Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Flexural Analysis & Design of Beam Part6

Flexural Analysis & Design of T-Section
 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 1 of 17
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs and beams that are
placed monolithically. As a result, the two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the
beams have extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and the resulting T-shaped beams
are called T beams. The part of a T beam below the slab is referred to as the web. (The
beams may be L shaped if the stem is at the end of a slab.)

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Page 2 of 17
Effective Flange Width (be)
In a T-section, if the flange is very wide, the
compressive stresses are at a maximum value at
points adjacent to the beam and decrease
approximately in a parabolic form to almost 0 at a
distance x from the face of the beam. Stresses also
vary vertically from a maximum at the top fibers of
the flange to a minimum at the lower fibers of the
flange. This variation depends on the position of the
neutral axis and the change from elastic to inelastic
deformation of the flange along its vertical axis. An
equivalent stress area can be assumed to represent the stress distribution on the width
(b) of the flange, producing an equivalent flange width, (be), of uniform stress.

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 3 of 17
ACI code Provisions for Estimate (be)…...ACI 8.12
The ACI Code definitions for the effective compression flange width for T- and inverted L-
shapes in continuous floor systems are illustrated in figure below

Isolated beams, in which the T-shape is used to provide a flange for additional
compression area, shall have a flange thickness (ACI 8.12.4)
1
)ℎ ≥
2
) ≤ 4

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 4 of 17
Various Possible Geometric of T-beam

A beam does not really have to look like a T beam to be one. This fact is shown by the
beam cross sections shown in Figure below. For these cases the compression concrete is T
shaped, and the shape or size of the concrete on the tension side, which is assumed to be
cracked, has no effect on the theoretical resisting moments.

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 5 of 17
Analysis of T-section
The neutral axis of a T beam may be either in the flange or in the web, depending upon
the proportions of the cross section, the amount of tensile steel, and the strengths of the
materials.
If the calculated depth to the neutral axis is less than or equal to the flange thickness hf ,
the beam can be analyzed as if it were a rectangular beam of width equal to bf , the
effective flange width.
When the neutral axis is in the web, as in Fig. blow (b), the preceding argument no longer
valid. In this case, methods must be developed to account for the actual T-shaped
compressive zone.

Case 1: ≤ ℎ ℎ .

=0 → =!

"# $ = 0.85 $'( )

"# $
→ = ≤ℎ
0.85 $'( )

$
∅M, = ∅ - ).
/
$ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
Or

∅M, = ∅ "# $ 4. − 5
2

"#
-=
) .

$'( 0.003
-678. = 0.85 9:
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
B$'( 1.4
-6>?. = @ . $ A ∗ ∗ D
4$ ) $ )

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> ℎ ℎ − .
Page 6 of 17
Case 2:

The analysis of T-section is similar to that in doubly reinforcement.

ℎ
F? = F?: + F?/ = [H"# − "# I$ ∗ H. − J2I + "# $ (. − J )]
2

=0 $ $

0.85$'( ( − )∗ℎ
"# $ = 0.85$'( ( ) − )∗ℎ → "# =
)
$

=0 $ L

("# − "# ) $
("# − "# ) $ = 0.85$'( ∗ → =
0.85$'(
=========================================================================================

"# "#
Balance Steel Ratio for T-beam
-= ; - =
. .
$'( 600
-N = 0.85 +-
$ 600 + $
=========================================================================================

$'( 0.003
Maximum Steel Ratio for T-beam
- 678. = 0.85 9: +-
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
=========================================================================================

B$ ( 1.4
Minimum Steel Ratio for T-beam

- 6>?. = @ . $ A ' D
4$ $

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 7 of 17
EX: : A series of reinforced concrete beams spaced at 1.5 m face to face have a simply

thick. The effec<ve depth = 538 mm, web width =300mm, fQ( =28 Mp, fy = 420 Mpa.
supported span of 7.0m. The beams support a reinforced concrete floor slab of 75mm.

Calculate the bending moment capacity of interior beam.

