d. developments

4. We’ve taken a different path that will enable us to get there faster.
a. force b. allow c. require d. prevent

[5~7] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A
B

U N I T
5. make • • a. steady
6. support • • b. a discovery

12
7. remain • • c. the body’s weight

[8~11] Choose the best word to complete each sentence. (Change the form if needed.)

resemble injury impact model conduct measure

8. You don’t your father at all.


9. It’s very difficult to the damage caused by the accident.
10. The educational system of the country is on the American one.
11. The of the earthquake was greater than expected.

[12~15] Choose the correct word for each definition.

passenger virtual inspiration joint anatomist pressure

12. seeming to be real, but not actually existing:

13. a person who travels in a vehicle:

14. a part of your body that can bend:

15. a force pushing on someone or something:

67
13
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you agree that negative thoughts can lead to bad results?

T he placebo effect is a well-known phenomenon. Patients can receive positive


effects from fake medicine due to their expectation that it will help them. But this
can also work in the opposite way. Although it is less commonly discussed, this situation
is called the nocebo effect.
Health 5 According to numerous studies, a significant number of patients stop taking the
fake medicine given to them because of unpleasant side effects. For example, when
READING 1 testing a drug for a chronic pain disorder, researchers gave some of the subjects fake
medicine. They found that 11% of these people quit the study because of dizziness and
nausea. Those subjects expected these side effects to occur, so they truly felt as though
10 they were suffering from them.
The nocebo effect can also occur when patients take real medication. When doctors
tell their patients about the possible side effects of a medication, the patients are more
likely to experience them. Even the specific words that a doctor uses can cause the nocebo
effect. For example, women giving birth often receive a shot to reduce their pain. In an
WORD FOCUS
15 experiment, some women were told that the shot would help them feel better. The others
Collocations for
were told that the shot itself would hurt. Due to the doctor’s word choice, the latter group
effect
reported the shot to be more (A) than the former group did.
major effect
negative effect Because of the nocebo effect, doctors face a difficult decision. On one hand, they
long-term effect
have an effect (on) want to be completely honest with their patients. But, on the other hand, they don’t
20 want to cause their patients to experience unnecessary pain or side effects. Experts
believe that the best solution is for doctors to
(B) clearly with their patients,
but to avoid emphasizing negative things.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. not real
CHECK
2. sb or sth used in a scientific experiment
3. sth that happens naturally in nature or society
4. many; great in number
5. a condition of the mind or body that is not normal or healthy

68
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Understanding the details

1 What is the passage mainly about? Details give readers a better explanation
of what the author is trying to say.
a. a problem caused by taking fake medicine Details can be used to further describe
b. a study that proves the placebo effect is not real the topic or to give examples. When
c. a new kind of medicine without any side effects dealing with detail questions, only use
the information given in the text. Do
d. a psychological effect caused by negative expectations
not infer!

DETAILS

2 Why did 11% of subjects quit the study about a drug for a chronic pain disorder?

3 What is the best pair for blanks (A) and (B)?


(A) (B)
a. terrible agree
b. painful communicate
c. enjoyable interact
d. dangerous interfere

4 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) The nocebo effect is related to reducing chronic pain.
(2) The nocebo effect can be observed when a patient takes either fake
or real medicine.
(3) A doctor’s word choice could affect the degree of pain a patient feels.

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

possible opposite suffering dishonest expectations experiments choice

The Nocebo Effect


The of the placebo effect
■ Patients experience negative side effects due to their .
Ways it can occur
■ Patients are given fake medicine.
■ Patients are given real medicine and told about side effects.
Doctors’ dilemma
■ They don’t want to be with patients.
■ They don’t want to cause unnecessary discomfort.

69
13
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • What do you usually do when you catch a cold?

