@C 4.4? @niadr Cnrod An`dodr Idmefrf

Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

Oueu` Ibeu` IBE^@ 4. GNBINUQF

Oueu` Cngfdtdm An`dodr (CA) 4. Gnbintrf Edtdr

1. Gnbint
bintrf
rf Qud
udmg
mg

8. Gn
5. Gnbi
bint
ntrf
rf Ur
Urdm
[nian`dodrdmdmsj
sjbri
brids
dsff
Gnbintrf

Mb Autfr Qnj`ncsf Qnspbm/Odwdadm

4 Edjtdr pntd cbmsnp CA 4. Gnbintrf Edtdr

(fstf`dl edm enjfmfsf) ef
[nmgnrdm
ibeu` fmf Xngfgd
Gdrfs Anrdt
Ufc, Gdrfs edm
Afedmg
Gdrfs-gdrfs
Gdrfs Adgf
fsinwd
Xngfgd
Cn`f`fmg edm @uds
Gdrfs Ufmggf
Xngfgd

Cncbmgrunmdm
Xngfgd

Ododrgnmodmg

[nrsngf [dmodmg

Gnbintrf Edtdr

An`dl Cntupdt

Idhdi-idhdi

Xngfnipdt [nrsngf

@uds edm Cn`f`fmg

Urdpnsfui
[nmgnrdm
@fmgcdrdm
@dydmg-`dydmg
Odrf-odrf, Ud`f
Ausur, edm
Efdintnr

Gdrfs Xfmggumg
@fmgcdrdm
@fmgcdrdm

Xueut Cn`f`fmg,
Xueut [usdt, edm
Ausur @fmgcdrdm

@uds Ednrdl
@fmgcdrdm

4. Gnbint
Gnbi ntrf
rf ded`d
ded`dll su
sudt
dtuu cd
cdof
ofdm
dm f`iu
f`iu tn
tnmtmtdm
dmgg tf
tftf
tfc,
c, gdrfs
gdrfs
edm afedmg
d. Uft
Uftfc
fc ded
ded`dl
`dl a
anme
nmedd gnb
gnbint
intrfrf ed`
ed`di
di pfc
pfcfrd
frdmm ydmg tf tfedc
edc
inif`fcf ucurdm
a. Gdr
Gdrfs
fs ? sudt
sudtuu gdrf
gdrfss tnra
tnranmt
nmtuc
uc edr
edrff tdc an
anrlf
rlfmgg
mggdd tftf
tftfcc
 ydmg tdc cbsbmg
h. Qu
Quds
ds gdr
gdrfs
fs de
ded`
d`dl
dl snad
snadgf
gfdm
dm edrf
edrf su sudt
dtuu gd
gdrf
rfss yd
ydmg
mg
efadtdsf b`nl eud tftfc
e. Cb`fm
Cb`fmndr
ndr dded`dl
ed`dl tftfc-
tftfc-tftfc
tftfc ydmg anrde
anrdedd pd
pded
ed ssdtu
dtu gdrfs
n. Udc
Udc cb`f
cb`fmn
mnrr de
ded`
d`dl
dl tftf
tftfc-
c-tf
tffc
fc ydmg anr
anrde
dedd tfed
tfedcc pded
pded

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

sdtu gdrfs
j. Afedmg
Xnaudl afedmg edpdt tnranmtuc edrf ?
- snaudl gdrfs edm snaudl tftfc ydmg tfedc tnr`ntdc pded
gdrfs tnrsnaut
- eud audl gdrfs ydmg snododr
- eud audl gdrfs ydmg anrpbtbmgdm
1. Xngftfgd
d. [nmgnrtfdm sngftfgd
Gdau
Gdaumg mgdm
dm ed
edrf
rf tfgd
tfgd sngi
snginm
nm/r
/ruds
uds gd
gdrf
rfss yd
ydmg
mg tftf
tftfc-
c-
tftfcmyd tfedc cb`fmfnr
a. Gdr
Gdrfsfs fstfin
fstfinwd
wd pded
pded sngftfgd
sngftfgd
- Gdrfs adgf
- Gdrfs tfmggf
- Gdrfs anrdt
h. Cn`
Cn`f`f
f`fmg
mg edm
edm @uds
@uds sng
sngftf
ftfgd
gd
- Cn`f`fmg 9 oui`dl pdmodmg cntfgd sfsf sngftfgd
- @uds 9 ¹ d`ds x tfmggf
e. Cnc
Cncbmg
bmgrunm
runmdm
dm sngf
sngftfg
tfgdd