Solution:

= = 1750@@
1- Find the
U WXXX
T V V
+ 16 ℎ = 300 + (16 ∗ 75) = 1500@@ control
S
be=
+ = 300 + = 1800 @@
#Z [#\ :]XX[:]XX
R / /
2- Check if the section T or rectangular.
"# $ 1964 ∗ 420
= = = 23.1 @@ ^ ℎ (75@@)
0.85 $'( ) 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1500
→
3- Find the moment capacity as previously discussed
" 1964
-= = = 0.00243
. 1500 ∗ 538
$'( 0.003
-678. = 0.85 9: = 0.0206
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
B$ ( 1.4
-6>?. = @ . $ A ' ∗ ∗ D = (0.00063, 0.00066)
4$ ) $ )

-6>?. ^ - ^ -678.
$'( 0.003
-` = 0.85 9: = 0.018 > - = 0.00243 → ∅ = 0.9
$ (0.003 + 0.005)
$
Ma = ∅ - ) . / $ 01 − 0.59 ( -3
$'
420
Ma = 0.9 ∗ 0.00243 ∗ 1500 ∗ 538/ ∗ 420 01 − 0.59 0.002433 ∗ 10bc
28
= 390.2 de. @

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 8 of 17

EX: Determine the

moment capacity of
exterior beam of floor
system shown in Fig.
The beam have clear
=
fhg
fi
span 6.0 m and
Mpa
/X
VXX

Solution:

T :/ + = :/ + 300 = 800@@
U cXXX

+ 6 ℎ = 300 + (6 ∗ 120) = 1020@@

Control As=4825.5 mm2

S
1- Find the be=
+ / = 300 + / = 1400 @@
# //XX
R
d =670- 40- 10 -32-25/2 =
575.5 mm (2 layer)
2- Check if the section T or Rectangular

"# $ 4825.5 ∗ 400

= = = 141.9 @@ > ℎ (120@@) → −
0.85 $' ) 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 800
(

3- Find "#
0.85 $'( ( ) − )ℎ 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ (800 − 300) ∗ 120
"# = = = 2550 @@/
$ 400

(" − " $ ) $ (4825.5 − 2550)400

4- Find (a)

= = = 178.47 @@
0.85$'( 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 300
5- Find strength redaction factor ø
.` − !
l` = 0.003 ∗ 0 3
!
32
.` = 670 − 40 − 10 − 0 3 = 604 @@, = 9: ! → ! = = 209.96 @@
2 9:
604 − 209.96
l` = 0.003 ∗ 0 3 = 0.00563 , l` > 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9
209.96
6- Calculate the moment capacity
ℎ
∅F? = ∅[H"# − "# I$ ∗ H. − J2I + "# $ (. − J2)]
∅F? = 0.9m(4825.5 − 2550) ∗ 400 ∗ H575.5 − 178.47J2I + 2550 ∗ 400 H575.5 − 120J2In ∗ 10bc
= 871.5 de. @

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Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 9 of 17
Design of T Beams for Positive Moments
Design Procedure
1- Establish (H) based on serviceability requirement and calculate (d).
2- Choose (bw) (2-3) of (d).

Calculate (As) assume that a ≤ hf with beam width (be) and ø =0.9 and then check.
3- Find (be) according to ACI requirement.

Ma = ∅M,
4-

fy Ay fy
∅M, = ∅ ρ br d/ fy 01 − 0.59 ρ3 → find As → a=
fQ( 0.85 fQ( br
5- If a ≤ hf → the assumption is right and continu as rectangular section
If a > hf → the assumption is wrong and continu as T − section

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Page 10 of 17

…† (‡), = 300 @@, . = 550 @@, $'( = 28Fˆ . $ = 420 Fˆ

EX: A floor system consists of 140 mm concrete slab supported by continuous beam with:

Determine the steel reinforcement required at mid span of interior beam to resist service
dead load moment =320kN.m and service live load moment =250kN.m in the following
case:
1- L= 8 m.
2- L =2 m.

Solution:

F‰ = 1.2FŠ + 1.6FU
Case 1: L= 8m

F‰ = 1.2 ∗ 320 + 1.6 ∗ 250 = 784de. @

1- Find the
= = 2000@@
U ‹XXX
T V V
+ 16 ℎ = 300 + (16 ∗ 140) = 2540@@
S
be=
+ Z/ \ = 300 + = 3300 @@
# [# ŒXXX[ŒXXX
R /
2- Calculate (As) assume that a = hf with beam width (be) and ø =0.9 and then check.
$
Ma = ∅ - ).
/
$ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
420
784 ∗ 10c = 0.9 ∗ - ∗ 2000 ∗ 550/ ∗ 420 01 − 0.59 -3 → - = 0.00354
28
" = - ) . = 0.00354 ∗ 2000 ∗ 550 = 3894 @@/

"# $ 3894 ∗ 420

3- Check the assump<on in (2)
= = = 34.35 @@ ^ ℎ = 140 @@ ℎ d
0.85 $'( ) 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 2000
The assumption is right and continuo as rectangular section.
-678. = 0.85 9: = 0.0206
h
• X.XXŒ
Ž (X.XXŒ[X.XXV)
B$'( 1.4
-6>?. = @ . $ A ∗ ∗ D = (0.0005)
4$ ) $ )

