IT SOCIAL ISSUES

AND PROFESSIONAL
ISSUES

Prepared by:

Domingo, IVR, Yu-Miclat, S., Hogar-Reyes, ME.

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Course Title : IT SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

Course Code : INTE 4203

Course Credit : 3 UNITS / 3 HOURS

Pre-Requisite :

Course Description : This course introduces the students to the social and professional
issues surrounding the development and use of Information
Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the 21st century. This course
examines the pervading presence of IT in various professions and its
impact on the lives and social culture of people, whether in Medicine,
Business, Entertainment and Education. The course covers topics on
the enabled industries, Internet Censorship and Freedom of
Expression, Sex and Technology, Technology and Privacy, Information
Warfare, E-Health, Online Crimes, E-Lifestyle, and E-Learning and
Distance Education.

INSTITUTIONAL
PROGRAM INTENDED LEARNING COURSE INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (CILO)
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES (PILO) COLLEGE SUBJECT
OUTCOMES (ILO)
BSIT BSIT Graduate Outcomes Course Outcomes
Creative and Critical IT01 Apply knowledge of computing, Learn the current issues surrounding the development and use
Thinking science, and mathematics appropriate of ICTs
to the discipline.
IT03 Analyze complex problems, and Evaluate the positive and negative side of a critical IT-related
identify and define the computing issues
requirements appropriate to its
solution. Learn the risks involved in using ICT, as well as, the protection
IT05 Design, implement, and evaluate and security measures to avoid becoming victims of
computer based systems, processes, cybercrimes
components, or programs to meet
desired needs and requirements Identify emerging and converging technologies, including trends
under various constraints. in hardware, software and data security
IT06 Integrate IT-based solutions into the
user environment effectively. Develop cooperation in group discussion, research activities and
IT09 Assist in the creation of an effective IT presentations
project plan.
Adeptness in the IT07 Apply knowledge through the use of Present the Pros and Cons of ICT’s societal impact
Responsible Use of current techniques, skills, tools and
practices necessary for the IT Discuss the important role of ICTs in the improvement of the
Technology modern society, as well as its effects in the evolving the
profession
IT02 Understand best practices and culture of things
Community Engagement
standards and their applications.
Imbue the value of integrity and moral responsibility as a future
ICT Professional

High Level of Leadership IT08 Function effectively as a member or

and Organizational Skills. leader of a development team Uphold and improve IT professional standards thru continuing
Strong Service Orientation recognizing the different roles within education and personal development
a team to accomplish a common
goal.
Effective Communication IT10 Communicate effectively with the
computing community and with
society at large about complex
computing activities through logical

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 writing, presentations, and clear
instructions.

Sense of Nationalism and IT11 Analyze the local and global impact of
Global Responsiveness. computing information technology on
individuals, organizations, and
society.
Sense of Personal and IT12 Understand professional, ethical,
Professional Ethics legal, security and social issues and
responsibilities in the utilization of
information technology.
Passion to Life-Long IT13 Recognize the need for and engage in
Learning planning self-learning and improving
performance as a foundation for
continuing professional development.

Week Topic Learning Outcomes Methodology Assessment

Week 1 Course Orientation Knowledge of expectations Lecture
and requirements of the
course.
Week 2 1. Global Digital Environment Lecture forum Recitation
1.1 Globalization Analyze the local and global Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
1.2 The Digital Divide impact of computing Gapped lecture Examination
1.3 Information System Trends information technology on Study group / Research
individuals, organizations Think aloud modeling
and society
Week 3 2. Emerging and Converging Information Lecture forum Recitation
Communication Technologies Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
2.1 Emerging Software Technologies Identify and utilize emerging Gapped lecture Examination
2.2 Miniaturized and Multifunctional and converging technologies Study group
Machines Think aloud modeling
2.3 The Rise of Robotics
Week 4 3. ICT-enabled Industry Design, implement and Lecture forum Recitation
3.1 Business Process Outsourcing evaluate computer-based Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
3.2 Mobile-based Service Industry systems, processes, Gapped lecture Examination
3.3 E-Services/E-Government components, or programs to Study group and Research
meet desired needs and Think aloud modeling
requirements
Identify options for future job
opportunities
Identify the different ways to
have a sustainable
professional career
Week 5 4. Internet Censorship and Freedom of Analyze and decide on Lecture forum Recitation
Expression boundaries between what is Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
4.1 Website Content Filtration legal or not Gapped lecture Examination
4.2 Censorship vs Regulation Study group and Research
Think aloud modeling
Week 6 5. Sex and Technology Analyze complex problems, Lecture forum Recitation
5.1 Child Pornography and identify and define the Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
5.2 Virtual Prostitution computing requirements Gapped lecture Examination
5.3 Cyber Sex appropriate to its solution Study group /Analysis Case Work
5.4 Online Relationships Think aloud modeling and Research
Week 7 [Link] and Privacy Understand professional, Lecture forum Recitation
6.1 Identity Theft/Impersonation ethical, legal, security and Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
6.2 Monitoring vs Intrusion to Privacy social issues and Gapped lecture Examination
responsibilities in the Study group and Research
utilization of information Think aloud modeling
technology

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 Week 8 7. Information Warfare Understand professional, Lecture forum Recitation
7.1 Cyber Espionage ethical, legal, security and Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
7.2 Intelligence Gathering social issues and Gapped lecture Examination
responsibilities in the Study group and Research
utilization of information Think aloud modeling
technology
Week 9 Midterm Examination
Week 10 8. E-Health Identify and analyze user Lecture forum Recitation
8.1 Telemedicine needs and take them into Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
8.2 Virtual Therapy account in the selection, Gapped lecture Examination
creation, evaluation and Study group and Research
administration of computer- Think aloud modeling
based systems
Week 11- 9. Online Crimes Lecture forum Recitation
12 9.1 Hacking Understand professional, Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
9.2 Spamming ethical, legal, security and Gapped lecture Examination
9.3 Technology-based Terrorism social issues and Study group and Research
9.4 Online Fraud responsibilities in the Think aloud modeling
utilization of information
technology
Week 13- 10. E-Lifestyle Lecture forum Recitation
14 10.1 SMS Addiction Integrate IT-based solutions Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
10.2 Online and Network-based into the user environment Gapped lecture Examination
Gaming effectively Study group and Research
10.3 Online Shopping Think aloud modeling
10.4 Blogging, Social Networks and Apply knowledge through the
Personal Websites use of current technologies,
10.5 Home-based and Mobile Offices skills, tools and practices

Week 15 11. E-Learning and Distance Education Lecture forum Recitation

11.1 Computer-based Training Recognize the need for and Demonstration Seatwork / Homework
11.2 Online Education/Distance engage in planning self- Gapped lecture Examination
Learning learning and improving Study group and Research
performance as a foundation Think aloud modeling
for continuing professional
development
Week 16 Case Analysis
Week 17 Final Examination
Week 18 Round-up Activities

Grading System:
General Rules:
Midterm Grade =70% Class Standing (Quizzes,
Recitation, Assignment, Attendance, Research Aside from what is prescribed in the student handbook, the following are the
Work); 30% Midterm Examination professor’s additional house rules: :
1. Assignments and research projects/report works will be given throughout
Second Grading = 70% Class Standing (Quizzes, the semester. Such requirements shall be due as announced in class. Late
Recitation, Assignment, Attendance, Research submission shall be penalized with grade deductions (5% per day) or shall
Work, Case Study); 30% Final Examination no longer be accepted, depending on the subject facilitator’s
discretion. Assignments and exercises are designed to assist you in
understanding the materials presented in class, and to prepare you for the
Final Grade = (Midterm Grade + Second Grading) / 2 exams.
Passing mark is 60% of the total number of items 2. Students are required to attend classes regularly, including possible make-
up classes. The student will be held liable for all topics covered and
assignments made during his/her absence. The university guidelines on
attendance and tardiness will be implemented. Every meeting, an
attendance sheet will be passed around. Be sure to sign it.
3. Academic honesty should be practiced at all times. Any evidence of
copying or cheating on any course work may result in a failing grade for all
parties involved.
4. Students are advised to keep graded work until the semester has ended.

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 5. Contents of the syllabus are subject to modification with notification.
6. Cell phone, radio or other listening devices are not allowed to be used inside
lecture and laboratory rooms to prevent any distractive interruption of the
class activity.
7. No food, drinks, cigarettes, nor children are allowed inside the lecture and
laboratory rooms.
8. Only officially enrolled students are allowed inside the lecture or laboratory
room.

Withdrawal and dropping of the subject should be done in accordance with existing
university policies and guidelines.

References:
1. Lavina, Erise, [Link]. Ethics for I.T. Professionals with Legal Aspects in Computing, 2012.
2. Tavani. Ethics and Technology, 2011.
3. Whitmat, Michael & Mattord. Reading and Cases in the Management of Information Security, 2006.
4. Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal and Ethical Issues for Computing and the Internet, 2008
5. Talabis, Mark, [Link]. Information Security Analytics: Finding Security Insights, Patterns, and Anomalies in Big Data,
2015.
6. Harris, Charles E., [Link]. Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 2014.
7. Minelli, Michael, Chambers, Michelle & Dhiraj, Ambiga. Big Data, Big Emerging Business Intelligence and Analytic
Trends for Today’s Businesses, 2013.
8. Whitney, Hunter. Data Insights: New Ways to Visualize and Make Sense of Data, 2013.
9. Procise. Incident Response: Investigating Computer Crime, 2001.
10. Hick, Ed. Human Rights and the Internet, 2000.

Prepared by: Date: Reviewed by: Date: Approved by: Date

Maria Esperanza Marian Arada Benilda

Hogar Reyes Chairperson, Department of Comendador
Course Specialist Information Technology Dean, CCIS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. GLOBAL DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT---------------------------------------------------- 1-3

1.1 Globalization
1.2 Digital Divide
1.3 Information System Trends

CHAPTER 2. EMERGING AND CONVERGING INFORMATION COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGIES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-7

2.1 Emerging Software Technologies

2.2 Miniaturization
2.3 The Rise of Robotics

CHAPTER 3. ICT-ENABLED INDUSTRY --------------------------------------------------------------- 8-11

3.1 Business Process Outsourcing

3.2 Mobile-based Service Industry
3.3 E-Services/E-Government

CHAPTER 4. INTERNET CENSORSHIP AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ------------- 12-19

4.1 Website content filtration

4.2 Censorship vs Regulation

CHAPTER 5. SEX AND TECHNOLOGY -------------------------------------------------------------- 20-24

5.1 Child Pornography

5.2 Virtual Prostitution
5.3 Cyber Sex
5.4 Online Relationships

CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGY AND PRIVACY ------------------------------------------------------ 25-28

6.1 Identity Theft / Impersonation

6.2 Monitoring vs Intrusion to Privacy

CHAPTER 7. INFORMATION WARFARE ----------------------------------------------------------- 29-34

7.1 Cyber Espionage

7.2 Intelligence Gathering

CHAPTER 8. E-HEALTH ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35-40

8.1 Telemedicine
8.2 Virtual Therapy

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CHAPTER 9. ONLINE CRIMES ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 41-45

9.1 Hacking
9.2 Spamming
9.3 Technology-based Terrorism
9.4 Online Fraud

CHAPTER 10. E-LIFESTYLE --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46-53

10.1 SMS Addiction

10.2 Online and Network-based Gaming
10.3 Online Shopping
10.4 Blogging, Social Networks and Personal Websites
10.5 Home-based and Mobile Offices

CHAPTER 11. E-LEARNING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION --------------------------------- 54-57

11.1 Business Applications on Online Social Networking

11.2 Social Networking Ethical Issues
11.3 Cases

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CHAPTER 1. GLOBAL DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

Overview: The Internet has wired the world. Today it is just as simple to communicate with
someone on the other side of the world as it is to talk to someone next door. In this chapter, we
will look at the implications of globalization and the impact it is having on the world.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Analyze the local and global impact of computing information technology on

individuals, organizations and society

1.1 GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,

and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology

1.2 DIGITAL DIVIDE

The ability to use and manipulate digitalized technology is very important which is why it
is ideal for everyone to have a share of technology. The digital divide describes the problem we
are faced with.

