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Physics Activities

This document contains a certificate and project report submitted by Anurag Verma of Class 12 for a school science project. The project involved assembling electrical circuits, observing refraction through a glass slab, and obtaining lens combinations. It describes the objectives, procedures, observations, and conclusions for each part of the project. The report was completed under the guidance of his teacher, Mr. Jaswant Redhu.

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Anurag Verma 12th Med
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57 views

Physics Activities

This document contains a certificate and project report submitted by Anurag Verma of Class 12 for a school science project. The project involved assembling electrical circuits, observing refraction through a glass slab, and obtaining lens combinations. It describes the objectives, procedures, observations, and conclusions for each part of the project. The report was completed under the guidance of his teacher, Mr. Jaswant Redhu.

Uploaded by

Anurag Verma 12th Med
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Anurag Verma of Class 12 (Medical)


successfully Completed the project on following topics -
1. To assemble components of electrical circuit.
2. Refraction / deviation of light through glass slab.
3. To obtain lens combination for specified f.
and report has been submitted from his own collection.

Teacher Signature:……………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel immense pleasure to express my sincere thanks and
gratitude towards Mr. Jaswant Redhu. Its has been
pleasure to work under his able guidance. His constant
encouragement helped me to complete this project report
successfully.

Anurag Verma
12-B
Medical
Aim 1

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus and Material Required

Ammeter, Battery, inductors, Key resistors, voltmeter, a


one way key, a rheostat.

Circuit diagram
Procedure
1. Make Correction of the components such as inductors
and resistors etc. in series with each. other and battery as
shown in Fig
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the component of
measures the current in the circuit.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the circuit
element to measure the potential drop.
4. Make source after compiling above procedure our
circuit should similar to Fig

Conclusion/ Result

The Electrical Circuit is completed after the assembling


procedure of the electrical components.

Precautions

1. All the components should be connected in series with


each other.
2. Make sure that voltmeter is connected in parallel and
ammeter is connected in series.
3. All connections should be neat, clean and dry.
Aim-2

To draw the diagram of a given circuit comprising atleast


a battery, resistor/ rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter.
Mark the components that are not connected in proper
order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Apparatus and Material Required

A battery, a resistor, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a one-way


key and connecting wires, rheostat

Figure 1 Figure 2

The wrong/incorrect diagram for measuring resistance


using ohm's law is shown in Figure 1 In this ammeter is
connected wrongly with positive terminal to the negative
pole of battery. Hence the ammeter shows no reading. The
rheostat is also connected wrongly with its terminal is left
floating. Hence, the rheostat will introduce fixed
resistance in the circuit. However, a variable resistance is
desired in actual practice.
Procedure

1. Disconnect the components that are connected wrongly


in the incorrect circuit diagram.
2. Make the correct connection according to correct circuit
diagram as shown in figure.

Conclusion/ Result

The electrical components assembled as per the corrected


circuit diagram shown in Fig.2 is functional.

Precautions

1. The ammeter should be connected in series with its


positive terminal towards the positive pole of the battery.
2. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel with its
positive terminal towards the positive pole of the battery.
3. If the current to be varied in the circuit, then one lower
and one upper terminal of rheostat should be used.
4. Always plug the key after making all the connections.
Aim-3
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of
light incident on a glass slab.

Apparatus and Material Required


Glass slab (size 10x6 cm), drawing board, drawing pins,
plane sheet of paper, pins, common scale, protractor,
pencil, rubber, cello tape, a sharply pointed pencil, a half
meter scale.

Procedure
1. Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins and drawing
board.
2. Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle
ofthe paper and mark its boundary ABCD.
3. Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line
PQ making an angle i with the normal. PQ will represent
anincident ray.
4. Fix two points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distance of 10
cm or more between themselves.
5. See images of these two pins through face DC and fix
two more pins at points 3 and 4 (10 cm or more apart)
such that these two pins cover the images of first two
pins, all being along a straight line.
6. Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS
throughpoints 3 and 4 to present emergent ray. Join QR
to representrefracted ray.
7. Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle
e. It comes to be equal toi.
8. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at N. Draw RK
perpendicular to PN. RK measures lateral displacement at
d.

Observations
Angle of Incidence, i...............
Angle of refraction, ...............
Thickness of glass slab, t – AD=............ cm
Lateral displacement, d – TU=.............. cm

Calculations

Theoretical Value of displacement d = t secr sin(i-


r)..............cm
Difference between measured and theoretical value of
lateral displacement = ........cm

Conclusion / Result

1. The ray of light emitting out from a glass slab is parallel


to the direction of incident ray, but is laterally deviated.
2. The angle of incident is equal to the angle of emergence,
i.e.i= e.
3. The lateral deviation of emergent ray w.r.t. incident ray
is directly proportional to the thickness of glass slab.

Precautions

1. The Upper surface of drawing board should be soft so


that the pins can be penetrated easily.
2. The all pins must be vertically fixed on the board.
3. A sharp pencil should be used to draw boundary of the
glass slab.
4. The glass slab should be of uniform thickness.
5. To locate the incident ray and emergent ray with
greater accuracy, the distance between pins should be 6
cm to 8 cm.
Aim-4
To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal
length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses,

Apparatus and Material Required


A set of thin convex lenses, one of these is of given focal
length (say 15 cm), (we have to select a second lens such
that the combination gives a single lens of focal length (f.
10 cm), lens holder with stand, a white painted vertical
wooden board with the broad stand, half metre scale.

Theory

1. With a convex lens, the real image of distant object is


formed at a distance equal to its focal length.
2. The reciprocal of focal length in metre is called power
of lens in dipotre (D).

P=1/f

3. If f1and f2 be the focal lengths of the two lenses and F


be the focal length of the combination.
Then, 1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2
For lenses of power P, and P, and combination of power
P.
Then, P=P₁+P₂
Diagram

Procedure
1. White painted vertical wooden board can serve as a
screen.
2.The convex lens (known focal length f₁-15 cm), fixed into
a holder stand is put on the left of the screen. There is
sunlight illuminated green trees at large distance on the
left of the lens.
3. The lens is moved towards and away from the screentill
a sharp, inverted image of trees is formed on thescreen.
4. Distance between central lines of the screen andholder
stand is measured by a half metre scale.
5. The distance gives the focal length of the convex lens
about 15 cm.
6. Replace first lens by second convex lens of required
power and repeat the steps from 2 to 5. This gives the
focal length of second convex lens.
7. Now bring both lenses in contact and repeat the steps
from 2 to 5. This gives the combined focal length.
8. Determine the focal length with another given lens.
9. Determine the focal length of about six of the convex
lenses.

Observations And Calculations


1. Least Count of scale of optical bench =
2. Focal length of first lens L1 = f1=
3. Focal length of first lens L2 = f2=

4. Focal length of lens combination, f = f1f2/f1+f2

Distance b/w Distance b/w Mean


S.No Lens L1 and Lens L2and distance
. screen d2(cm) screen d2(cm) d=
d1+d2/2=f
(cm)
1 F1 =
2 F2 =
3 F3 =

Mean Focal length, f =f1+f2+f3 /3 =

Precautions
1.Thin lenses should be taken.
2.Lenses should have same aperture.

Sources of error
1. Lenses may not be thin.
2. Lens apertures may not be same.

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