- Eud sngftfgd sdid edm snadmgum, ofcd eud audl sfsfmyd

edm sueut dpft sfsf ftu sdid (X-Xe-X). (X9 Xfsf, Xe?
Xueut)
-   Eud sngftfgd sdid edm snadmgum
snadmgum,, ofcd sdtu sfsf sdid
edm cneud sueut pded sfsf ftu sdid. (Xe-X-Xe)
- Eud sng
sngftf
ftfgd
gd sdi
sdidd edm snadm
snadmgum
gum,, ofc
ofcdd sdt
sdtuu sfs
sfsfmy
fmydd
sdid, sueut pded sfsf ftu edm sueut efldedpdm sfsf ftu
sdid. (X-Xe-Xe)
- Eud sngftfgd sdid edm snadmgumg, ofcd sngftfgd ftu
sfcu-sfcu edm snaudl sfsf sfcu-sfcu edm sfsf ifrfmgmyd
sdid.
8. Xn
Xnggfn
fnip
ipdt
dt
d. Idh
dhddi sng
sngfnfnip
ipddt
- [nrsngf pdmodmg? [nrsngf pdmodmg ded`dl sudtu ododr
gnmodmg ydmg cnnipdt sueutmyd sfcu-sfcu
- [nr
[nrsng
sngf?f? [nr
[nrsng
sngff ded
ded`dl
`dl sud
sudtu
tu odo
ododr
dr gnm
gnmodm
odmgg ydm
ydmgg
cnnipd
cnnipdtt suesueutm
utmyd
yd sfc
sfcu-s
u-sfcu
fcu edm cnncnnipd
ipdtt sfssfsfmy
fmydd
inif`fcf pdmodmg sdid
- Odo
Ododr Gn Gnmmod
odmg
mg?? XnXngf
gfnnip
ipdtdt yd ydmg
mg sf sfsf
sf-s
-sfs
fsfm
fmyd
yd
snpdsdmgsnpdsdmg snododr
- An`
An`dl
dl cnt
cntupd
updt?t? An`dl
An`dl cntup
cntupdtdt ded
ded`dl
`dl sud
sudtu
tu odo
ododr
dr
gnmodm
gnmodmgg ydmg eud sf sfsfm
sfmyd
yd ydm
ydmgg anrur
anrurutd
utdmm sdid
pdmodmg
- @dyd
@dydmg
mg ‘ `dyd`dydmg
mg?? ad
admg
mgum
um ededtd
tdrr sn
sngf
gfni
nipdpdtt ydydmg
mg
inif`f
ini f`fcf
cf 1 pds
pdsdmg
dmg anr
anrane
anedd sfs
sfsff anr
anren
encdt
cdtdm
dm ydmydmgg

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

sdid pdmodmg
- Urdpnsfui
admgum sngf nipdt ydmg eud sfsfmyd snododr, sfsf ydmg
`dfm tfedc ldrus snododr

a) @uds
@uds edm
edm cn`
cn`f`f
f`fmg
mg Xng
Xngfni
fnipdt
pdt
- @uds Xngfnipdt
b
@uds [nrsngf pdmodmg
@ 9 pdmodmg x `nadr

b @uds [nrsngf
@ 9 sfsf x sfsf

b @uds Ododrgnmodmg
@9 d`ds x tfmggf

b @uds An`dl Cntupdt

@ 9 ¹ x efdgbmd`4 x efdgbmd` 1

b @uds @dydmg ‘ `dydmg

@ 9 ¹ x efdgbmd` 4 x efdgbmd` 1
b @uds Urdpnsfui
( oui`dl
 oui`dleud
eud sfsf snododr )
sfsf snododr
  @9  x tfmggf
1

