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AS 1418.3-1997 Cranes, hoists and winches - Bridge, gantry and portal cranes (including container cranes) and jib cranes

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Date: Tuesday, November 16, 2010 3:05 AM

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 AS 1418.3—1997
(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1 and 2)
AS 1418.3
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Australian Standard™

Cranes, hoists and winches

Part 3: Bridge, gantry, portal (including

container cranes) and jib cranes
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME-005, Cranes. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 19 September 1997
and published on 5 December 1997.
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The following are represented on Committee ME-005:

Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Elevator Association
Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Construction and Mining Equipment Association of Australia
Crane Industry Council of Australia
Department for Industrial Affairs, S.A.
Department of Labour New Zealand
Department of Training and Industrial Relations, Qld
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
State Chamber of Commerce
University of New South Wales
Victorian WorkCover Authority
Work Health Authority, N.T.
WorkCover, New South Wales
Workplace Standards Authority (Tasmania)
WorkSafe Western Australia

Keeping Standards up-to-date

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96348.

 AS 1418.3—1997
(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1 and 2)
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Australian Standard™

Cranes, hoists and winches

Part 3: Bridge, gantry, portal (including

container cranes) and jib cranes

Originated as part of AS CB2—1938.

Previous edition AS 1418.3—1990.
Fifth edition 1997.
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (September 1998).
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 2 (June 2002).

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 1527 3
 AS 1418.3—1997 2

PREFACE
This edition of this Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards
New Zealand Committee ME/5, Cranes, to supersede AS 1418.3—1990.
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This Standard is a result of consensus among representatives of the Joint Committee to

produce it as an Australian Standard.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (Sept. 1998) and No. 2 (June 2002). The
changes required by the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and
amendment number against the clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
This edition incorporates the following changes:
(a) The format has been revised in accordance with Standard Australia's procedures.
(b) The content has been amended to allow for the new edition of AS 1418.1, Cranes
(including hoists and winches) Part 1: General requirements, published in 1994, and
for ISO developments.
(c) An appendix has been added showing clearances required between the cranes and
fixed elements.
(d) The appendix on ‘Statutory Approval’ has been removed in response to the changing
role of regulatory organizations.
(e) Items specific to safe use issues have been removed. These will be included in a
dedicated part of AS 2550, Safe use of cranes.
(f) Editorial changes.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an 'informative' appendix is only for information and guidance.
 3 AS 1418.3—1997

CONTENTS

Page
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SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 NEW DESIGN AND INNOVATIONS........................................................................ 5
1.3 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 5
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS................................................................................... 5
1.5 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 6
1.6 SAFETY ...................................................................................................................... 6

SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION AND LOAD RATING......................................................... 7

SECTION 3 STRUCTURE
3.1 BASIS OF DESIGN..................................................................................................... 7
3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION .................................................... 7
3.3 DEFLECTION............................................................................................................. 7
3.4 SPAN TO WHEELBASE RATIO ............................................................................... 8

SECTION 4 STABILITY......................................................................................................... 8

SECTION 5 CRANE MECHANISMS

5.1 MECHANISMS........................................................................................................... 9
5.2 MOTION LIMITS ....................................................................................................... 9
5.3 HOISTING UNIT ...................................................................................................... 10
5.4 ATTACHMENTS FOR FREIGHT CONTAINERS .................................................. 10
5.5 MULTIPLE HOIST/CRAB COMBINATIONS......................................................... 11
5.6 MULTIPLE CRANE COMBINATIONS................................................................... 11

SECTION 6 ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS

6.1 ACCESS TO CRANE OPERATING POSITION ...................................................... 12
6.2 ACCESS FOR SERVICING—SERVICE PLATFORMS .......................................... 12
6.3 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES ............................................................... 13

SECTION 7 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS

7.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 18
7.2 USE OF MOBILE PLATFORM ................................................................................ 18
7.3 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORM................................................................... 18
7.4 ACCESS TO CRANE DRIVING POSITION............................................................ 18
7.5 ACCESS FOR SERVICING ...................................................................................... 18
7.6 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES ............................................................... 19
7.7 NOTICES REQUIRED WHEN USING MOBILE PLATFORMS............................. 19

SECTION 8 CLEARANCES
8.1 HANDRAIL CLEARANCES .................................................................................... 20
8.2 CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB ............................................................. 20
8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN
TRAVEL OR TRAVERSE MOTION........................................................................ 20
8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS....................................... 20
8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY ............................................... 21
8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A
PLATFORM OR WALKWAY.................................................................................. 21
 AS 1418.3—1997 4

Page
8.7 CLEARANCES BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE
OR RUNWAY ........................................................................................................... 21

SECTION 9 ELECTRICAL ACCESS ISOLATORS

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9.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 22
9.2 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS ..................... 22
9.3 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS .................. 22
9.4 MARKING OF ACCESS ISOLATORS .................................................................... 23

SECTION 10 SPEED LIMITATIONS FOR PENDANT-CONTROLLED CRANES .............. 24

SECTION 11 MARKING AND DATA TO BE SUPPLIED WITH CRANE

11.1 MARKING ON CRANE............................................................................................ 25
11.2 MARKING ON LIFTING MEANS ........................................................................... 25
11.3 MANUALS................................................................................................................ 26

SECTION 12 INSPECTION AND COMMISSIONING

12.1 INSPECTION ............................................................................................................ 28
12.2 COMMISSIONING ................................................................................................... 28

SECTION 13 GUARDING
13.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 30
13.2 STRENGTH .............................................................................................................. 30
13.3 MATERIAL............................................................................................................... 30
13.4 FIXED GUARDS ...................................................................................................... 30
13.5 REMOVABLE GUARDS.......................................................................................... 30
13.6 INSPECTION POINTS ............................................................................................. 30
13.7 MARKING ................................................................................................................ 30
13.8 TRAVEL MOTION WHEELS .................................................................................. 30
13.9 COLOUR................................................................................................................... 30

APPENDICES
A INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER, OR TENDER .... 31
B LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS ................................................................................ 36
C ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS....... 38
A1 D TYPICAL CRANE DRIVE DIAGRAMS.................................................................. 24
 5 AS 1418.3—1997

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
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A2
Cranes, hoists and winches

Part 3: Bridge, gantry, portal (including container cranes) and jib cranes

S EC TION 1 S C OP E AND G E NER A L

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out requirements for bridge, gantry, semi-gantry, and portal cranes
defined in AS 2549. It also covers container and heavy-duty cranes.
It is complementary to AS 1418.1, but the requirements given herein take precedence over
corresponding requirements in that Standard.
NOTES:
1 Guidance on information to be supplied with enquiry, order, or tender is given in
Appendix A.
2 Additional requirement for heavy duty cranes are given in AS 1418.14.

1.2 NEW DESIGN AND INNOVATIONS

This Standard does not preclude the use of materials, designs, methods of assembly,
procedures and the like which do not comply with a specific requirement of the Standard, or
are not mentioned in it, but which can be shown to give equivalent or superior results to
those specified.

1.3 APPLICATION
Cranes using fixed platforms for servicing shall comply with Sections 1 to 6 and 8 to 13
inclusive. Cranes using mobile platforms for servicing shall comply with Sections 1 to 5
and 7 to 13 inclusive.
NOTE: Throughout this Standard the ‘servicing’ implies routine servicing only (i.e. does not
include crane breakdowns).