S neezing, coughing, and dealing with a runny


nose can be very unpleasant! Luckily, having
a cold or other infection that is linked to these
symptoms generally isn’t serious for healthy adults.
Health 5 However, it is important to know whether the cause
of the infection is bacteria or viruses, because this is
READING 2 the key to proper treatment.
Bacteria are responsible for some infections, such as those of the ears, lungs,
*airways, and throat. However, most respiratory infections, including the common
10 cold and flu, are caused by viruses. Bacteria and viruses are very different. Bacteria
are one-celled organisms that divide in order to multiply. Meanwhile, viruses are much
smaller and cannot survive or multiply on their own. They spread by taking over cells
and using them to reproduce.
One of the most important differences between bacteria and viruses is how they
WORD FOCUS
15 are treated. Once doctors do tests to find the cause of an infection, they can figure out
Antonyms for
which kind of medicine to give to their patients. Antibiotics kill bacteria but do not fight
common
rare
viruses. A different type of medicine is needed to stop a virus from taking over cells and
unusual reproducing. Giving antibiotics to patients when they are not necessary can be dangerous.
exceptional
This is because the more bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the more they are able to
20 adapt and build up a resistance to them. When antibiotics stop working against certain
bacteria, it becomes much harder to treat infections caused by them.
Of course, it is best to try not to get respiratory infections in the first place. Viruses
in particular are easily spread because they can survive in the air for some time after
someone sneezes or coughs. They can also be spread to shared objects, such as doorknobs.
25 That’s why regular hand washing is so important.

*airway: the passage that carries air from the nose or mouth into the lungs

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. the ability not to be affected by sth
CHECK
2. related to the body’s system of breathing
3. an illness caused by bacteria or viruses
4. to modify ideas or behavior to deal with a new circumstance
5. to create copies of oneself

70
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. difficulties related to respiratory infections
b. the overuse of antibiotics in humans
c. differences between bacteria and viruses
d. how an infection can become a serious medical problem

DETAILS

2 According to paragraph 1, why is it important to know whether the cause of the infection is
bacteria or viruses?

3 Write T if the statement is true or F if it’s false.


(1) Viruses account for most respiratory infections.
(2) Bacteria can reproduce by themselves.
(3) Antibiotic drugs are effective against viruses.

4 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?


a. which body parts bacteria cause infections in
b. which tests doctors do to find the cause of an infection
c. why the careful use of antibiotics is important
d. how viruses move from one person to another

SUMMARY

5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

bigger regularly causes symptoms kill multiply smaller

■ of respiratory infections
- Bacteria and viruses are responsible for respiratory infections.
■ Differences between bacteria and viruses
- Bacteria are organisms than viruses.
- Only bacteria can survive and on their own.
- Antibiotics bacteria, but not viruses.
■ Prevention methods
- Wash your hands to avoid catching viruses.

71
14
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you think you have a good memory?

H ave you ever felt like you know the answer


to a question, but for some reason you just
can’t think of the right word? This state is known as
“*lethologica,” or the “tip of the tongue” phenomenon.
Psychology 5 One of the most common signs of lethologica is partial
memory. For example, one might know that a word
READING 1 begins with a certain letter, or they might even be
convinced of the number of syllables it has, but they can’t remember the rest. Sometimes,
similar-sounding words come to mind.
10 There are several theories as to why lethologica occurs. The first theory says that
lethologica occurs when the target word is not completely activated in one’s memory.
This could happen when not all the cues normally used to trigger the target word in one’s
mind are present. Another theory suggests that memories of similar-sounding words
block the memory of the word one is trying to remember. The last theory claims that
WORD FOCUS
15 lethologica happens when the memory of a word’s sound becomes disconnected from
Synonyms for
that of its meaning in the mind.
discover
find out
Researchers’ opinions are divided when it comes to the effect of lethologica on
learn memory. Some believe that struggling but then retrieving a memory strengthens one’s
realize
ability to recall it, while others think that this process makes it more likely for lethologica
20 to happen again.
While it might be annoying to have a word on the tip of your tongue, you don’t
need to worry even if it happens to you. It is a natural phenomenon, and researchers have
discovered that it is common for speakers of different languages all over the world. It
doesn’t mean there is a problem with your brain or your memory, so don’t let lethologica
25 stress you out!

*lethologica: a phenomenon in which one is unable to retrieve a particular word from memory

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. not whole
CHECK
2. to bring a memory to one’s mind
3. a situation or condition that sb or sth is in
4. a sound with a single vowel, which forms a word or part of a word
5. to cause a machine, function, or process to start

72
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the best title for the passage?


a. Lethologica: Annoying, but Natural
b. How to Overcome the “Tip of the Tongue”
c. Lethologica: A Rare Sign of Mental Decline
d. How the Brain Stores New Words in Memory

DETAILS

2 Who is likely to be experiencing lethologica? [Choose two.]

Jesse: I can’t recall the answer. But I am sure it has five syllables.
Alice: I think I am good at writing, but poor at speaking.
Claire: The band’s name starts with a D, but I can’t remember the exact name.
Phil: My memory was good when I was younger, but it is failing now.

a. Jesse b. Alice c. Claire d. Phil

3 According to the theories, lethologica can happen when .


a. the memory of a target word blocks that of a similar-sounding word
b. our brain gets too much stress while recalling a word
c. the cues needed to recollect the target word are fully activated
d. the memory of a word’s sound is cut off from its meaning

4 What does this process refer to in paragraph 3?

5 Which is NOT true about lethologica?


a. It is another name for the “tip of the tongue” phenomenon.
b. Its effect on memory is disputable.
c. Speakers of many different languages experience it.
d. It is a signal of a decline in our memory.