-6>?. = (0.0005) ^ - = (0.00345) ^ -678. = (0.0206)

$'( 0.003
-` = 0.85 9: = 0.018 > - → ∅ = 0.9
$ (0.003 + 0.005)
" = 3894 @@/ , 8∅25 @@ L
300 − 2 ∗ 40 − 2 ∗ 10 − 4 ∗ 25
= = 33.3 > 25 @@ d
4−1

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 11 of 17

= = 500@@
Case 2: L=2 m
U /XXX
T V V
+ 16 ℎ = 300 + (16 ∗ 140) = 2540@@
S
1- Find the be=
+ = 300 + = 3300 @@
#Z [#\ ŒXXX[ŒXXX
R / /
2- Calculate (As) assume that = ℎ with beam width (be) and ø =0.9 and then
check.
$
Ma = ∅ - ).
/
$ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
420
784 ∗ 10c = 0.9 ∗ - ∗ 500 ∗ 550/ ∗ 420 01 − 0.59 -3 → - = 0.0159
28
" = - ) . = 0.0159 ∗ 500 ∗ 550 = 4373 @@/

"# $ 4373 ∗ 420

3- Check the assump<on in (2)
= = = 154.3 @@ > ℎ = 140 @@ ℎ
0.85 $'( ) 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 500

4- Find "# then find F‰

The assumption is incorrect and continuo as T- section.

0.85$ ( − L ) ∗ ℎ$
′
"# $ = 0.85$ ( − L ) ∗ ℎ$ → "# =
′
= 1587 @@/
$
ℎ$J
F‰ = ∅ "# $ 4. − 25 = 288 de. @
F‰,`•`7‘ = F $ +F L →F L = F‰,`•`7‘ − F $ = 784 − 288 = 496 de. @

$
Ma = ∅ - . / $ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
420
496 ∗ 10c = 0.9 - 300 ∗ 550/ ∗ 420 01 − 0.59 -3 → - = 0.017
28
"# = - . = 0.017 ∗ 300 ∗ 550 = 2805 @@/
"# = " $ +" L = 1587 + 2805 = 4392 @@/

5- Check the limit of steel reinforcement

"# 4392
-= = = 0.0266
. 300 ∗ 550
$'( 0.003
- 678. = 0.85 9: +-
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
28 0.003 1587
- 678. = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 + = 0.03
420 (0.003 + 0.004) 300 ∗ 550
B$ ( 1.4
- 6>?. = @ . $ A ' D = 0.0033
4$ $
$'( 0.003
- ` = 0.85 9: + - = 0.0276 > - = 0.0266 → ∅ = 0.9
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
-6>?. = (0.0033) ^ - = (0.0266) ^ -678. = (0.03)
6- Sketch the section and show detail

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 12 of 17
Design of T Beams for Negative Moments
When T beams are resisting negative moments, their flanges will be in tension and the
bottom of their stems will be in compression, as shown in Figure. Obviously, for such
situations, the rectangular beam design formulas will be used. Sec<on 10.6.6 of the ACI
Code requires that part of the flexural steel in the top of the beam in the negative-
moment region be distributed over the effective width of the flange or over a width equal
to one-tenth of the beam span, whichever is smaller. Should the effective width be
greater than one-tenth of the span length, the code requires that some additional
longitudinal steel be placed in the outer portions of the
flange. The intention of this part of the code is to
minimize the sizes of the flexural cracks that will occur
in the top surface of the flange perpendicular to the
stem of a T beam subject to negative moments.

In Sec<on 3.8, it was stated that if a rectangular section

had a very small amount of tensile reinforcing, it's
design-resisting moment, φMn, might very well be less than its cracking moment. If this
were the case, the beam might fail without warning when the first crack occurred. The
same situation applies to T beams with a very small amount of tensile reinforcing.
When the flange of a T beam is in tension, the amount of tensile reinforcing needed to
make its ultimate resisting moment equal to its cracking moment is about twice that of a
rectangular section or that of a T section with its flange in compression. As a result, ACI
Sec<on 10.5.1 states that the minimum amount of reinforcing required equals the larger

B$ ( 1.4
of the two values that follow:

- 6>?. = @ . $ A ' D
4$ $
For statically determinate members with their flanges in tension, (bw) in the above
expression is to be replaced with either (2bw) or the width of the flange, whichever is
smaller.

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 Lec. Flexural Analysis & Design of Beams
Page 13 of 17

ultimate load of 15kN/m2, use$'( = 28Fˆ . $ = 400 Fˆ . Design the flexural

Ex: The floor system shown below having 200 mm slab thickness, support uniform

reinforcement for interior beam A, B and C.

