Jealous of the latest Amigas?

No
need! Jolyon Ralph explains how
to transform your A500 or 500
Plus into an A 1200 (almost).
Then we look at accelerators that something
On later boards this text (or
similar) is printed below the
machine Amiga 500s. You can replace this
with the newer "Super Denise" for
can beef up any model of Amiga. floppy disk drive. Check this text and it
will tell you the revision number, either
more screen modes - see below.
• 8373. This is the newer "Super
these modifications remember the rev 5 or rev 6a. Amiga 500 Plus owners Denise" chip, fitted to the Amiga
ow that Commodore
following: opening and fiddling with have revision 8a motherboards. 5C Plus and a very few later

N
have launched their new Note down the revision of your A500s.
your machine will void any warranty,
wonder machine, the
and if anything goes wrong you only motherboard - this will be important Note down the version of both the
Amlga 1200, many A500
have yourself to blame. Neither the when you're considering what you want Agnus and Denise chips - these
owners may be feeling a to attempt. will both become important later on
author nor Amiga Shopper can be
little left out of things. Is
responsible for any damage you do
It time to get rid of the old 500 or Is
there life left In It yet?
to yourself or your machine by HOW FAT IS YOUR AGNUS? KICKSTART
following these procedures. Next, examine the square chip in the The most obvious difference
Don't despair! Not only is the A500 a
fine machine that is still up to most tasks VERY IMPORTANT WARNING: middle of your Amiga - on most betwee the A500 and the new
you're likely to want to throw at it, but Always disconnect your Amiga from machines labelled "Fat Agnus", or on Amiga 1200 is the new Kickstart,
one of its great pluses is that, if you do the mains before carrying out any earlier machines U2 - and check the the ROMresident part of the
find you want more from it, it is easily modifications - 240 volts can kill. number on the top. operating system used to load or
expandable. "bootstrap" the rest of the
Over the next few pages you will SITTING COMFORTABLY? e 8370 or 8371 means you have an operating system, Workbench from
find modifications and expansions to THEN WE'LL BEGIN early Fat Agnus chip which won't allow disk. The A500 was supplied with
upgrade your old 500 so you won't be any more than 512K (half a megabyte) either Kickstart 1.2 or 1.3, and the
Unfortunately, the only way to tell
left out in the future. Most of these of Chip RAM. If you want to take A1200 has Kickstart 3.0 fitted <
modifications apply only to the Amiga what you can fit on your circuit board
advantage of graphics and desktop standard.
500. Some will work on the Amiga 500 is to open up your machine and have publishing programs to the fullest, it's a Kickstart 3.0 is based on
Plus. The newer Amigas, the 600 and a look. Opening your Amiga 500 is good idea to replace this with the 8372A Kickstart 2.04 (which is found in
1200, are in too many respects not difficult. See the diagram at the chip. the A500 Plus and A600).
radically different machines, so this bottom left for instructions on Although there are considerable
section does not apply to them. If you removing the six screws. • 8372A. If you've got this chip then internal improvements, and a large
own an Amiga 600 or 1200, do not Next turn your Amiga the right you're in luck. Upgrading to 1Mb of Chip number of new functions for the
waste your time opening up your way round again and remove the RAM is simple, requiring only two simple programme many of these are
machine - turn straight to page 28 for top cover. Below right is a diagram board alterations (assuming you have purely to support the new AGA
information on accelerators. showing the next four screws and 1Mb of memory installed). chipset found in the Amiga 1200
First I'll describe how to open your the shielding over the edge and are not necessarily of much
Amiga 500, a scary prospect if you connector, all of which must be • 8372B. Either you've got the wrong use to the A500 owner. Many of
haven't attempted these sorts of things removed. chip fitted, or you've got a Meg-AChip the best changes (like PostScript
before. If you're at all worried, it might There are now four small metal 2Mb Chip RAM upgrade fitted, or it's printing, localisation - the ability to
help if you read through the tabs that you will have to bend into really an Amiga 3000 you've opened up. run Workbench in another
procedures first and make sure you the upright position. Don't worry too language - and much easier
know what you are planning to do. much if these break off - they are • 8375. You have an A500 Plus. Many device driver handling) are
not that important. of the upgrades described here available to Kickstart 2.04 users
WARNING: Before you start on You can now remove the metal (including those on Kickstart and with the diskonly Workbench 2.1
any of shielding. Be carefull Some of the 8362R8) is not important. This is the upgrade.
metal edges are very sharp, and it older Denise chip fitted to almost al Why should you upgrade? Many
is
very easy to cut Chip Memory) are not
yourself. necessary on your
Now you can machine.
determine what AND DENISE?
revision machine The final check is the
you have, and what Denise chip. It is the
you can fit. second-largest
If, immediately rectangular chip on the
underneath the motherboard,
square chip in the immediately below the
middle, you find this two big blue capacitors
text - in the top left comer.
C= 852/ROCK Check the number on
LOBSTER the chip:
GRR/JSP/TF/GUAY • 8362. The R? number
RVW/VFA/DCA after this chip (for Once you have unplugged and removed the
To open up your Amiga, turn It upside down and
- then you have example, keyboard, remove the four remaining screws
an early revision 3 (arrowed above). Then remove the metal shielding
remove the six screws (arrowed here) on the motherboard. that protects the edge connector on the left of the
underside. Some Amlgas use standard cross-
headed screws, others are held together with Torx
(hexagonal) screws.