SUMMARY

6 Match each topic to the correct paragraph in the passage.


(1) Paragraph 1 • • ⓐ possible reasons why lethologica occurs
(2) Paragraph 2 • • ⓑ researchers’ opinions on the effect of lethologica
(3) Paragraph 3 • • ⓒ why lethologica is a natural phenomenon
(4) Paragraph 4 • • ⓓ meaning and examples of lethologica

73
14
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you usually agree with your friends’ opinions?

H ave you ever been surprised to see negative


reviews of a movie that you enjoyed? This
surprise can be explained by the false consensus
effect. It is the assumption that most other people
Psychology 5 have the same opinions we do.
Many experiments have proven that the false
READING 2 consensus effect is real. In one study, researchers asked subjects if they would agree to
walk around the campus for thirty minutes while wearing a *sandwich board with an
advertisement. The subjects were also asked to estimate how many people would agree
10 or refuse to carry the board. On average, both those who agreed to carry the board and
those who refused estimated that the majority of others would make the same choice
they did.
There are three main causes of the false consensus effect. First, we predict how
others think generally based on opinions of our friends and family, whose beliefs are
WORD FOCUS
15 likely to be similar to ours. Second, believing that other people think like we do makes
Antonyms for
us feel good about ourselves. Finally, we are more likely to notice and pay attention to
refuse
accept
other people’s opinions when they are the same as ours.
agree The false consensus effect becomes stronger when it comes to beliefs that we hold
consent
firmly. For example, if you are absolutely convinced that a certain law will help reduce
20 crime in your neighborhood, then you will be highly likely to believe that most others in
your neighborhood will also support the law.
Do you think the false consensus effect is real? Or do you doubt it? You might
think that others have the same opinion as you. If so, you might be experiencing the false
consensus effect right now! Therefore, try to remember that (A) ,
25 even when it seems like common sense!

*sandwich board: a pair of connected boards that are hung over someone’s shoulders for the purpose of
advertising

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. more than half of a group
CHECK
2. to express agreement with an idea, law, or system
3. basic way of thinking that society expects everyone to have
4. to become aware of
5. to judge the value, size, or amount of sth approximately

74
MAIN IDEA

1 What is the passage mainly about?


a. how we can counteract the false consensus effect
b. why our intuitions often turn out to be correct
c. alternative theories to the false consensus effect
d. our tendency to believe that others think like us

DETAILS

2 What is the false consensus effect according to paragraph 1?

3 What can be inferred from the experiment in paragraph 2?


a. The researchers estimated how many subjects would carry a sandwich board.
b. The subjects were given a reward if they agreed to carry the board.
c. The rate of agreement was greater than that of disagreement among subjects.
d. Those who refused the request assumed that other people would also refuse.

4 Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of the false consensus effect?


a. We often assume how others think by considering the beliefs of people close to us.
b. We have positive feelings about ourselves by believing others think like us.
c. We do not change our beliefs easily once we have them.
d. We pay more attention to the opinions that are similar to our own.

5 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. you need evidence to persuade other people
b. not everyone shares the same opinion
c. your opinions are incorrect most of the time
d. most people do not express their opinions openly

SUMMARY

6 The sentence below is the first sentence of a short summary of the passage. Choose TWO
additional sentences from below to complete the summary.

The false consensus effect explains why we believe people have the same opinion
as ours.

a. The effect hasn’t been proved by experiments yet.


b. Our friends and family often think differently from us.
c. We normally feel good when we believe others think like we do.
d. We easily pay attention to different opinions from ours.
e. The effect gets stronger when we have a firm belief.

75
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Bacteria multiply quickly in moist environments.


a. rest b. move c. reproduce d. survive

2. The woman took her son to the doctor’s office for a flu shot.
a. drug b. injection c. symptom d. prevention

3. The coach emphasized the importance of leadership.


a. showed b. mentioned c. highlighted d. ignored

[4~6] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. treat • • a. birth
5. give • • b. a resistance
6. build up • • c. infections
U N I T

[7~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.