- Cn`f`fmg Xngfnipdt
cn`f`f
cn`f`fmg
mg adm
admgum
gum edt
edtdr
dr inr
inrupd
updcdm
cdm oui
oui`dl
`dldm
dm ucu
ucurdm
rdm
sfsf-sfsf tnr`udr ydmg inianmtuc sudtu admgum.

5. @fm
@fmgcd
cdrrdm
d. [n
[nmg
mgnr
nrtf
tfdm
dm `fm
`fmgc
gcdr
drdm
dm
Enjfmfsf?
Enjfm fsf? @fmgcdrdm ded`dl gdrfs `nmgcumg (curvd) ydmg
anrtniu pded cneud uoumgmyd, edm inrupdcdm lfipumdm
tftfc-tftfc ydmg odrdcmyd sdid tnrldedp tftfc tnrtnmtu.

a. ^m
^msur
sur ‘ ^ms
^msur
ur @f
@fmg
mgcd
cdrd
rdmm
- Odrf ‘ Odrf
- Ud`f Ausur
- Efdintnr
- Dpbtnid
- Ausur
- Ourfmg
- Unianrnmg

h. Gdrf
Gdrfss Xf
Xfmg
mggum
gumgg @f
@fmg
mgcd
cdrd
rdmm
Enjfmfsf?? Gdrfs sfmggumg ded`dl gdrfs ydmg inipumydf
Enjfmfsf

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

pnrsncutudm enmgdm `fmgcdrdm pded eud audl tftfc ydmg

anrfipftdm. Uftfc tnrsnaut ydmg efsnaut snadgdf tftfc
sfmggumg.

e. Xu
Xueu
eutt pded
pded @fm
@fmgc
gcdr
drdm
dm
- Xueut [u [ussdt? Xueu
Xueutt pu
pusd
sdtt de
ded`
d`dl
dl su
sueu
eutt yd
ydmg
mg
efanmtuc b`nl eud odrf-odrf `fmgcdrdm
-Xue
Xueut
ut cn`
cn`f`f
f`fmg?
mg? sueut ydmg efanmtuc b`nl eud td`f
ausur ydmg anrpbtbmgdm pded `fmgcdrdm
n. @u
@uds
ds edn
ednrd
rdl
l `fmg
`fmgcd
cdrd
rdmm
1
 @ ϋ r ,r
9  odrf  odrf
9 ∑

 C 
9 1 ϋr 9 ϋ e , r 9 odrf ∑ odrf edm e 9 efdintnr

Cntnrdmgdm?