Digital Divide is the unequal access of information and communication technology

between different groups of society, and the knowledge of the skills required to use the
technology. Simply put, some people can use computers, some cannot. Either because they do
not have one, or they have never been taught how.

People most affected include low socio-economic areas, developing countries, rural
women and children. In Africa, only 3% of the population has internet. In Asia, 1% of the

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population in Cambodia, Laos and Bangladesh has internet. The Middle East accounts for 0.9%
of global Internet users.

The question is: What are we doing to close the gap?

1.3 INFORMATION SYSTEMS TRENDS

a. Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a network of resources a company can access, and this method of
using a digital drive increases the efficiency of organizations. Instead of local storage on
computer hard drives, companies will be freeing their space and conserving funds. According
to Forbes, 83 percent of enterprise workloads will be in the cloud by 2020, which means 2019
will show an increasing trend closing in on this statistic.

Cloud storage and sharing is a popular trend many companies have adopted and even
implemented for employee interaction. A company-wide network will help businesses save on
information technology infrastructure. Cloud services will also extend internal functions to gain
revenue. Organizations that offer cloud services will market these for external products and
continue their momentum.

Organizations will transfer their stored files across multiple sources using virtualization.
Companies are already using this level of virtualization, but will further embrace it in the year
to come. Less installation across company computers is another positive result of cloud
computing because the Internet allows direct access to shared technology and information.
The freedom of new products and services makes cloud computing a growing trend.

b. Mobile Computing and Applications

Mobile phones, tablets, and other devices have taken both the business world and the
personal realm by storm. Mobile usage and the number of applications generated have both
skyrocketed in recent years.

c. Big Data Analytics

Big data is a trend that allows businesses to analyze extensive sets of information to
achieve variety in increasing volumes and growth of velocity. Big data has a high return on
investment that boosts the productivity of marketing campaigns, due to its ability to enable
high-functioning processing. Data mining is a way companies can predict growth opportunities
and achieve future success. Examination of data to understand markets and strategies is
becoming more manageable with advances in data analytic programs.

d. Automation
Another current trend in the IT industry is automated processes. Automated processes
can collect information from vendors, customers, and other documentation.

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

Due to the global pandemic, different platforms are now being used in educational
systems, thanks to the global digital environment. Teachers and students, on the other hand, are

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both experiencing very poor internet connections as a result of the digital divide. What do you
think the consequences and effects of the digital divide will be in our educational system?

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CHAPTER 2. EMERGING AND CONVERGING INFORMATION COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES

Overview: While nanotechnology (and all other emerging, converging technologies) promise
radical changes in science and society, future progress in the field will require overcoming many
scientific challenges.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Identify and utilize emerging and converging technologies

2.1 EMERGING SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES

1. Artificial Intelligence and Smart Machines

Artificial intelligence harnesses algorithms and machine learning to predict useful patterns
humans normally identify. Smart machines take human decision-making out of the equation
so intelligent machines can instigate changes and bring forward solutions to basic problems.
Companies are rallying around artificial intelligence in the workplace because it allows
employees to use their abilities for the most worthwhile tasks, along with management of these
smart machines for a more successful system.

2. Virtual Reality
Technology that includes virtual reality is becoming prevalent. The software of virtual
reality is making many industries prepared for various scenarios before entering them. The
medical profession is projected to use virtual reality for some treatments and interactions with
patients in the coming years. Virtual training sessions for companies can cut costs, fill in the
need for personnel, and increase education.

3. Augmented Reality
Augmented reality is a more versatile and practical version of virtual reality, as it does
not fully immerse individuals in an experience. Augmented reality features interactive
scenarios that enhance the real world with images and sounds that create an altered
experience. The most common current applications of this overlay of digital images on the
surrounding environment include the recent Pokémon Go fad or the additions on
televised football in the U.S.

Augmented reality can impact many industries in useful ways. Airports are implementing
augmented-reality guides to help people get through their checks and terminals as quickly
and efficiently as possible. Retail and cosmetics are also using augmented reality to let
customers test products, and furniture stores are using this mode to lay out new interior
design options.

The possibilities for augmented reality in the future revolve around mobile applications
and health care solutions. Careers in mobile app development and design will be abundant,
and information technology professionals can put their expertise to use in these interactive
experiences.

4. Blockchain Data

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 Blockchain data, like the new cryptocurrency Bitcoin, is a secure method that will
continue to grow in popularity and use in 2019. This system allows you to input additional
data without changing, replacing, or deleting anything. In the influx of shared data
systems like cloud storage and resources, protecting original data without losing important
information is crucial.

The authority of many parties keeps the data accounted for without turning over too
much responsibility to certain employees or management staff. For transaction
purposes, blockchain data offers a safe and straightforward way to do business with
suppliers and customers. Private data is particularly secure with blockchain systems,
and the medical and information technology industries can benefit equally from added
protection.

5. Cyber-Privacy and Security

Shared company systems and the growth of the Internet leave a high amount of personal
and company data at risk to breaches. Redesigned systems and new firewalls and gateways
will be added to the services companies need to bolster their technology. Cybersecurity is a
concentration of IT that will help secure clouds and improve the trust between businesses and
their vendors.

6. Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging movement of products with integrated Wi-Fi
and network connectivity abilities. Cars, homes, appliances, and other products can now
connect to the Internet, making activities around the home and on the road an enhanced
experience. Use of IoT allows people to turn on music hands-free with a simple
command, or lock and unlock their doors even from a distance.

Many of these functions are helping organizations in customer interaction, responses,

confirmations, and payments. Remote collection of data assists companies the most. IoT
almost acts like a digital personal assistant. The intelligent features of some of these
IoT products can aid in many company procedures. Voice recognition and command
responses will allow you to access stored data on cloud services.

([Link]

2.2. MINIATURIZATION

• the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and
devices. Examples include miniaturization of mobile phones, computers and vehicle
engine downsizing.
• In electronics, Moore's Law predicted that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit
for minimum component cost doubles every 18 months. This enables processors to be
built in smaller sizes

MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINES

• An MFP (Multi-Function Product/ Printer/ Peripheral), multi-functional, all-in-one (AIO), or

Multi-Function Device (MFD), is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of
multiple devices in one

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2.3 THE RISE OF ROBOTICS

• Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture,

and operation of robots. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial
intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.
• Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use
the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. In the story, Asimov suggested
three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines. Asimov's Three Laws
of Robotics, as they are called, have survived to the present:

1. Robots must never harm human beings.

2. Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1.
3. Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.

Robots in Action

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LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

While emerging and converging information communication technologies promise

radical changes in science and society, they also take away aspects of our lives such as
our jobs and security, which will be replaced by Robotics. What are the things that robots
cannot replace in humans, despite the rise of robotics?

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CHAPTER 3. ICT-ENABLED INDUSTRY

Overview: Many ICT-enabled services are increasingly tradable as a result of technological

advances in ICTs, combined with ongoing liberalization of trade and investment in services, and
services activities are globalizing rapidly. These increasingly globalized service activities not only
contribute to the development of the ICT sector but also more broadly to other business and
service activities

Learning Objective:

At the of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

1. Design, implement and evaluate computer-based systems, processes, components,

or programs to meet desired needs and requirements
2. Identify options for future job opportunities
3. Identify the different ways to have a sustainable professional career

3.1 BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING (BPO)

a. Business process outsourcing (BPO) is the contracting of a specific business task, such
as payroll, human resources (HR) or accounting, to a third-party service provider. Usually,
BPO is implemented as a cost-saving measure for tasks that a company requires but does
not depend upon to maintain their position in the marketplace.

b. One of the most dynamic and fastest growing sectors in the Philippines is the Information
Technology - Business Process Outsourcing (IT-BPO) Industry. The industry is composed
of eight sub-sectors, namely, knowledge process outsourcing and back offices,
animation, call centers, software development, game development, engineering design,
and medical transcription. The IT-BPO industry plays a major role in the country's growth
and development.

c. BPO Setups (Captive Markets and Offshoring/Third Party Outsourcing)

• Third Party Outsourcing
c.1 Project Based Outsourcing- primarily used for business activities with irregular
frequencies or one-off projects. The usual costing method makes use of time and
material costs as variable costs and the fixed costs
c.2 Dedicated Development Center - primarily used in business cases when there
are hanging requirements. In this specific model it could be used for some long-
term goals for developing technology or software. This is preferred when resource
requirements are lower in the outsourced country than the home country hence
developing a comparative advantage. The customers (multinational firms) are
charged for fixed fees, which are the wages of full-time employees
d. BPO Setups (Captive Markets and Offshoring/Third Party Outsourcing)
• Captive Markets- preferred when core or crucial business activities are needed to be
run at cheaper costs. The rationale for employing such a setup is to cater to long term
strategic plans involving high managerial control. In this case there are two major ways
of setting up a captive market and these are the DIY or 'Start From Scratch' model and
the Build Operate Transfer model

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 e. BPO Setups (Captive Markets and Offshoring/Third Party Outsourcing)
• Captive Markets : Start From Scratch Model
e.1 The usual flow is for the company to develop all its resources in the new designated
area or country of operations.
e.2 preferred by the companies that have high levels of market knowledge and analytics
• Build Operate Transfer Model
e.3 the practice is to contact a 3rd party vendor in order to develop a contract in which
the vendor is the one who develops the property, sources the employees and
manages the BPO center for the first designated period or amount of time.
e.4 preferred by companies that do not have any specialized expertise in the new
country of operations hence needing a local partner or vendor to assist with market
entry strategies

f. Trends in the Industry

• Better Information security
• Strategic balanced-shore outsourcing
• Booming Blogging and Social Media Outsourcing
• Popularity of cloud-based software

g. Issues concerning the industry in the Philippines

a. Health Issues - employees experience back and shoulder pains, due to the workstation
setups and monitor levels, several have complained about experiencing throat irritations
due to dealing with multiple calls a day coupled with a high stress work environment and
concerns regarding the employees’ hearing being damaged due to most of these workers
being exposed to higher noise levels

b. Political Issues
• revision of Republic Act 7916 to include floors in buildings where BPO companies
operates to be considered as special economic zones, exempting the companies
from national and local taxes and only having to pay 5% of their gross income as
tax
• approval of RA 7916, the establishment of the Philippine Economic Zone
Authority(PEZA) which considered IT Parks as special economic zones,
encouraged foreign investment in the industry by providing subsidies for
infrastructure development and tax exemptions

c. Economic Issues
• the BPO industry is the fastest growing sector in the country and is expected to
overtake OFW remittances in 2017
• the growth in the BPO industry has barely trickled down to most of the Philippine
population
• the development of the country mainly because of the high unemployment and
underemployment rates; the BPO industry was the fastest growing sector from
2005-2012 but only took in 1% of the labor force

3.2 MOBILE-BASED SERVICE INDUSTRY

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 Defined as those companies, which together enable the provision of telecommunication,
information and entertainment services including voice, internet, SMS, text and other data
services
• Mobile banking,
• economic development,
• delivery of health services,
• citizen empowerment and;
• greater access to media and education

3.3 E-SERVICES/E-GOVERNMENT

E-Government in the Philippines is envisioned to create “a digitally empowered and

integrated government that provides responsive and transparent online citizen-centered services
for a globally competitive Filipino nation.”
• Efficient delivery of public services (Citizens)
• Places a premium on value-added, shared services, interoperability and the
maximization of public resources (Government)
• Provides spaces for participation and fosters synergy in governance (Civil Society
Organizations)
• Identifies policy and advocacy areas that need to be addressed in creating an
environment necessary for fostering an integrated, interoperable and harmonized
system of e-Governance (Policymakers)

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

One of the most dynamic and fastest growing sectors in the Philippines is the Information
Technology-Business Process Outsourcing (IT-BPO). Do you think that the BPO Industry
contributes to the development of the ICT Sector and other business and service activities in our
country?

