International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 5 Issue 6, September-October 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among Married

Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Nigeria
A. I Ogbalu; Iwuji, Ngozi Frances; Ogbonna, Chioma Hope; Nnaemezie, Nkiru Onyinyechukwu
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: A. I Ogbalu |

This study examined health hazards of domestic violence among Iwuji, Ngozi Frances | Ogbonna, Chioma
married secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Three research Hope | Nnaemezie, Nkiru
questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study used a Onyinyechukwu "Health Hazards of
descriptive survey research design. The population of the study Domestic Violence among Married
Secondary School Teachers in Anambra
comprised 2600 married teachers (male and female) in all secondary State Nigeria" Published in International
schools owned by Anambra State. The sample consisted of 1080 Journal of Trend in
married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. The Scientific Research
instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire and Development
titled Domestic Violence Questionnaire (DVQ). The DVQ was (ijtsrd), ISSN:
validated by experts in measurement and evaluation as health 2456-6470,
education. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.947. Volume-5 | Issue-6,
Mean and standard deviation statistics were used to answer the October 2021, IJTSRD46397
research questions. T-test and ANOVA were used to test null pp.342-348, URL:
hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The findings revealed among www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46397.pdf
others that forms of domestic violence such as physical injuries,
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and
depression, abortion and others exist among married secondary International Journal of Trend in
school teachers in Anambra State. Health hazards of domestic Scientific Research and Development
violence such as infertility, sexually transmitted infection, sexual Journal. This is an
dysfunction and others exist among married teachers in secondary Open Access article
schools in Anambra State. Based on the findings, the recommended distributed under the
among others that health educators should provide a platform to terms of the Creative Commons
educate married teachers in various Health officers should enlighten Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
married teachers on health hazards of domestic violence as this will (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
enable married teachers to explore various means of settling their
differences instead to engage in domestic violence that will be
detrimental to their health. Married teachers should endeavour to
learn and understand each other as this will enable them avoid any
form of violence at home.

INTRODUCTION
Violence is a social disorder. It is physical cultures worldwide. It is common place that it has
destabilization and distortion of peace and order in often gone unnoticed and failed to receive the level of
interpersonal relationship and in society as it includes concern it deserves in light of the devastating effect
assault, occasioning injury, threats and damage to on children and families (Igbokwe, Ukwuma &
property (Chikobi and Ezumezu, 2018). Violence is Onugwu, 2013).
showing physical force especially unlawful kind or
In fact, it can happen between or among persons in a
emotional intensity to an individual (another person).
home. (Chikobi & Ezumezu, 2018). Domestic
The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2015)
violence includes behaviours that physically harm,
defined it as the intentional use of physical force or
arouse fear, prevent a partner from doing what they
power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another
wish or force them to behave in ways they do not
person or against a group or community, which
want. It includes the use of physical and sexual force,
results in or has a high likehood of resulting in injury,
threats and intimidation, emotional abuse, and
death, psychological harm, mal-development or
economic deprivation. Many of these different forms
deprivation. Violence in homes (Domestic violence)
of domestic violence can be occurring at the same
has been part of the fabrics of many societies and
time within the same intimate relationship (Hotline,

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
2017). Domestic violence can affect anyone of any partner. It is usually perpetrated online e.g. accepting
age, or gender whether it is physical or psychological. or not accepting year friendship on social network.
Domestic abuse is destructive for both the battered Sending insulting or even threatening e-mails, face
and the batterer. book messages online to the victims, sending
unwanted explicit pictures and demanding some in
Domestic violence is abuse that happens in a
return, steals or insists on tracing password, accessing
physical, verbal, emotional, economic, religious, and
personal phones, checking upon pictures, texts and
reproductive and sexually abuse, which can range
outgoing calls frequently and also using any kind of
from subtle, coercive form to marital rape and to
technology to monitor their victim(s).
