MIL

Genre
5 Factors of Print Media
 Entertainment
 News
 Advertising
 Information
 Education
5 Major Division
News Report:
1. Hard News and Soft News
2. Feature
3. Soft News
4. Investigative News
5. Opinion News – Can be found in the editorial
News – Are stories that have a critical importance in the community and in life.
Hard news – Generally refers to up to date or up to the minute news and events that
are reported immediately.
Two Elements:
 Seriousness
 Timeliness
Soft News – Information that is primarily entertaining or personally useful
– Human interest stories
Two Values of Hard News:
1. Seriousness – Issues that are critical in the life or people.
2. Timeliness – Stories of current events. (Ex. Covid, Wars)
Lead – Most important in making a report/newspaper (must be objective type or not
subjective).
Literary Journalism
- It involves narrative technique.
- Form of non-fiction that combines factual reporting with some of the narrative
techniques and stylistic strategies traditionally associated with fiction.
Information Age
 - Evolment of information
- Computer age, digital age, new media age
Industrial Revolution
- Machineries
2nd Industrial Revolution
- Technical or technological revolution
3rd Industrial Revolution
- Digital revolution
4th Industrial Revolution
- Advanced Technology
- 1 or more technology replace with another technology
Abridge Dictionary – Shorten version of dictionary
: No Ethymology, No Transcriptions, etc.
Unabridge Dictionary – Is an edtion that has not been shortened and is complete.
: Ethymology (origin), Trascriptions, Synonyms, Antonyms, etc.

Quiz 1
Which of the following is not part of 'Media Literacy'?
All of the above are part of media literacy.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three general categories in
building media literacy?
Media production practices
Based on your own analysis, which of the following is NOT one of the main
ways of evaluating information found online?
Making sure the source is a governmental agency
It covers processed data and knowledge derived from study, experience,
instruction, and signals.
Information
He critiques the content, delivery, and processing of data. He questions
media and gives great emphasis on the provided evidence whether it is
credible and relevant. He is ____________________.
Critical with Information
Which of the following BEST describes "information literacy"?
The ability to find reliable information
It is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and
compute using written or nonwritten materials associated with varying
contexts.
Literacy
Critically wise, to find what books a library has, you use a _____________
A library catalog
Which of the following terms is used to categorise one-to-many and many-
to-many communication acts?
Mass communication
It is the ability to recognize when information is needed as well as locate,
evaluate, and effectively communicate information in various formats.
Information Literacy
Based on your analysis, which of the following is NOT true of the
commercial forces shaping media content?
All of these are true.
Based on your understanding, which of the following concepts are included
in the Center for Media Literacy’s expanded definition of Media Literacy for
the 21st century?
Media literacy builds an understanding of the role of media in society That’s right.
It is the processed data or data translated into something meaningful and
significant
Information
Refers to the group of consumers for whom a media text was constructed as
well as anyone else who is exposed to the text.
Audience
It is the ability to use technological tools responsibly, appropriately, and
effectively.
Technology Literacy
Refers to the group of people to whom a media text is specifically addressed
because of a set of characteristics that they share, such as age, gender,
profession, class, etc.
Target Audience
It is a set of essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to
engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as
develop critical thinking and lifelong learning skills.
Media and Information Literacy
Which of the following BEST describe Active audience?
Refers to a theory that people receive and interpret media messages in the light of their
own history, experience and perspective so that different groups of people may interpret
the same message in different ways
It is widely known as the ‘new media’ and the most valuable innovation in
the 20th
Internet
Refers to materials, programs, applications and the like that teachers and
students use to formulate new information to aid learning through the use,
analysis, evaluation and production of sound.
Audio Information and Media
It refers to raw or unprocessed facts, figures, and values.
Data
Literacy is about more than reading or writing – it is about how we
________________________
communicate in society.
It pertains to the means and resources being used for creating, delivering,
sharing, and processing information.
Media
You can think of information literacy as having how many components?
5
It is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms.
Media Literacy
Quiz 2
It can be your understanding of the media, how it works, the way it’s
presented and the understanding that it is not all objective or accurate all
the time. This referes to ________________
Media Literacy
This is the ability of an individual, working independently or with others, to
use tools, resources, processes, and systems responsibly to access and
evaluate information in any medium, and to use that information to solve
problems, communicate clearly, make informed decisions, and construct
new knowledge, products, or systems.
Technology Literacy
Understanding the interdependence among people and nations and having
the ability to interact and collaborate successfully across cultures is what
you call _____________.
Global Literacy
It is an informed, critical understanding of the mass media.
Media Literacy
On the 15th-century, he invention of the movable type printing press, books
were painstakingly handwritten and no two copies were exactly the same.
Johannes Gutenberg’s
It is the ability to use new media such as the Internet to access and
communicate information effectively.
Technology Literacy
A media theorist who argued that newspapers also helped forge a sense of
national identity by treating readers across the country as part of one
unified community.
Benedict Anderson
According to him, he described humans as social beings, which means that
they have an innate need to feel that they belong, and with the existence of
social media, it is easy to say that the need is being fulfilled.
Aristotle
In 1810, another German printer who pushed media production even
further when he essentially hooked the steam engine up to a printing press,
enabling the industrialization of printed media.
Friedrich Koenig
It brings awareness of the possibilities and constraints facing the world’s
people.
Global Literacy
Which of the following is NOT a factors that influence communication?
All of the above
Globally literate students are empowered to affect positive change in the
________________.
world.
It is about language, communication and interaction.
Visual Literacy
Which of the following is NOT the basic components of media in
communication process?
interference
It is a concept that relates to art and design but it also has much wider
applications.
Visual Literacy
It is also an understanding of how the world is organized and
interconnected.
Global Literacy
It would couple this with reading literacy in the sense that it’s your
understanding/comprehension of the information presented to you, in any
format, whether it’s reading, television, audio, etc.
Information Literacy
These students have an understanding of and appreciation for the different
cultures, customs, systems and relationships that exist throughout the
world. This refers to __________________.
Global Literacy
This can be your understanding of technology, how well you use it and can
apply it to your everyday life or job, etc.
Technology Literacy
The basic definition of visual literacy is the ability
to_________________________.
read, write and create visual images.
In general, it is the main means of mass communication such as
broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet; regarded collectively.
Media
It is the second key step for all students, beyond language literacy.
Mathematical Literacy
It is also the ability to critically and suitably consume messages in a variety
of digital media channels, to be involved in interactive social media, to
produce and publicize communicative, public messages bearing collective
meaning in social and cultural contexts.
New Media Literacies
In what early decades of the century, the first major nonprint form of mass
media—radio—exploded in popularity?
20th
The ability to know when there is a need for information, to be able to
identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue
or problem at hand.
Information Literacy