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CHAPTER 4. INTERNET CENSORSHIP AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Overview: Government may regulate, or censor speech if it has a compelling interest, is a

public concern, or threatens national safety. ... On the other hand, the regulation of material on
the Internet would, in fact, violate the First Amendment right to free speech and expression.

Learning Objective:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Analyze and decide on boundaries between what is legal or not

4.0 Internet Censorship

Internet censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or

viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative. Individuals and
organizations may engage in self-censorship for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform
to societal norms, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences. The extent of
Internet censorship varies on a country-to-country basis. While most democratic countries have
moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such
as news and suppress discussion among citizens.

Internet censorship also occurs in response to or in anticipation of events such as

elections, protests, and riots. An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the
Arab Spring. Other areas of censorship include copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscene
material. Internet Censorship in China known for having the most incredibly censored internets in
the world. Internet Censorship in Philippines The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, officially
recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, is a law in the Philippines approved on September 12, 2012.

It aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions and the Internet in the
Philippines. Among the cybercrime offenses included in the bill are cybersquatting, cybersex, child
pornography, identity theft, illegal access to data and libel.

Internet censorship and content restrictions can be enacted through a number of different
strategies which we describe below. Internet filtering normally refers to the technical approaches
to control access to information on the Internet, as embodied in the first two of the four approaches
described below.

1) TECHNICAL BLOCKING
There are three commonly used techniques to block access to Internet sites: IP
blocking, DNS tampering, and URL blocking using a proxy. These techniques are used to
block access to specific Web Pages, domains, or IP addresses. These methods are most
frequently used where direct jurisdiction or control over websites are beyond the reach of
authorities. Keyword blocking, which blocks access to websites based on the words found in
URLs or blocks searches involving blacklisted terms, is a more advanced technique that a
growing number of countries are employing. Filtering based on dynamic content analysis—
effectively reading the content of requested websites—though theoretically possible, has not
been observed in our research. Denial of service attacks produce the same end result as
other technical blocking techniques—blocking access to certain websites—carried out
through indirect means.

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2) SEARCH RESULT REMOVALS
In several instances, companies that provide Internet search services cooperate with
governments to omit illegal or undesirable websites from search results. Rather than blocking
access to the targeted sites, this strategy makes finding the sites more difficult.

3) TAKE-DOWN
Where regulators have direct access to and legal jurisdiction over web content hosts,
the simplest strategy is to demand the removal of websites with inappropriate or illegal
content. In several countries, a cease and desist notice sent from one private party to another,
with the threat of subsequent legal action, is enough to convince web hosts to take down
websites with sensitive content. Where authorities have control of domain name servers,
officials can deregister a domain that is hosting restricted content, making the website
invisible to the browsers of users seeking to access the site.

4) INDUCED SELF-CENSORSHIP
Another common and effective strategy to limit exposure to Internet content is by
encouraging self-censorship both in browsing habits and in choosing content to post online.
This may take place through the threat of legal action, the promotion of social norms, or
informal methods of intimidation. Arrest and detention related to Internet offenses, or on
unrelated charges, have been used in many instances to induce compliance with Internet
content restrictions. In many cases, the content restrictions are neither spoken nor written.
The perception that the government is engaged in the surveillance and monitoring of Internet
activity, whether accurate or not, provides another strong incentive to avoid posting material
or visiting sites that might draw the attention of authorities.

The advantage of allowing internet censorship is that content which is violent, obscene,
or dangerous can be immediately blocked. This protects children from inadvertently viewing
content that could be scary or harmful to them, such as the murder and decapitation videos which
have made their way to sites like Facebook and Twitter in recent years. The disadvantage is
obvious: internet censorship is a restriction on a person’s ability to view the content they wish to
see, when they wish to see it. Here are some additional internet censorship pros and cons to
discuss.

What Are the Pros of Internet Censorship?

1. It creates the chance to set common sense limits. There are some things that just aren’t part
of what a society would deem to be healthy. A simple search right now on an unfiltered public
search can provide anyone with access to numerous videos that purport to show real murders
in progress. High-profile cases, such as the murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward, were
broadcast on-air and then a first-person video of the event made its way through social circles
afterwards. Restricting this content sets a common-sense limit on the content that van be
viewed.

1. It limits access to harmful activities. There are dark areas of the internet where anything goes
right now. Access to illicit drugs, sex trafficking, human trafficking, and child pornography can
be accessed with relative ease by those who seek out such things. By restricting content that
can be accessed, it limits the opportunities that predators can create to reach out to find new
victims.

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2. It could lessen the impact of identity theft. One of the fastest growing crimes in the world today
is identity theft. NBC News reports that more US citizens were victims of identity theft in 2016
than any year before. More than 15.4 million reports of identity theft were compiled by Javelin
Strategy and Research, which reflects a 16% increase in the total number of reports from 2015
figures. Restricting content that would allow identity information to be easily shared could
lessen the impact that identity theft causes to a society.

3. It may provide a positive impact on national security. Although hacking will occur no matter
what internet censorship laws may be in place, by creating internet censorship regulations with
strict and mandatory penalties for a violation, it could become possible to reduce the number
of hacking incidents that occur. That could have a positive impact on national security because
the restrictions would possibly prevent alleged incidents like what occurred during the 2016
US Presidential election.

4. It stops fake news. Claims of fake news increased dramatically in 2017. Fake news websites
promote false reports for money through clicks because readers think the news is real. Internet
censorship would provide another level of discernment which could possibly stop divisive
incidents that are based on events that never occurred.

What Are the Cons of Internet Censorship?

1. Who watches the watchers? Even if internet censorship is directly supervised and ethically
maintained, someone somewhere is deciding on what is acceptable and what is not acceptable
for society to see online. At some level, someone does not have anyone to whom they report
regarding their censorship decisions. With that kind of power, one individual could influence
society in whatever way they chose without consequence.

2. It stops information. Although fake information can be restricted through internet censorship,
so can real information. According to the World Economic Forum, 27% of all internet users live
in a country where someone has been arrested for content that they have shared, published,
or simply liked on Facebook. 38 different countries made arrests based solely on social media
posts in 2016.

3. It is a costly process. According to research from Darrell West, VP and Director of

Governance Studies and the founding director of the Center for Technology Innovation at
Brookings, internet shutdowns cost countries $2.4 billion in 2015. The decision to cut
connectivity in Egypt came at a cost of $90 million. Censoring content is costly and it will come
at the expense of taxpayers.

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

• Right to express one's ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms
of communication but without deliberately causing harm to others' character and/or
reputation by false or misleading statements.
• According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed in 1948, Everyone
has the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
• This right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

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 Freedom of expression is recurrently limited through tactics that include censorship,
restrictive press legislation and harassment of journalists, bloggers and others who voice their
opinions, as well as crackdowns on religious minorities.

The right to freedom of expression is a fundamental human right, which is shown as a

corollary of human dignity, representing a necessary foundation for the survival of the state.
Therefore, it should be defended by all the citizens and protected by certain authorities. It is also
closely related to freedom of religion and freedom of the press.

As it is a core to the definition of freedom, the importance of free speech as a basic and
valuable characteristic cannot be underestimated.
At an individual level, freedom of expression is the key to the development and fulfilment of every
person.
• People can gain an understanding of their surroundings and the wider world by
exchanging ideas and information freely with others. This makes them more confident and
more able to plan their lives and to work. Sharing ideas can enhance productivity at the
workplace, not to mention that it fosters social relationships
At a national level, freedom of expression is necessary for good government and therefore for
economic and social progress.
• Free debate about new legislation helps ensure that the eventual law has the support of
the population, making it more likely to be respected;
• If people can speak their minds without fear, and the media are allowed to report what is
being said, the government can become aware of any concerns and address them.
• Free debate about and between political parties exposes their strengths and weaknesses,
as a result media scrutiny of the government and the opposition helps expose corruption
or other improprieties and prevents a culture of dishonesty.
Although you have freedom of expression, you also have a duty to behave responsibly and to
respect other people’s rights.
Public authorities may restrict this right if they can show that their action is lawful, necessary and
proportionate in order to:
• protect national security, territorial integrity (the borders of the state) or public safety
• prevent disorder or crime
• protect health or morals
• protect the rights and reputations of other people
• prevent the disclosure of information received in confidence
• maintain the authority and impartiality of judges
• An authority may be allowed to restrict your freedom of expression if, for example, you
express views that encourage racial or religious hatred.

Using digital technologies for freedom of expression

Technically, people can have global access to information. The amount of information
available to the masses is incomprehensible. At the same time, Internet security and monopolistic
structures have created new dangers to freedom of speech and access to information.

1. Social media - is the general term used to describe the plethora of web-based applications
that allow people to create, share and exchange information, opinions and ideas in virtual
communities. Social media use Internet and mobile technologies to create interactive platforms

21
 where individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss and modify user-generated
content. however, it is necessary to be mindful of the dangers of using social media as well.
• Social media conjure up many different types of data security and access to information issues.
These platforms are run by businesses after all. Media projects can use social media to reach
current and new audiences. They can also use it to collect and collate data, to crowdsource
information and to develop platforms for discussions on certain topics. Social media can also
be used as advocacy and lobbying tools to raise awareness amongst the general public of a
specific issue.

2. YouTube/Soundcloud - are online websites that enable people to upload and share videos
and audio for free. A variety of businesses, artists, experts and organizations use them to
disseminate ideas and information to a wide audience.

3. Mobile Phones - have been around for decades and new advancements in smartphones
support a variety of additional services such as business, news, social and game applications
and photography.

4. Online Website - may not be new but the way that they are being used to reach wider
demographics and new audiences can be considered innovative. Being online gives
organizations and businesses a platform to represent their work to the world.

5. Tablet/computers - are compact mobile computers that are interactive with touchscreens
and have capabilities such as inbuilt cameras and microphones that make them ideal for
roving reporters and journalists who are capturing stories on the go.

Advantages
• Allows individuals to express their opinions
• Less corruption
• Freedom from hunger
• A healthier society
• Respect for environment
• Respect for fundamental human rights
• Improve national security
• Make the political system more democratic
• Make the government more efficient
• Lead to better decision-making
• Help the economy become more efficient
• Individuals will receive better treatment from institutions

This black and white picture depicts a middle-aged man with his eyes and mouth covered.
The artist creates an atmosphere of sadness, distress and pain, representative of the inability of
the man to open his horizons, to follow his dreams. At the first glance we immediately realize how
lucky we are: we have the power to speak, to think, to argue.

22
Conclusion:

Freedom of expression, the right to express one's ideas and opinions freely through
speech, writing, and other forms of communication, has developed towards progress over the
years. However, there is still a long path to tread to type it as universal.

Some experts have been asking where our freedom stops. In my opinion, there is no
freedom which is absolute and unlimited. The exercise of the right to freedom of expression
carries with its duties and responsibilities; it may be subject to formalities, conditions, restrictions
or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society.

“Proclaim the truth and do not be silent through fear.” - Catherine of Siena

4.1 WEBSITE CONTENT FILTRATION

Need of filtering:
1. Safe access to the internet
2. For business
3. Protect children for unsuitable contents
Content Filtering
• On the internet, content filtering is the use of a program to screen and exclude from access
or availability web pages or e-mail that is deemed objectionable.
• Content filtering usually works by specifying character strings that, if matched, indicate
undesirable content that is to be screened out.
Types of filtering
Filters can be implemented to many different ways. No solution provides complete
coverage, so most companies deploy a mix of technologies to achieve the proper content control
in line with their policies.

1. Browser Based Filters - It is the most lightweight solution to do content filtering, and is
implemented via third party extensions.
• Blocksi is the #1 rated extension for web & Youtube filtering, time management and
trend analysis for Chrome and Chromebooks.