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 A CLOSE-UP OF THE A500 REVISION 5 MOTHERBOARD
Here are the Kickstart ROM and the
modifications to gain 1Mb of Chip
RAM on a revision 5 machine. Read
the main text before you beginl For
Info on the Denise chip, see the
revision 6 diagram on page 24.

The Agnus chip. If the one on your

board Is numbered 8370 or 8371 It
needs to be replaced with the newer
8372A chip so that you can access
up to 1Mb of Chip RAM.

The three solder pads here make up Next heat up a soldering iron and There are four small solder pads lust
The Klckstart ROM, In the same
JP2. To complete the 1Mb Chip RAM add a small blob of molten solder across from the eighth pin down on
position for all revisions. On one end
conversion, first carefully cut the track to the top pad. With the hot Iron the edge connector. Cut the track
of the chip Is a semi-circular Indent
between the middle and the lower with gently spread this over to connect leading to the pad nearest to the edge
which must point up the board - Le.,
a sharp craft knife (see the diagram the top to the middle pad. connector (arrowed above). Be'(
towards the back. It should be next to
above right). careful not to cut the wrong track.
a white "1° printed on the board.

programs, especially serious come in three flavours:

instead. Workbench 2.04 was been officially launched and the price of
applications, now only work under
rewritten to be much easier to use, · Kickstart/Workbonch 2.04. This import packs is very high.
Kickstart 2.04 or higher. You may even contains the 2.04 Kickstart ROM and
particularly for the new user - you · Workbench 2.1 only. If you already
find with programs you already use Workbench 2.04. This is now out of
can now do directly from Workbench have a 2.04 Kickstart ROM (for example
that future updates will not work date, so you may be able to get one
almost anything that previously if you're an A500 Plus owner) you may
without the new Kickstart. If you're of these packs at a knock-down
needed the Shell. want to upgrade to the latest
buying new software, make sure it price, and you can always buy the
What's more, Workbench 2 and Workbench version, which is available
features the green "Release 2.0 Workbench 2.1 upgrade later.
above look a lot nicer than 1.3. You separately.
compatible" sticker.
Workbench 2.04 (supplied with
can have custom backgrounds, · Workbench 2.1 with Kickstart.
custom fonts and your own error This contains the 2.04 Kickstart
the Kickstart 2 upgrade kit) is a vast
sounds.
FITTING A NEW
ROM and the new Workbench 2.1. KICKSTART
improvement over the earlier
Installing Kickstart 2.04 in an There are a few differences
Workbench efforts. Many people gave The Kickstart ROM has a wire
A500 is easy, as long as you make between 2.1 and 2.04 that make
up using the original Workbench soldered over the top. Beware buying
sure you buy the full Commodore the newer version worth getting,
1.2/1.3 and use the Shell or CLI cheap ROMs - some sources do not
upgrade kit. The upgrade kits now although at the time of writing the
pack has not yet