violent physical abuse such as choking, beating,
female genital mutilation and acid bath that results in A growing number of research has been conducted
disfigurement or death, domestic murder including into the risk factors associated with domestic violence
stoning, bride, honour killings and dowry death and its three domains ( Sabir& Campbell, 2015;
(Web-MD, 2017). Aduloju, Olagbuji, Olofirbiyi & Airoleke, 2015;
Bamiwuye & Odimegwu, 2014). A multi-country
Forms of Domestic violence noted by Medline – Plus
study by the WHO confirmed that domestic violence
(2017) include physical abuse. This involves constant
is widespread across all countries with the prevalence
intending to cause pain, injury, other physical
ranging between 4% and 75% (Garcia-Moreno et al,
suffering or bodily harm. For example hitting,
2005). Several risk factors of domestic violence, such
shoring, grabbing, pinching, biting, hair pulling
as being young in age, low level of education,
among others. According to World Health
poverty, place of residence, exposure to violence
Organization (2015) sexual abuse is any sexual act,
between parents, sexual abuse during childhood and a
attempting to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual
general acceptance of violence have been consistently
comments or advances, or acts to traffic or otherwise
identified in the literature.
directed against a person sexuality using Coercion.
This includes, but not limited to marital rape, attacks Gender is a construct that distinguishes organisms on
on sexual parts of the body, forcing sex after physical the basis of their reproductive roles. In recent times,
violence has occurred, or treating one in a sexually many forms of gender are being recognized aside the
demeaning manner. There is also emotional abuse as traditional male and female. However, for the purpose
form of domestic violence. According to WHO of this study, gender is classified into male and
(2015) emotional abuse as a domestic violence is a female. Literatures proved that women experiencing
pattern of behaviour that threatens, intimidates, domestic violence more than men. Yusuf (2000)
dehumanizes or systematically undermines self- confirmed that a large number of women reported
worth. This includes constant criticisms, name – their abuse to family and friends while not many
calling or damaging ones relationship with his or her decided to go to police to file a report.Another
children. veritable variable of interest is duration of marriage.
Duration of marriage refers to the interval of time
On the other hand, there is economic abuse as a form
between the day, month and year of marriage to date
of domestic violence. Adams, Sullivan, Bybel and
often expressed in completed years (OECD Glossary
Greenson cited in Amenda (2013) stated that
of Statistical Terms, 2006). Obi and Ozumba (2007)
economic abuse as a form of violence when one
in a related study linked duration of marriage and
intimate partner has control over the other partner’s
couple age disparity as major factors to domestic
access to economic resources. Marital assets are used
violence. IIiyasu, Abubakar, Babashan and Galadanci
as a means of control. It can also mean as making or
(2011) supported the view that duration of marriage is
attempting to make an individual financially
a strong predictor of domestic violence. Issues
dependent by maintaining total control over financial
surrounding domestic violence are much with it
resources, withholding one’s access to money or
adverse health implication that is why this study tends
forbidding one’s attendance to school or employment.
to determine how gender and duration of marriage
Social abuse is another form of domestic violence.
determines the forms and health hazards of domestic
According to WHO (2015), it involves causing fear
violence among married secondary school teachers in
by intimidation, threatening physical harm to partner,
Anambra State.
children or partner’s family or friends, destruction of
pets and property and forcing isolation from family, Purpose of the Study
friends, school or work. Another form of domestic The main purpose of the study is to determine the
violence is digital abuse. WHO (2015) stated that it is forms, risk factors and health hazards of domestic
the use of technologies such as texting and social violence among married secondary school teachers in
networking to bully, harass, stalk or intimidate a

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Anambra State. Specifically, the study aims at Method
determining the following: The descriptive survey research design was used for
1. health hazards of domestic violence among the study. According to Nworgu (2015), descriptive
married secondary school teachers in Anambra survey design is concerned with collecting data from
State; a sample of a population in order to describe
2. health hazards of domestic violence among conditions or relationships that exist, opinions that are
married secondary school teachers in Anambra held, processes that are going on, effects that are
State based on gender and evident or trends that are developing. The design is
3. health hazards of domestic violence among suitable for the present study because the study
married secondary school teachers in Anambra intends to use questionnaire to collect the opinions of
State based on duration in Marriage. the respondents on risk factors and health hazard of
domestic violence among married secondary school
Research Questions
The following nine (3) research questions will guide teachers in Anambra State.