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1000 The International System of Units (SI) and its application
1318 Use of colour for the marking of physical hazards and the identification of
certain equipment in industry (known as the SAA Industrial Safety Colour
Code)
1418 SAA Crane Code
1418.1 Part 1: General requirements
1418.10 Part 10: Elevating work platforms
1418.14 Part 14: Cranes subject to arduous working duties
1576 SAA Metal Scaffolding Code
1657 SAA Code for fixed platforms, walkways, stairways, and ladders

www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia

 AS 1418.3—1997 6

AS
1892 Portable ladders
1892.2 Part 2: Timber
2321 Short-link chain for lifting purposes (non-calibrated)
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2549 Cranes—Glossary of terms

2550 Safe use of cranes
2550.1 Part 1: General requirements
A2 2670 Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (all parts)
3990 Mechanical equipment—Steelwork
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1 Part 1: General principles
AS/NZ
1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices
1891.1 Part 1: Safety belts and harnesses
3711 Freight containers
3711.3 Part 3: Corner fittings
ISO
12482 Cranes—Condition monitoring
12482.1 Part 1: General

1.5 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2549 and that below apply.
1.5.1 Container crane
Rail-mounted crane equipped with a spreader assembly for engaging and lifting freight
containers.

1.6 SAFETY
The design of bridge, gantry and portal cranes in relation to materials, construction and
equipment shall eliminate as far as practicable the potential hazards associated with all
specified operating conditions.
NOTES:
1 Examples of potential hazards associated with bridge, gantry and portal cranes are given in
Appendix B.
2 General guidance on the safe use of cranes is given in AS 2550.1.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 7 AS 1418.3—1997

S EC TION 2 C LAS S IF IC AT IO N AND LO AD

R AT ING
The classification and load rating of each crane shall comply with AS 1418.1 for typical
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crane application classifications.

S E C T ION 3 S T R UC T UR E

3.1 BASIS OF DESIGN

The crane structure shall comply with AS 1418.1.

3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION

The slenderness ratio of the principal structural member, or members, of the crane bridge
shall be not greater than 105 in vertical plane and 200 in horizontal plane.
In calculation of slenderness ratio, the effective length for lateral buckling shall be
determined in accordance with AS 3990.

3.3 DEFLECTION
3.3.1 Limits
The limits of vertical static deflection and lateral deflection shall be as specified in
AS 1418.1.
For semi-portal cranes, the vertical static deflection of the crane bridge of 1/500 span, as
specified in AS 1418.1, is acceptable only if precautions are taken for the kick-out of the
leg.
NOTE: Subject to the client’s approval, the deflection for cranes greater than 30 m span may
exceed the 60 mm requirement to a limit of L/500 providing due consideration is taken of the
effects on the function of the crane.
3.3.2 Leg spread of gantry cranes
The design shall be such that the load shall not induce binding of wheel flanges on the rails.
3.3.3 Natural frequency
The natural frequency shall be equal to or greater than 2.4 Hz—
A2 (a) The vibration frequency of the crane structure, in any horizontal direction, shall be
not less than 2.4 Hz. The vibration frequency shall be calculated using the higher of
the lateral deflection values calculated according to AS 1418.1.
For cranes equipped with an operator’s cabin, the limits of vibration amplitude at the
centre of gravity of the cabin are dependent on the sustained frequency of vibrations
and the design shall be in accordance with AS 2670.
The vibration frequency in the first mode of vibration of a flexural element shall be
calculated in a rational manner.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 8

A2 For a girder, the following simplified equation for fundamental natural frequency may
be used:
16
f= . . . 3.3.3(a)
δ
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where
F = natural frequency, in hertz
δ = vertical (or horizontal) deflection, in millimetres
In the above equation, the value of δ for cantilever cranes shall include the flexure of
the boom and the support posts.
(b) due to torsional vibration of the bridge structure.
3.3.4 Lateral forces on portal cranes
Lateral forces on portal cranes due to oblique travel may be disregarded where the structure
has sufficient inherent flexibility to prevent any effective transfer of such loads through the
structure; however, lateral forces due to inertia shall be taken into account.
3.3.5 Camber
Camber is not necessary to maintain serviceability.
A2 3.3.6 Jib cranes
The calculated deflection of jib cranes shall not exceed L/300 where L is the length of the
jib plus length of freestanding post.
Where the deflection is measured in situ by test methods, the permissible deflection may be
increased as follows:
(a) Where the jib crane is mounted on a rigid support, 50% to allow for such effects as
deformation of the anchoring bolts, baseplate, slew rings or other bearings and
fasteners.
(b) Where the jib crane is mounted on a flexible support, 100% to allow for such effects
as deformation of the anchoring bolts, baseplate, slew rings or other bearings and
fasteners, and deflection of the supporting structure.

3.4 SPAN TO WHEELBASE RATIO

The ratio of span to wheelbase of the crane shall be not greater than 7.

S EC TION 4 S TAB ILIT Y

Stability under in-service conditions and out-of-service conditions shall comply with
AS 1418.1.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 9 AS 1418.3—1997

S EC TION 5 C R ANE MEC H AN IS MS

5.1 MECHANISMS
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A2 The mechanism which drives each motion shall comply with AS 1418.1.
1 See also Appendix D for illustrations of typical crane drive mechanisms.
2 Cranes are designed and built for a limited rated life, which may be extended or reduced
depending upon their usage. Devices are available to enable actual recording of rated life of
the crane to enable assessment of the remaining rated life. Guidance on this is given in
ISO 12482.1.

5.2 MOTION LIMITS

5.2.1 Hoisting
5.2.1.1 Control of upper limit
The upper limit of the hoisting motion shall be controlled by a motion-limiting device
complying with AS 1418.1, and arranged as one of the following:
(a) A final limit only (whole current or double independent control circuit type).
(b) A final limit preceded by a working limit.
(c) Other suitable arrangements providing equivalent safety, e.g. slipping clutch.
5.2.1.2 Control of lower limit
The lower limit of the hoisting motion shall be controlled by a self-resetting
motion-limiting device complying with AS 1418.1, and arranged as one of the following:
(a) A final limit only (whole current or double independent control circuit type).
(b) A final limit preceded by a working limit.
(c) Other suitable arrangements providing equivalent safety, e.g. slipping clutch.
5.2.2 Travel
5.2.2.1 General
Limitation of travel motion is generally not necessary, but where large masses or high-
travel velocity produces a large amount of kinetic energy which needs to be absorbed but
results in impractical buffers, the size of the buffers may be reduced by using limit switches
and anti-collision devices.
5.2.2.2 Crane anti-collision
Where two or more cranes operate on a common runway or over the same area and the
possibility that the crane structures can come into contact with each other, then anti-
collision equipment should be provided. The anti-collision equipment should be
incorporated in each crane's long travel control system to prevent the cranes from
approaching each other closely, except at or below slow speed.
5.2.2.3 Crab trolley anti-collision
Where two or more crabs/trolleys operate on a common bridge structure and there is the
possibility that the crab/trolley structures can come into contact with each other, then anti-
collision equipment should be provided. The anti-collision equipment should be
incorporated in each crab/trolley’s control system to prevent the crabs from approaching
each other closely, except at or below slow speed.

www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia

 AS 1418.3—1997 10

5.2.3 Out-of-service conditions

Means shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1 to secure the crane in out-of-service
conditions against occurrences such as drifting. The design out-of-service wind loading
shall comply with AS 1418.1.
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5.2.4 Rail clamps

Where a crane deadload is insufficient to prevent the crane from being blown along its
tracks with out-of-service brakes (see AS 1418.1) applied or the stabilizing moment of the
crane under out-of-service conditions does not comply with AS 1418.1, means shall be
provided to secure it against out-of-service wind forces.
Rail clamps shall be located so that their application is least detrimental to the stability of
the crane, and the rail fastenings in this location shall be sufficient to withstand the uplift
and side loads.