@ 9 @uds

Ϋ 9 plf

r 9 odrf-odrf

e 9 efdintnr

CA 1. Gnbintrf Qudmg

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

Gnbintrf Qudmg

Cneueucdm Ubtbc, Zb`uin Admgum

Odrdc Ed`di Qudmg Xueut Ed`di Qudmg
Gdrfs edm Afedmg Qudmg

Luaumgdm dmtdr 1 Xueut Dmtdrd Eud

Odrdc Dmtdrd 1 Ufc
afedmg Gdrfs

Luaumgdm dmtdr 1 Odrdc Dmtdrd Ufc Xueut Dmtdrd Gdrfs

gdrfs edm Gdrfs edm Afedmg

Cbmsnp [nrsncutudm Odrdc Dmtdrd Ufc Xueut Dmtdrd Eud

Dmtdr Baonc edm Afedmg Afedmg

Odrdc Dmtdrd 1 Gdrfs

Xnododr

Odrdc Dmtdrd Gdrfs

edm Afedmg

Odrdc Dmtdrd 1
Afedmg Xnododr

Odrdc Dmtdrd 1
GdrfsAnrsf`dmgdm

4. Cneueucdm
Cneueucdm Uftfc
Uftfc,, Gdrfs
Gdrfs edm Afedm
Afedmgg ed`di
ed`di Qudmg
Qudmg
- Dcsfbid 4?4? In`d`uf eud audl tftfc ldmyd edpdt ef`ucfs
snaudl gdrfs `urus sdod.
- Dcsfbid 1 1?? Ofcd snaudl gdrfs `urus edm snaudl afedmg
edtdr inipumydf eud tftfc pnrsncutudm, idcd gdrfs `urus
ftu tnr`ntdc sn`urulmyd pded afedmg edtdr ftu.
- Dcsfbid 8 8?? Ufgd audl tftfc sniadrdmg (drtfmyd? cntfgd
tftfc ftu tfedc tnr`ntdc pded snaudl gdrfs `urus) sn`d`u
edpdt ef`d`uf b`nl snaudl afedmg edtdr.
Unbrnid de ded`
d`dl
dl pnrm
pnrmyd
ydtd
tddm
dm ididtntnid
idtf
tfcd
cd ydydmg
mg id idsf
sfl
l
inia
in iaut
utul
ulcd
cdmm pnia
pniauc
uctf
tfdm
dm edmedm pn pnrm
rmyd
ydtd
tddm
dmmy
mydd edpd
edpdtt
eftumouccdm mf`df cnanmdrdmmyd.
Unbrnid
- Unbrn id 4? XnaXnaudl
udl afe
afedmg
dmg eft
eftnmt
nmtucd
ucdmm b`n
b`nl
l tfg
tfgdd tftfc
tftfc
sniadrdmg.
- Unbrnid 1 1?? Xnaudl afedmg eftnmtucdm b`nl snaudl gdrfs
edm snaudl tftfc (ef `udr gdrfs ftu)
Unbrn
- Un brnid
id 8? Xnaudl
Xnaudl afe
afedmg
dmg eft
eftnmt
nmtucd
ucdmm b`n
b`nl
l eud aud audll
gdrfs anrpbtbmgdm.

Luaumgdm dmtdrd eud afedmg

- Anrlfipft

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

- Xnododr
- Anr
Anrpbt
pbtbmg
bmgdm?
dm? [de
[dedd cbm
cbmefs
efsff cne
cneud
ud afe
afedmg
dmg anr
anrpbt
pbtbmg
bmgdm,
dm,
idcd tftfc-tftcc pnrsncutfudm dmtdrd eud afedmg tnrsnaut
anrupd gdrfs, ydmg afdsdmyd efsnaut snadgdf gdrfs pbtbmg
Luaumgdm dmtdrd eud audl gdrfs
- Anrpbtbmgdm
- Xnododr
- Anrsf`dmgdm
Cbmsnp pnrsncutudm dmtdr baonc ed`di rudmg
- [nrsnc
sncutudm dmtdrd 1 afedmg? Xudtu gdrfs 
inrupdcdm pnrsncutudm edrf eud afedmg ^ edm Z ofcd 
tnr`ntdc pded afedmg ^ edm  tnr`ntdc pded afedmg Z,
eftu`fs, ( ∌  ∧  ∌ ) ⟶  ∌ (, )
- [nrsncutudm dmtdrd 1 gdrfs? ofcd eud gdrfs inif`fcf
tftfc pnrsncutudm, idcd efpdstfcdm adlwd cneud gdrfs
ftu tnr`ntdc pded afedmg ydmg sdid
- [nrsncutudm dmtdrd gdrfs edm afedmg?
b Gdr
Gdrfs
fs inm
inmnia
niaus
us afe
afedmg
dmg?? cb
cbme
mefs
fsff sudtu
sudtu gd
gdrfs
rfs tfed
tfedcc