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 because this will bend some of the more than necessary. Always the pins too far.
supply the official parts, only ROMs legs. If you do bend some of the legs handle chips by the black plastic If you do not have a hard drive,
without a wire over the top, which case - try to avoid unnecessary then installation is now finished. You
then gently bend them back into
may require some soldering to install contact with the metal legs. can put your Amiga back together
shape with a pair of pliers. ANOTHER
in early A500s. By now you should have safely (unless you plan to make other
WARNING: Observe antistatic
You will need to cut the wire if you removed your old Kickstart ROM from modifications) and boot your new
precautions when handling any Workbench 2 disks.
have a newer Revision 6a Amiga. On your A500. You could keep this to fit
electronic components. Static With a hard drive all you need to
older Amigas, keep the wire intact. into a Kickstart switcher, but most
Extracting a rectangular chip from electricity can kill, or seriously do, after reassembling your Amiga, is
damage, the sensitive integrated people never want to go back to
the motherboard is very simple. Use connect your hard drive and run the
circuits in your Amiga. Earth yourself Kickstart 1.3 after using 2.0.
a flat-bladed screwdriver to See the diagram on the previous
Install program on your 2.0/2.1
gently ease both ends of the chip up by wearing a commercially-available Install disk. This will copy over the
page for information on how to insert
from the socket. Do not try and pull anti-static wrist strap or else by necessary Workbench 2 files to your
the new chip the right way round.
the chip out from one end only, touching an earthed conductor such hard drive. After this, reset and you
Gently press the chip into the socket,
as a radiator while handling chips, and making sure you don't bend any of have Workbench 2.
don't touch the components any

A CLOSE-UP OF THE A500 REVISION 6A MOTHERBOARD

Here's how to locate the parts of
the circuit board that need to be
altered for 1Mb Chip RAM on
revision 6a boards. Also shown Is
the location of the Denise chip,
which Is the same for all boards.

The Denise chip can be replaced

by the Super Denise (number 8373)
to give several new display modes
Including Productivity, with a
resolution of 640x480 displayable
on a multlsync monitor.

Later revision boards have their

revision number printed on this
area, below the disk drive. Make a
note of this number, because some
of the modifications are dependent
on which revision Amiga you have.

JP2 Is In a slightly diffe rent place The difference Is in JP7A, which Is JP7A Is located next to the trapdoor
on revision 6a machines, but the not present on revision 5 boards. Th e RAM connector. Using a sharp craft
modifications to be made to It are existence of this group of pads knife, cut the connection between the
exactly the same as for a revision 5 makes the conversion much easier two lower pads. Be careful, because
machine. See the bottom left of the for revision 6a owners. Above right Is repairing Incorrectly-cut tracks can
diagram on page 21 for details. a diagrammatic representation. be difficult.