5.3 HOISTING UNIT

5.3.1 Wire rope
The hoist reeving system shall comply with AS 1418.1.
5.3.2 Drum
The hoist-rope winding drum shall comply with AS 1418.1, and shall accommodate the
fully wound rope in a single layer on the drum.
5.3.3 Retention of chain
Where a chain hoist is used, the dead chain end should be prevented from hanging free by
retention in a suitable receptacle, e.g. by a bucket or other similar means.

5.4 ATTACHMENTS FOR FREIGHT CONTAINERS

5.4.1 General
Cranes which are to be used regularly for handling containers shall be equipped with an
appropriate spreader. The spreader shall have an engagement system for connecting to the
corner fittings of the container as shown in AS/NZ 3711.3.
5.4.2 Spreader
A positive and fail-safe interlocking system shall be provided to prevent—
(a) the hoisting of containers unless the spreader is properly seated and any latching-on
device is fully engaged and locked; and
(b) the disengagement of the container while suspended.
5.4.3 Twistlock details
Twistlocks shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) Each twistlock shall have its own separate interlock actuated by a cam fixed directly
to the twistlock.
(b) A ‘ready’ light indicator shall be provided in the driver’s cabin to indicate when the
spreader is properly seated upon a container and ready for twistlock operation.
(c) ‘Latched’ and ‘unlatched’ indicator lights shall be provided in the driver’s cabin to
indicate when twistlocks are fully open or fully closed.
(d) Mechanical interlocks shall be provided to prevent operation of any twistlock while
any load is suspended therefrom.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 11 AS 1418.3—1997

(e) Interlocks shall be provided to prevent operation of hoist motion unless all twistlocks
are fully open or fully closed.
(f) Where limit switches are positive in operation in one direction only, two such
switches shall be provided, each one utilized for operation in the positive direction
only.
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5.5 MULTIPLE HOIST/CRAB COMBINATIONS

Where a crane is fitted with multiple hoists or crabs which are not mechanically coupled
together but can be selected and operated simultaneously by a common set of operator
controls, then a visual indicator shall be provided to indicate to the operator which
hoists/crabs have been selected.

5.6 MULTIPLE CRANE COMBINATIONS

Where multiple cranes can be selected and operated simultaneously from a common set of
operator controls, a visual indicator shall be provided to indicate to the operator which
cranes have been selected.
Where cranes/crabs can be simultaneously operated while supporting a common load the
travel control system at each crane/crab should simultaneously operate to any individual
crane/crab limit or anti-collision device so that each crane/crab slows down or stops
simultaneously or both.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 12

S E C T ION 6 AC C E S S FR OM F IX E D
P LAT FOR M S
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6.1 ACCESS TO CRANE OPERATING POSITION

6.1.1 General
Where a crane is operated from a cabin or other fixed location on the crane, access of the
crane operator to the normal operating position shall be provided. Where the operating
position is integral with a part of the crane structure which moves, the access shall be with
the crane situated at its out-of-service position (see Clause 6.2.1). Access requirements are
shown in Appendix C.
6.1.2 Access in hazardous environment
If the crane is operating in a hazardous environment, consideration should be given to the
desirability of providing access/egress to the operator’s cabin along the full length of the
runway.

6.2 ACCESS FOR SERVICING—SERVICE PLATFORMS

6.2.1 Servicing position of crane
Where the crane structure does not incorporate integrated service platforms, platforms shall
be provided at the servicing position of the crane which should be at one end of the travel
runway with the crane in contact (nominally) with the end stops. Where two or more cranes
are operated on the same runway, each crane shall have a designated service area along the
runway. The downshop conductor bar shall incorporate isolating sections at the various
designated crane service positions. The isolating sections shall be arranged such that other
cranes operating along the runway cannot inadvertently supply power to a crane that has
been isolated in its service position. A whole current isolator shall be provided at each
crane service platform in accordance with the requirements of AS 1418.1.
Where bare aerial conductors are used to supply the crane, means shall be provided to
isolate the aerial conductor at the service platform.
Where a limit switch is provided to limit speed of motion of the crane when it is
approaching the servicing position, the switch shall be positioned so that the crane comes to
rest near the servicing platform. The limit switch shall not initiate operation of an isolator.
6.2.2 Access for servicing
6.2.2.1 Power driven cranes
Permanent means of access of service personnel to those parts of the crane which need
servicing (see AS 1418.1 and AS 2550.1) shall be provided with the crane situated at its
servicing position so that there is no need to move the crane during servicing. Such parts
include the following:
(a) Hook or hookblock, or attached lifting beam.
(b) Rope-reeving system, including—
(i) return sheaves;
(ii) rope equalizer; and
(iii) rope guides.
(c) Gearboxes (to inspect oil level).
(d) Bearings (which need regular lubrication).

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 13 AS 1418.3—1997

(e) Brakes.
(f) Fluid couplings, clutches, gear-change mechanisms, and the like.
(g) V-belt and similar drives.
(h) Electrical equipment such as—
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(i) brushgear;
(ii) commutators and slip rings;
(iii) contactors;
(iv) control and switch panels;
(v) fuses and fuse boxes; and
(vi) limit switches, particularly hoisting.
Where the purchaser of a crane requires facilities for servicing additional items of
equipment such as lighting and other ancillaries, such facilities shall comply with the
relevant Part of AS 1418.
6.2.2.2 Manually operated cranes
Where a manually operated crane can be safely serviced from a portable ladder, permanent
means of access for servicing need not be provided. In such circumstances, provision shall
be made to ensure that the crane, or part of crane, against which the ladder is placed shall
not be capable of movement while it is being serviced. The height of the serviceable item
shall not exceed 6 m.
Temporary platforms to access high items shall require additional guarding.
6.2.3 Height for serviceable items
The maximum allowable height for any serviceable item above a service platform or
walkway shall be 1.9 m.

6.3 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES

6.3.1 Platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders
Platform, walkways, stairways, and fixed ladders shall comply with AS 1657. Except for
manual cranes, direct servicing from ladders without any standing platform shall not be
permitted.
6.3.2 Provision of access and servicing facilities
6.3.2.1 Bridge crane with underslung hoist
Where a bridge crane has an underslung hoist, one or more permanent fixed platforms,
external to the crane, shall be provided for servicing the hoist, long-travel drive (or drives),
and other parts which need servicing.
6.3.2.2 Bridge or gantry crane with crab
Where a bridge crane or gantry crane has a crab, one or more platforms shall be provided
for servicing the crab and the long-travel drive (or drives). The platform or platforms shall
be constructed integral with the crane bridge.
Where a part or component of the crab needs to be serviced and is not within safe and
convenient reach from the platform on the crane bridge, an additional platform shall be
provided on the crab to enable the part or component to be serviced.
A fixed platform, external to the crane, shall not be used to service a top-running crab.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 14