the study. The sample for this study comprised one thousand
1. What are the health hazards of domestic violence and eighty (1080) married secondary school teachers
among married secondary school teachers in in Anambra State. The sample represents 40 percent
Anambra State? of the entire population of 2,600.Data that was
2. What are the health hazards of domestic violence analyzed using mean and standard deviation to
among married secondary school teachers in answer the research questions and t-test and ANOVA
Anambra State based on gender? statistics to test the hypotheses. The decision rule is
3. What are the health hazards of domestic violence that any item with mean score of 2.50 and above was
among married secondary school teachers in regarded as agree, whereas any item with a mean
Anambra State based on duration in Marriage? score less than 2.50 was be regarded as disagree.
Hypotheses PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
The following null hypotheses guided the study at This chapter presents the analysis of data collected
0.05 level of significance: and the results. The analyses of the research questions
1. Health hazards of domestic violence among and hypotheses are presented one after the other using
married secondary school teachers in Anambra tables. A summary of findings of the study is also
state will not be significantly based on gender. presented.
2. Health hazards of domestic violence among
Research Question 1: What are the health hazards of
married secondary school teachers in Anambra
domestic violence among married secondary school
state will not be significantly based on duration of
teachers in Anambra State?
marriage.
Table 1: Mean and Standard Deviation Scores of Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among
Marriage Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State (N = 1080)
S/N Items x SD Remark
60 Physical Injuries like bruise, burns, bites, factures and broken bones 3.33 0.79 Agree
61 Disabilities 1.93 1.07 Disagree
62 Gastrointestinal conditions 1.61 0.82 Disagree
63 Death including suicide and related deaths 3.17 0.80 Agree
64 Depression 3.08 0.90 Agree
65 Sleeping and eating disorder 3.08 0.89 Agree
66 Stress and anxiety disorder 2.91 1.04 Agree
67 Self-harm and suicide attempts 3.09 0.93 Agree
68 Poor self-esteem 2.97 1.07 Agree
69 Unwanted pregnancy 3.19 1.01 Agree
70 Abortion 2.86 1.07 Agree
71 Sexually transmitted infection 3.11 0.87 Agree
72 Pregnancy complications 3.32 0.92 Agree
73 Vagina bleeding/infection 3.23 0.66 Agree
74 Chrome pelvic infections 3.06 1.07 Agree
75 Urinary tract infections 2.94 0.91 Agree
76 Fistula (A tear between vagina and bladder) 2.85 1.13 Agree
77 Painful sexual intercourse 2.94 1.06 Agree

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78 Sexual dysfunction 2.99 1.00 Agree
79 Harmful alcohol and substance use 3.07 1.01 Agree
80 Multiple sexual partners 3.34 0.86 Agree
81 Choosing abusive partners eaten in life 3.29 0.98 Agree
82 Lower rates of contraceptive and condom use 3.16 1.00 Agree
83 Infertility 2.93 0.97 Agree
84 Phobia 3.03 1.12 Agree
Grand Mean/SD 2.98 0.96 Agree
Analysis on Table 7 reveals mean and standard deviation scores of health hazards of domestic violence as rated
by married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. The respondents rated more of the items above a
mean score of 2.50 indicating that infertility, sexually transmitted infection, sexual dysfunction among others are
health hazards of domestic violence among married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. The
evidence of this agreement among respondents is shown in a grand mean score of 2.98. Furthermore, the grand
standard deviation score of 0.96 shows that the respondents were homogeneous in their response on health
hazards of domestic violence.
Research Question 2: What are the health hazards of domestic violence among married secondary school
teachers in Anambra State based on gender?