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A CHIP OFF THE OLD chip for you. The removal of the old This is made of three small squares the procedure listed for the
RAM There are several different Agnus chip from your motherboard of solder, the bottom two connected modification to 1Mb, except do not
kinds of Random-Access Memory is by far the most difficult part of by a small thin track. See the fit a 8372A Agnus chip. Buy the
that your Amiga can use. There are this operation. Without the right tool diagram on page 24 for details of Meg-AChip board (reviewed on page
two main types, called Chip RAM (a PLCC chip extractor) it's very easy what to do here. Next find JP7A - 86 of this issue) and plug this into
and Fast RAM. Chip RAM is used for to damage the chip socket when next to the trapdoor RAM connector the Agnus socket. (Beware though,
programs, graphics and sound, removing the chip. - and carry out the modifications this will prevent you adding other
while Fast RAM can only be used If you do feel lucky, use two very also described in the diagram on boards inside your Amiga, such as
for programs, but programs in Fast small flat-bladed screwdrivers at page 24. accelerators.)
RAM run faster. opposite corners of the socket to lever • Revision 5
Because graphics and sound can the chip out. This modification is very similar to the SPEED TO THE HEART OF
only be used in Chip RAM, however Next, you need to mask pin 41 on Revision 6 procedure described above, THE MATTER
much Fast RAM you add you will the 8372A Agnus chip before but there is no JP7A to change, so you The A500 is a slow machine by
not be able to use programs that insertion (unless you live in North will have to find and cut a track on the today's standards. The Amiga 1200
require a lot of graphics or sound America or anywhere else that motherboard. See the diagram on is between two and five times faster
memory - for example, using uses the NTSC video standard, in page 21 for the full details. than the original Amiga, and even
Deluxe Paint 4 in Hi-res Interlace which case ignore this paragraph). • Revision 3 that is not as fast as it might be.
16-colour mode. See the diagram below for details. Oh dear. This is a tricky one. Most The Amiga uses the Motorola 68000
Newer Amigas, like the A1200, can Once the older Agnus is removed, people regard it as impossible to family of CPU (Central Processor
use up to 2Mb of Chip RAM, insert your new 8372A chip. upgrade the revision 3. It isn't, but it's Unit). The CPU is the chip that does
allowing far better use of graphic- Remember to align the chip in the certainly not for the inexperienced. most of the work in your computer.
intensive programs. However, you same direction as the original. On one The following modifications are Faster CPUs enable you to use your
can upgrade your old A500 to take side of the square socket you will see needed: computer more productively. Tasks
advantage of more Chip RAM. the number 1 printed on the On the board there is a connection that may take hours on slower
If you have an A500 Plus you motherboard. Align the top of the between pin 59 on the machines can take minutes, and
already have 1Mb of Chip RAM
tedious tasks on slower machines
fitted to your machine. To upgrade Fat Agnus and pin 52 (such as printing from a graphics
to 2Mb of Chip RAM, all you need to on the 68000. (The word processor) are no longer
do is buy an A500 Plus 1Mb RAM top left pin on the irritating, and in some cases almost
upgrade (the Commodore A501+ 68000 is pin 1. Count instantaneous.
for example). Any other RAM you downwards from Processor clock speeds are
add to your system (RAM added to there, and then from measured in MegaHertz (MHz). This
an external hard drive interface, for the bottom right to the is the frequency of a clock signal
example the GVP HC8+) is Fast top right for the that drives the chip. Although the
RAM. highest numbered faster the clock frequency the faster
If you have an A500 with a half Mb pin.) This must be cut, the chip operates, higher-spec chips
expansion fitted (totalling 1Mb of and a small piece of generally run at higher speeds
RAM), you probably have the most wire added to connect because of design differences, so
common set-up, a half Mb Chip pin 59 on the Fat for example a 14MHz 68020