6.3.2.3 Bridge crane with cabin control

Where a bridge crane is controlled from a cabin mounted on, or integral with, the crane or
crab, access for servicing the crane should be by way of the operator’s cabin. Where this is
not practicable, other means should be provided by which the operator is made aware that
another person is on the crane.
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A1
6.3.2.4 Torsion box cranes The following clearances shall be applicable to torsion box
cranes as appropriate.
(a) Torsion box crane with walkway—clearances as per double girder crane (see
Clause 6.3.2.2).
(b) Torsion box crane without walkway—clearances as per single girder crane (see
Clause 6.3.2.1.
6.3.2.5 Multiple-crane installations
Where two or more cranes have adjacent out-of-service positions, access to each crane shall
be independent, i.e. no crane shall be used as a means of access to another.
Where two or more cranes are on a common runway, each crane should have an
out-of-service position so that all cranes can be serviced simultaneously.
6.3.2.6 Common fixed access to more than one crane
Where a fixed access platform provides access to more than one crane, each isolating
switch shall be arranged and marked to indicate, without possibility of misinterpretation,
the crane it isolates.
6.3.2.7 Access across an end carriage
Where an end carriage is used to provide a way of access to the other side of the crane, the
following conditions shall apply:
(a) An access isolator shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1.
(b) Standing, walking, and servicing surfaces (see AS 1418.1) shall be free of tripping
hazards, such as bolt heads and conduits.
(c) Adjacent standing or walking surfaces (see AS 1418.1) on the end carriage of more
than 300 mm difference in height shall be connected by steps.
(d) Standing and walking surfaces shall be not less than 300 mm clear width (in plan),
inside the handrail system; servicing surfaces shall be not less than 450 mm clear
width.
(e) A handrail shall be provided alongside any obstruction which has to be stepped over
(see Clause 6.3.3.3).
(f) The handrail system provided along the end carriage shall have a horizontal
clearance, outside the handrail from any fixed object, of not less than—
(i) where the handrail is of open type not less than 900 mm high .............. 225 mm;
(ii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm) not less than
900 mm high................................................................................... 100 mm; or
(iii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm), is not less than
1.5 m high, and is either extended not less than 300 mm past each end of the
end-carriage (i.e. the crane width) or returned at each end along the walkway
not less than 150 mm, and with a handrail not less than
900 mm high......................................................................................... 50 mm.
These positions are indicated in Figure C1.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 15 AS 1418.3—1997

6.3.3 Requirements of access and service facilities located on the crane

6.3.3.1 Headroom above platforms and walkways
The headroom above a platform, walkway, or other standing, walking or, servicing surface
(see AS 1418.1) shall be not less than the following:
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(a) Above a rising ladder and above the access platform or walkway immediately
adjacent to the rising ladder for a distance of 600 mm from the edge of the platform
or walkway (see Figure C2)..............................................................................1.9 m.
(b) Above a walkway, platform, or other standing, walking, or servicing surface on the
crane or crab when the crane or crab is at the normal position for servicing
(see Figure C2) ................................................................................................1.8 m.
(c) Above a walkway, platform, or other standing, walking, or servicing surface on the
crane or crab when the crane or crab is at any other position than the normal position
for servicing—
(i) above the crab platform where the driver's cabin is mounted on the crab and
travels with the crab................................................................................1.8 m;
(ii) in the travel direction where access of personnel to the crane can be gained at
any travel position, or the crane may carry personnel, or where personnel are
required to remain on the crane while it is moving .............................. 1.8 m; or
(iii) in the travel direction (for the total length of travel), where access of personnel
can be gained only at the out-of-service position of the crane ...................1.4 m.
(d) Within the crane bridge ....................................................................................1.4 m.
6.3.3.2 Width of platforms and walkways
The width of platforms and walkways shall comply with the following:
(a) The width of a standing, walking, or servicing surface (see AS 1418.1) of a platform
or walkway shall be not less than—
(i) where the surface is level with the upper surface of the crane-bridge
member ............................................................................................... 900 mm
except that this may be reduced locally to not less than 600 mm past
unavoidable obstructions such as cabinets, mechanisms, or the like, provided
that the handrailing is continuous past the reduced-width section; or
(ii) where the surface is more than 450 mm below the upper surface of the
crane-bridge member (i.e. the platform or walkway is of the lowered or well
type) ................................................................................................. 600 mm.
(b) The horizontal distance between a moving crab or other part of a crane, and other
equipment or fixed parts of the crane on or above a platform, walkway, or servicing
surface on the crane bridge shall be not less than 450 mm (see Figure C3), except that
for end or return handrails (see AS 1418.1)—
(i) where the crab stops level with the end return handrail (in plan), the horizontal
clearance shall be not less than 150 mm; or
(ii) where the crab passes the end return handrail (in plan), the horizontal clearance
shall be not less than 300 mm.
Where (i) or (ii) apply and a handrail return would be less than 150 mm in length, it
may be omitted.
(c) The width between any two fixed items which could form a foot trap, on a standing or
walking surface (see AS 1418.1) of a platform or walkway shall be not less than
150 mm.
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 AS 1418.3—1997 16

(d) Access to crane platforms shall be provided by static platforms located at the top of a
ladder or stairway which shall have a clear horizontal distance of at least 600 mm
with no obstructions at the point of transfer, e.g. gates, chains, baulk bars
(see Figure C4).
6.3.3.3 Obstructions on a platform or walkway
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No permanent obstruction shall be situated at or adjacent to an entry or exit point of a

platform or walkway. The height and width (in direction of stepping over) of obstructions at
other locations on a platform or walkway shall be not greater than the following
corresponding sizes:

Maximum height Maximum width

mm mm
600 200
550 260
500 330
450 400

6.3.3.4 Servicing access through platform or walkway

Where a hole is provided in a platform or walkway for servicing access, it shall be provided
with a removable or hinged cover of strength not less than that required for the platform or
walkway, and means shall be provided below the hole to prevent a dropped tool from
falling to the ground.
6.3.3.5 Servicing facilities for crane hook
A section of handrail of a fixed (static) servicing platform may be arranged to swing or
slide out of the way to enable the crane-hook assembly to be positioned above the platform
for servicing provided that such section of handrail is not readily detachable, is arranged to
be self-closing, and is not closed by spring action.
6.3.3.6 Access to crab
Where steps or rungs are provided on a crab to give access from the crane bridge, and
where these steps or rungs are directly below each other, a handgrip shall be provided at
each side.
6.3.3.7 Points of access between two platforms which move relative to each other
At the walk-through point between a fixed (static) access platform and an access platform
on a crane, or between the access platform on a crane and another which can move relative
to it—
(a) the clearance between the edges of the platforms shall be not less than 150 mm nor
more than 200 mm;
(b) the difference in level between the edges of the platforms shall be not more than
200 mm;
(c) the edges of the platforms shall not overlap in plan view; and
(d) the horizontal clearance between handrails shall be not less than 300 mm and, when
the platforms are in position to provide access between them, not more than 350 mm.
These positions are indicated in Figure C5.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 17 AS 1418.3—1997

6.3.3.8 Points accessible from fixed or moving walkways

All access openings in a deck, platform, or walkway on a platform or crane near a travel
runway or traverse runway shall be arranged to prevent the possibility of a person placing a
hand on the runway track.
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 AS 1418.3—1997 18

S EC TION 7 AC C ES S FR OM M OB ILE
P LAT FOR M S
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7.1 GENERAL
The mobile platform may be of a variable height or a fixed height, and shall comply with
AS 1418.10 or AS 1576, as appropriate.
NOTES:
3 It is recommended that fixed-service platforms should be installed.
4 For platforms complying with AS 1418.10, a scissors type mobile platform should be used in
preference to other types.
5 Mobile platforms are generally more suitable for servicing of single girder cranes or double
girder cranes with underslung crab than other types of cranes.

7.2 USE OF MOBILE PLATFORM

The mobile platform shall not be used for any other purposes when in use for servicing or
breakdown repairs of the cranes.

7.3 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORM

Free access shall be provided for the movement of the mobile platform from the defined
parking area to each of the cranes to be serviced.

7.4 ACCESS TO CRANE DRIVING POSITION

The mobile platform shall not be used for access to the crane operator’s cabin except in
emergencies (see Clause 7.6.2).