Solution

1- Find the load transformed from slab to beam

de
L‰ = 15
@/
‡J = 12.3J = 3 > 2 → L
… 4
Lℎ :‡= ℎ $ ,… = L . ℎ $
, ℎ .L $ @ .$ @ @ ℎ L L

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Page 14 of 17

4 4
L‰ $ @ = L‰ $ ∗4 + 5 = 15 ∗ 0 + 3 = 60 de/@
: /
2 2 2 2
Self-weight of beam =1.2*(0.6*0.3*24) =5.2 kN/m
The beam support (60+5.2) =65.2kN/m
2- Find the ultimate moment supported beam

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Page 15 of 17
3- Design the sec<ons 1,2 and 3
a. Sec<on 1-1 F‰ b = = 146.7 de. @
™ ‘\
:c
$
Ma = ∅ - ).
/
$ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
400
146.7 ∗ 10c = 0.9 ∗ - ∗ 300 ∗ 538/ ∗ 400 01 − 0.59 -3
28
→ - = 0.00475
$'( 0.003
-678. = 0.85 9: = 0.0217
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
B$ ( 1.4
-6>?. = @ . $ A ' D = (0.0035)
4$ $

-6>?. = (0.0035) ^ - = (0.00475) ^ -678. = (0.0217)

$'( 0.003
-` = 0.85 9: = 0.0189 > - → ∅ = 0.9
$ (0.003 + 0.005)
" = 767 @@/ , 4∅16 @@
Sec<on 10.6.6 of the ACI Code requires that part of the flexural steel in the top of the
beam in the negative-moment region be distributed over the effective width of the flange
or over a width equal to one-tenth of the beam span, whichever is smaller.

= = 1500@@
U cXXX
T V V
+ 16 ℎ = 300 + (16 ∗ 200) = 3500@@
S
Find the be=
+ = 300 + = 4300 @@
#Z [#\ VXXX[VXXX
R / /

= 600@@)
‘
:X
The steel reinforcement will be distributed over the min. of (be=1500mm,

= = 179 > 25 @@ d
cXXbV∗:c
Vb:

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b. Section 2-2 F‰ [ = ™‘
= 167.65 de. @
\
Page 16 of 17

:V
1- Find the
= = 1500@@
U cXXX
T V V
+ 16 ℎ = 300 + (16 ∗ 200) = 3500@@
S
be=
+ = 300 + = 4300 @@
#Z [#\ VXXX[VXXX
R / /
2- Calculate (As) assume that a = hf with beam width (be) and ø =0.9 and then check.
$
Ma = ∅ - ).
/
$ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
400
167.65 ∗ 10c = 0.9 ∗ - ∗ 1500 ∗ 538/ ∗ 400 01 − 0.59 -3 → - = 0.00108
28
" = - ) . = 0.00108 ∗ 1500 ∗ 538 = 871.56 @@/
3- Check the assump<on in (2)
"# $ 871.56 ∗ 400
= = = 9.76 @@ ^ ℎ = 200 @@ d
0.85 $'( ) 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1500
The assumption is right and continuo as rectangular section.
$'( 0.003
-678. = 0.85 9: = 0.02017
$ (0.003 + 0.004)

B$ ( 1.4
-6>?. = @ . $ A ' ∗ ∗ D = (0.0007)
4$ ) $ )

-6>?. = (0.0007) ^ - = (0.00108) ^ -678. = (0.0217)

$'( 0.003
-` = 0.85 9: = 0.0189 > - → ∅ = 0.9
$ (0.003 + 0.005)
" = 871.56 @@/ , 5∅16 @@
300 − 2 ∗ 40 − 2 ∗ 10 − 5 ∗ 16
= = 30 > 25 @@ d
5−1

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c. Section 3-3 F‰ b = ™‘
= 260.8 de. @
\
Page 17 of 17

š
$
Ma = ∅ - ).
/
$ 01 − 0.59 -3
$'(
400
260.8 ∗ 10c = 0.9 ∗ - ∗ 300 ∗ 538/ ∗ 400 01 − 0.59 -3
28
→ - = 0.00903
$'( 0.003
-678. = 0.85 9: = 0.0217
$ (0.003 + 0.004)
B$ ( 1.4
-6>?. = @ . $ A ' D = (0.0035)
4$ $

-6>?. = (0.0035) ^ - = (0.00903) ^ -678. = (0.0217)

$'( 0.003
-` = 0.85 9: = 0.0189 > - → ∅ = 0.9
$ (0.003 + 0.005)
" = 1457.44 @@/ , 8∅16 @@ L

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