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Chapter 21 Study Guide

This document provides an overview of the structure and defenses of human skin, the normal and pathogenic microbiota that inhabit skin, and various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections that can affect the skin. It discusses the epidermis and dermis layers of skin and natural antimicrobial defenses like perspiration, sebum, lysozymes, and fatty acids. Common bacterial skin infections from Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are described. Viral skin infections from viruses like HPV, varicella-zoster, and herpes simplex are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines fungal and arthropod infections of the skin.

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61 views6 pages

Chapter 21 Study Guide

This document provides an overview of the structure and defenses of human skin, the normal and pathogenic microbiota that inhabit skin, and various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections that can affect the skin. It discusses the epidermis and dermis layers of skin and natural antimicrobial defenses like perspiration, sebum, lysozymes, and fatty acids. Common bacterial skin infections from Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are described. Viral skin infections from viruses like HPV, varicella-zoster, and herpes simplex are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines fungal and arthropod infections of the skin.

Uploaded by

Jane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 21 Study Guide

Structure/Defenses of Human Skin

 Epidermis and Dermis


 Perspiration and sebum have nutrients
 Salt inhibits nutrients
 Lysozyme hydrolyzes PG
 Fatty Acids inhibit some microbes
 Defensins

Normal Microbiota of the Skin

 Gram positive, salt tolerant bacteria


o Staphylococci
o Micrococci
o Diptheroids
 Aerobes on the Surface
 Oil is nutrient source
 Anaerobe in hair follicle
o Propionibacterium acnes
 Yeast
o Malassezia furfur

Skin Lesions

 4 Kinds
o Vesicle: Tiny; fluid filled; on surface
o Bulla: Large; fluid filled; on surface; normally burst
o Macule: Flat and red rash
o Pustule: Pus filled; Raised

Bacterial Skin Infections

 Staphylococcal Skin Infections


o Staphylococcus Epidermidis
 Gram positive; coagulase negative; AKA Cons
 Normal microbiota in healthy patients
 Opportunistic infections (in immune deficient pts.)
 See a lot of infections in catheters and other medical devices
o Staphylococcus Aureus
 Gram positive; coagulase positive
 True pathogen; infects healthy people
 It’s a serious infection because…
 Antibiotic resistant
 Leukocidin
 Resists opsonization
 Survives phagolysosome
 Lysozyme resistant
 Exfoliative toxin
 Super antigen

o Staphylococcal Skin Infections cause


 Folliculitis: infections of hair follicle
 Sty: folliculitis of an eyelash
 Furuncle: abscess: pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
 Carbuncle: inflammation of tissue under the skin
 Impetigo: crusting non-bolus sores

o Staph Aureus Skin Infections cause


 Toxic Shock Syndrome: caused by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1; super
antigen
 Scalded Skin Syndrome: AKA bolus impetigo; due to exfoliative toxin

 Streptococcal Skin Infections


o Streptococcus Pyogenes AKA Group A Strep
 True Pathogen
 Beta hemolytic streptococci
 Hemolysins
 Hyaluronidase (break down connections between cells)
 Streptolysins
 M Proteins (exotoxin A)
o Erysipelas: dermal infections
o Necrotizing fasciitis: flesh eating disease
o Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: cause by streptococcal M proteins; binds
to neutrophils; activates neutrophils

 Pseudomonas Infections
o Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
 Opportunistic
 Environmental microbe
 Cause post burn infections; green pus due to pyocyanin
 Seen in CF patients

o Buruli Ulcer
 Caused by Mycobacterium Ulcerans
 Acid fast
 Deep ulcer
 Tropical disease

 Acne
o Comedonal (mild)
 Blocked sebum gland
o Inflammatory
 Propionibacterium acnes: infection of blocked gland
 Treat with antibiotics
o Nodular Cystic Acne (severe)
 Severe
 Treat with antibiotics
 Treat with Isotretinoin to prevent sebum formation
Viral Infections

 Warts
o Caused by papillomavirus
o Can cause cancer; oncogenic virus
 Specifically HPV16 and HPV18
o Can prevent with vaccination

 Pox Viruses
o Small Pox/Variola
 2 Kinds
 Variola Minor: <1% death rate
 Variola Major: 20% mortality rate
 Eradicated by vaccination
 Transmitted by respiratory route
 Contagious
 Potential bio warfare agent

o Chicken Pox Virus (pustules)


 Caused by varicella-zoster virus (HHV3)
 Transmitted by respiratory route
 Contagious; Easily transmitted
 Prevented by vaccination
 Lays latent in dorsal root; can come back years later as shingles

o Shingles
 Reactivation of HHV3 virus
 Complication of shingles is post herpetic neuralgia (nerve pain)
 Prevented by vaccination
 Treated with Acyclovir (lessens symptoms)

o Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Vesicular lesions; Transmitted by contact


 HSV1: Cold sores; latent in trigeminal nerve
 HSV2: genital herpes caused by Herpes encephalitis
 Latent in sacral nerve ganglia
o Encephalitis: can be transmitted through vertical
transmission
o Encephalitis has 70% mortality rate
o Treated with Acyclovir

Childhood Rashes (Transmitted by Respiratory Route)

 Measles
o Get Macular rash (flat) and Koplik’s spots (silvery spots in mouth)
o Complications of Measles: Encephalitis (CNS infection)
o Prevented by vaccination
o Contagious

 Rubella
o Macular Rash
o Congenital infections lead to congenital rubella syndrome
o Prevented by vaccine

 Fifth Disease
o Caused by human parvovirus

 Roseola
o Caused by HHV6 and HHV7
Fungal Infections AKA Mycoses

 Cutaneous Mycoses
o Metabolizes Keratin
o Usually ringworm or tineus
o Usually treated with azoles like miconazole or allylamine
o Fungi Involved:
 Trichophyton: infects hair, skin and nails
 Epidermophyton: Infects skin and nails
 Microsporum: infects hair and skin

 Subcutaneous Mycoses
o More serious than cutaneous mycoses
o Infections usually a puncture wound
o Caused by Sporothrix schenkii

 Candidiasis
o Caused by Candida albicans (yeast)
o Treated with Azoles
o May occur when antibiotics suppress competing bacteria; can cause:
 Thrush: mouth and throat
 Yeast Infection: vulvovaginal candidas
 Fulminating Disease in immunosuppressed people (Rapid systematic
infections)
Arthropods

 Scabies
o Caused by Sarcoptes scabiei
o Burrows in the skin
o Treated with topical insecticides

 Pediculosis (Lice)
o Pathogen: pediculus capitis

Eye Infections

 Conjunctivitis
o Inflammation of the eye
o Pink eye cause by Haemophilus influenza
 3 Kinds of conjunctivitis
o Opthalmia neonatorum
 Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 Vertical transmission
o Chlamydia Trachomatis
 Called inclusion conjunctivitis
 Vertical transmission
 Can cause Trachoma
 Leading cause of blindness in the world
 Infection causes permanent scarring; scars abrade cornea; leading
to blindness
o Keratitis:
 Caused by bacteria, fungus, HSV, acanthamoeba

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