7.5 ACCESS FOR SERVICING

7.5.1 Servicing position of crane
Each crane shall have a designated out-of-service position. The floor area under the
servicing position shall be kept free from obstructions in order to allow free movement of
the mobile platform to reach all points to be serviced. The servicing position of the crane
should be at one end of the travel runway with the crane in contact (nominally) with its
end-stops, except in the case of a multicrane runway.
7.5.2 Access for servicing
During servicing, access for personnel (see AS 1418.1) shall be provided with the crane in
its out-of-service position so that there is no need for it to be moved. Parts which require
servicing include the following:
(a) Hook or hookblock, or attached lifting beam.
(b) Rope-reeving system, including—
(i) return sheaves;
(ii) rope equalizer; and
(iii) rope guides.
(c) Gearboxes (to inspect oil level).
(d) Bearings (which need regular lubrication).
(e) Brakes.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 19 AS 1418.3—1997

(f) Fluid couplings, clutches, gear-change mechanism, and the like.

(g) V-belt and similar drives.
(h) Electrical equipment such as—
(i) brushgear;
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(ii) commutators and slip rings;

(iii) contactors;
(iv) control and switch panels;
(v) fuses and fuse boxes; and
(vi) limit switches, particularly hoisting.
7.5.3 Servicing position of platform
Every point to be serviced in the crane shall be not higher than 1900 mm above platform
level nor further from the outside of the handrail that is safe for the performance of the task.

7.6 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES

7.6.1 Provision of access and servicing facilities
During routine servicing of the crane, the service personnel shall not use the mobile
platform as a means of climbing any part of the crane.
7.6.2 Emergency access to control cabin
In case of emergency, the mobile platform may be used for access to control cabin if this is
the safest means available.

7.7 NOTICES REQUIRED WHEN USING MOBILE PLATFORMS

In addition to other notices required, the following notice shall be prominently displayed at
the out-of- service position:
THIS CRANE IS SERVICED FROM A MOBILE PLATFORM.
ISOLATE LONG TRAVEL DRIVE BEFORE SERVICING.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 20

S EC TION 8 C LEAR ANC ES

8.1 HANDRAIL CLEARANCES

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The vertical clearance above a handrail shall be not less than 450 mm with the crane in any
position (see also Clause 8.3).

8.2 CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB

The vertical clearance above a crane or crab shall be not less than the following as shown in
Figure C6:
(a) Where the part of the crane is within 300 mm horizontal distance of a standing,
walking, or servicing surface, and—
(i) where the clearance above the standing, walking, or servicing surface is not less
than 1.8 m ...................................................................................... 150 mm; or
(ii) where the clearance above the standing, walking, or servicing surface is less
than 1.8 m .......................................................................................... 225 mm.
(b) Positions, on the crane, which cannot be reached from the standing, walking, or
servicing surface ............................................................................................ 50 mm.

8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN TRAVEL

OR TRAVERSE MOTION
For an unladen crane, the clearance below the underside of the crane or hoist/permanent
lifting attachment at its upper working limit but excluding the bottom block, shall be not
less than the following as shown in Figures C2, C7 and C8:
(a) Where use by persons if the area below is not restricted—
(i) at ground or floor level .................................................................... 2.1 m; and
(ii) at other than ground or floor level, e.g. flat roof, gallery, mezzanine, servicing
platform..................................................................................................1.8 m.
(b) Where use by persons if the area below the crane is restricted—
(i) where the area below is a fixed access platform or walkway and not within
600 mm of a rising ladder (see Clause 6.3.3.1, Item (b)), disregarding the
handrail ..................................................................................................1.4 m;
(ii) where the area below is a fixed (static) access platform or walkway; clearance
from the handrails .........................................................................450 mm; and
(iii) from all fixed objects not readily accessible (to stand on)
to personnel ........................................................................................ 450 mm.

8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS

8.4.1 Fixed platforms
Where a crane travels up to, but does not overlap, a fixed platform at the end of a building,
the horizontal clearance between the crane, when located against its end-stops and with the
buffers, where fitted, fully compressed, and the platform shall be not less than 150 mm and,
where the platform provides access to the crane, not more than 200 mm. Additional
requirements are given in Clause 6.3.3.7.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 21 AS 1418.3—1997

8.4.2 Mobile platforms

A mobile work platform shall be positioned so that the nominal horizontal clearance
between it and the crane shall not be less than 250 mm.

8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY

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The horizontal clearance between a moving crane, or part thereof, and an adjacent building
structure and any projections thereon shall be not less than the following as shown in
Figure C9:
(a) Where the crane is on an elevated runway and no walkway or platform is provided
adjacent to the runway ................................................................................... 50 mm.
(b) Where the crane is on an elevated runway and a platform or walkway is adjacent to
the runway................................................................................................... 450 mm.
(c) Where the crane runway is at ground level .................................................... 600 mm.
Where a projection extends from a moving crane over a platform or walkway alongside a
crane runway (travel or traverse), the projection, except where suitable precautions such as
flexible flaps or other type of guarding are provided to prevent injury to persons, shall not
extend below a line inclined upward from the centre of the rail-head surface at 30 degrees.
Refer to Figure C9.

8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A PLATFORM

OR WALKWAY
Any part of a crab which overhangs a platform or walkway on a crane bridge shall not
project over the platform or walkway more than 450 mm in working areas.
Any moving or overhanging part of a crane which passes over an access opening in a crane
deck, platform, or walkway shall have a vertical clearance not less than 1 m from the
opening, and shall not constitute danger to persons emerging from the opening.

8.7 CLEARANCES BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE OR

RUNWAY
Where the crane does overlap the platform, the headroom over the platform shall not be less
than 1.5 m for a clear horizontal distance of 450 mm, and 1.8 m for a clear horizontal
distance of 300 mm, from the building or crane structure and any projection thereon, and at
the access point to the platform the headroom shall not be less than 1.9 m (see Figure C8).
If shorter clear horizontal distance in cross-travel direction is required for normal crane
operation, then a service stop shall be fitted in order to provide and maintain the nominated
clearance even if the controls are inadvertently operated during servicing of the crane.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 22

S E C T ION 9 E LE C T R IC A L A C C E S S
IS O LA TOR S
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9.1 GENERAL
Electrical isolation and protection shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1 and this
Section. In general, an access isolator shall be provided at the entry point to the crane, and
adjacent to the access point between parts of a crane, wherever one part of a crane can
move relative to another part.

9.2 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS

9.2.1 Hoisting motion
An access isolator for the hoisting motion is not usually necessary.
9.2.2 Travel and traverse motions
9.2.2.1 Location of service isolators
Separate access isolators for travel and traverse motions shall be either—
(a) grouped externally, provided that the access to the crane is not by way of the driver's
cabin; or
(b) located in accordance with Clauses 9.2.2.2 and 9.2.2.3.
9.2.2.2 Travel motion
The access isolation for travel motion shall be located as follows:
Means of access for servicing Location of access isolators
(a) Fixed platform(s) external to the On the crane and operable from each
crane. platform.
(b) Platform(s) on cranes On crane at each point of access to
platform(s).
9.2.2.3 Traverse motion
The access isolators for the traverse motion shall be located on the crab and operable from
the access points.