Quiz 3
Which of the following is NOT the most main categories of media?
Social Media
What is hard news?
it refers to up-to-the-minutenews and events that are reported immediately
Which of the following BEST describe Information age?
It is also known as the computer age, digital age, or new media age.
A publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or
once a week. 
Newspaper
This revolution going from hand production method to machines, also
know as first industrial revolution.
Industrial Revolution
It is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via
any electronic mass communications medium.
Broadcasting
Which of the following BEST describe a news?
All of the above
In what point of view does news reporting is delivered?
third person
It is a huge advertisements created with the help of computers, and the goal
is to attract people passing by.
Billboards
Also known as technological revolution.
Second industrial revolution
Which of the following BEST descrive the five major divisions of News
Stories?
Hard or straight news, feature, soft news, investigative news, and opinion.
A period in which one or more utechnologies is replaced by another
technology in a short amount of frame.
Fourth industrial revolution
It is a periodical publication which is printed in gloss-coated and matte
paper, and generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety
of content.
Magazines
It is a vast chain of computer networks in which anyone who has access to
computer with interconnection.
Internet
It is also called as human interest stories.
soft news
It is a type of booklet that includes everything about one company – its
products, services, terms and conditions, contact details, address, etc.
brochures
What industrial revolution that brought semiconductors, mainframe
computing, personal computing, and the internet-the digital revolution.
Third industrial revolution
Which of the following elements that BEST describe the values of hard
news?
seriousness and timeliness
It focused on a particular topic or subject, giving the reader a chance to
spread their knowledge about their favorite topic.
books
It refers to an episodic series of spoken-word digital audio files that a user
can download to a personal device for easy listening.
podcast
It is an online place where we can comment, message, or discuss a
particular topic.
online forums
It is used mostly by small companies due to the low cost of advertising
flyers
These are defined as information that is primarily entertaining or
personally useful.
soft news
It is a form of nonfiction that combines factual reporting with some of the
narrative techniques and stylistic strategies traditionally associated with
fiction.
Literary journalism
It is used to advertise a company’s services and products, hung on easily-
noticed sights to attract people’s attention.
Banners
Long Test
It can be your understanding of the media, how it works, the way it’s
presented and the understanding that it is not all objective or accurate all
the time. This referes to ________________
Media Literacy
This is the ability of an individual, working independently or with others, to
use tools, resources, processes, and systems responsibly to access and
evaluate information in any medium, and to use that information to solve
problems, communicate clearly, make informed decisions, and construct
new knowledge, products, or systems.
Technology Literacy
Understanding the interdependence among people and nations and having
the ability to interact and collaborate successfully across cultures is what
you call _____________.
Global Literacy
It is an informed, critical understanding of the mass media.
Media Literacy
On the 15th-century, he invention of the movable type printing press, books
were painstakingly handwritten and no two copies were exactly the same.
Johannes Gutenberg’s
it is the ability to use new media such as the Internet to access and
communicate information effectively.
Technology Literacy
A media theorist who argued that newspapers also helped forge a sense of
national identity by treating readers across the country as part of one
unified community.
Benedict Anderson
According to him, he described humans as social beings, which means that
they have an innate need to feel that they belong, and with the existence of
social media, it is easy to say that the need is being fulfilled.
Aristotle
In 1810, another German printer who pushed media production even
further when he essentially hooked the steam engine up to a printing press,
enabling the industrialization of printed media.
Friedrich Koenig
It brings awareness of the possibilities and constraints facing the world’s
people.
Global Literacy
Which of the following is NOT a factors that enfluence communication?
All of the above
Globally literate students are empowered to affect positive change in the
________________.
world.
It is about language, communication and interaction.
Visual Literacy
Which of the following is NOT the basic components of media in
communication process?
interference
It is a concept that relates to art and design but it also has much wider
applications.
Visual Literacy
It is also an understanding of how the world is organized and
interconnected.
Global Literacy
It would couple this with reading literacy in the sense that it’s your
understanding/comprehension of the information presented to you, in any
format, whether it’s reading, television, audio, etc.
Information Literacy
These students have an understanding of and appreciation for the different
cultures, customs, systems and relationships that exist throughout the
world. This refers to __________________.
Global Literacy
This can be your understanding of technology, how well you use it and can
apply it to your everyday life or job, etc.
Technology Literacy
The basic definition of visual literacy is the ability
to_________________________.
read, write and create visual images.
In general, it is the main means of mass communication such as
broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet; regarded collectively.
Media
It is the second key step for all students, beyond language literacy.
Mathematical Literacy
It is also the ability to critically and suitably consume messages in a variety
of digital media channels, to be involved in interactive social media, to
produce and publicize communicative, public messages bearing collective
meaning in social and cultural contexts.
New Media Literacies
Which of the following BEST describe Information age?
It is also known as the computer age, digital age, or new media age.
The ability to know when there is a need for information, to be able to
identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue
or problem at hand.
Information Literacy
Which of the following is not part of 'Media Literacy'?
All of the above are part of media literacy.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three general categories in
building media literacy?
Media production practices
Based on your own analysis, which of the following is NOT one of the main
ways of evaluating information found online?
Making sure the source is a governmental agency
It covers processed data and knowledge derived from study, experience,
instruction, and signals.
Information
He critiques the content, delivery, and processing of data. He questions
media and gives great emphasis on the provided evidence whether it is
credible and relevant. He is ____________________.
Critical with Information
Which of the following BEST describes "information literacy"?
The ability to find reliable information
It is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and
compute using written or nonwritten materials associated with varying
contexts.
Literacy
Critically wise, to find what books a library has, you use a _____________
A library catalog
Which of the following terms is used to categorise one-to-many and many-
to-many communication acts?
Mass communication
It is the ability to recognize when information is needed as well as locate,
evaluate, and effectively communicate information in various formats.
Information Literacy
Based on your analysis, which of the following is NOT true of the
commercial forces shaping media content?
All of these are true.
Based on your understanding, which of the following concepts are included
in the Center for Media Literacy’s expanded definition of Media Literacy for
the 21st century?
Media literacy builds an understanding of the role of media in society That’s right.
It is the processed data or data translated into something meaningful and
significant
Information
Refers to the group of consumers for whom a media text was constructed as
well as anyone else who is exposed to the text.
Audience
It is the ability to use technological tools responsibly, appropriately, and
effectively.
Technology Literacy
Refers to the group of people to whom a media text is specifically addressed
because of a set of characteristics that they share, such as age, gender,
profession, class, etc.
Target Audience
It is a set of essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to
engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as
develop critical thinking and lifelong learning skills.
Media and Information Literacy
Which of the following BEST describe Active audience?
Refers to a theory that people receive and interpret media messages in the light of their
own history, experience and perspective so that different groups of people may interpret
the same message in different ways
It is widely known as the ‘new media’ and the most valuable innovation in
the 20th
Internet
Refers to materials, programs, applications and the like that teachers and
students use to formulate new information to aid learning through the use,
analysis, evaluation and production of sound.
Audio Information and Media
It refers to raw or unprocessed facts, figures, and values.
Data
Literacy is about more than reading or writing – it is about how we
________________________
communicate in society.
It pertains to the means and resources being used for creating, delivering,
sharing, and processing information.
Media
You can think of information literacy as having how many components?
5
It is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms.
Media Literacy
2nd Quarter
“The medium is the message” – Marshall McLuhan (1964)
While the medium may affect how messages are received, the users’/audiences’ own
background/experience may also affect the interpretation of messages. An important
first step in becoming media and information literate is to understand how information,
ideas and meaning are communicated through and by various media and other
information providers, such as libraries, archives, museums and the Internet. Each
medium has its own ‘language’ or ‘grammar’ that works to convey meaning in a unique
way.
‘Language’ in this sense means the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and
conventions that media and information professionals may select and use in an effort to
communicate ideas, information and knowledge.
Technical codes include sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting. They may
include, for example, ominous music to communicate danger in a feature film, or high-
angle camera shots to create a feeling of power in a photograph.
Symbolic codes include the language, dress or actions of characters, or iconic symbols
that are easily understood. For example, a red rose may be used symbolically to convey
romance, or a clenched fist may be used to communicate anger.
Media languages can also include the repeated use of particular words, phrases and
images, also known as verbal or visual language. When we study media languages, three
main questions should be considered: How are media languages understood by media
audiences? What are some of the major codes and conventions used by people working
in media and information today? Another important question is whether different
persons can derive dissimilar meanings from the same text or piece of information.

