Basic

Electrical
Engineering

S.N. Singh
Basic Electrical Engineering

S. N. Singh
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

PHI Learning Private Limited

New Delhi-110001
2011
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
S.N. Singh

© 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4188-3

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.
 To
My Mother
 Contents

Preface........................................................................................................................................... xv

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................1–10
1.1 General  1
1.2 SI Units and Power of 10   3
1.3 Structure of Modern Electric Supply System   5
1.4 Energy Management System   7
1.5 Network Analysis Approaches   9
1.6 Outline of the Book   9

2. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS......................................................................11–27
2.1 Introduction  11
2.2 Energy Sources (Active Elements)   12
2.2.1 Independent Sources   12
2.2.2 Dependent or Controlled Sources   13
2.2.3 Practical (Real) Energy Sources   14
2.3 Passive Elements  15
2.3.1 Ideal Resistor   15
2.3.2 Ideal Capacitor   18
2.3.3 Ideal Inductor   20
2.4 Important Properties of Ideal Passive Elements   23
2.5 Network/Circuit Properties    23
2.5.1 Linear and Non-linear Networks   24

v
vi  Contents
2.5.2 Bilateral and Unilateral Networks   24
2.5.3 Lumped and Distributed Parameters Networks   24
2.6 Source Transformation   24
Problems  26

3. ANALYSIS OF DC CIRCUITS.........................................................28–69
3.1 Introduction  28
3.2 Circuit Laws   29
3.2.1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)   29
3.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)    30
3.3 Applications of KCL and KVL   31
3.3.1 Voltage and Current Dividers    31
3.3.2 Series and Parallel Combinations   33
3.4 Star-Delta or Delta-Star Transformation    36
3.4.1 Delta-Star Transformation   36
3.4.2 Star-Delta Transformation   38
3.5 Mesh Current (Loop Current) Method    42
3.6  Node Voltage (or Node Pair Voltage) Method   47
3.7 Linearity and Superposition Theorem   51
3.7.1 Superposition Theorem   51
3.8 Thevenin’s Theorem   53
3.9 Norton’s Theorem   58
3.10 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem   61
3.11 Reciprocity Theorem   63
3.12 Millman’s Theorem   64
3.13 Two-Port (4-Terminal) Network   64
Problems  65

4. STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS............................70–112

4.1 Introduction  70
4.2 Sinusoidal Signal   70
4.2.1 Effective (or RMS) Value   72
4.2.2 Average Value   73
4.3 Phasor Representation   74
4.4 Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws    80
4.4.1 Series and Parallel Combinations of Inductors and Capacitors   81
4.5 Definition of Impedance and Admittance   84
4.6 Star-Delta or Delta-Star Transformation   87
4.6.1 Delta-Star Transformation   88
4.6.2 Star-Delta Transformation   89
4.7 Network Theorems   90
4.7.1 Mesh Current (or Loop Current) Method   90
4.7.2 Node Voltage Method   91
 Contents  vii

4.7.3 Thevenin’s Theorem   92

4.7.4 Norton’s Theorem   96
4.7.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem   98
4.8 Power Calculation in AC Circuit   100
4.8.1 Reactive Power   102
4.8.2 Using Phasor Concept   103
4.8.3 Apparent Power   103
4.9 Superposition and Conservation of Power    107
Problems  108

5. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF AC/DC CIRCUITS..........................113–141

5.1 Introduction  113
5.2 Transient Response of First-Order Circuits with DC Source   113
5.2.1 Current through an Ideal Inductor   113
5.2.2 Transient in RL Circuit   114
5.2.3 Transient in Series RC Circuit   117
5.2.4 Natural and Forced Response of First-Order Circuit   120
5.2.5 Discharge Transients   122
5.2.6 Decay Transients   123
5.3 Transient Response of Second-Order Circuits   126
5.4 Transients Response in Series RLC circuit   127
5.5 Laplace Transform   133
5.6 Transient Response in AC Circuits   134
5.7 Initial and Steady-State Values   136
Problems  138

6. ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND

MEASUREMENTS.......................................................................142–163
6.1 Introduction  142
6.2 Types of Electrical Measuring Instruments   143
6.2.1 AC and DC Instruments   143
6.2.2 Absolute and Secondary Instruments   143
6.2.3 Deflection and Null Type Instruments   143
6.2.4 Analog and Digital Instruments   143
6.2.5 Indicating, Recording and Integrating Instruments   143
6.2.6 Direct Measuring and Comparison Instruments   144
6.3 Main Components of Indicating Instruments   144
6.4 Principle of Operation of Indicating Instruments   145
6.4.1 Magnetic Effect   145
6.4.2 Thermal Effect    145
6.4.3 Electrostatic Effect   145
6.4.4 Electromagnetic Effect   146
6.4.5 Hall Effect   146
viii  Contents
6.5 Controlling Mechanism   146
6.5.1 Gravity Control   146
6.5.2 Spring Control   147
6.6 Damping Mechanism   147
6.6.1 Friction Damping   148
6.6.2 Electromagnetic Damping   148
6.7 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments   149
6.8 Moving-Iron Instruments   151
6.8.1 Attraction Type    151
6.8.2 Repulsion Type   151
6.9 Electrodynamic or Dynamometer Instruments   153
6.10 Ammeter Design   153
6.11 Voltmeter Design   155
6.12 Wattmeter or Power Meter   157
6.12.1 Measurement of Three-Phase Power with Single-Phase Wattmeters   159
6.12.2 Three-Phase Wattmeters   159
6.13 Energy Meter   159
6.14 Performance of Indicating Instruments   160
6.14.1 Errors  160
6.14.2 Loading Effect   161
6.14.3 Sensitivity and Efficiency    161
6.14.4 Precautions  162
Problems  162

7. THREE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS...................................................164–190
7.1 Introduction  164
7.2 Generation of Three-Phase Voltage   165
7.3 Star and Delta Connections   166
7.3.1 Star Connection    166
7.3.2 Delta Connection   168
7.4 Power in Three-Phase Circuit   169
7.5 Three-Phase Load Circuit   171
7.5.1 Star Connected Three-Phase Load   171
7.5.2 Delta-Connected Three-Phase Load   173
7.6 Measurement of Real Power   175
7.6.1 One-Wattmeter Method   175
7.6.2 Three-Wattmeter Method   175
7.6.3 Two-Wattmeter Method   177
7.6.4 Power Factor Determination for Three-Phase Balanced Load   178
7.7 Single-Phase Analysis of 3j Circuit   178
7.7.1 Star-Connected Balanced Load   178
7.7.2 Delta-Connected Balanced Load   179
7.8 Unbalance Loads   180
 Contents  ix

7.8.1 Delta-Connected Unbalanced Load   181

7.8.2 Star-Connected Unbalanced Load   181
Problems  187

8. RESONANCE..............................................................................191–202
8.1 Introduction  191
8.2 Series RLC Resonance   191
8.2.1 Quality Factor   193
8.2.2 Bandwidth and Selectivity    194
8.3 Parallel RLC Resonance   196
8.3.1 Quality Factor   198
8.3.2 Selectivity and Bandwidth   199
8.4 Practical Parallel Resonant Circuits   200
8.5 Applications of Resonant Circuits   201
Problems  202

9. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT...................................................................203–226
9.1 Introduction  203
9.2 Ampere’s Law   204
9.3 Magnetic Resistance or Reluctance   206
9.4 Magnetic Circuit Analysis    206
9.5 Inductance  211
9.6 Mutual Inductance   212
9.6.1 Sign Convention of Mutually Induced Voltages   215
9.6.2 Induced Voltage Phasor   215
9.6.3 Two-Port Representation   216
9.6.4 Computation of Inductances   219
Problems  222

10. TRANSFORMERS.......................................................................227–278
10.1 Introduction  227
10.2 Constructional Features   228
10.3 Principle of Transformer Action   230
10.3.1 Ideal Transformer Case   230
10.3.2 Induced emf–Flux Relationship   232
10.3.3 Impedance Transformation    233
10.4 Transformer Rating   236
10.5 Losses in Transformer   236
10.5.1 Hysteresis Loss    237
10.5.2 Eddy Current Loss   238
10.5.3 Core Loss    239
10.5.4 Copper Loss  240
10.6 Practical Transformer   240
 Basic Electrical Engineering

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