9.3 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS

9.3.1 Location of access isolation
Separate access isolators shall be located as follows:
(a) An isolator shall be placed adjacent to each motor operable from the mobile service
platform.
(b) Where the crane is fitted with a driver’s cabin, an access isolator for the travel motion
shall be located at each point of access.
Additional access isolators for travel and traverse should be grouped together
adjacent to the main electrical switchgear cubicle and operable from the mobile
service platform.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 23 AS 1418.3—1997

9.4 MARKING OF ACCESS ISOLATORS

Each access isolator shall be permanently, legibly and clearly marked with the following
information:
(a) Identification, e.g. ‘ ACCESS ISOLATOR TRAVEL MOTION ONLY’.
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(b) A warning, e.g. ‘THIS ISOLATOR DOES NOT ISOLATE THE CRANE FROM ITS
POWER SOURCE ’.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 24

S EC TION 10 S P EED LIM IT A T IONS FOR

P ENDANT-C ONTR O LLED C R ANES
For cranes controlled by means of a pendant attached to or travelling with the crane—
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(a) where the driving mechanism and its control provide variable speed control or smooth
acceleration, the maximum travel speed shall be 72 m/min and the maximum traverse
speed shall be 30 m/min; or
(b) where the conditions in Item (a) do not apply, the maximum travel speed shall be
48 m/min and the maximum traverse speed shall be 24 m/min.
Where the travel speed is greater than 48 m/min, a pathway not less than 2 m wide shall be
provided in the travel direction for the crane operator.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 25 AS 1418.3—1997

S EC TION 11 MAR K ING AN D DATA T O BE

S UP P LIE D W IT H C R ANE
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11.1 MARKING ON CRANE

Each crane shall be marked in a permanent manner with the following information,
Items (a), (b), and (c) being of sufficient size to be legible from the working area below the
crane, and the other items being marked legibly on a plate or plates permanently fixed to
the crane in a readily-accessible location:
(a) A number identifying the particular crane.
(b) On each independent hoisting mechanism, the rated capacity of the mechanism in
either kilograms (less than one tonne) or tonnes, e.g.
(i) 800 kg;
(ii) 10 t; or
(iii) 10 tonnes.
(c) The rated capacity of the crane structure.
(d) The group classification of the crane and the mechanical class of each hoist
separately, in accordance with AS 1418.1.
(e) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the crane.
(f) Manufacturer’s serial number.
(g) Details of steel-wire rope used on crane, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(h) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on crane, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).

11.2 MARKING ON LIFTING MEANS

Each lifting attachment (i.e. lifting beam, magnet, grab) shall be marked in a permanent
manner with the following information, Items (a) and (b) being of sufficient size to be
legible from the working area below the crane to which it is attached, and the other items
being marked legibly on a plate or plates permanently fixed to the attachment:
(a) The rated capacity of the lifting attachment in either kilograms (less than one tonne)
or tonnes, e.g.
(i) 700 kg;
(ii) 9 t; or
(iii) 9 tonnes.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 26

(b) The mass of the lifting attachment expressed in the same unit as the rated capacity of
the lifting attachment (see Item (a)), e.g.
(i) TARE 100 kg;
(ii) TARE 1 t; or
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(iii) TARE 1 tonne.

(c) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the attachment, where applicable.
(d) Manufacturer's serial number, where applicable.
(e) Details of steel-wire rope used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(f) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).

11.3 MANUALS
11.3.1 General
The following manuals shall be provided.
(a) The crane operator’s manual.
(b) The maintenance manual.
(c) The logbook.
(d) The spare parts book.
NOTE: Attention is drawn to AS 1418.1, which specifies details of the electrical equipment and
control system that are to be provided.
11.3.2 Crane operator's manual
The crane operator’s manual shall be a formal publication, covered in a durable material
and of a size suitable for its use. It may be combined with another manual or be an
individual manual. It may be cross-referenced to other manuals of the crane. It shall present
the following information in plain English with explanations and definitions by words or
diagram where there is risk of misunderstanding:
(a) Ready identification of the make, model and serial number of the crane or where
appropriate, the range of serial numbers to which the information applies.
(b) All technical data of importance to the crane operator to ensure correct operation of
the crane.
(c) Description of and location of all safety devices, settings and adjustments.
(d) Instructions on the duties of the crane operator prior to operation, during operation
and after use.
(e) Instructions on restrictions in environmental conditions of wind and temperature.
(f) Description of safety precautions to be observed during maintenance and servicing of
the crane.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 27 AS 1418.3—1997

11.3.3 Maintenance manual

The maintenance manual shall be a formal publication covered in a durable material and of
a suitable size for the conditions of use. It may be combined with another manual or be an
individual manual. It may be cross-referenced to other manuals for the crane. It shall
present the following information in plain English with explanation and definitions by
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words or diagrams where there is risk of misunderstanding:

(a) Ready identification of the make, model and serial number of the crane or where
applicable, the range of serial numbers to which the information applies.
(b) All technical data necessary to enable the correct and safe maintenance of the crane.
(c) Description of the location, operation and adjustments of all safety devices.
(d) Details of safety precautions to be observed during maintenance and servicing of the
crane.
11.3.4 Logbook
The crane logbook shall provide means to record details of the maintenance, service and
repairs carried out on the crane.
NOTE: The logbook may be a computer record.
11.3.5 Parts book
The crane parts book shall be provided with all parts and elements adequately illustrated
and identified to enable descriptions of spare parts to be readily given to the provider of the
spare parts.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 28

S EC TION 12 INS P EC T ION A ND

C OM M IS S ION IN G
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12.1 INSPECTION
Prior to its being commissioned, the crane shall be inspected in accordance with AS 1418.1.

12.2 COMMISSIONING
12.2.1 General
The following tests shall be carried out during the commissioning of cranes:
(a) Pre-operational inspection and testing.
(b) No-load operation and testing.
(c) Load testing.
The required performance of the crane should be agreed between the owner and supplier of
the crane. Normally, the required performance will be lifting, lowering, and moving the
maximum rated capacity at the rated speeds, smoothly with sufficient frequency to
represent the normal operation of the crane.
Safety procedures and precautions for each phase of inspection and testing should be agreed
between the owner and supplier of the crane prior to commissioning.
12.2.2 Pre-operational inspection and testing
Pre-operational inspection and testing (including alignment checking) shall be carried out to
ensure that all systems and items comply with the relevant drawings and specifications, and
shall include the following:
(a) Checking of runway tracks for level and alignment.
(b) Visual examination of all components, assemblies and drives and checking for
correctness of fitting including tolerances, clearances, alignments, and adjustments.
(c) Checking of greasing, oil levels, hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.
(d) Visual examination of welded and bolted connections of structures and torque check
all critical bolted connections.
(e) Checking of all safety guards and their fittings.
(f) Checking of details and correctness of electrical safety devices, circuits, earthing,
insulation cubicles, and cabling.
12.2.3 No-load operation and testing
Following satisfactory inspection and testing in accordance with Clause 12.2.2, no-load
operation and testing shall be carried out, and shall include the following:
(a) Cranes with pendant or cabin operating control These shall be as follows:
(i) The individual parts of the equipment shall be run under ‘manual’ control to
check the proper operation of alarms and warning devices, the tracking of the
crane, the operation of safety devices and the smooth acceleration and stopping
of the crane.
(ii) The crane shall be travelled and traversed over the full length of runways to
check physical clearance from fixed obstructions.
(iii) Pressure pipework shall be checked for leaks.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 29 AS 1418.3—1997

(iv) Supply of lubricants shall be monitored.