13

7. diseases are ongoing, usually incurable illnesses.


a. Chronic b. Fake c. Negative d. Painful

8. The patient is being treated with and closely monitored.


a. pain b. dizziness c. antibiotics d. infections

9. The quality of the dance performance was beyond my .


a. solutions b. choices c. experiments d. expectations

10. He taught us the way to breathe when doing yoga.


a. former b. positive c. proper d. responsible

[11~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

opposite spread expose organism specific unpleasant

11. completely different:

12. a living thing, especially one that is very small:

13. particular; clearly identified:

14. causing bad feelings:

76
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. These days I have difficulty recalling a person’s name.


a. sharing b. doubting c. considering d. remembering

2. The man has always struggled to escape poverty.


a. tried b. activated c. predicted d. supported

3. Feeding the animals in this zoo is absolutely not allowed.


a. partially b. nearly c. completely d. generally

[4~7] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. pay • • a. the campus
5. walk around • • b. a memory
6.

U N I T
retrieve • • c. a choice
7. make • • d. attention

14
[8~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.

8. Arguments over the election the people living in the town.


a. divided b. proved c. reduced d. discovered

9. I could the change in her feelings by looking at her face.


a. notice b. refuse c. suggest d. agree

10. Climate change is a global to be handled by international cooperation.


a. assumption b. theory c. opinion d. phenomenon

[11~12] Choose the correct definition of the underlined word in each sentence.

hold v. 1. to have something in hands or arms: hold a bag 2. to have a meeting or


event: The festival will be held next month. 3. to be able to accommodate someone
or something inside: This room can hold 100 people. 4. to have an opinion about
something: hold religious beliefs

11. Jamie will be holding his first photo exhibition.

12. A majority of people hold positive views on the movie.

77
15
U N I T WARM-UP QUESTION • Do you know which country ruled India as a colony?

B ritain ruled India as a colony from the 18th


century until the middle of the 20th century.
As a British colony, the people of India suffered a lot.
Indians had almost no power in their own country.
History 5 One example of this unfair relationship was
the cotton industry. Indians worked hard to grow
READING 1 and pick cotton. After it was picked, it was shipped
to England, where it was spun into cloth by steam-powered machines. This cloth was
then shipped back to India to be sold there. Cotton was cheap, but cloth was expensive.
10 Most Indians could not afford to buy the cloth made from their own cotton!
By the middle of the 20th century, most Indians wanted to be free from British
control. At that time many independence groups were started. Some of these groups
were against the use of violence in their struggle. The chosen symbol for their peaceful
movement was the charkha―a cotton spinning wheel.
WORD FOCUS
15 As a means of protest against England, Gandhi, the leader of the nonviolent
Collocations for
movement, made his clothes himself using a new kind of spinning wheel. This new
relationship
a close relationship
machine was cheap enough for everyone to buy and small enough to carry from place
a healthy relationship to place. Gandhi taught Indians how to use it and encouraged its use. These machines
build a relationship
end a relationship became very popular, and Indians were able to spin cotton wherever they were. Often
20 Indians would use these machines in public places where the
British could see them.
By spinning their own cloth, Indians showed
that (A) . They did not need
to depend on Britain. Nor did they need to depend on
25 weapons. Rather, they chose to gain their independence
peacefully.

Choose the correct words for the blanks from the highlighted words in the passage.
WORD
1. a country controlled by a more powerful country
CHECK
2. to be in control of a group of people or a country
3. the act of trying to hurt or kill sb or damage sth
4. the state of being politically free from control by another country
5. to twist fibers into thread to make cloth

78
READING SKILL
V ocab
MAIN IDEA Inferring from the context

1 What is the best title for the passage? To effectively understand the passage,
we need to infer facts that are not
a. Another Lesson from History mentioned in the reading. Some key
b. Until the Day of Independence points are out of the passage and
c. What a Great Leader Left Behind readers understand them through
inference. Knowing exactly what the
d. The Wheel of Peaceful Independence
author is trying to say is important.

DETAILS

2 What happened to the cotton shipped to England according to paragraph 2?

3 According to the passage, the new kind of spinning wheel was .


a. often used in public places b. difficult to carry
c. designed by the British d. sold at a high price

4 What is the best expression for blank (A)?


a. they were skilled at making cloth
b. independence by peaceful means is the best way
c. they could invent a spinning wheel by themselves
d. they could take control of their own economy and future

5 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?


a. The relationship between Britain and India was unfair.
b. The cloth spun in England was too expensive for Indians to buy.
c. Every independence group used the charkha as their symbol.
d. The new, portable spinning wheel was very popular among Indians.