2. E-Mail Filters - E-mail filters set on information contained in the mail headers such as
sender, and subject, and e-mail attachments to classify, accept or reject messages.

23
3. Search-Engine Filters - Many search engines, such as Google and Bing offer users the
option of turning on a safety filter. When this safety filter is activated, it filters out the
inappropriate links from all of the search result.
Problems with Filtering

It could be expected that allowed content would be blocked. If all pornographic content is to be
blocked, other content with a resemblance in features will also be blocked e.g. sex education,
medical information etc.

4.2 CENSORSHIP VS REGULATION

Television and Films - The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) –
is a Philippine government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines that is
responsible for the classification and review of television programs, movies and home videos.

- The government agency can classify a movie or television program an X-rating which
forbids the material from being shown to the public due to issues such as excessive obscenity.

Films Description
G (General Patronage) – Viewers of all ages are admitted.
PG (Parental Guidance) – Viewers below 13 years old must be accompanied by a parent or a
supervising adult.
R-13 – Only viewers who are 13 years old and above can be admitted.
R-16 – Only viewers who are 16 years old and above can be admitted.
R-18 – Only viewers who are 18 years old and above can be admitted.
X – “X – rated” films are not suitable for public execution.

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

The right to freely express one's ideas and opinions is known as freedom of expression.
Where do you think our FREEDOM stops?

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CHAPTER 5. SEX AND TECHNOLOGY

Overview: Modern technology is almost inseparable from our daily lives. However,
criminals often take advantage of vulnerabilities in cyber security to commit crimes through
the use of computer technology. If members of the public lack security awareness of
computer network security, they can easily fall prey to online swindlers. Police appeal to
the public to be vigilant and thereby avoid potential technology crime hazards. Whilst using
computer as the medium, technology crime is not that much different from tradit ional
crime. Various common types of technology crime are listed here.

Learning Objective:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Realize that crimes are also committed in the Cyberworld;

• Develop a sense of responsibility.

5.1 CHILD PORNOGRAPHY

Child pornography is a form of child sexual exploitation. The law defines child pornography
as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor (persons less than 18 years
old). Images of child pornography are also referred to as child sexual abuse images.

The law prohibits the production, distribution, importation, reception, or possession of any
image of child pornography.

The expansion of the Internet and advanced digital technology lies parallel to the explosion
of the child pornography market. Child pornography images are readily available through virtually
every Internet technology, including social networking websites, file-sharing sites, photo-sharing
sites, gaming devices, and even mobile apps. Child pornography offenders can also connect on
Internet forums and networks to share their interests, desires, and experiences abusing children,
in addition to selling, sharing, and trading images.

These online communities have promoted communication and collaboration between child
pornography offenders, thereby fostering a larger relationship premised on a shared sexual
interest in children. This has the effect of eroding the shame that typically would accompany this
behavior, as well as desensitizing those involved to the physical and psychological damage
caused to the child victims. For this reason, online communities attract and encourage new
individuals to join them in the sexual exploitation of children.

The methods many offenders use to evade law enforcement detection have also become
increasingly sophisticated. Purveyors of child pornography continue to use various encryption
techniques and anonymous networks on “The Dark Internet”, attempting to hide their amassed
collections of illicit child abuse images. Several sophisticated online criminal organizations have
even written security Material s to ensure that their members follow preferred security protocols
and encryption techniques in an attempt to evade law enforcement and facilitate the sexual abuse
of children. ([Link]

5.2 VIRTUAL PROSTITUTION AND CYBER SEX

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 Virtual sex is sexual activity where two or more people - or one person and a virtual
character - gather together via some form of communications equipment to arouse each other,
often by the means of transmitting sexually explicit messages. (Wikipedia)

Virtual Prostitution is an activity in which one engages in sexual activity with another
person, whom neither have ever seen/met in real life before. Usually the two met online.

([Link]

Using the Internet to access prostitution-related information and engage in virtual

prostitution empowers men to sexually exploit women and children. The combined experience of
using high tech computer hardware and software, finding a supportive community in the Internet,
and having a sexual experience (masturbating to pornography, live sex shows and writing about
prostitution) is reinforcing and empowering. Pedophile behaviors are reinforced in that the
perpetrator acts in an environment with no social rules, and with minimal chance of being held
accountable.

Prostitution is not a victimless crime. Each sex act, whether online or not, is a violation of
women’s dignity and bodily integrity.

The technology is part of the excitement. The newest, fastest becomes the sexiest and
enables the best sexual experiences online. Using the Internet to access pornography leads to
an escalation of accessing, collecting and using pornography. The cycle continues.

([Link]

5.3 CYBER SEX

Cybersex can be defines as those sexual acts that are derived from surfing electronic
media sites that would titillate the sexual mind and the at satisfies the erotic needs of an individual.
These sites might be on Websites, Chat-rooms with web cams, streaming video materials, live
sex shows and / or SMS messages.

TYPES OF CYBERSEX USER

a. Group 1: Recreational Users – Appropriate

This group pf cybersex users are able to occasionally explore sex on the internet without
problems. They might use cybersex to enhance their sexual experiences. They are able to enjoy
intimate sexual relationships in the real world and have a healthy attitude to sexuality. So,
although they are seeking sexual gratification online, it is considered appropriate and not
pathological. As online dating is increasingly common, they may use website to meet potential
sexual partners, but other than meeting and communicating with partners online, they are as
appropriate and respectful in these relationships as people who enjoy meeting potential dates in
person.

b. Group 2: Recreational Users - Inappropriate

Like appropriate recreational users, this group of cybersex users can also access internet
sex without compulsive use but may use this material inappropriately. This could include sexting

26
or showing sexual images to other people for amusement or shock value, causing unintentional
embarrassment. Such users do not keep their activities secret and may otherwise have a healthy
attitude towards sexuality and relationship.

c. Group 3: Problematic Users – Discovery Group

This group has not had any past problems with online other sexual behavior. They may
be using the internet as a way to explore sexuality in a way that normal life has not offered them.
Examples of problematic users in the discovery group are people who compulsively visit adult
dating sites in the hope of meeting a partner, while avoiding real-life opportunities to meet people;
or people who use the internet in an attempt to meet an underage partnet for sex, despite no prior
history of doing so. They may also be using dating sites to meet multiple partners in a manipulative
or dishonest way.

d. Group 4: Problematic Users – Predisposed Group

This group includes people who may have a history of fantasizing about sexual acting out,
but who have never done it until accessing internet-based sexual material. They might have
thought about going to strip clubs or seeing prostitutes for sex, but not taken any action to do so,
perhaps for fear of recognition or other consequences. Their use may be regular but not
excessive, although attention is taken away from real relationships, work life may suffer, or
infidelity can occur.

e. Group 5: Problematic Users – Lifelong Sexually Compulsive Group

People in this group are at the extreme end if the continuum of sexual problems. Their
sexual acting out occurs with or without access to the internet—the oneline world simply adds
another avenue to explore sexually inappropriate material. These cybersex users may access
pornography frequently, as part of an ongoing pattern of excessive secual behavior. They may
also engage in predatory behavior in seeking out and exploiting vulnerable partners.

Although not all cybersex users engage in problematic internet use, all take the risk that
their use may become problematic. One difficulty with the online world of sex is that while users
are detached from their surroundings, sexually aroused, and surfing the net, they may be exposed
to images they would never seek out normally. This can lead to exploring illicit sexual material in
a way that was never intended, sometimes with dire legal and relationship consequences.

Why cybersex?
• Websites can be accessed anytime, anywhere with anonymity
• If not participating in cybersex with a known partner, people can portray a new
identity
• There are no consequences like sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy
• Can experiment sexually without anyone knowing their true identity
• Can portray a different version of themselves that’s a different gender or age

When can cybersex be harmful?

a. Use cybersex as a means to:
• Cope
• Handle boredom, anxiety, and other powerful feelings
• Feel important, wanted, and powerful

27
 b. Spend multiple hours away from their work and family
c. Online at times when the household is asleep -> lack of concentration at work or school
d. Unable to stop themselves from engaging
e. Social relationships may decline as the person spends numerous hours engaging in
cybersex
f. May not be able to refrain from accessing the materials in the workplace (Help Guide,
2014)
g. May grow anxious and restless if unable to access computer (Sexual Recovery Institute,
2014)

5.4 ONLINE RELATIONSHIPS - is a relationship between people who have met online and in
many cases know each other only via the Internet.

ADVANTAGES:
• can immediately focus on people with similar interest, beliefs, age and other important
criteria.
• Meaningful dating can be done at a distance, even in other countries.
• Allows you to expand your options outside you social circle.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Scammers
• Data Shared is Permanent
• Misleading Form of Attraction
• Distance is a Barrier

EXAMPLES OF ONLINE DATING APP / SITE:

• PROFUOUNDLY
• NEARGROUP
• TINDER
• OMEGLE

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

Each sex act, whether online or not, is a violation of women’s dignity and bodily integrity
and because of technology, such acts can be easily derived from surfing electronic media sites.
How can you, being a responsible student and citizen, avoid a potential technology crime such
as cybersex, virtual prostitution and the like?

28
CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGY AND PRIVACY

Overview: Most people know by now social media isn’t free – it’s paid for with the collection of
its users’ sometimes-sensitive information. Your GPS system keeps track of your movements
and your smart TV or webcam can watch you. Almost all the information these devices collect
can be sold to companies or used by government and law enforcement to keep tabs or gather
evidence. At the same time, we use technology so frequently as a society because it allows us
to do things faster and with much less efforts.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities
in the utilization of information technology

6.1 IDENTITY THEFT - also known as identity fraud, is a crime in which an imposter obtains key
pieces of personally identifiable information (PII), such as Social Security or driver's license
numbers, to impersonate someone else.

The taken information can be used to run up debt purchasing credit, goods and services
in the name of the victim or to provide the thief with false credentials. In rare cases, an imposter
might provide false identification to police, creating a criminal record or leaving outstanding arrest
warrants for the person whose identity has been stolen.

There are many different examples of identity theft, including:

1. Financial identity theft. This is the most common type of identity theft. Financial identity theft
seeks economic benefits by using a stolen identity.

2. Tax-related identity theft. In this type of exploit, the criminal files a false tax return with the
Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Done by using a stolen Social Security number.

3. Medical identity theft. Where, the thief steals information like health insurance member
numbers, to receive medical services. The victim's health insurance provider may get the
fraudulent bills. This will be reflected in the victim's account as services they received.

• Criminal identity theft. In this example, a person under arrest gives stolen identity
information to the police. Criminals sometimes back this up with a containing stolen
credentials. If this type of exploit is successful, the victim is charged instead of the
thief.

• Child identity theft. In this exploit, a child's Social Security number is misused to
apply for government benefits, opening bank accounts and other services.
Children's information is often sought after by criminals because the damage may
go unnoticed for a long time.

• Senior identity theft. This type of exploit targets people over the age of 60.
Because senior citizens are often identified as theft targets, it is especially

29
 important for this seniors to stay on top of the evolving methods thieves use to
steal information.

• Identity cloning for concealment. In this type of exploit, a thief impersonates

someone else in order to hide from law enforcement or creditors. Because this
type isn't explicitly financially motivated, it's harder to track, and there often isn't a
paper trail for law enforcement to follow.

• Synthetic identity theft. In this type of exploit, a thief partially or completely

fabricates an identity by combining different pieces of PII from different sources.
For example, the thief may combine one stolen Social Security number with an
unrelated birthdate. Usually, this type of theft is difficult to track because the
activities of the thief are recorded files that do not belong to a real person.