RAM machine with a half Mb of Agnus to pin 47 on the outperforms a 16MHz 68000 quite
expansion (or "slow") RAM. Slow 68000. considerably in some cases.
(expansion) RAM is the least useful Tricky? Yes, it is. If There are several versions of the
of all memory types. It has the you feel uneasy about Motorola chip used in Amigas:
major disadvantages of both Chip doing this, • 68000. This is fitted to the
RAM (programs operate slowly in then perhaps it's A1000, A500, A500 Plus, A600,
it), and Fast RAM (it cannot be used time to retire your A1500, A2000 and CDTV. Running
for storing graphics or sound). old A500 and buy at a rather slow 7MHz, this
All Amiga 500s can be upgraded to a new machine. processor has been the standard
convert this less-useful slow RAM
The semi-circular mark at the top of Agnus' plastic case When you've fitted to almost every Amiga model
into far more useful Chip RAM, successfully completed since 1985.
denotes pin 1. Count anti-clockwise to locate pin 41.
essential if you want to use Deluxe
Isolate It with a silver of Sellotape or a dab of Tlppex, or all this, • 68020. This is currently fitted
Paint 4 or any other graphics- bend it up or even remove It altogether. into the Amiga A1200. Running at a
intensive program to the full. more respectable 14MHz, it gives a
chip with this when inserting it. When put your Amiga back together and significant performance benefit over
FITTING NEW CHIP RAM everything is connected up again, test power up. Type AVAIL from the Shell the older generation of Amigas.
This is an operation that your Amiga with the new chip. It and you should have one million bytes • 68030. This is a faster model of
should work as before (still with half a of graphics (Chip) memory available. the 68020 chip. Currently a 25MHz
involves handling static-
Mb Chip RAM and half a Mb Fast). If it If you still only have half a Mb of Chip '030 chip is fitted to the Amiga 3000
sensitive components and a
does not work, check you have the RAM, then double-check all your and the Amiga 4000/030
very simple soldering job that
chip installed correctly. • If you get a connections. • 68040. Currently the fastest
anyone with a soldering iron should solid green or yellow screen, you
If, after you have made the processor fitted to Amigas, the
feel competent to attempt. probably either have a faulty chip or alterations, your Amiga seems 25MHz '040 chip may run at the
First, check which revision you have installed it incorrectly. more unreliable than before, then same speed as the 68030 fitted to
motherboard and Agnus chip • If you get something that looks like a check the Amiga 3000 and 4000/030 but
you have. If you've got a revision 3 normal screen but either stretched out
the RAM chips in your expansion. outperforms it considerably by
board, read this fully before (so you lose some of your Workbench Commodore A501 boards are virtue of its better design. The top-
deciding whether to proceed or not screen) or with a very fast rolling
usually fine, but some third-party of-therange Amiga 4000/040 and
- it's not as easy as on revision 5 or display, you have not insulated pin 41
boards (particularly older 16-chip Amiga 4000T are fitted with this
6a machines. correctly - remove the chip and boards) may be too slow to use as processor.
You will need an 8372A Agnus chip. insulate the pin.
Chip RAM. If your system is To further complicate matters, there
If you bought your A500 with a half Now you have to make two small unreliable try a new, four-chip, RAM are several models of each
Mb expansion fitted by Commodore, modifications on your motherboard.
expansion. This should solve the processor. The 68020 and above
it's highly likely you have this chip These depend on the revision of
problem. are available in two models, the
already, in which case skip the next your motherboard.
If you use a lot of graphics-based standard (for example the 68030 in
stage.
programs, especially for video, the Amiga 3000) and the EC
If you do not have this chip, it is • Revision 6a desktop publishing or multimedia (68ECO30 in the 4000/030). The EC
available for around £50 from most First find JP2 on the motherboard.
work, 1Mb of Chip RAM may not be stands for both "Economy" (the EC
Amiga dealers, although you may
enough. You can expand up to 2Mb
prefer to ask your dealer to fit the