(v) Electrical circuits shall be proven to be functional. Any alterations shall be
marked-up on the schematic diagram.
(b) Cranes with remote operation or radio control After satisfactory operation of the
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individual parts of the crane in accordance with Item (a) above, the crane shall be
tested in remote control mode in appropriate groups and then as a unit checking the
correct sequencing of the equipment for all functions and for smooth hoisting,
acceleration and retardation, until the reliability of the system at working
temperatures has been demonstrated.
12.2.4 Load testing
Following satisfactory no-load testing in accordance with Clause 12.2.3, load testing shall
be carried out, and shall include the following:
(a) The maximum rated capacity shall be applied to the main hoist at the point causing
maximum deflection. The maximum bridge deflection shall be checked and compared
with the calculated deflection under rated capacity (as supplied by the crane supplier).
The final deflection after removal of the load shall also be checked.
NOTE: The deflection of the crane support system under rated capacity should also be taken
into account.
(b) Each hoist in turn shall be used to lift its rated capacity, and shall be checked for
brake adjustment, hoisting speed and input current.
(c) With maximum rated capacity applied to the main hoist, the crane travel and traverse
shall be checked up to full speed to ensure that the load can be controlled
satisfactorily, and hoist brake application when lowering on power failure shall be
checked. The electrical system shall be checked for voltage drop and simultaneous
operation of main hoist and travel under full load and acceleration.
(d) Noise levels shall be checked, as required.
(e) At the time of commissioning only, each hoist shall be checked with 110% of its rated
capacity as in Item (b) above.
12.2.5 Reports
Accurate and complete reports of all testing shall be prepared. Such reports shall record all
the information checked during the test including clearances, temperatures, voltages,
currents, heat generation, noise levels, starting times, acceleration durations, stopping
times, settings and other control set points.

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 AS 1418.3—1997 30

S EC TION 13 GUAR D ING

13.1 GENERAL
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All guards shall be designed to prevent persons from reaching into the danger zone. This
requirement shall include preventing personnel from reaching over, under, around or
through any guard into the potentially dangerous area and shall be in accordance with
AS 4024.1 except where otherwise stated.

13.2 STRENGTH
The construction of a guard shall be robust and shall not collapse if personnel climb upon it.
The minimum mass to be supported by a guard shall be 75 kg.

13.3 MATERIAL
Where mesh or slatted guards are employed, the material used shall be sufficiently rigid to
prevent separation of the mesh or slats by finger pressure.

13.4 FIXED GUARDS

Where removal of a guard is not required for maintenance or inspection purposes, the guard
shall be fixed in position so that it cannot be readily removed without the use of tools.

13.5 REMOVABLE GUARDS

Where removable guards are required, the guards shall be constructed so as to minimize the
weight and be provided with handles to assist with handling.

13.6 INSPECTION POINTS

Access to inspection points of fixed guards shall be by a hinged cover. The cover shall be
positively secured in position.

13.7 MARKING
All removable guards or inspection covers shall be clearly marked—
DANGER—ISOLATE POWER BEFORE REMOVING OR OPENING GUARD .

13.8 TRAVEL MOTION WHEELS

Where guards are applied to travel motion wheels, the guards shall be designed to sweep
aside personnel and loose objects from the danger zone without causing a potential crushing
or shearing-type hazard.

13.9 COLOUR
Travel motion wheel guards shall be painted in high visibility colours in accordance with
AS 1318.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 31 AS 1418.3—1997

APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER, OR TENDER
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(Informative)

A1 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY OR ORDER

When enquiring about or ordering a bridge crane or gantry crane, the enquirer or purchaser
should supply the following information to the crane manufacturer or supplier (see typical
form in Figure A1):
(a) Type of crane (see Clause 1.1).
(b) A clearance diagram in the plane normal to long-travel motion of the space in which
the crane is to operate, showing required minimum approaches.
(c) Access and clearance details of the building or structure in which or against which the
crane is to operate.
(d) Information relevant to the foundation or, where the crane is to be installed on an
existing runway, the condition and wheel-load capacity of the runway (i.e. site
details).
(e) Details of other cranes operating on the same runway.
(f) Operating conditions, e.g.
(i) indoor or outdoor;
(ii) exposure to salt spray, heat, corrosive atmosphere, wind loading, and the like;
and
(iii) any hazard such as explosive or flammable atmosphere.
(g) Details of application for which the crane is to be used, i.e.
(i) purpose of crane;
(ii) nature of loads to be handled;
(iii) magnitude of loads to be handled (and in what proportion);
(iv) average rate of use (per hour, day, or week) of crane; and
(v) where the crane is to be used for a fixed work cycle, details of the work cycle
and its frequency of application; and
(vi) true vertical lift, where required.
(h) Dimensional requirements of crane, e.g.
(i) span; and
(ii) lifting height.
(i) Length of long-travel runway.
(j) Physical requirements of the crane, i.e.
(i) load rating (rated capacity and classification) (see Section 2);
(ii) hoisting speed (or speeds) raising and lowering;
(iii) travel speed;
(iv) traverse speed; and

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 AS 1418.3—1997 32

(v) where required, automatic travel or traverse speed-control limits method of

crane control, e.g.
(A) automatic;
(B) cabin;
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(C) pendant (cord or push button); or

(D) remote (console, radio, or infrared).
(k) Information relevant to design of electrical system (see AS 1418.1).
(l) Special requirements of design, manufacture, e.g.
(i) painting, corrosion proofing, and the like; and
(ii) auxiliary equipment required.

A2 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH TENDER

Where requested by the enquirer and in the tendering for the supply of a bridge crane or
gantry crane, the crane manufacturer or supplier should supply the following information to
the enquirer (see typical form in Figure A2):
(a) Type of crane (see Clause 1.1).
(b) An outline drawing of the crane giving overall dimensions, span, wheelbase, lifting
height, height position of travel rails to highest working position of hook, clearance
diagram around crane, hook approaches, and similar information.
(c) Details of performance of crane, i.e.
(i) load rating (see Section 2);
(ii) hoisting speed (or speeds) and acceleration raising and lowering;
(iii) travel speed and acceleration;
(iv) traverse speed and acceleration;
(v) method of crane control; and
(vi) deflection limit.
(d) Information relevant to design of crane supporting structure, i.e.
(i) static wheel loads;
(ii) mass of crane bridge or gantry;
(iii) natural frequency of the crane bridge;
(iv) mass of crab or hoist; and
(v) performance requirements of crane runway buffers and end-stops.
(e) Information relevant to electrical supply to crane, i.e.
(i) voltage, number of phases, a.c. or d.c. of power supply required;
(ii) power rating of each motor;
(iii) power consumption of ancillary equipment (e.g. lighting, heating);
(iv) power consumption of auxiliary equipment (e.g. magnet); and
(v) estimated maximum loading under worst conditions of use.