Identity theft techniques

Although an identity thief might hack into a database to obtain personal information, experts
say it's more likely the thief will obtain information by using social engineering techniques. These
techniques include the following:

1. Mail theft. This is stealing credit card bills and junk mail directly from a victim's mailbox or from
public mailboxes on the street.
2. Dumpster diving. Retrieving personal paperwork and discarded mail from trash dumpsters is
an easy way for an identity thief to get information. Recipients of preapproved credit card
applications often discard them without shredding them first, which greatly increases the risk
of credit card theft.

3. Shoulder surfing. This happens when the thief gleans information as the victim fills out
personal information on a form, enter a passcode on a keypad or provide a credit card number
over the telephone.

4. Phishing. This involves using email to trick people into offering up their personal information.
Phishing emails may contain attachments bearing malware designed to steal personal data or
links to fraudulent websites where people are prompted to enter their information.

MONITORING
Employers are justifiably concerned about threats to and in the workplace, such as theft
of property, breaches of data security, identity theft, viewing of pornography, inappropriate and/or
offensive behavior, violence, drug use, and others. They seek to minimize these risks, and that
often requires monitoring employees at work. Employers might also be concerned about the
productivity loss resulting from employees using office technology for personal matters while on
the job. At the same time, however, organizations must balance the valid business interests of
the company with employees’ reasonable expectations of privacy.

Magnifying ethical and legal questions in the area of privacy is the availability of new
technology that lets employers track all employee Internet, e-mail, social media, and telephone
use.

([Link]

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INTRUSION/INVASION OF PRIVACY

Invasion of privacy is a legal term. It is used to describe a circumstance where an individual

or organization knowingly intrudes upon a person. The intrusion occurs when the person has a
reasonable expectation of privacy, such as in a bathroom or locker room.

An invasion of privacy is considered to be a tort. A tort is a wrongful act that causes injury
or loss to someone resulting in legal responsibility for the wrongful act.

a. Deception
One type of invasion of privacy, in some states, is called deception. Deception occurs when
an employer collects information he claims is for one reason but uses it for another reason,
which could result in the employee's termination.

An example of deception is if an employer sets up a blood drive and tells employees that
donations will be used to aid a local blood bank. The blood drawn from employees is tested for
drugs as part of the process. The employer could be accused of deception if he uses the drug
results as a reason to terminate employees if employees did not consent to being drug tested.

b. Violation of Confidentiality
A second type of invasion of privacy is violating an employee's confidentiality. This occurs
when information given in confidence is then given to a third party.

For example, an employee has a wife and children but decides to leave his insurance
policy to an unrelated female coworker. If the human resources manager reveals this
confidential information to another employee, it is considered an invasion of privacy.

c. Intrusion & Misappropriation

A third type of invasion of privacy is intrusion. This occurs in business when an employer
intrudes in an employee's private life. What you do in the privacy of your own home is your
business and an employer may not interfere with that because you have a reasonable
expectation of privacy.
([Link]

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

We are currently living in the "information age," which can be defined as a period in which
most economic activities are based on information. What impact do you believe technology has
on people's private lives?

31
CHAPTER 7. INFORMATION WARFARE

Overview: into their political intentions and decision making process. Information warfare opens new
avenues for the conduct of politico-military operations. On the low level of the conflict spectrum,
covert intrusion into an opponent's command and control system may provide unique insight

Learning Objective:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities in
the utilization of information technology

INFORMATION WARFARE – is defined as “action as taken to achieve information superiority by

affecting an adversary information, information-based processes, information systems and
computer-based networks while defending one’s own information, information-based processes,
information systems and computer-based networks.

Information Warfare (IW) – is a concept involving the battlespace use and management
of information and communication technology (ICT) in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an
opponent. IW is the manipulation of information trusted by a target without the target’s awareness,
so that the target will make decisions against their interest but in the interest of the one conducting
information warfare. As a result, it is not clear when information warfare begins, ends, and how
strong or destructive it is. Information warfare may involve collection of tactical information,
assurance(s) that one’s own information is valid, spreading of propaganda or disinformation to
demoralize or manipulate the enemy and the public, undermining the quality of opposing force
information and denial of information-collection opportunities to opposing forces. Information
warfare is closely linked to psychological warfare.

Information warfare can take many forms:

• Television, internet and radio transmission(s) can be jammed.
• Television, internet and radio transmission(s) can be hijacked for a disinformation
campaign.
• Logistics networks can be disabled.
• Enemy communications networks can be disabled or spoofed, especially online
social community in modern days.
• Stock exchange transactions can be sabotaged, either with electronic intervention,
by leaking sensitive information or by placing disinformation.
• The use of drones and other surveillance robots or webcams.
• Communication management

Weapons of Information Warfare

a. Information Collection
Information collection is included as part of information warfare because “[t]he information
revolution implies the rise of a mode of warfare in which… the side that knows more… will enjoy
decisive advantages,”. The idea is that the more information one has, the higher his/her situational
awareness, which leads to better battle plans and, hopefully, better outcomes. According to Singh,
“[t]ill recently, knowing your position and that of the friendly forces was itself a huge task. Precision
position locating technologies such as navigation based on the Global Positioning System (GPS)

32
has eased those problems to a large extent. Knowing the position of the enemy has also been
made possible to a degree through employment of renaissance and surveillance technologies.”
In information warfare, information collection is much less dangerous and much more complete
because these technologies can be used to infiltrate situations and gather accurate information
with minimal loss of fidelity.

b. Information Transport
Collecting a large amount of comprehensive information is certainly good practice, but
collection is little value if the information sits in a storage facility, unused. As such, the ability to
transport information into the hands of those who need it, in a timely manner, is another essential
aspect of information warfare. The tools used in this domain are not exactly weapons, but rather
civilian technologies put to use in military situations. The most important of these tools is
communication infrastructure, composed of networks of computers, router, telephone lines, fiber
optic cable, telephones, televisions, radios, and other data transport technologies and protocols.
Without these technologies, the ability to transport information in the real-time fashion required
by today’s standards would be impossible.

c. Information Protection
One of the most broadly agreed upon aspects of information warfare is the need to
minimize the amount of information to which your opponent has access. A large part of this is
protecting the information you have from capture by the other side. The weapons used to protect
the security of our information fall in two classes. First are those technologies that physically
protect our vital data storage facilities, computers, and transport mechanisms, including bomb
and bullet proof casings and intrusion prevention mechanisms such as locks and fingerprint
scans. Second, and perhaps more important, are technologies that prevent bits from being seen
and intercepted by the enemy. This certainly includes basic computer security technologies such
as passwords, as well as more sophisticated technologies like encryption.

d. Information Manipulation

Information manipulation in the context of information warfare is the alteration of

information with intent to distort the opponent’s picture of reality. This can be done using a number
of technologies, including computer software for editing text, graphics, video, audio, and other
information transport forms. Design of the manipulated data is usually done manually so those in
command have control over what picture is being presented to the enemy, but the aforementioned
technologies are commonly used to make the physical manipulation process faster once content
has been decided

e. Information Disturbance, Degradation and Denial

The final aspects of information warfare, according to our earlier definition, are
disturbance, degradation, and denial. All three techniques are means to the same general end –
preventing the enemy from getting complete, correct information. Because of their similarity, many
of the same weapons are used to achieve one or more of the goals. As such, it makes sense to
discuss them together. Some of the more popular weapons used to wage these types of
information warfare are spoofing, noise introduction, jamming, and overloading.

Types of Information Warfare

1. Command and Control Warfare

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 The integrated use of operations security, military deception, psychological operations,
electronic warfare, and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny
information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities, while
protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions.

2. Intelligence-Based Warfare
Intelligence-Based Warfare is a unique concept, you wouldn’t know what parts of the
network to destroy in order to disrupt decision making if you didn’t have good intelligence.

3. Electronic Warfare
Electronic Warfare are those techniques that enhance, degrade or intercept the flow of
information electronically. Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to
determine, exploit, reduce or prevent hostile use of electromagnetic spectrum and action which
retains friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
4. Psychological Warfare
The term used “to denote any action which is practiced mainly by psychological methods
with the aim of evoking a planned psychological reaction in other people”. Psychological Warfare
are planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to audiences to influence
their emotions, motives, objective reasoning and ultimately the behavior of organizations, groups,
and individuals.

5. Hacker Warfare
Hacker Warfare is probably the most familiar portion of Information Warfare for most of
us. This type of warfare is also known as Computer Network Operations (CNO) and is often
portrayed in movies and headlines. One of the biggest areas of IW where the military and civilian
lines get mixed up and you start to see military attacks on civilian companies to gain a desired
effect on an enemy.

6. Economic Information Warfare

It is defined as channeling or blocking information to pursue economic dominance. EIW
can be defined as the economic impact of Information Warfare on country or company. There
are two areas of EIW, information blockade and information imperialism. A nation or company
would cut-off the targeted countries access to outside information. This blockade would cripple
the economy of the targeted nation.

7. Cyberwarfare
It is the use of information systems against the virtual personas of individuals or groups.
It is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially
the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes.

7.1 CYBER ESPIONAGE

Espionage, according to Merriam-Webster, is “the practice of spying or using spies to

obtain information about the plans and activities especially of a foreign government or a
competing company.”

Take this into the cyber world, and the spies are armies of nefarious hackers from around
the globe who use cyber warfare for economic, political, or military gain. These deliberately
recruited and highly valued cybercriminals have the technical know-how to shut down anything
from government infrastructures to financial systems or utility resources. They have influenced

34
the outcome of political elections, created havoc at international events, and helped companies
succeed or fail.

Many of these attackers use advance persistent threats (APTs) as their modus operandi
to stealthily enter networks or systems and remain undetected for years and years.
([Link]

Cyberespionage involves the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by

individuals, groups, or businesses for some economic benefit or personal gain (Maras, 2016; for
more information on cyberespionage for economic benefit, see Cybercrime Instructional Material
11 on Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime). Cyberespionage may also be perpetrated by
government actors, state-sponsored or state-directed groups, or others acting on behalf of a
government, seeking to gain unauthorized access to systems and data in an effort to collect
intelligence on their targets in order to enhance their own country's national security, economic
competitiveness, and/or military strength (Maras, 2016). While espionage is not a new
phenomenon, ICT have enabled illicit intelligence collection efforts directed and/or orchestrated
by other countries at an unprecedented speed, frequency, intensity, and scale (Fidler, 2012), as
well as a reduction of risks associated with committing espionage (i.e., being caught by the
country that is being targeted by the collection efforts) (Ziolkowski, 2013).
[Link]

7.2 INTELLIGENCE GATHERING

An intelligence gathering is collecting of information about a particular entity for the

benefit of another through the use of mor than one, inter-related source.

Intelligence Gathering Discipline

1. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) – is intelligence gathered by means of interpersonal contract,

as opposed to the more technical intelligence gathering disciplines. Can provide several kinds of
information. It can provide observations during travel or other events from travelers, refugees,
escaped friendly POWs, etc. It can provide date on things about which the subject has specific
knowledge, which can be another human subject or, in the case of defectors and spies, sensitive
information to which they had access. Finally, it can provide information on interpersonal
relationship and network of internet.

2. Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) – is intelligence about human activity on earth derived

from the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information that describes, assess
and visually depicts physical features and geographically referenced activities on the earth.

3. Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) – is a technical branch of intelligence

gathering which serves to detect, track, identify or describe the signature (distinctive
characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic
intelligence, nuclear intelligence and chemical and biological intelligence. MASINT is defined as
scientific and technical intelligence derived from the analysis of data from sensing instruments for
the purpose of identifying any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter or sender,
to facilitate the latter’s measurement and identification.

4. Open-source Intelligence (OSINT) – is data collected from publicly available sources to be

used in an intelligence context. In the intelligence community, the term “open” refers to overt,

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publicly available source (as opposed to covert or clandestine sources). It is not related to open-
source software or public intelligence.

OSINT under one name or another has been around for hundred of years. With the advent
of instant communication and rapid information transfer, a great deal of actionable and predictive
intelligence can now be obtained from public, unclassified sources.

5. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) – is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether

communications between people )communication intelligence – abbreviate to COMINT) or from
electronic signals not directly used in communications (electronic intelligence – abbreviated to
ELINT) Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management.

As sensitive information is often encrypted, signals intelligence in turn involves the use of
cryptanalysis to decipher the messages. Traffic analysis – the study of who is signaling whom
and in what quantity - is also used to derive information.

6. Technical Intelligence (TECHINT) – is intelligence about weapons and equipment used by

the armed forces of foreign nations (often referred to as foreign material). The related term,
scientific and technical intelligence, addresses information collected on the strategic (i.e. national)
level.

Technical intelligence is intended primarily to allow the armed forces to avoid technological
surprise. Knowledge of the characteristics and capabilities or enemy weapons allows nations to
develop effective countermeasures for them. Occasionally, armed forces adopt technology
developed by foreign nations.

7. Cyber Intelligence /Digital Network Intelligence (CYBINT/DNINT) – is gathered from

cyberspace or interconnected technology.

8. Financial Intelligence (FININT) – is the gathering of information about the financial affairs of
entities of interest, to understand their nature and capabilities, and predict their intentions.
Generally, the term applies in the context of law enforcement and related activities.

One of the main purposes of financial intelligence is to identify financial transactions that
may involve tax evasion, money laundering or some other criminal activity. FININT may also be
involved in identifying financing of criminal and terrorist organizations.

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

With the guarantee of a promising career move, your superior directed you to obtain highly
sensitive information from a competitor company. Would you accept or decline the offer, and why?

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CHAPTER 8. E-HEALTH

OVERVIEW: e-Health is an emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and
business, referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the Internet and
related technologies.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Identify and analyze user needs and take them into account in the selection, creation,
evaluation and administration of computer-based systems

e-Health – the term characterized not only a technical development , but also a state-of-mind, a
way of thinking an attitude, and commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve a
healthcare locally, regionally and worldwide by using information and communication technology.
(Journal of Medical Internet Research)

The cost effective and secure of information and communication technologies in support
of the health and health-related, health surveillance and health education, knowledge and
research. (World Health Organization WHO)

8.1 TELEMEDICINE
Telemedicine is the practice of medicine using technology to deliver care at a distance.
A physician in one location uses a telecommunications infrastructure to deliver care to a patient
at a distant site.

Telehealth refers broadly to electronic and telecommunications technologies and services

used to provide care and services at-a-distance.

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

Telehealth is different from telemedicine in that it refers to a broader scope of remote
health care services than telemedicine. Telemedicine refers specifically to remote clinical
services, while telehealth can refer to remote non-clinical services.

[Link]

TYPES OF TELEMEDICINE

1. Remote Patient Monitoring

Also known as telemonitoring, remote patient monitoring allows patients with chronic
diseases to be monitored in their homes through the use of mobile medical devices that collect
data about blood sugar levels, blood pressure and other vital signs. Remote caregivers can review
the data instantly.

2. Store-and-Forwards
Also known as asynchronous telemedicine. Store-and-Forward telemedicine allows
provides to share patient information such as lab results, with physical at another location.

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3. Inter-active Telemedicine
Allows physicians and patients to communicate real-time. Such sessions can be
conducted in the patient’s home or in nearby medical facility and include telephone conversation
of the use of video conferencing software that complies with Health Insurance Portability and
Accounting Act Regulations.

ADVANTAGES OF TELEMEDICINE:

1. Convenience – Patients do have to take away from work for an appointment. There is also
travel time or associated expenses, such as paying for gas of child care.

1. Increased Access – Patients in rural areas can obtain specialty services more easily. Patients
who live in underserved areas have increase accessed primary, dental and mental healthcare.
2. Reduced cancellations or no-shows – Because of its convenience, telemedicine can reduce
the number of cancellations or no-shows. Providers can reach out prior to or at the appointment
time if the patient forgot about the appointment.

3. Encourage Healthy Lifestyle choices – allows providers to encourage their patients’ healthy
lifestyle choices, such as smoking cessation.

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF TELEMEDICINE

a. Inability to prescribe medications – many states generally do not allow online prescribing
(not to be confused with e-prescribing) without an established relationship between the physician
and patient.

b. Technical Training and Equipment – provides need to be trained on how to use telemedicine
equipment. There are also the associated costs of the equipment, such as integrated
telemedicine carts and encounter management software, to consider. The start-up cost of
implementing telemedicine may be especially prohibited to rural facilities.

c. Licensing Issues – certain states may required providers who practice telemedicine across
state lines have a valid license in the state where the patients is located.

8.2 VIRTUAL THERAPY

Virtual therapy is therapy that takes place via the phone, an app, a video chat, or even a
virtual reality device. These virtual therapy options allow people to seek treatment in the comfort
of their own home, without having to travel to see a therapist in person.

TYPES OF VIRTUAL THERAPY THROUGH ELECTORNIC DEVICE

Virtual therapy is a type of telemedicine. It includes any treatment that a person seeks
through an electronic device.

• talking to a practitioner via videoconferencing software

• using an app to access therapy
• phone- and email-based therapies, such as when a physical therapist suggests specific
exercises via email

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 • the use of online devices to assess clients or patients remotely — for instance, when a
speech therapist uses online tools to measure progress

TYPES OF VIRTUAL THERAPHY

In theory, any treatment that does not require physical contact or laboratory testing can
work on a virtual platform. The most prevalent types of virtual therapy include:

1. Virtual psychotherapy - sometimes called telemental health or telepsychology, treats people

with mental health issues, relationship or sexual health problems, or significant stress via video
chat, email, phone, text messaging, or email.

In most virtual psychotherapy sessions, a licensed therapist provides traditional therapy

through a new platform. A client might talk about their emotions, seek insight on their relationships,
and ask for help implementing lifestyle changes.

A newer form of virtual psychotherapy uses apps or coaching to improve mental health.
This approach is not a form of traditional therapy because a person does not get care from a
licensed practitioner. Instead, they might monitor their own symptoms over time, get virtual
coaching from a bot, or receive daily mental health tips.

2. Virtual physical therapy - offers traditional care but in an online or phone-based setting. A
physical therapist might discuss recent symptoms, recommend exercises, or administer
screenings.

In some cases, a therapist might ask a client to perform exercises and then use a camera
to evaluate their form and progress.

Some physical therapy apps complement therapy by offering additional exercises or

allowing a client to track their progress between sessions. A person can use these apps alongside
virtual or in-person therapy.

3. Virtual speech therapy - can treat a range of speech disorders, such as a stutter, aphasia
from a stroke, or pronunciation difficulties.

In a virtual session, a therapist may evaluate a person’s speech, offer them strategies for
correcting speech issues, or help them practice new speech patterns. An emerging form of virtual
speech therapy uses bots in place of real people to improve speech.

Virtual speech therapy apps are also available to help people work toward their speech
goals between sessions or track speech changes over time.

4. Virtual occupational therapy - helps people master specific life skills. People often use it in
conjunction with other types of treatment. For example, a person with speech issues resulting
from a stroke might choose speech therapy, then use occupational therapy to help them master
the motor skills necessary to use a speech assistive device.

In virtual occupational therapy, a therapist offers coaching, tips, and feedback on

techniques on a virtual platform, such as via video chat. Some forms of virtual occupational
therapy may also use virtual reality to mimic real-world situations that the individual might face.

39
BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES

Benefits
a. Virtual therapy is relatively new, and researchers have not thoroughly tested every type of
treatment. However, preliminary research suggests that it could be effective.

For example, a 2020 study of virtual physical therapy following knee surgery found that
virtual therapy offered similar benefits to in-person treatment. It also significantly lowered costs.

The authors of a 2017 systematic review also suggested that telemental health services
provide a quality of care and outcomes similar to those of traditional mental healthcare.

Some other benefits of virtual therapy include:

• Increased access to care: People who have physical disabilities, are geographically
isolated, or do not have time to drive to therapy can access treatment with virtual options.
• More privacy: Well-managed virtual therapy means that a person can get care in the
privacy of their own home, without having to sit in a waiting room or interact with other
clients.
• Cost savings: Virtual therapy may cost less. The overheads may be lower for the
therapist, particularly if they switch to an exclusively online model of care.
• Client satisfaction: Most research on satisfaction following virtual therapy suggests that
clients are at least as satisfied with it as they are with traditional care. For some people,
seeking virtual care may be less stressful, greatly increasing satisfaction.

Disadvantages
Some drawbacks of virtual therapy include:

• Data concerns: If a therapist chooses the wrong platform or does not encrypt therapy
sessions, a third party might violate a client’s privacy. If a client seeks care on a public
network or leaves their computer unlocked, their colleagues or housemates may be able
to view their sessions.
• Relationship concerns: Depending on the modality the client chooses, it may be harder
to form a trusting relationship with the therapist. For instance, email-based therapy
removes body language and voice tone cues, potentially causing communication issues.
• Technological limitations: Slow networks, low quality video, and chat delays can make
therapy more difficult.
• Technological expertise and philosophy: People who are not comfortable with
technology may feel less comfortable with or more anxious about virtual treatment.

[Link]

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

People are afraid to leave their homes as a result of the global pandemic, and even going
to the hospital is a concern. On the other hand, we were introduced to e-Health and Telemedicine
as a result of this. Do you believe this method is effective and can be used even after the virus
has been eradicated?

40
 CHAPTER 9. ONLINE CRIMES

Overview: Cyber crimes are criminal offenses committed via the Internet or otherwise aided by
various forms of computer technology, such as the use of online social networks to bully others
or sending sexually explicit digital photos with a smart phone. But while cyber crime is a relatively
new phenomenon, many of the same offenses that can be committed with a computer or smart
phone, including theft or child pornography, were committed in person prior to the computer age.

Learning Objective:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities in
the utilization of information technology

9.1 HACKING

Hacking - is seeking and exploiting weaknesses in a computer system or computer network,

while Cracking is the more appropriate term for breaking into computers.

- - refers to unauthorized intrusion into a computer or a network. The person engaged in hacking
activities is known as hacker, This hacker may alter system or security features to accomplish a goal
that differs from the original purpose of the system.

TYPES OF HACKER
1. WHITE HACKERS – are the good guys of the hacker world. They typically have a strong
IT security background, and may even be certified as an ethical hacker. They are
sometimes called “penetration testers”.

2. BLACK HAT HACKERS – are the one’s you hear about in the news. They gain access
to information from banks or other businesses and typically steal money, credit card
information or proprietary data.

3. GRAY HAT HACKERS – are hackers who hack for their own purpose but don’t steal
money or information, and typically don’t do it to help others.

4. GREEN HAT HACKERS – are the black hat hackers who are just starting out in the
hacking world.

5. RED HAT HACKERS – are the vigilante who go after the black hat hackers using
aggressive hacking methods.

HACKING TECHNIQUES
1. VULNERABILITY SCANNER – checks the computers on networks for known
weaknesses.

2. PASSWORD CRACKING – the process of recovering passwords from data stored or

transmitted by computer systems.

41
 3. PACKET SNIFFER – applications that capture data packets in order to view data and
passwords in transit over networks.

4. SPOOFING ATTACK – involves websites which falsify data by mimicking legitimate sites,
and they are therefore treated as trusted sites by users or other programs.

5. ROOT KIT – represents a set of programs which work to subvert control of an operating
system from legitimate operators.

6. TROJAN HORSE – serves as back door in a computer system to allow an intruder to gain
access to the system later.

7. VIRUSES – self-replicating programs that spread by inserting copies of themselves into

other executable code files or documents.

8. KEY LOGGERS – tools designed to record every keystroke on the affected machine for
late retrieval.

9.2 SPAMMING

Spamming – to send (a message) indiscriminately to multiple mailing lists, individual, or

newsgroups. The sending of multiple unsolicited e-mails or text messages, usually for marketing
purposes.