Type of Code:
- Technical
- Symbolic
- Written

Codes
– are systems of signs, which can be detected to create meaning.
Media Codes
– Technical, written and symbolic tools used to construct or suggest meaning in media
forms and products.
– generally have an agreed meaning, or connotation, to their audience.
Conventions
– are the generally accepted ways of doing something.
– are expected ways in which codes are organized in a product.
Media Conventions
– are generally accepted ways to use media techniques in media products.
– are rules or generally accepted ways to construct meaning in media products.

Media Codes and Conventions:

Symbolic
– these codes live outside the media product themselves, but would be understood in
similar ways in the ‘real life’ of the audience.
– social in nature
1. Setting – is the time and place of the narrative. When discussing setting you can
describe the setting of the whole story or just a specific scene. A setting can be as
big as the outbreak or space, or as small as a specific room. Setting can even be a
created atmosphere or frame of mind.
2. Mise en scene – is a French term that means ‘everything within the frame’. In
media terms it has become to mean the description of all the objects within a
frame of the media product and how they have been arranged. An analysis of
mise en scene includes:

a. Set Design
b. Costume
c. Props
d. Staging and Composition

3. Acting – portray characters in media products and contribute to character

development, creating tension or advancing the narrative. The actor portrays a
character through examples of symbolic codes:

a. Facial expression
b. Body language
c. Vocal Qualities
d. Movement
e. Body contact
 4. Color – Color has highly cultural and strong connotations. When studying the
use of color in a media product the different aspects to be looking at are:

a. Dominant Color
b. Contrasting Foils
c. Color Symbolism

Technical Codes
– codes that are specific to the media form and do not live outside of them.
1. Camerawork – refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and moved for
specific effects. Aspects of camerawork include:

a. Positioning
b. Movement
c. Framing
d. Exposure
e. Lens Choice

2. Editing – is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and

sound. Editing is generally done for four different reasons:

a. Graphic Edits
b. Rhythmic Edits
c. Spacial Edits
d. Temporal Edits

3. Audio – is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Audio can be diegetic or

non-diegetic. The three aspects of audio are:

a. Dialogue
b. Sound effects
c. Music

4. Lighting – is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively

highlight specific elements of the scene. Elements of Lighting include:
a. Quality
b. Direction
c. Source
d. Color
Written Codes – are the formal written language used in a media product.
– include printed language which is text you can see within the frame and how it is
presented, and also spoken language, which includes dialogue and song lyrics
Media Codes – technical, written and symbolic tools used to construct or suggest
meaning in media forms and products. Media codes include the use of camera, acting,
setting, mise en scene, editing, lighting, sound, special effects, typography, color, visual
composition, text and graphics.
Media Conventions
– Conventions are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are closely
connected to the audience expectations of a media product. Different types of
conventions include form conventions, story conventions and genre conventions.
– Conventions are rules or generally accepted ways to construct meaning in media
products. Conventions are generally accepted ways to use media techniques in media
products.
Form Convention – are the certain ways we expect types of media’s codes to be
arranged. For instance, am audience expects to have a title of the film at the beginning,
and then credits at the end.
Story Conventions – Story conventions are common narrative structures and
understandings that are common in story telling media products. Examples:
a. Narrative structures
b. Cause and Effect
c. Character construction
d. Point of View
Genre Conventions – Genre conventions point to the common use of tropes,
characters, settings, or themes, in a particular type of medium. Genre conventions are
closely linked with audience expectations. Genre convention can be formal or thematic.

 Difference between Conventions and Codes: A code is a visual, audio or technical

element that an audience has learnt to imply meaning. Conventions are recurring
elements that group together to make a GENRE.

Grammar of the Shot/Camera

1. Elements of the shot
1. Motivation – is that part of the shot which gives the editor the reason, or
motivation to cut another shot.
 2. Information – Each shot should have new information for the audience,
which should be additional to the last piece of information.
3. Composition – a shot is composed; is made up of:
a. Framing – The illusion of depth. (Convergence, relative size, density,
juxtaposition, and color). The subjects or objects within the frame.
4. Sound
5. Camera Angle – Each new shot should have a new camera angle for
three reasons;
a. To increase the possibility of new information
b. To increase the possibility of shots editing together
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 The 180’ Rule – the action of the subject/s is in the center of a circle and that
the diameter of that circle passes through the action, and shooting is permitted
within 180 degrees of one side of the circle only.
 The 30’ Rule – when taking shots of the action within the 180’ arc, the camera
should never be placed less than 30’ from the last position of the camera.
(Otherwise shots will look the same)

6. Continuity – Is maintaining the established flow of visual and aural

production detail between takes, shots, and scenes.
a. Content continuity
b. Movement continuity
c. Position continuity
d. Sound continuity
e. Dialogue continuity

2. Types of Shot

The Simple Shot – A shot composed of a subject or object made without

any movement of the lens, pan, tilt, or tripod (locking the camera off).

The Complex Shot – This is a shot composed of a moving subject or object

made with movement of either the lens or the pan and tilt head, or both.
Complex means consisting of several closely connected parts; subject
movement, lens focus, lens focal length, pan and tilt. The movement can
either be singular or in any combination.

The Developing Shot – This is a shot composed of a moving subject or

object made with movement either of subject, pan, or tilt, lens, camera
mounting or all. Developing means the act of starting with one thing and
changing to another. The viewpoint starts in one position and ends in another.
 Shot Definitions – shot definition are divided in to either, those related to
people in the frame or those related to objects in the frame.

Framing – framing is the process of selecting a part of a view in order to

isolate it and give it emphasis. Ratio of 4:3 or 16:9.

Composition – composition is the arrangement of the objects or people

within the frame. Its use in film and TV is to create the third dimension,
namely depth, within the frame.

Subject Position
Three main reference positions of a single subject; Headroom, Nose Room
(or Looking Room), Foot Room [Mixed Reference Positions]
- When there are a number of people within the frame, they can be shot with mixed
reference positions. A mixture of ‘eye lines’ or ‘eye directions can aid composition
and ‘make a story’ within the picture. The positioning of people within a frame is
a skill and without it, compositions may look mundane and unconvincing.

The Grammar of Film

Bird’s Eye View – is usually taken from above, at a very strange angle.
Whatever the object is you are taking is made to look significant.

High Angle – Could be mistaken for a Bird’s Eye View, but is not as extreme.
High angles make the object seem smaller and less significant.

Eye Angle – The eye angle is a very neutral shot. Usually a shot that is taken
level with the object or human.

Low Angle – The angle is typically shot at a position lower than the object
and the camera facing upward.

Olique Angle – An angle where it is never at 90 degrees. This angle can be

obtuse or acute and also is tilted or slanted upward. A hand-held camera is
often used for this of angled shot.