Table 2: Mean and Standard Deviation Scores of Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among
Marriage Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Based on Gender
Male Female
S/N Items Remark Remark
x SD x SD
Physical Injuries like bruise, burns, bites, factures
60 3.06 0.99 Agree 3.11 1.00 Agree
and broken bones
61 Disabilities 1.91 0.98 Disagree 1.83 1.02 Disagree
62 Gastrointestinal conditions 2.01 1.01 Disagree 1.88 0.89 Disagree
63 Death including suicide and related deaths 3.01 0.91 Agree 3.26 0.88 Agree
64 Depression 2.86 1.06 Agree 3.36 0.91 Agree
65 Sleeping and eating disorder 3.08 0.99 Agree 3.21 0.90 Agree
66 Stress and anxiety disorder 3.08 1.04 Agree 3.11 0.99 Agree
67 Self-harm and suicide attempts 3.05 1.02 Agree 3.21 0.98 Agree
68 Poor self-esteem 2.96 1.15 Agree 2.98 0.99 Agree
69 Unwanted pregnancy 3.20 0.95 Agree 3.36 0.88 Agree
70 Abortion 2.99 1.00 Agree 3.11 0.99 Agree
71 Sexually transmitted infection 2.97 0.96 Agree 3.07 0.98 Agree
72 Pregnancy complications 3.03 1.08 Agree 3.07 1.05 Agree
73 Vagina bleeding/infection 3.04 0.91 Agree 3.32 0.89 Agree
74 Chrome pelvic infections 2.93 1.10 Agree 2.89 1.00 Agree
75 Urinary tract infections 3.25 0.78 Agree 3.04 0.89 Agree
76 Fistula (A tear between vagina and bladder) 3.36 0.81 Agree 2.85 1.03 Agree
77 Painful sexual intercourse 3.01 0.87 Agree 3.41 0.85 Agree
78 Sexual dysfunction 3.08 0.79 Agree 3.11 0.92 Agree
79 Harmful alcohol and substance use 3.29 0.77 Agree 3.32 0.95 Agree
80 Multiple sexual partners 2.90 0.94 Agree 3.46 0.94 Agree
81 Choosing abusive partners eaten in life 3.07 1.03 Agree 3.52 0.85 Agree
82 Lower rates of contraceptive and condom use 2.99 1.11 Agree 3.37 0.76 Agree
83 Infertility 3.25 0.93 Agree 3.25 0.87 Agree
84 Phobia 2.98 0.89 Agree 3.06 0.98 Agree
Grand Mean/SD 2.97 0.96 Agree 3.09 0.94 Agree
Male = 207, Female = 873
Result of Table 8 reveals mean and standard deviation scores of health hazards of domestic violence among
married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State based on gender. The analysis reveals that more of the
items were rated above a mean score of 2.50 by the respondents and the analysis also show that self-harm,

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
pregnancy complications, painful sexual intercourse among others are health hazards of domestic violence
among married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State based on gender. Furthermore, the agreement
among male and female teachers are evident in a grand mean score of 2.77 and 3.09 respectively. In addition, the
grand standard deviation scores of 0.96 and 0.94 indicate that male and female teachers in secondary schools in
Anambra State do not have varied view on health hazards of domestic violence.
Research Question 3: What are the health hazards of domestic violence among married secondary school
teachers in Anambra State based on duration in marriage?