snodod
sno dodrr enm
enmgdm
gdm sudt
sudtuu afe
afedmg
dmg,, idc
idcdd gdr
gdrfs
fs tnr
tnrsna
snaut
ut
inmniaus afedmg tnrsnaut
b Cnsnododrdm?? Eud gdrfs snododr, Gdrfs snododr afedmg,
Cnsnododrdm
edm Eud afedmg snododr
- Cntngdc`urusdm
b Eud gdr
gdrfs
fs tng
tngdc
dc `uru
`uruss? gd
gdrf
rfss g tngd
tngdcc `u
`urus
rus en
enmg
mgdm
dm
afedmg ^, ofcd tnredpdt 1 gdrfs ef afedmg ^, snaut i
edm m, snlfmggd  ⊮  edm  ⊮ m
b Gdrfs tngdc `urus afedmg
afedmg?? OfOfcd
cd  sudtu gdrfs,  sudtu
afedmg, enmgdm ⊮, idcd  tngdc `urus enmgdm sniud
gdrfs ydmg tnr`ntdc pded Z
b Eud afedmg ydmg sd`fmg tngdc `urus `urus?? in`d`u
in`d`uff sna
snaudl
udl
gdrfs g ydmg tngdc `urus afedmg ^, edpdt efadmgum
af
afed
edmg
mg-a
-afe
fedm
dmgg Z4,
Z4, Z1
Z1,, … yd
ydmg
mg tngd
tngdcc `u
`urus
rus en
enmg
mgdm
dm
afedmg ^

1. Odrd
Odrdcc ed
ed`d
`di
i Qud
Qudmg
mg
- Odrdc dmtdrd 1 tftfc ed`di rudmg
- Odrdc dmtdrd tftfc edm gdrfs
- Odrdc dmtdrd tftfc edm afedmg
- Odrdc dmtdrd 1 gdrfs snododr
- Odrdc dmtdrd gdrfs edm afedmg
- Odrdc dmtdrd 1 afedmg snododr
- Odrdc dmtdrd 1 gdrfs anrsf`dmgdm

8. Xueu
Xueutt ed`
ed`di
di Qu
Qudm
dmgg
- Xueut dmtdr eud gdrfs

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

- Xueut dmtdrd gdrfs edm afedmg

- Xueut dmtdrd 1 afedmg/ `nafl

5. Zb`u
Zb`uin
in Adm
Admgu
gumm Qudm
Qudmgg
Ded`dl vb`uin idtnidtfcd ydmg inif`fcf fsf. Ifsd`cdm umtuc
inmglftumg vb`uin cuaus edpdt efhdrf inmggumdcdm ruius?

Z 9 s8  enmgdm v 9 vb`uin edm X 9 pdmodmg rusuc

CA 8. Gnbintrf Urdmsjbridsf

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp
suiau \

[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp
suiau V

[nmgnrdm [nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp Gdrfs

Urdmsjbridsf y9x
Gnbintrf
[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp Gdrfs
y 9 -x
[nmhnrifmdm
[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp c

Dsd`
[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp Gdrfs
x9l

[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp Gdrfs

y9 c

[nmhnrifmdm tnrldedp Ufc

(i,m)

Urdms`dsf Ufc

GNBINUQF Urdms`dsf Urdms`dsf Gdrfs

UQDMXJBQIDXF
Urdms`dsf curvd

Qbtdsf tnrldedp pusdt B(;,;)

Qbtdsf

Qbtdsf tnrldedp pusdt [(d,a)

Ef`dtdsf enmgdm pusdt B(;,;)

Ef`dtdsf
Ef`dtdsf enmgdm pusdt [(d,a)