These being said, here are Five of the most common methods spammers use and how you
can effectively protect yourself against them.
• Comment Spam. Comment spam is awful. ...
• Trackback Spam. Trackbacks were created with the intention of being useful. ...
• Negative SEO Attack. ...
• Spiders, Bots and DDoS Attacks. ...
• E-mail Spam.

Spoofing - A technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the intruder
sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a
trusted host

9.3 TECHNOLOGY-BASED TERRORISM

Terrorism, per se, is the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in
a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Terrorism has been
practiced by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and
religious groups, by revolutionaries, and even by state institutions such as armies, intelligence
services, and police.

Cyber-terrorism is the intimidation or coercion of a government or organization to

advance an individual’s or group’s political or social objectives by launching computer-based
attacks against computers, networks, and the information stored on them. Such attacks could be

42
accomplished by the sending of a virus or worm or through the launching of denial-of-service
attack.

9.4 ONLINE FRAUD - is a type of cybercrime fraud or deception which makes use of
the Internet and could involve hiding of information or providing incorrect information for the
purpose of tricking victims out of money, property, and inheritance. [1] Internet fraud is not
considered a single, distinctive crime but covers a range of illegal and illicit actions that are
committed in cyberspace. It is, however, differentiated from theft since, in this case, the victim
voluntarily and knowingly provides the information, money or property to the perpetrator. It is also
distinguished by the way it involves temporally and spatially separated offenders.

COMMON TYPES OF ONLINE FRAUD OR INTERNET SCAMS

a. Identity Theft. Using malware or computer intrusion techniques, cybercriminals steal

personally identifiable information to assume someone else's identity.
b. Credit Card Fraud. Is when someone uses your credit card or credit account to make a
purchase you didn't authorize. ... If you lose your credit card or have it stolen, it can be used
to make purchases or other transactions, either in person or online.
c. Auction Fraud. Is defined by the Internet Crime Complaint Center as “fraud attributable
to the misrepresentation of a product advertised for sale through an
Internet auction site or the non- delivery of products purchased through an
Internet auction site.
d. Investment Fraud. Involves the illegal sale or purported sale of financial instruments. The
typical investment fraud schemes are characterized by offers of low- or no-risk investments,
guaranteed returns, overly-consistent returns, complex strategies, or unregistered securities.
e. Work-at-Home Scam. Home-based positions can be used as vehicles to carry out
scams. Phony employers pretend to have positions available that allow job seekers to work
remotely. Instead, job seekers are tasked with facilitating questionable acts that are often
illegal.
f. Online Dating Scam. Millions of people turn to online dating apps or social networking sites
to meet someone. But instead of finding romance, many find a scammer trying to trick them
into sending money.
g. West African Scam. - Nigerian scams involve someone overseas offering you a share in a
large sum of money or a payment on the condition you help them to transfer money out of their
country. While these scams originated in Nigeria, they now come from all over the world.

COMPUTER FRAUD – is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or

refrain from doing something which causes loss. The fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:
▪ Altering computer is an unauthorized way (almost hacking)
▪ Altering, destroying, suppressing or stealing output usually to conceal unauthorized
transactions
▪ Altering or deleting stored data
▪ Altering or misusing existing systems tools or software packages, or writing code for
fraudulent purposes.

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU LEARNED:

43
 Scammers, thieves, and saboteurs abound on the internet, making it a dangerous place
to be. It's no surprise that cybercrime is on the rise, given the prevalence of smartphones and
social media that track our every move. In the event of an online crime, how can you protect
yourself?

44
CHAPTER 10. E-LIFESTYLE

Overview: E-lifestyle as patterns in which people live and spend their time and. money through
Internet and electronic mediums. E-lifestyle has been associated with information and
communication technology enabled products and services

Learning Objective:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Integrate IT-based solutions into the user environment effectively

• Apply knowledge through the use of current technologies, skills, tools and practices

10.1 SMS ADDICTION

Leave it to psychologists to label yet another behavior an “addiction” — short message

service (SMS), also commonly known as text messaging (or just plain “texting”). But let’s back up
a bit, because this is becoming commonplace with any new technology that seems to eat up
people’s time and attention.

In modern times, we can trace the desire to call certain behaviors without drugs
“addictions” to the rise and popularity of coin-operated and home video games in the 1970s and
1980s. Parents watch their children move from spending hours in front of the television to
spending hours in front of a video game (or going to the video arcade to escape their parents’
watchful eye). The following pronouncements were not uncommon in the research literature at
the time:

“It is suggested that the potential usefulness or harm of video games is still open to
empirical validation; however, the potential for abuse is inherent” (Soper & Miller, 1983).

10.2 ONLINE AND NETWORK-BASED GAMING

Video game addiction, also known as gaming disorder or internet gaming disorder, is
generally defined as the problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant
impairment to an individual’s ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of
time.

These games are played online with other people and are especially addictive because
they generally have no ending. Gamers with this type of addiction enjoy creating and temporarily
becoming an online character. They often build relationships with other online players as an
escape from reality.

1.3 ONLINE SHOPPING

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly

buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. … When an online
store is set up to enable businesses to buy from another businesses, the process is called
business-to-business (B2B) online shopping.

ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SHOPPING

45
1. Convenience of online shopping
Customers can purchase items from the comfort of their own homes or work place.
Shopping is made easier and convenient for the customer through internet. It is also easy to
cancel the transactions.

Top 6 reasons given by shoppers in buying through internet

a. Saves time and efforts.
b. Convenience of Shopping at home.
c. Wide variety / range of products are available.
d. Good discounts / lower prices.
e. Get detailed information of the product.
f. We can compare various models / brands.

2. No pressure shopping
Generally, in physical stores, the sales representatives try to influence the buyers to buy
the product. There can be some kind of pressure, whereas the customers are not pressurized in
any way in online stores.

3. Online shopping saves time

Customers do not have to stand in queues in cash counters to pay for the products that
have been purchased by them. They can shop from their home or work place and do not have to
spend time traveling. The customers can also look for the products that are required by them by
entering the key words or using search engines.

4. Comparisons
Companies display the whole range of products offered by them to attract customers with
different tastes and needs. This enables the buyers to choose from a variety of models after
comparing the finish, features and price of the products on display, Sometimes, price comparisons
are also available online.

5. Availability of online shop

The mall is open on 365 x 24 x 7. So, time does not act as a barrier, wherever the vendor
and buyers are.

6. Online tracking
Online consumers can track the order status and delivery status tracking of shipping is
also available.

7. Online shopping saves money

To attract customers to shop online, e-tailers and marketers offer discounts to the
customers. Due to elimination of maintenance, real-estate cost, the retailers are able to sell the
products with attractive discounts through online. Sometimes, large online shopping sites offer
store comparison.

THE MAJOR DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SHOPPING ARE AS FOLLOWS.

1. Delay in delivery
Long duration and lack of proper inventory management result in delays in shipment.
Though the duration of selecting, buying and paying for an online product may not take more than

46
15 minutes; the delivery of the product to customer’ s doorstep takes about 1-3 weeks. This
frustrates the customer and prevents them from shopping online.

2. Lack of significant discounts in online shops

Physical stores offer discounts to customers and attract them so this makes it difficult for
e-tailers to compete with the offline platforms.

3. Lack of touch and feel of merchandise in online shopping

Lack of touch-feel-try creates concerns over the quality of the product on offer. Online
shopping is not quite suitable for clothes as the customers cannot try them on.

4. Lack of interactivity in online shopping

Physical stores allow price negotiations between buyers and the seller. The show room
sales attendant representatives provide personal attention to customers and help them in
purchasing goods. Certain online shopping mart offers service to talk to a sales representative,

5. Lack of shopping experience

The traditional shopping exercise provides lot of fun in the form of show-room atmosphere,
smart sales attendants, scent and sounds that cannot be experienced through a website. Indians
generally enjoy shopping. Consumers look forward to it as an opportunity to go out and shop.

6. Lack of close examination in online shopping

A customer has to buy a product without seeing actually how it looks like. Customers may
click and buy some product that is not really required by them. The electronic images of a product
are sometimes misleading. The colour, appearance in real may not match with the electronic
images.

People like to visit physical stores and prefer to have close examination of good, though
it consumes time. The electronic images vary from physical appearance when people buy goods
based on electronic images.

7. Frauds in online shopping

Sometimes, there is disappearance of shopping site itself. In addition to above, the online
payments are not much secured. So, it is essential for e-marketers and retailers to pay attention
to this issue to boost the growth of e-commerce. The rate of cyber crimes has been increasing
and customers’ credit card details and bank details have been misused which raise privacy
issues.

10.4 BLOGGING, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND PERSONAL WEBSITES

A blog is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web

consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries. Posts are typically displayed in
reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web page.
Wikipedia

The word blog is actually a shortened form of its original name, "weblog." The content of
blogs varies significantly. For example, travel blogs may feature many pictures with few written

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passages, while political blogs may weigh in with wordy takes on the news of the day. The
popularity of YouTube and similar sites also gave rise to video blogging, or "vlogging."

Blogging refers to writing, photography, and other media that's self-published online. Blogging
started as an opportunity for individuals to write diary-style entries, but it has since been
incorporated into websites for many businesses.

Blogging vs. Websites

Blogs Websites
Updated frequently Largely evergreen content
Allows for reader engagement One-way communication

Some people are confused over what constitutes a blog over a website. Part of the
confusion stems from the fact that many businesses use both, usually by adding a blog section
to the company website. However, there are two features of a blog that set it apart from a
traditional website.

First, blogs are updated frequently. Whether it's a mommy blog in which a woman
shares adventures in parenting, a food blog sharing new recipes, or a business providing updates
to its services, blogs have new content added several times a week. Websites might occasionally
have new information, but for the most part, they offer static information that rarely changes.

Secondly, blogs allow for reader engagement. Blogs and social media accounts often
go hand-in-hand because they serve a similar purpose of connecting an audience with each other
and the content creator. Some websites may incorporate features that allow for conversation, but
generally speaking, a blog allows for more conversation and interaction than a traditional website
does.

[Link]

SOCIAL NETWORKS

Is a web site that creates an online community of Internet users that enables members to
break down barriers created by time, distance and cultural difference.

Social networking web sites allow people to interact with others online by sharing opinions,
insights, information, interests and experiences. Members of an online social network may use
the site to interact with friends, family members and colleagues – people they already know – but
they may also make use of the site to develop new personal relationships.

PERSONAL WEBSITES

Personal web pages are world wide web pages created by an individual to contain
content of a personal nature rather than content pertaining to a company, organization or
institution.

Resumes are boring. Career experts tell you to make your resume a one-page, size 11
Time New Roman document printed with black ink with no pictures. Seriously? How are you
supposed to represent — and differentiate – yourself with that? Plus, your resume becomes static

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and outdated the moment you hand it to someone. You can’t update resumes you’ve already given
out – you have to make new copies.

That’s why you need to create a personal website.A website is the complete
opposite of a resume. Everything bad about resumes can be fixed simply by having a website. I’d
go as far as to say that not having a website is like shooting yourself in the foot – it’s that useful.

Reasons Why You Need to Make a Personal Website

a. A website isn’t static; it’s dynamic. It’s ever-changing. The moment you accomplish
something, you can add it to your website. When you complete a project, you can put it in
your portfolio for all to see. You don’t need to print new copies of it and send it out to your
contacts over and over; you just update it. People can continually come back and see what
you’re up to.

b. Having a website makes you more findable. If all you have is a resume, you have to go
out and hand it to people to get your name out. If someone wanted to look you up on the
internet and you didn’t have a website, all they might get is a Facebook or Twitter profile.
However, if you have a website, you can be found by a much wider
audience and control what it is they see first. This is key for establishing your personal
brand and for highlighting your accomplishments.