Table 3: Mean and Standard Deviation Scores of Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among
Marriage Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Based on Duration in Marriage
1-10 11-20 21 yrs &
S/N Items years Remark years Remark Ab. Remark
x SD x SD x SD
Physical Injuries like bruise,
60 burns, bites, factures and 2.82 1.13 Agree 3.11 0.96 Agree 3.17 0.91 Agree
broken bones
61 Disabilities 2.19 1.10 Disagree 1.91 0.94 Disagree 3.20 0.72 Disagree
62 Gastrointestinal conditions 1.95 0.96 Disagree 1.99 1.00 Disagree 3.27 0.73 Disagree
Death including suicide and
63 2.93 1.05 Agree 3.10 0.95 Agree 3.36 0.82 Agree
related deaths
64 Depression 3.10 0.94 Agree 3.31 0.78 Agree 3.41 0.67 Agree
65 Sleeping and eating disorder 2.81 1.10 Agree 3.47 0.74 Agree 3.13 0.87 Agree
66 Stress and anxiety disorder 3.02 1.02 Agree 3.38 0.80 Agree 2.96 1.03 Agree
Self-harm and suicide
67 2.86 1.08 Agree 3.10 0.88 Agree 3.25 0.86 Agree
attempts
68 Poor self-esteem 2.69 1.08 Agree 3.22 0.73 Agree 3.22 0.80 Agree
69 Unwanted pregnancy 3.26 0.86 Agree 3.11 0.82 Agree 3.32 0.81 Agree
70 Abortion 2.92 1.08 Agree 3.50 0.70 Agree 3.20 0.72 Agree
Sexually transmitted
71 3.07 1.00 Agree 3.22 0.83 Agree 3.24 0.65 Agree
infection
72 Pregnancy complications 2.81 1.08 Agree 3.29 0.64 Agree 3.27 0.81 Agree
73 Vagina bleeding/infection 3.21 1.01 Agree 3.18 0.84 Agree 3.24 0.83 Agree
74 Chrome pelvic infections 3.23 1.03 Agree 3.17 0.76 Agree 3.65 0.56 Agree
75 Urinary tract infections 2.82 1.07 Agree 3.23 0.83 Agree 3.29 0.78 Agree
Fistula (A tear between
76 2.95 1.00 Agree 3.53 0.65 Agree 3.23 0.78 Agree
vagina and bladder)
77 Painful sexual intercourse 2.79 1.10 Agree 3.28 0.84 Agree 3.23 0.52 Agree
78 Sexual dysfunction 3.03 1.03 Agree 3.09 0.88 Agree 3.28 0.81 Agree
Harmful alcohol and
79 2.93 1.01 Agree 3.33 0.67 Agree 3.52 0.70 Agree
substance use
80 Multiple sexual partners 2.96 1.02 Agree 3.42 0.73 Agree 3.19 0.85 Agree
Choosing abusive partners
81 3.30 0.96 Agree 3.20 0.73 Agree 3.32 0.81 Agree
eaten in life
Lower rates of contraceptive
82 3.28 0.93 Agree 3.56 0.65 Agree 3.29 0.60 Agree
and condom use
83 Infertility 2.88 1.03 Agree 3.34 0.75 Agree 3.14 0.56 Agree
84 Phobia 2.84 1.10 Agree 3.47 0.67 Agree 3.46 0.64 Agree
Grand Mean/SD 2.91 1.03 Agree 3.18 0.79 Agree 3.09 0.94 Agree
Table 9 shows the mean and standard deviation scores of health hazards of domestic violence among married
teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State based on duration in marriage. In addition, Table 3 shows that
the respondents rated more of the items above a mean score of 2.50, this reveals that chrome pelvic infection,
unwanted pregnancy, vagina bleeding, death among others are health hazards of domestic violence among
married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State based on duration in marriage. Furthermore, the grand
mean scores of 2.91, 3.18 and 3.09 are empirical evidence supporting the agreement among the respondents. The

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
grand standard deviation scores of 1.03, 0.79, and 0.94 show that married teachers in different age brackets had
similar opinion on health hazards of domestic violence.
Hypothesis 5: Health hazards of domestic violence among married secondary school teachers in Anambra State
is not significant based on gender
Table 4: Test of Difference between Mean Ratings of Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among
Married Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Based on Gender
Gender N Mean SD Df t Sig
Male 207 49.2705 9.85892 1078 3.593 .255
Female 873 46.5773 9.65084
p > 0.05
Analyses on Table 14 reveals that t-test was run to test the difference in the mean ratings of health hazards of
domestic violence based on gender. The result shows no significant difference given that t-value = 3.593 and p >
0.05 (.255 > 0.05), thus, the null hypothesis was accepted that the difference in mean ratings of health hazards of
domestic violence based on gender is not significant.