Cbipbsfsf [nmhnrifmdm

Cbipbsfsf
Cbipbsfsf Ef`dtdsf
Ldsf` Cd`f
Urdmsjbridsf
Cbipbsfsf Urdms`dsf

Cbipbsfsf Qbtdsf

4. Ur
Urdm
dmssjb
jbrrids
dsff Gnbi
Gnbint
ntrf
rf pde
ded
d afed
afedmmg fd`d
fd`dl
l prbs
prbsn
ns

inmguadl  sntfdp tftfc cbbrefmdt inmodef tftfc cbbrefmdt `dfm

pded afedmg tnrtnmtu.
1. [nm
[nmhnr
hnrifm
ifmdm/
dm/rnj
rnj`n
`ncsf
csf
Xudtu pnmhnrifmdm pded sudtu gdrfs s ded`dl sudtu jumgsf
Is ydmg efenjfmfsfcdm umtuc sntfdp tftfc pded afedmg afedmg
snadgdf?

Ofcd [ ∌  s idcd I X  ( [

  Ofcd  [ )  [ 9
d.
Ofcd [  ∆  s idcd I X  (  [
[ )9 [' 
a. snlfmggd gdrfs s ded`dl suiau [[' 

Idhdi ‘ idhdi pnmhnrifmdm?

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

d. [n
[nmh
mhnr
nrif
ifmd
mdmm Un
Unrl
rlde
dedp
dp su
suia
iauu \
⃗
a. [n
 [ ( d , a ) suiau x [' ( d , a )
[nmh
mhnr
nrif
ifmd
mdmm tn
tnrl
rlde
dedp
dp ssuia
uiauu V
∑

⃗
h. [n
 [ ( d , a ) suiau y [' ( d , a )
[nmh
mhnr
nrif
ifmd
mdmm tn
tnrl
rlde
dedp
dp ggdr
drfs
fs y 9 x
∑

⃗ e. [nm
[nmhnr( )
a dmsuiau
 [hnrifm
d ,ifmdm tnr
tnrldeydp  x
ldedp gdr  ( )
[' 
fs y a
gdrfs
9

9 ,-dx
 [ ( d , a ) suiau y  x [ ' ( a , d )
9∑ ∑ ∑

n. [nm
[nmhnr
hnrifm
ifmdm
dm tnr
tnrlde
ldedp
dp tft
tftfc
fc dwd
dwd``
 [ ( d , a ) B ( ;,; ) [ ' ( d , a )
∑ ∑

⃗
⃗ j. [n
[nmh

g. [n
mhnr
nrif
ifmd
mdmm tn
tnrl
rlde
dedp
dp ggdr
drfs
fs x 9 l
 [ ( d , a) suiau x9l [ ' ( 1 l∑d ,a )
[nmh
mhnr
nrif
ifmd
mdmm tn
tnrl
rlde
dedp
dp ggdr
drfs
fs y 9 c
⃗ l. [nm
 [ ( d , a ) suiau y9c [ ' ( d , 1 c ∑a )
[nmhnr
hnrifm
ifmdm
dm tnr
tnrlde
ldedp
dp tft
tftfc
fc (i, m)

 [ ( d , a) tffc  ( d , a)   [ ' ( 1 i∑d , 1 m∑a )

8. Urdms`dsf
Urdms`dsf ded`dl
ded`dl pnrpfme
pnrpfmedldm
dldm dtdu pnrgn
pnrgnsnrdm
snrdm sntfdp
sntfdp tftfc
tftfc
enmgdm drdl edm odrdc ydmg sdid
d) Ur
Urdm
dms`
s`ddsf tft
tftfc
fc

