Name Date Class CoN] Hydrocarbons Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons In your textbook, read about natural sources of hydrocarbons and rating gasolines. In the space at the left, write the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the statement. (Petroleum, Natural gas) is a mixture of thousands of organic compounds. 2. The boiling of petroleum and collection of its components is called (sedimentation, fractional distillation). 3, In the process known as (cracking, knocking), heavier petroleum fractions are converted to gasoline by breaking their large molecules into smaller ones. 4. A gasoline’s ability to bum evenly and prevent knocking is expressed by its (hexane, octane) rating. Use the diagram of a fractionation tower to answer the following questions, Furnace Crude oll 5. How does the temperature inside the tower vary from bottom to top? 6. In what physical state is the material collected from pipe A? 7. What is the material collected from pipe A used for? 8, What is the material collected from pipe B used for? 9. Which pipe, A or B, collects hydrocarbons with higher boiling points? 10. Which pipe, A or B, collects smaller hydrocarbons? 16 Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 21 Study Guide Cony © Gln, ono The Mee Campa,Corte © Glen Name Date Class MATH SKILLS TRANSPARENCY WORKSHEET Hydrocarbon Density Use with Chapter 21, ‘Section 21.3 41. Describe the relationship between the number of carbon atoms and the density of hydrocarbons. 2. How does density vary among alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes with the same number of ‘carbon atoms? 3. On the grid below, plot the density of each series of hydrocarbons versus the number of carbon atoms. Connect the data points for each series with a smooth curve. Label all three curves and both axes. 08s 0.80 075 0.70 06s 0.60 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 12 13:14:15 4, Use the curves that you drew fo predict the density of the following 12-carbon hydrocarbons. CH,(CH,) CH CH, =CH(CH,),CH, CH=C(CH,),CH,, 5. Suppose you were asked to predict the density of a straight-chain hydrocarbon with 15 carbon atoms. Would you have as much confidence in your prediction as you do for ‘your prediction about 12-carbon hydrocarbons? Explain why or why not. Math Skills Transparency Worksheets ‘Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 2115ipsa © Genco 9 dsc Te MEG HE Copies. a Name 2 Date Class cuapren (3) Sue aus Section 21.2 Alkanes In your textbook, read about organic chemistry, hydrocarbons, and straight-chain alkanes. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. e homologous series. _ straight-chain alkanes fall of the carbon atoms are linked by single covalent bonds and there are no branches, the compounds are called (1)______. Ethane, propane, and butane are three ‘examples. They are members of one (2) because they differ from each other by a repeating uinit (— CH, —). In your textbook, read about branched-chain alkanes and naming them. For each statement below, write true or false. 3. The ability of carbon atoms to bond to two, three, or four other carbon atoms makes possible a variety of branched-chain alkanes. 4, A carbon atom or group of carbon atoms that branch off the main hydrocarbon chain of an alkane is a substituent group. 5. A skeletal formula is a way of representing an organic compound by showing only the hydrogen atoms, Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structures. yy CH, 6. CH, 7. CH,CHCH,CH,CH,CHCH, (CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH, CH, Draw the structure of each of the following alkanes, 8. 2-methylheptane 2,3,4-trimethylpentane study Guide Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 21 "7Name Date Chass But (21) STUDY GUIDE Section 21.2 continued In your textbook, read about cycloalkanes. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A Column B 10. A simplified way of representing an organic compound : by showing only the carbon-carbon bonds ae - eyelo- 44. A way of representing an organic compound that saves space by not showing how the hydrogen atoms branch b oa structural off the carbon atoms cline structure di. cyclic hydrocarbon 12, Indicates that @ hydrocarbon has a ring structure 413. A hydrocarbon that has a ring of carbon atoms in its structure Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structure. 14. CH. CH,CH, Draw the structure of the following cycloalkane. 15, 1-ethyl, 2-propyleyclobutane In your textbook, read about the properties of alkanes and multiple carbon-carbon bonds. In the space at the left, write the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the statement. 16. All the bonds in an alkane are (polar, nonpolar) 17. The attractive forces between alkane molecules are (stronger, weaker) than the attractive forces between alkane and water molecules. 18. Alkanes are (very, not very) soluble in water 49. The boiling points of alkanes (increase, decrease) with increasing ‘molecular mass. 20. The chief chemical property of alkanes is their (low, high) reactivity. 21. Alkanes are often used as (solvents, fuels) because they readily undergo combustion in oxygen. 22. Alkanes are (saturated, unsaturated) hydrocarbons because they have only single bonds. 