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 33 AS 1418.3—1997

Sheet 1 of 2

Enquirer: Supplier:
1 Type of crane required
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2 Clearance diagram (including height and span of crane track if existing, hook approaches and
hook path)

3 Building details relevant to crane access:

4 Site details:

(a) Foundation

(b) Existing runways and supporting structure

5 Other cranes operating on same runway:

(a) Existing cranes

(b) Proposed future cranes

6 Operating conditions:

(a) Indoor or outdoor

(b) Location site—

locality;

adverse atmospheric conditions; or

hazardous conditions

FIGURE A1 (in part) TYPICAL FORM OF ENQUIRY/ORDER FOR SUPPLY OF CRANE

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 AS 1418.3—1997 34

Sheet 2 of 2
7 Application of cranes:

(a) Purpose of crane

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(b) Nature of loads

(c) Maximum load to be handled

(d) Number of load applications per hour, day or week—

(i) up to one-third maximum load;

(ii) one-third to two-thirds maximum load; and

(iii) two-thirds to maximum load

8 Dimensional requirements of crane:

(a) Span

(b) Lifting height—

(i) above ground level; and

(ii) below ground level

9 Length of travel runway

10 Physical requirements of crane:

(a) Load rating (rated capacity and classification)

(b) Hoisting speeds—

(i) raising; and

(ii) lowering

(c) Travel speed

(d) Traverse speed

(e) Automatic travel or traverse speed-control limits (if required)

(f) Method of crane control

11 Information relevant to electrical system:

(a) Adverse aspects of crane operation control (e.g. plugging)

(b) Details of electric-power supply

(c) Special safety provisions required (e.g. emergency power changeover)

(d) Special factors affecting servicing

12 Special requirements of design and manufacture (e.g. painting, corrosion proofing, auxiliary
equipment required):
(a) Existing cranes

(b) Proposed future cranes

FIGURE A1 (in part) TYPICAL FORM OF TENDER FOR SUPPLY OF CRANE

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 35 AS 1418.3—1997

Tenderer: Prospective purchaser:

1 Type of crane:
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2 Crane dimensions (diagram):

3 Crane performance:

(a) Load rating (rated capacity and classification)

(b) Hoisting speed—

(i) raising; and

(ii) lowering

(c) Travel speed

(d) Traverse speed

(e) Method of crane control

4 Physical details of crane:

(a) Static wheel loads

(b) Mass of crane bridge or gantry

(c) Mass of crab or hoist

5 Electrical details:

(a) Power supply rating

(b) Power rating of each motor

(c) Power consumption of ancillary equipment (e.g. lighting heating)

(d) Power consumption auxiliary equipment (e.g. magnet)

6 Details of runway and runway support

FIGURE A2 TYPICAL FORM OF TENDER FOR SUPPLY OF CRANE

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 AS 1418.3—1997 36

APPENDIX B
LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS
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(Informative)
This Appendix lists typical hazards of which a designer should be aware when designing a
bridge, gantry or portal crane. The list is for information only and is not exhaustive. There
are other potential hazards that are not listed. These hazards are applicable to the situations
described and could involve risks to persons if not reduced or eliminated. Typical hazards
are as follows:
(a) Mechanical hazards These can include the following:
(i) Crushing.
(ii) Shearing.
(iii) Cutting or severing.
(iv) Entanglement.
(v) Drawing-in or trapping.
(vi) Impact.
(vii) High pressure fluid ejection.
(viii) Ejection of parts.
(ix) Loss of stability.
(x) Slip, trip and fall.
(xi) Hazards to exposed persons due to uncontrolled movement.
(xii) Hazards due to rolling over.
(xiii) Inadequate means of access.
(xiv) Hazards due to towing, coupling connecting, transmission and the like.
(b) Electrical hazards One of the prime concerns is that of electrical contact.
(c) Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machine design
(d) Hazard combinations
(e) Hazards caused by failure of energy supply, breaking down of machinery parts and
other functional disorders These can include the following:
(i) Failure of energy supply.
(ii) Failure or malfunction of control system.
(iii) Errors of fitting.
(iv) Overturn, unexpected loss of machine stability.
(f) Hazards caused by missing or incorrectly positioned safety-related
measures/means These include the following:
(i) Guards.
(ii) Safety-related (protection) devices.
(iii) Starting and stopping devices.
(iv) Safety signs and signals.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 37 AS 1418.3—1997

(v) Information or warning devices.

(vi) Energy supply disconnecting devices.
(vii) Emergency devices.
(viii) Essential equipment and accessories for safe adjusting or maintaining.
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(ix) Inadequate lighting for servicing purposes.

(x) Fire extinguishers removed from site or not serviced properly.
(g) Hazards due to sudden movement, instability and the like during handling
(h) Inadequate/non-ergonomic design of operating position These can be demonstrated
by:
(i) Inadequate visibility from operator's position.
(ii) Reduced clearances on walkway when a cabinet door is open.
(i) Hazards due to lifting operations These can include the following:
(i) Lack of stability.
(ii) Derailment of machinery.
(iii) Loss of mechanical strength of machinery and lifting accessories.
(iv) Hazards caused by uncontrolled movement.
(v) Inadequate view of trajectories of the moving parts.
(vi) Hazards due to loading/over-loading.
(j) Hazard due to fire

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 AS 1418.3—1997 38

APPENDIX C
ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS
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(Normative)
Figures C1 to C9 illustrate access and clearance requirements for fixed platforms.
NOTE: Some of the details in these Figures have been simplified to enable relevant dimensions to
be shown clearly.

FIGURE C1 HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE OUTSIDE HANDRAILS AT END CARRIAGE OF

CRANE

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 39 AS 1418.3—1997
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FIGURE C2 HEADROOM ABOVE PLATFORMS AND WALKWAYS ON CRANE

FIGURE C3 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN MOVING PART OF A CRANE AND

OTHER EQUIPMENT ON OR ABOVE A PLATFORM, WALKWAY OR SERVICING
SURFACE ON THE CRANE BRIDGE

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 AS 1418.3—1997 40
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FIGURE C4 CONSTRUCTED AREA AT TYPICAL STATIC PLATFORM AND CRANE

BRIDGE WALKWAY/PLATFORM AT ACCESS LOCATION

FIGURE C5 LIMITING GAP AT WALK-THROUGH ACCESS FROM FIXED TO MOVING

PLATFORMS

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

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www.standards.com.au
41

FIGURE C7 CLEARANCES BELOW A CRANE OR CRAB

FIGURE C6 VERTICAL CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB

© Standards Australia
AS 1418.3—1997
 AS 1418.3—1997 42
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FIGURE C8 HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE BETWEEN PARTS OF A CRANE AND FIXED

PLATFORMS WHICH ARE OVERLAPPED BY THE CRANE

FIGURE C9 CLEARANCES AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 43 AS 1418.3—1997

A2 APPENDIX D
TYPICAL CRANE DRIVE DIAGRAMS
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(Informative)

Typical denomination
for running gear
No. of wheel pairs
and drive systems
Crane drive (see Note) Remarks
diagrams
Synchronized
Total
FF FL or coupled
NW
NS

EFF EFL 2 —

EFF EFL 2 —

Additional forced slip may occur

EFF EFL 2 — between wheels on one crane due to
differences in wheel diameters

EFF EFL
Depends on — Additional details can be found in a
wheel load Demag publication by Dr Hanover on
distribution — ‘Crane Travel Behaviour’
EFF EFL

WFF 2 2

WFF 2 1

In addition to forced slip

mentioned above, forced
WFF 2 2 slip can also occur between
wheels on opposite sides due to
their diameter differences

WFF WFL 2 2 The dotted lines represent

electrical connection equivalent to
the central drive, as long as the
wheel torque does not exceed the
FF WFL 2 1 motor torque.

EFF EFL 4 —

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 AS 1418.3—1997 44

A2 NOTE: Letters used in typical denominations have the following meaning:

W = pair of long-travel wheels that are mechanically or electrically coupled
E = pair of long-travel wheels that are independently driven
F = fixed-bearing supports of the long-travel wheel, not allowing side movement of crane structure
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L = loose-bearing support of the long-travel wheel, allowing side movement of crane structure

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 45 AS 1418.3—1997

AMENDMENT CONTROL SHEET

AS 1418.3—1997
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Amendment No. 1 (1998 )

REVISED TEXT

SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to Clause 6.3.2.4

Published on 5 September 1998.

Amendment No. 2 (2002)

REVISED TEXT

SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Title, Clauses 1.4, 3.3.3(a), 3.3.6 and 5.1 and Appendix D

Published on 17 June 2002.

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46

`NOTES
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47

NOTES
AS 1418.3—1997
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48

NOTES
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