 D (  x, ()
x , y )  U 
 p
q
 D '    x
( x + p,
 p , y + q )

a) Urdms`
Urdms`dsf
dsf gdr
gdrfs
fs
[nrsdiddm gdrfs

ix + my 9h U   p  i (  xx + p )+ ( m + y )9 h

q ()
h) Ur
Urdm
dms`
s`ds
dsff curvd
curvd

 y 9ix 1 + cx + ` U  (  )
 p
q
 ( y + q ) 9i ( x x + p )1 + c ( x x + p ) +

5. Qbtdsf
d) Qbt
Qbtdsf
dsf tnr
tnrlde
ldedp
dp ttftf
ftfcc pu
pusdt
sdt B ((;,
;, ;)
 x ' 9 x   hbs ( μ )∑ y   sfm  ( μ )
 y ' 9 x   sfm ( μ ) + y   hbs ( μ )

a) Qbt
Qbtdsf
dsf ttnrl
nrlded
dedpp tft
tftfc
fc pu
pusdt
sdt [ ((d,
d, a
a))

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

 x ' ∑ d 9(  xx ∑ d )  hbs  (μ )∑( y ∑ a )   sfm  ( μ )

 y ' ∑ a 9 (  xx ∑ d )   sfm (μ )+ ( y ∑ a )  hbs  (μ )

>. Ef`dt
dtds
dsff
d) Ef
Ef`d
`dtd
tdsf
sf e
enm
nmgd
gdmm pu
pusd
sdtt (;
(;,, ;)
x , y ) S ( ;,;) , c Y   D '  ( (cx,cy )
 D (  x,

a) Ef`
Ef`dtd
dtdsf
sf e
enmg
nmgdm
dm pus
pusdt
dt ((d,
d, a)
 D (  xx , y ) S ( d , a ) , c Y   D '  ( (c (  xx ∑ d ) + d , c ( y ∑a ) + a )

:. Ldsf`
Ldsf` cd`
cd`ff Urd
Urdmsj
msjbri
bridsf
dsf
d) Cbip
Cbipbs bsfs
fsff ppnm
nmhn
hnrif
rifmd
mdmm
Qnj`ncsf tnrldedp eud gdrfs snododr suiau \ edpdt
efsdofcdm snadgdf anrfcut

 I  y  p   B I  y
9 9 q ⇕ U 9
( ( ))
;
1  p∑ q
;
 I  y q   B I  y
9 9  p
⇕ U 9
1 ( q ∑ p )
a) Cb
Cbip
ipbs
bsfs
fsff ef
ef`d
`dtd
tdsf
sf ( )
Ef`dtdsf tnrldedp S [
 [ , c  Y
4 ef`dmoutcdm enmgdm ef`dtdsf
tnrldedp S [
 [ , c  Y 1  edpdt efwdcf`f b`nl sudtu ef`dtdsf
 ydftu S  [[ , c   xc  Y
4 1 dtdu edpdt eftu`fscdm

S [ , c  Y S [ , c  Y S [c 4 c  Y

4
⋎
1
9 ⋎
1

h) Cb
Cbip
ipbs
bsfs
fsff tr
trdm
dms`
s`ds
dsff
 p + c 
 D ( x,
 x , y ) U 4 U 19   D '' ( x
 x + p + c , y + q + ` )

(  )
q +`
e) Cb
Cbip
ipbs
bsfs
fsff rbtd
rbtdsf
sf
 [(  xx , y Q
)  D  [ ' ( x x ', y ' ) QA  A ''( x x '', y '')

CA 5. [nian`dodrdm Gnbintrf

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

[nmmgmyd Unbrf
An`dodr Ed`di
[nian`dodrdm
Gnbintrf

Iben` pnian`dodrdm

Anradsfs Idsd`dl

[nrdmgcdt
[nian`dodrdm [nian`dodrdm Anradsfs
Gnbintrf Idsd`dl ^mtuc Idtnrf
Gnbintrf
[nmggd`dm Xf`daus
[nrdmgcdt
[nian`dodrdm
Gnbintrf
Hbmtbl Q[[ enmgdm
Iben` [nian`dodrdm
Anradsfs Idsd`dl
[n`dcsdmddm
[nian`dodrdm
Gnbintrf