48 Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 21 Study Guide onytigh© Gensel von Te Maw GonpaisConygweGienehm ia din Te Mra Cope Name Date Chass PIAS Su aS Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes In your textbook, read about alkenes, alkynes, and naming alkynes. Use the following words to complete the statements. alkene alkyne electron density ethene ethyne 4, An_______ is a hydrocarbon that has one or more triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms. 2, The unsaturated hydrocarbon ____is the starting material for the synthesis of the plastic polyethylene. 3. An is a hydrocarbon that has one or more double covalent ‘bonds between carbon atoms. 4. Torches used in welding bum ____ which is commonly called acetylene. 5. Alkenes and alkynes are more reactive than alkanes because double and triple bonds have greater_________ than single bonds have. Circle the letter of the correct name for each of the following structures. 6. CH,CH,CH=CHCH,CH,CH=CH, 7. CH,CH,C=CCH,CH, a. 1,S-octadiene a. 3-hexene bb, 3,7-octadiene b. 3-hexyne «. 48-dioctene c. 3-pentyne Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structures. os “a tT CH,CH=CHCCH, (CH,CH,CH,CH, CH 10. CHCA, 1%. CH, CH,CH,CH, CH,CH,CH,CHCH,C= CCHCH,CH, CH,CHCH,CHCHCH,CH=CHCH, CH,CH, CH,CH, Study Guide Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 21.19.Name Date Chass Cetra aus Section 214 Hydrocarbon Isomers In your textbook, read about structural isomers, stereoisomers, chirality, and optical isomers. Complete the concept map by writing the term below that fits the description at the right of each box. chirality geometric isomers isomers, optical isomers polarized light stereoisomers structural isomers same molecular formula but afferent molecular J structures indude reece eeenneenamesiniendlenneessinmtenstinpimees ay atoms bonded in the ‘toms bonded in 2 Same order but 3 different orders J arronged citferently SS ‘include — four diferent diferent i. groups arranged 5 arrangements of J ditferenty around J group around 0 Total tne the same cerbon double bond a plane of Tight o ett waves all vibrate in . handedness of 3 the same plane —————————— J molecuie Identify the type of isomers represented by each of the following pairs of structures. Choose your answers from the following types: geometric isomers, optical isomers, structural isomers. (In item 8, the symbols W, X, Y, and Z represent hypothetical groups.) 8. °. x Y a es HO ea W-C-¥ W-C-X mm ree T T CH,CH,” =H cH,CHY = CH,CH, Zz Zz 10. om CHCHCH,CCH, —_CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH, cH, 20 Chemistry: Matter and Change + Chapter 21 Study Guide ‘Coppi © Geno dson of The Men i Compas, Ieeprot© Glenn, avson The Men Ha Congas ‘Name Date Class CHAPTER By at Section 215 Aromatic Hydrocarbons {In your textbook, read about the structure of benzene and aromatic compounds. Use the following words to complete the statements. aliphatic compounds aromatic compounds carcinogens 41, Substances that cause cancer are called 2. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are examples of 3. All___ contain benzene rings as part of their structure, Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 4, What is the molecular formula of benzene? a. CoH b. Coy, ©. CoHig a. Cy Hy Oo Which of the following is the best way to represent the structure of benzene? *O "0 “O ‘Compared to alkenes and alkynes of similar size, benzene is, a less reactive. . slightly more reactive. bb, about as reactive, . much more reactive. ‘The electrons in the ring of an aromatic compound are a, held tightly by one carbon nucleus, b, localized between specific carbon nuclei. ‘c. shared equally by all of the carbon nuclei 4, shared by only three of the carbon nuclei. 8, The use of aromatic compounds should be limited because many of them produce chimney soot. . have pleasant smells. bb, can cause health problems. . cannot be synthesized Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structures. °. CH,CH,CH, 10. CH, Oo CH,CH, Study Guide Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 21.24Name Date Cass cored CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Hydrocarbons Reviewing Vocabulary In the space at the left, write the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the statement, 1. A hydrocarbon that has one or more triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms is called an (alkene, alkyne). 2. All the carbon atoms are connected to each other by single bonds in (saturated, unsaturated) hydrocarbons. 3, Isomers in which the atoms are bonded in different orders are known as (structural isomers, stereoisomers). 4, (Geometric, Optical) isomers result from different arrangements of four different groups about the same carbon atom, 5, (Straight-chain, Branched-chain) alkanes contain carbon atoms that are bonded to more than two other carbon atoms. 6. Organic compounds that contain benzene rings are called (aromatic, aliphatic) compounds. In the space af the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false, change the italicized word or phrase to make it true. 7 All organic compounds contain the element nitrogen. Butane, pentane, and hexane are members of one homologous A molecular formula shows the structure of a hydrocarbon but saves space by not showing how the hydrogen atoms branch off the carbon atoms. 10. A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer. 41. Compounds that exist in right and left forms have a property called chirality. 12. In the process called cracking, lighter fractions of petroleum are converted into gasoline. 13, Isomers have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures. 22 Chemistry: Matter and Change * Chapter 21 Chapter Assessment epg © GemoaMsCnm Hila Te Min Comin,