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 versions are cheaper) and can only be used simple video work, because the
"Embedded Controller" - these by programs that composite output needs no encoding
processors were initially designed for have been specially to connect straight to standard video
cheap mass-market non-computer written to take recorders. Also provided as part of
use in, for example, industrial control advantage of the DCTV hardware is a frame
equipment, washing machines and them, but many grabber, which can digitise a colour
video recorders. packages now video image. You can import this
The EC version of the 68020 is support them and straight into the excellent DCTV
limited in the maximum memory it run much faster if paint program supplied, mess
can address - an A1200 with the you have such a around with it and display it back as
68ECO20 can only use a maximum chip fitted. These video. Again, DCTV won't run new
of 2Mb Chip RAM and 8Mb Fast RAM. programs include AGA software and you can't have
The 68020, non-EC, chip can Art Department fancy Workbench backgrounds, but
theoretically address up to Professional, for a practical solution for a common
4 GigaBytes, or 4,096 Mb, of VistaPro, Imagine, use of the Amiga, DCTV is a solid
RAM. The EC version of the 68030 Real 3D, Scenery DCTV Is another solution to the problem of I nsufficient performer.
does not contain the MMU (Memory Animator, Morph
colour resolution. It plugs in externally to give a If all you're after is a flicker-
Management Unit) present in the full Plus, and Sculpt composite video signal with thousands of colours. free high-resolution display, then
68030 chip. This is a complex part of 4D. Checkyouthatuse
thecan benefit from palette of 64), and the Macintosh there are two ways you can
software
the chip that enables the computer to (then only black and white), the reduce the flicker, although both
a maths coprocessor before you
block the processor from accessing Amiga was amazing. Unfortunately require an expensive multisync
buy one - otherwise it's wasted
areas of memory, or remap a block to for Commodore, the competition monitor (like the Commodore
money. A maths coprocessor
point at another area. If this sounds have caught up. IBM launched VGA
cannot speed up most programs 1960) to work.
exactly the sort of thing you could do
on its own. in the late 1980s with 256 colours First, the A500 Plus introduced
with, then the 4000/030 isn't the displayable from a palette of
The two models of FPU currently a new chip, the Super Denise
machine for you. Luckily for most
available are the 68881 and the 262,112. Macintosh went slightly (8373) to replace the original
people there are only a handful of better with their Mac II colour
68882, both also made by Denise video chip. This gives your
programs that require the presence
Motorola. The latter is considerably computers - 256 colours from a machine several new display
of an MMU (the developer tool palette of 16 million.
faster in some functions, but not modes, including "Productivity",
Enforcer and the virtual memory much faster in others. Choice of Commodore have caught up with
program GigaMem being the two which can give a flicker-free 640 x
maths coprocessor is usually down the introduction of the AGA graphics 480 resolution display on an
most important), so unless you need to budget. If you can afford the chipset. The Amiga 1200 is now Amiga connected to a multisync.
these the EC030 will be as good as 68882 then go for that; if not, the capable of displaying 256 colours This chip will work on any Amiga
the full '030 for you, and will save a 68881 is quite a bit cheaper. The from a palette of 16 million, and the that has the Fatter 8372A or 8375
few pounds too.. 68040 chip has a built-in maths HAM-8 mode allows photo-realistic Agnus fitted, and adding it in is
The EC version of the 68040 coprocessor to take the load off images, almost indistinguishable easy - simply remove the old
leaves out both the MMU and the the CPU, so lucky people with from expensive 24-bit displays, on a Denise chip and insert the new
maths coprocessor present in the full Amiga 4000/040s or 68040 standard, £399 Amiga. chip.
'040 chip. Currently Commodore are accelerator boards do not need to
Where does this leave the Amiga Only software written to take
not using the 68ECO40 chip in any of add one.
500 owner? Can the new AGA chips advantage of different screen
their machines. So, you want a faster processor.
be fitted to the A500? Unfortunately, modes, or programs that run on
Maths coprocessor? What's that? How do you fit one? Unfortunately
no. The AGA chips are far more the Workbench screen, will run
Maths coprocessors are chips which it's not a simple matter of
advanced than the original graphics flicker-free, but it's sure better
specialise in handling all the complex unplugging one chip and adding
chips and require a totally different than nothing.
mathematical functions that slow another. Each chip is different and
board layout. It's technically next to If you want to fix the flicker
down normal processors, especially requires different circuitry to
impossible to produce an add-on to permanently, you need the ICD
calculations involving not just whole control it. Upgrading processors in
use the AGA chips on an A500 - Flicker Free Video 2 card. This
numbers (integers) but fractions. the Amiga range requires the
and if it could be done, it is plugs into the Denise socket and
Because these fractions can be installation of an accelerator board.
doubtful that the price would be less contains extra circuitry and RAM
accurate to varying numbers of These vary in cost from around
than double that of a new A1200. to remove the interlace flicker
decimal places, maths coprocessors £170 to over £2,000, and they're
Now, this doesn't mean you from any screen mode, although
are also referred to as Floating Point so important an area that we've
should just go out and sell your A500 again this requires a multisync
Units or FPUs.) FPUs put together a separate roundup of
right away. There are alternatives. monitor to work.
them starting on page 28.
The final area where HiQ Limited supply the A-Video
Or, for £399 or less, you can
the A1200 represents 24 card (£499), an internal-fitting buy a hardware frame buffer that
an advance over the card that gives the A500 12-bit
will enable you to display all the
older Amigas, and by (4,096-colour) and 24-bit (16-million-
new AGA modes (including
far the most colour) displays. The best part of the
HAMS), flicker free on a multisync.
important, is in the package they supply is the excellent
TV-Paint graphics package - what It will run Deluxe Paint AGA, and
graphics display. The
Deluxe Paint should be, it's probably even has its own floppy drive,
Amiga has been
limited to a maximum the best paint package on the Amiga. 68020 processor and mouse. Yes,
of 32 independent The A-Video card won't enable you it's an Amiga 1200 - a bargain in
colours chosen from a to run AGA software (like Deluxe anyone's language. Whether you
palette of 4,096 for Paint AGA), but if you're using your buy one or upgrade your A500 will
over seven years. Amiga for graphics (for example, depend largely on whether or not
Compared with the raytracing), the A-Video will perform you have many A500 peripherals
PC graphics at the more than adequately as a display you want to keep. But at least
time (CGA, with four device. now you know how to upgrade
colours using one of The DCTV A570 (now £149) is should you choose to.
two fixed palettes, or another box that provides the A500
EGA, with 16 colours with better-than-normal graphics.,
from a Plugging in externally, so it is terribly This file © Phil Sykes 2003
simple to set up, it gives the A500 a
The A-Video card provides both 4,096 -colour and
composite video display in over four
16.7million-colour modes, and has some special million colours. The box is ideal for Taken from Amiga Shopper,
animation features too. The latest version wil l tit issue 27 July 1993 Original
externally. copywrite remains with it’s
owners

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