SUMMARY

6 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

rule cloth wheel violent cotton weapon peaceful

India suffered a lot during its days under British but managed to find a
unique way to achieve independence. Indians picked , which was shipped
to England and then resold to Indians as . Gandhi promoted his idea of
independence by encouraging people to use a new, cheap type of
spinning . Indians used the machines to spin cotton anywhere. Rather
than fight the British, they chose to become independent peacefully.

79
15
U N I T

American Slavery

During the 1600s, many European settlers in North America made a living by growing
tobacco, sugar, and cotton on plantations. These plantations were most common in the

TOEFL Southern states. For just 27 dollars, plantation owners there could buy an African slave.
They made fortunes by keeping slaves and not paying them a penny for their labor.
5 For over 200 years, thousands of slaves were shipped over from Africa and sold in
READING 2 slave markets every year. In 1807, the United States government passed the Act to Prohibit
the Importation of Slaves in an effort to end the slave trade. Unfortunately, the law was not
really kept, and slave traders continued to bring slaves to America. By 1860, there were
about 4 million slaves in the Southern states.
10 Life for slaves was very hard. ■ They did backbreaking work for long hours. ■ They
were the property of their owners. ■ These children were slaves from the moment they were
born till the day they died. ■ With such a system in place, it seemed that slavery would never
end.
Despite the awful life of slaves, few tried to escape the plantations. Running away was
15 extremely dangerous, and very few succeeded. Slave owners would hunt them down using
dogs. If the runaway was caught, he or she was badly beaten or even killed as an example
to other slaves.
To be free, runaway slaves had to travel hundreds of miles to reach Canada, where
slavery was illegal. They had to travel secretly, or they would be caught by the police and
20 sent back to the plantations. However, there was a small, secret organization called the
Underground Railroad that helped the runaways by giving them food and a place to hide. It
was a long and dangerous journey, but some slaves did make it to freedom.

1 According to paragraph 2, the Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves

set a standard price for African slaves


couldn’t be established because of plantation owners
encouraged slaves in the Southern states to escape
wasn’t powerful enough to put an end to the slave trade

80
2 Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.

When they had children, they also belonged to the plantation owners.

Where would the sentence best fit?

3 In paragraph 3, the author suggests that slavery

made slaves die young


didn’t allow slaves to keep property
couldn’t be escaped by the children of slaves
encouraged slaves to have as many children as possible

4 The word illegal in the passage is closest in meaning to

cruel proper official unlawful

5 According to paragraph 5, the Underground Railroad was

a railway system used by slaves


a police organization that looked for slaves
a group of people who helped runaway slaves
a hidden route connecting plantations to one another

6  Directions Look at the sentence in bold. It is the first sentence of a short summary of the
passage. Choose THREE answers to complete the summary. Wrong answer choices use minor
ideas from the passage or use information that is not in the passage.

American plantation owners forced slaves to work for them between the 17th and 19th
centuries.

Slave traders made fortunes by bringing slaves to America.


The US government’s effort to stop the slave trade wasn’t successful.
The number of slaves escaping increased gradually.
Slaves were not allowed to read or get an education.
It was very difficult and dangerous for slaves to escape to freedom.
A secret organization helped slaves who ran away from the plantations.

81
WOR D RE VIE W T E ST
[1~3] Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Some adults continue to depend on their parents financially.


a. belong to b. believe in c. deal with d. rely on

2. Smoking is prohibited inside the building.


a. forbidden b. left c. hidden d. encouraged

3. I’m concerned that people doing backbreaking work are not paid enough.
a. uninteresting b. physical c. stressful d. exhausting

[4~6] Connect the matching words in columns A and B.

A B
4. spin • • a. control of
5. rule • • b. cotton
6. take • • c. a country
U N I T

[7~10] Choose the best word to complete each sentence.


15

7. Many studies show that on TV leads to aggressive behavior.


a. symbol b. future c. violence d. trade

8. Don’t touch other people’s without permission.


a. runaway b. property c. journey d. freedom

9. It is to sell tobacco to someone under 20.


a. illegal b. expensive c. enough d. popular

10. The celebrity is active in the to protect animals.


a. trader b. example c. movement d. moment

[11~14] Choose the correct word for each definition.

public fortune slavery importation industry plantation

11. a large sum of money:

12. the act of bringing something to a country from other countries:

13. a large area of land where crops are grown:

14. a field of business that provides a certain product or service:

82
MEMO
MEMO
MEMO
MEMO
MEMO
MEMO

You might also like