01
JULY 5, 2011
Resistance, Resistance
Variation, and Batteries
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 1
01
JAN. 2012
Factors Affecting Resistance of Various Certain Cable
The resistance of any material is due primarily to the following factors:
1. Type of materials (conductor)
2. Length of wire
3. Cross-sectional area of wire
4. Temperature
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 2
01
JAN. 2012
• The atomics structure determines how many easily a free electron will pass through a
material.
• The longer the path through which the free electron must pass, the greater is the
resistance factor.
• Free electrons pass more easily through conductors with larger cross-sectional area.
• In addition, the higher the temperature of the conductive materials, the greater is the
internal vibration and motion of the components that make-up the atomic structure of
the wire, and the more difficult it is for the free electrons to find a path through the
material.
Resistance of the Conductor
l
R= ρ
A
where l = length in meter (m)
A = cross-sectional area in m2
R = resistance in ohms (Ω)
ρ = resistivity or specific resistance
in (Ω m)
= resistance per unit length and
cross-sectional area
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 3
01
JAN. 2012
Notes:
Resistivity for Annealed Cu at 20°C
ρ20°C = 1.72 x 10-8 Ω m (for annealed Cu)
= 10.37 Ω-cmil per ft
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 4
01
JAN. 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 5
01
JAN. 2012
Circular Mils (CM)
• The area of cable can also be measured in
a quantity called circular mils (CM).
• It is the quantity used in most commercial
wire tables, and thus it needs to be
carefully defined.
• The mil is a unit of measurement for
lenght and is related to the inch by
Cross sectional area in terms of square mils
1 cmil = (/4) sq. mils
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 6
01
JAN. 2012
Wire Tables
• The wire table was designed primarily to standardized the size of wire produced by
manufacturers.
• As a result, the manufacturer has a larger market, and the consumer knows that
standard wire sizes will always be available.
• The table was designed to assist the user in every way possible.
• It usually includes data such as the cross-sectional area in circular mils, diameter in
mils, ohms per 1000 feet at 20°C, and weight per 1000 feet.
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 7
01
JAN. 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 8
01
JAN. 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 9
01
JAN. 2012
Effect of Temperature on Resistance
1. As temperature increases, Resistance increases (+ temp. coeff.)
eg. Cu, Al, and all metallic conductor
2. As temperature increases, Resistance decreases (- temp. coeff.)
eg. Insulator and semiconductor
3. As temperature increases or decreases, Resistance remains fairly constant
eg. Alloy, Mg
R2
R1 TX = inferred zero resistance temperature
= inferred absolute zero temperature
= - 234.5°C (for Cu)
T
TX 0 t1 t2
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 10
01
JAN. 2012
By the law of Geometry, R
R2 |Tx | + t2 R2
=
R1 |Tx | + t1 R1
|Tx | + t2
R2 = R1
|Tx | + t1
T
TX 0 t1 t2
Let ‘s get R from the T curve as shown
R2 - R1 t2 – t1 But,
=
R1 |Tx | + t1 1 ΔR
α1 = = in per °C
t2 – t1 |Tx | + t1 ΔT1-R1
R2 - R1 = R1 = temp. coefficient of resistance at t1 per unit
|Tx | + t1
resistance change per degree (°C) change in
t2 – t1 temp. referred to a point on the R-T curve.
R2 = R1 + R1
|Tx | + t1
therefore,
1
R2 = R1 1+ (t2 – t1)
|Tx | + t1 R2 = R1 1+ α1 (t2 – t1)
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 11
01
JAN. 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 12
01
JAN. 2012
ρ
Resistivity VS Temperature
Let m = slope of the linear region of ρ2
the ρ – T curve ρ1
ρ2 - ρ1
m=
t2 - t1
ρ2 = ρ1 + m ( t2 - t1 ) 0 t1 t2
T
ρ2 = ρ1 1 + m (t2 - t1 )
ρ1
but m
= temp. coeff. of resistivity = α1
ρ1
therefore,
ρ2 = ρ1 1+ α1 (t2 - t1 )
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 13
01
JAN. 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 14
01
JAN , 2012
Batteries
Batteries are units use for monitoring operations of devices like relays and tripping mechanism
of breakers.
Battery is an assembly of cells which has three things in common –positive and negative
electrodes and an electrolyte.
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 15
01
JAN , 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 16
01
JAN , 2012
Two types of Batteries used in electrical control system
1. Lead acid type
It has an electrical voltage of 2V.
Positive plate is pure lead (Pb)
Negative plate is lead oxide (Pb02)
Electrolyte is dilute sulphuric acid
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 17
01
JAN, 2012
2. Nickel cadmium type
It has an electrical voltage of 1.2V
Positive plate is nickel compound
Negative plate is cadmium compound
Electrolyte is potassium hydroxide
Advantages:
Better mechanical strength
Easy maintenance
Long life
Space and weight low
Low H2 discharge and no spill over issues
Disadvantages:
Lower cell voltage
More expensive
Higher current consumption for charging
Not recommendable at higher ambient temperature
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 18
01
JAN, 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 19
01
JAN, 2012
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 20
01
JAN, 2012
Supply Sources Connected in Series and Parallel
I
Series
+ V = V1 + V2 + V3
V1
V2
V3
V = V1 = V2 = V3
Parallel
+
V I2 I3
I1
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 21
01
JULY 5, 2011
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 22
01
JULY 5, 2011
Thank You for
listening!
Let’s discuss Ohm’s Law and Resistive Networks...
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Resistance, Resistance Variation, and Batteries 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 23