I’ve been offered jobs, met clients for my web design work, and gotten interviews
simply because I have a website. If I didn’t take the time to create one, I’m confident that I
wouldn’t have been found. Make sure you can be found!

c. Not many people have one. Personal websites may be more common in 2020 than they
were ten years ago, but the vast majority of students and job seekers are still relying on
resumes and job search websites.

Succeeding today requires that you make yourself stand out, and having a
website can help you do that. It shows that you’ve taken the time to learn how to do
something fairly technical, and it shows that you have some skills other people don’t
have.

d. You gain some new skills that can be very useful in the future. Learning how to build
a website involves a number of different skills, especially if you get into customizing and
optimizing things. Even if you’re not looking for a job in a tech field, having these skills
can give you a leg up.

Say you’re applying for a job in advertising. If you can tell the interviewer that
you’re not only a great marketer, but that you also have knowledge of the web, you
become a much more attractive candidate.

10.5 HOME-BASED AND MOBILE OFFICES

What are the differences between working from home versus working in an office? Let’s
compare them side-by-side to help you understand the unique advantages and disadvantages of
each.

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 Research from Owl Labs suggests that approximately half of employees typically work
from home at least once a week and a third work remote jobs full-time.

Many organizations have shifted their tools and systems for remote teams for the first time
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For employees and employers, this is a major adjustment.

a. Commuting
The average American worker spends at least 27 minutes on their daily commute to work,
and it is getting worse. More than 14 million people spend an hour or more traveling to work,”
according to NPR.

That’s a lot of time you can save by becoming a telecommuter! Telecommuting is another
way to say working remotely or from home by making full use of the internet, email, and phone.

However, some folks enjoy waking up early, getting ready, and having the separation of
home and the office. This is why many folks who work remotely still opt to go to a coffee shop or
a coworking space.

The bottom line is people hate commuting. Work-life balance continues to surge on the
importance meter for modern-day employees. Companies that don’t recognize this are missing a
huge opportunity to adopt work from home strategies that benefit their workforce.

A poll posted by CEO of Product Hunt, Ryan Hoover, suggests that most people would
take a pay cut if it gave them the ability to work remotely. Perks like infinite vacation time, free
food, and 401k weren’t as important when compared to the benefits of working remotely.

b. Communication
According to research from our 2020 State of Business Communication Report, face-to-
face communication is the most preferred communication method by employees.

Not counting video conferencing, face-to-face communication is something you really only
get in an office space. It’s not only beneficial when planning for business, but it strengthens
relationships and rapport with other employees. There’s something about relationship-building
that happens when you sit next to someone or bump into each other at the coffee machine.

Communication still happens when you’re working remotely — it’s just different. Face-to-
face communication turns into video calls. Short conversations turn into Slack messages. Emails
… well, those stay emails. Nobody escapes those!

One compelling advantage of working from home is the ability to work anywhere. You
don’t even need a laptop. With a full-featured business phone app, employees can make and
receive calls, attend conference calls, message colleagues, and stay online using their iPhone or
Android.

To improve communication for remote employees, we’ve seen many organizations require
video conferencing over traditional phone calls when communicating with coworkers. Teams
should have conference calls to align themselves with business goals. For fun, employees can
even host online game nights to get to know each other outside of office life.

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 Some teams even rely on social media for communication. For example, [Link] says
they use Snapchat internally for team building. It’s a cool and clever way to use social media to
stay connected while working remotely.

c. Flexibility
When working from an office, it’s likely you have a set schedule. Your alarm goes off at
the same time every day, you grab your morning coffee at 7:05 am, and you’re at your desk by 9
am ready to work.

When it comes to working from home, it’s a little different. You now have the flexibility to
wake up when you choose and tailor your day to your needs. If your company is new to remote
work, chances are they still want all employees working the traditional work hours of 9-to-5. With
remote work, you can now wake up (a little) later, pick a time for lunch, and close your laptop
when you want — for some, that’s 4 pm, others it could be 7 pm.

As more companies adopt a remote-first policy, working hours will shift to fit the
employee’s schedule. This shift means more flexibility on when you start and end your day and
where you work from. You should be able to work from anywhere that has a solid internet
connection!

Many employees struggle to disconnect when working from home. Up to a third of

employees say they struggle to balance work and home life when working remotely. It’s easy to
shut down your computer when you see fellow office workers start to pack up for the night, but
when you’re at home, those cues don’t exist.

The option to freelance and take on side projects is another massive benefit that comes
with working from home. The time you waste on commuting could be put toward taking on side
projects or freelancing. It’s far more lucrative than sitting through traffic jams!

(“Working From Home vs. Working in an Office: Pros & Cons” by JEREMY BOUDINET
[Link]

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

There are benefits and drawbacks to both online shopping and working from home. Given
all of the possibilities, do you think your lifestyle will improve and become more worry-free?

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CHAPTER 11. E-LEARNING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION

Overview: E-Learning can play a more support role of the teaching-learning activities organized
in the class. As a result, a teacher may take its use for his better teaching and learning for his
needed learning, e.g. they may use multimedia, internet and web services for their teaching and
learning to enhance their classroom activities. Distance learning includes no in-person
interaction between teachers and students.

Learning Objective:

At the end of the Chapter, the student must be able to:

• Recognize the need for and engage in planning self-learning and improving performance
as a foundation for continuing professional development

11.1 COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING

Computer-based training (CBT) is any course of instruction whose primary means of

delivery is a computer. A CBT course (sometimes called courseware) may be delivered via a
software product installed on a single computer, through a corporate or educational intranet, or
over the Internet as Web-based training. ([Link]
based-training-CBT)

Computer-Based Training (CBT) involves the use of a personal or networked computer

for the delivery and access of training programs. CBT can be synchronous and asynchronous, as
well as online, web-based, mobile, and distance learning. CBT is particularly useful when training
learners on a specific computer application but can also be built to train learners on general
knowledge or skills. The greatest disadvantage of CBT is that it is expensive to develop and
deliver, especially for smaller groups of students. CBT can be more cost efficient when designed
to train a larger number of students. ([Link])

Computer-based training (CBT), often referred to as e-Learning, is education that is

primarily administered using computers rather than an in-person instructor. CBT is typically
delivered over the web using a training platform such as a learning management system (LMS).

Corporate training about topics such as security awareness and harassment often include
difficult concepts for employees to adopt but using alternative training methods such as e-
Learning can be a great way to make such an important and serious topic engaging and easy to
comprehend. In fact, corporate e-Learning has grown by 900% in the past 16 years, and an
Association for Talent and Development (ATD) report found that almost 90% of companies offer
digital learning today.

BENEFITS OF CBT

1. Time, Money, and Savings

In-person training can come with many hidden costs, including travel, instructor fees, and
employee productivity. Studies indicate that e-Learning has the potential to reduce overall training
time by 40% – 60%. Reducing training time means more time for your employees to work on tasks
that affect your organization’s bottom line.

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 The best way to retain information learned during training is to regularly reinforce it. The
cost of hiring someone to train employees and improve retention can be a large financial burden.
E-Learning allows you to deploy courses to large or small groups of employees in a variety of
time lengths to achieve optimal retention levels.

2. Higher Engagement & Retention Rates

E-Learning can increase a learner’s retention rate by 25% to 60%. In contrast, the
retention rate of face-to-face training can be much lower at 8% to 10%. With eLearning,
employees and the organization have more control over the learning process. What’s more, if
they happen to forget something, they can revisit the material whenever they need to.

Additionally, new technology, such as virtual reality, provides engaging and immersive
content that can be accessed by smartphones, thereby freeing users up from desktop computers.
Role-playing can also give learners the opportunity to work through realistic situations with their
coworkers. By handling the learning experience in these unique ways, employees can really get
involved and engaged with training, making the content much more memorable.

3. Easier Scheduling and Deployment

Using CBT for corporate training efforts allows organizations to send out courses to large,
small, or segmented groups for more specific training. Organizations can also send out reminders
to ensure that training is not being forgotten.

4. Tracking Progress and Analytics

By deploying training through CBT, you’ll be able to track the progress of your learners in
the LMS. This will allow you to see when an employee started or finished their training. Some
LMS platforms also allow you to see who has passed or failed a course, when users log in, the
status of a course, etc. Seeing these types of analytics will allow you to drill down into which
course topics need more attention and which topics employees are the most comfortable with.

5. Enhancing Competitiveness
In a survey by [Link], almost 72% of organizations said that online learning is
instrumental in enhancing their competitive edge. Organizations should consider offering
incentives to individuals or departments in order to increase participation and create a positive
mentality around required training.

6. Non-Threatening and Non-Judgmental

The immediate feedback of the computer-based training system allows employees to
review portions of the material as frequently as needed, privately, and without feeling
embarrassed by mistakes. Employees won’t need to worry about taking quizzes slowly or staying
on pace with other employees. ( [Link]
training-for-corporate-education/)

11.2 ONLINE EDUCATION/DISTANCE LEARNING

Online education is electronically supported learning that relies on the Internet for
teacher/student interaction and the distribution of class materials.” From this simple definition
comes an almost infinite number of ways to teach and learn outside of traditional classrooms and
away from college campuses

Benefits of Online Education

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 a. Flexibility. Students have the freedom to juggle their careers and school because they
aren't tied down to a fixed schedule.
b. Reduced Costs. Online education can cost less due to a variety of reasons.
c. Networking Opportunities.
d. Documentation.
e. Increased Instructor - Student Time.
f. Access to Expertise.

These are the disadvantages of Online Education:

a. Online student feedback is limited.
b. E-Learning can cause social Isolation.
c. E-Learning requires strong self-motivation and time management skills.
d. Lack of communicational skill development in online students.
e. Cheating prevention during online assessments is complicated.

DISTANCE LEARNING

Distance education or distance learning is the education of students who may not
always be physically present at a school. Traditionally, this usually involved correspondence
courses wherein the student corresponded with the school via post. Today, it involves
online education.

Advantages of Distance Learning

a. You can take courses and learn from any university and/or instructor in the world
b. You make your own studying schedule during the time the course is given
c. You can get a degree from any university without leaving your home country as long
as you complete the required courses successfully
d. You do not need to leave your employment position, but can study whenever you have
time and your job schedule allows it
e. You can communicate and interact not only with the professor through virtual
means, but also with other people around the world who are taking the same course
as you. This interaction can be done via email or chat rooms, and the students can be
from different cultures or countries. This assists people in gaining more insight and expose
themselves to different points of view that they might not have gained in a typical physical
classroom with less diversity
f. Distance learning courses or degrees often cost much less than formally registering in a
classroom at a physical university. As mentioned before, if you register in MOOCs, the
courses are usually free of charge.

Disadvantages of Distance Learning

a. Lack of physical social interaction that is found in a typical, traditional classroom.
Students can only engage and share opinions through virtual means in chatrooms or
broadcasts, but are not able to physically interact with each other
b. It does not fit all types of learners. If you are someone who needs constant motivation
and support from professors or instructors, then distance learning is not for you, since
instructors are not always available to offer assistance in the same way that they would
be in a traditional classroom

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 c. Some courses required to complete a degree may not be available online.
Sometimes universities make many required courses online to give students a feel of their
teaching methodologies, quality, and value. After you complete those courses, to get the
degree you might be required to attend some classes in person. These classes will most
likely be less affordable, or you will not be able to travel to the university to take them.
d. You need to be technologically savvy. If you are a person who is not as comfortable to
working with technology, then distance learning will not suit you. Distance learning
requires students to be able to operate with at least a minimum knowledge of different
chat rooms, online examinations, and interaction, and many people do not feel
comfortable if they do not even have physical material to study from.

LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

The days when distance and online education were just beginning to become more visible
and accessible, piqued students' interest, are long gone. Online learning is almost as popular as
on-campus learning these days. Which method of learning, face-to-face or e-learning, do you
believe is more effective?

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LET’S ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:
In your opinion, which method of learning is more effective: face-to-face or e-Learning?
Justify your answer in a whole sheet of yellow paper. Submission of the paper is at end of term.

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