Hypothesis 6: Health hazards of domestic violence among married secondary school teachers in Anambra State
is not significant based on duration in marriage
Table 5: Test of Difference between Mean Ratings of Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among
Married Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Based on Duration in Marriage
Source of variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 850.697 2 425.349 4.953 .007
Within Groups 92494.677 1077 85.882
Total 93345.374 1079
P < 0.05
Table 15 shows ANOVA was run to test the difference in the mean ratings of health hazards of domestic
violence based on duration of marriage. The analysis reveals a significant difference given that F(2,1077) = 4.953,
and p < 0.05 (.007< 0.05), hence, the null hypothesis is rejected that the difference in mean ratings of health
hazards of domestic violence based on duration in marriage is significant. Furthermore, a Tukey post hoc test
revealed a significant difference for secondary school married teachers in the age brackets of 1-10 years and 11-
20 years given that .009 < .05 and .031 < .05. However, the difference between mean scores of secondary school
married teachers in the age bracket of 21 years and above is not significant given that 1.000 > .05.
Discussion
Furthermore, the findings of this study revealed that extra marital affair, family conflict, sexual problems.
health hazards of domestic violence such as Similarly, Recep, Ertan, Ali, Metihan and Begum
infertility, sexually transmitted infection, sexual (2016) found that 33.6% of women investigated have
dysfunction and others exist among married teachers experienced domestic violence and 78% had
in secondary schools in Anambra State. Additionally, experienced domestic violence for the first time in
the findings revealed that there are health hazards of their relationship with the current partner. In another
domestic violence such as self-harm, pregnancy study, Sandra, Aisha and Sumaira (2013) found
complications, painful sexual intercourse and others couple face different domestic violence such as lack
among married teachers in secondary schools in of cooperation, lack of spending time together among
Anambra State based on gender which is not others. In addition, Himi (2014) found that 41.9% of
significant based on gender. The findings equally those have been physically abused by their partners.
revealed that health hazards of domestic violence Furthermore, Iyoti (2018), Igbokwe, Ukwuma and
such as chrome pelvic infection, unwanted pregnancy, Onugwu (2013) found that most common forms of
vagina bleeding, death and others exist among domestic violence experiment verbal abuse, physical
married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra forms of violence.
State based on duration in marriage, and these health
Conclusion
hazards of domestic violence among married
The study provided empirical evidence of health
secondary school teachers in Anambra State is
hazards of domestic violence among married teachers
significant based on duration in marriage. The above
in secondary schools in Anambra State based on
agree with the findings of Dixit et al (2013) that most
gender and duration in marriage. This implies that
common causes of domestic violence are alcoholism,

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married secondary school teachers in Anambra State [6] Holine (2017) marital conflict. Retrieved on
experience domestic violence which if not addressed, 1/5/2017 from
may likely affect their emotional stability and www.holine.com/maritialconflict.
teaching profession. Domestic violence if not
[7] Igbokwe, CC, Ukwuma CM, Onugwu KJ.
addressed, may also affect the psychology of married (2013) Domestic violence against women:
teachers in the society.
challenges to health and innovation. JORIND.
Recommendations 11 (2):27-35.
The following recommendations were made;.
[8] Iliyasu, Z., Abubakar, I. S., Babashani, M. &
1. Health officers should enlighten married teachers
Galadana, H. S. (2011). Domestic violence
on health hazards of domestic violence as this will
among women living with HIV/AIDS in Kano,
enable married teachers to explore various means Northern Nigeria. African Journal of
of settling their differences instead to engage in
Reproductive Health.
domestic violence that will be detrimental to their
health. [9] Medline-Plus (2017). Meaning of domestic
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others saddled with the responsibilities of https://medlineplus.gov/domesticviolence.html
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without fear or favour to ensure that anyone found associated with domestic violence in SOuthEast
wanting in any form of domestic violence faces Nigeria. Journal of Gynecology
the law, this will serve as deterrents to others in
the society. [11] Sabri, B. & Campbell, J. C. (2015). Intimate
partner violence against women in slums in
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