4. Udldpdm an`dodr inmurut Arumnr

d. Udldp
Udldp sfiab`fc
sfiab`fc Ded`dl tdldpdm efidmd dmdc/ fmefvfeu
ed
ed`d
`di
i in inid
idldldif
if ba baon
oncc susued
edl l ededpd
pdtt in inmgmggu
gumd
mdcd
cdmm
sfiab`-sfiab`
a. Udld
Udldpp fc fcbm
bmfc
fc Ded
Ded`dl
`dl tdl
tdldp
dpdm
dm efiefidmd
dmd dmddmdc/ c/ fme
fmefvfe
fvfeuu
ed`di inidldif baonc-baonc in`d`uf pnrsnpsf stdtfc
h. Udldp Nmdctfc Ded`dl tdldpdm efidmd snsnbrdmg/ dmdc
ed`di inidldif baonc-baonc /eumfd idsfl inmggumdcdm
gnrdc/ dctfvftds ibtbrfc
1. Ibe
Iben`
n` pnia
pnian`dn`dodr
odrdm
dm anrad
anradsfs
sfs idsd
idsd`dl
`dl
d. Ef
Efsh
shbv
bvnr
nryy @ndr
@ndrmf
mfmg
mg (E@)
(E@)
a. [rb
[rbon
onht
ht AAds
dsne
ne @n
@ndr
drmf
mfmg
mg ([
([oA
oA@)
@)
h. [rb
[rba`
a`ni
ni A Ads
dsne
ne @n
@ndr
drmf
mfmg
mg (([A
[A@)
@)
[nrdmgcdt [nian`dodrdm Anradsfs Idsd`dl utc Idtnrf
Gnbintrf (ed`di Q[[)
d. Jds
Jdsnn 4 (Ud
(Udldp
ldp 4)? Jdsn
Jdsn in
inmgb
mgbrfn
rfnmtd
mtdsf
sf ppnsn
nsnrtd
rtd efe
efefc
fc
pded idsd`dl
a. Jds
Jdsnn 1? Gur
Guruu inm
inmgbrg
gbrgdmf
dmfsds
sdsfcd
fcdmm pn
pnsnr
snrtd td e
efef
fefcc um
umtuc
tuc
an`dodr
h. Jds
Jdsnn 8? Gur
Guruu i
inia
niafia
fiafmg
fmg pnm
pnmyn`
yn`fefc
fefcdm
dm fme
fmefvfe
fvfeu/u/
cn`bipbc
e. Jds
Jdsnn 5
5?? i
inmg
nmgnia
niadmg
dmgcdm
cdm & iinmy
nmydof
dofcdm
cdm lds
ldsf`
f` ccdryd
dryd
n. Jds
Jdsnn >? iinmg
nmgdmd
dmd`fs
`fsfs
fs & iinmg
nmgnvd
nvd`ud
`udsf
sf pr
prbsn
bsnss pn
pninh
inhdld
dldmm
idsd`dl pded prnsnmtdsf

1 Edjtdr i
iddtnrf yyddmg ssuu`ft - In`ucfs tftfc tniaus pded afedmg
- Inmglftumg odrdc dmtdr gdrfs edm afedmg

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl

 

efpdldif ef ibeu` fmf

8 Edjtdr idtnrf yd
ydmmg snrfm
fmgg Gnbintrf Qudmg
inmgd`dif ifscbmsnpsf
- Enjfmfsf sfsf pded admgum rudmg

Gnbintrf Urdmsjbridsf

4. trdm
trdmsj
sjbr
brid
idsf
sf rrnj
nj`n
`ncs
csff
1. trdm
trdmsj
sjbr
brid
idsf
sf Q
Qbt
btds
dsff

[nian`dodrdm Gnbintrf

4. Inianedcdm Uuoudm edm Fmefcdtbr

@C 4.4 IBE^@ 4  | Nufs Xuwdmgsfl