SELF-LEARNING HOME TASK (SLHT)

Subject: Mathematics Grade: 8 Quarter: 3 Week: 1-2

MELC: 1. describe a mathematical system Competency Code: 1. M8GE-IIIa-1
2. illustrate the need for an axiomatic structure 2. M8GE-IIIa-c-1
of a mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in particular:
(a) defined terms; (b) undefined terms; (c)postulates; and (d) theorems
Name: Section: Date:
School: District:
I. READINGS AND DISCUSSION
Everything must have a beginning. To understand the axiomatic development of
Geometry, bases must be established. Postulates, assumptions and theorems are
considered as foundations of geometry, or any mathematical system for that matter. A
mathematical mathematics system has following four parts, namely: undefined terms,
defined terms, axioms and postulates, and theorems.
Undefined Terms
In a mathematical system, we come across many terms that cannot be precisely
defined. In modern mathematics, we accept certain undefined terms. The choice of the
undefined terms is completely arbitrary and generally to facilitate the development of the
structure. The examples are points, lines, and planes.
Point
A location in space or a pinpoint suggests the idea of a point. A point has no
dimension, no width, no length a no thickness. It is represented by a dot and is named by
capital letters like A and B below.

Examples:
1. Tip of a pen
2. Corner of a paper
3. The intersection of two strings

Line

A line is a one-dimensional figure composed of an infinite number of points. It has

unspecified length but without width nor thickness. It is represented by opposite arrows and
named by a single small letter, any two points on the line like and ⃡ and ⃡ below.
𝐴 ⃡𝐴𝐵 B A B
Or
⃡𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐵 or 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐵
line
A B
𝐵 A
𝐵𝐴
The ray and segment are subsets of the line. While a ray has one endpoint and
extends only in one direction, a segment has two endpoints.

Examples:

1. A straight string
2. Edge of bond paper
3. The intersection of ceiling and wall
Plane

A plane has no thickness, but it has length and width since it extends indefinitely in
all directions. It is represented by any flat surface and named by any three points of a plane,
which are not on the same line, or simply by a single script letter.

A parallelogram is usually used to represent a plane. In denoting a plane, a capital

letter an uppercase Greek letter is used. The planes below are plane and plane (greek
letter alpha), respectively.
S
A C U

N
𝜌 B 𝛼

Plane can also be named as plane ABC, and plane can also be named plane SUN.
Examples:
1. A floor tile
2. A whiteboard
3. Wall of the fence

Defined Terms
We defined the other terms of the mathematical system in terms of undefined terms.
The following are examples of defined terms.

Definition of Segment

Segment denoted by or is the union of points , , and all the points

between them. A and B are called the endpoints of the segment.
𝐴 𝐵

Definition of Collinear points and Coplanar Points

When points are on the same line, they are called collinear points.

When points are on the same plane, they are called coplanar points.
𝐶 𝐵
𝐴
𝐷
𝜌

Points , and are collinear points.

Points , and are coplanar points.

Definition of Between

Point is said to be between and if and only if and are distinct points of
the same line .
| 2 | 4 |

𝐴 𝑃 𝐵
| 2 4 6 |
Definition of a Ray

Ray is the union of (a) and (b) all points such that is between and .
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

Definition of an Angle

An angle is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint.

𝐴 𝐺
𝐷
𝐵 𝐶 𝐼
𝐻
𝐸 𝐹
Definition of Congruent Angles

Two angles are congruent if and only if their measures are equal.

In symbols, , if and only if .

𝑚 𝑃 45 𝑚 𝑄 45
45°
45° 𝑄
𝑃

Definitions of Different Angles

An acute angle is an angle with a measure greater than 0 but less than 90.
45°
A right angle is an angle with a measure of 90.

An obtuse angle is an angle with a measure greater than 90 but less than 180. 135°

Definition of Polygon

A polygon is the union of three or more coplanar segments, which intersect at

endpoints, with each endpoint shared by only two noncollinear segments.

Polygons

Not polygons
Definition of a Convex Polygon

A polygon is convex if and only if the lines containing the sides of the polygon do not
contain points in its interior
𝑁
𝐵 𝑀
𝐶
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝐴 𝐷
𝐿 𝑂

Definition of a Nonconvex Polygon

A polygon is nonconvex if and only if at least one of its sides is contained in a line,
which contains also points in the interior of the polygon.
𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑀
𝑁 𝑁

𝑂 𝑂

Definition of a Regular Polygon

A regular polygon is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

Example:

Polygon ABCDE is a regular polygon. It is equilateral and equiangular.

and
𝐷

𝐸 𝐶
𝑂
𝑋
𝐴 𝐵

Definition of a Triangle

A triangle is a figure formed by three segments joining three noncollinear points.

𝐴

𝐶 𝐵

A triangle is a polygon of three sides. The triangle above is formed by three

segments and joining three noncollinear points and .
Definition of Angle Bisector of a Triangle

An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment contained in the ray, which bisects the
angles of the triangle, and whose endpoints are the vertex of this angle and a point on the
opposite side.

Definition of an Altitude of a Triangle

A segment is an altitude of a triangle if and only if it is perpendicular from a vertex of

the triangle to the line that contains the opposite side.
𝐶 𝐹
𝐼

𝐸 𝐺 𝐻
𝐴 𝐽 𝐵 𝐾 𝐷

Every triangle has three altitudes. In is one of the three altitudes of the
triangle. is one of the altitudes of

Definition of Median of a Triangle

A segment is a median of a triangle if and only if its endpoints are vertex and the
midpoint of the opposite side.

Every triangle has three medians. However, unlike an altitude of a triangle, a median
except for its endpoints is always in the triangle’s interior.
𝐶

𝐷 𝐸

𝐴 𝐵
𝐹

Definitions of Acute, Right, and Obtuse Triangles

An acute triangle is a triangle in which all angles are acute.

A right triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles is a right angle.

An obtuse triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles is obtuse

An equiangular triangle is a triangle in which all angles are congruent.

 Acute Triangle Right Triangle

𝐸
𝐵

𝐷
𝐹
𝐶
𝐴
Obtuse Triangle Equiangular Triangle

𝐿
𝐺 60°

60° 60°
𝐾 𝑀

𝐻 𝐼

Definitions of Scalene, Isosceles, and Equilateral Triangles

A scalene triangle is a triangle with no congruent sides.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with at least two congruent sides.

An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides congruent.

Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle

𝐵 𝐸 𝐻

𝐴 𝐶 𝐺 𝐼
𝐷 𝐹

Definition of Quadrilateral

A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.

𝐵
𝐴

𝐶
𝐷
Definitions of Different Quadrilaterals

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides

A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.

A square is a rectangle with four congruent sides.

A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.

Parallelogram Rectangle Square Rhombus Trapezoid

Definitions of Circle and Their Parts

A circle is the set of all points in a plane with a given distance from a given point in
the plane. The given point is called the center.

A radius of a circle is a segment from the center of the circle to a point on the circle.

A chord is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.

A diameter is a chord that contains the center of the circle.

𝐶
𝐷
𝐵 𝐸
𝐹

𝐴
Definitions of Circular Regions

A circular region is the union of a circle and its interior.

Definitions of Space Figures

Space figures are three- dimensional figures that enclose part of space.

A cylinder is a space figure with two circular bases that are congruent and parallel.

A cone is a space figure with one circular base and a vertex

A sphere is a set of all points in the space that are of the same distance from a given
point called the center.
 Cylinder Cone Sphere

Definition of Adjacent Angles

Adjacent Angles are two angles that have a common vertex and a common side but
have no interior points in common.

𝐷
𝐴

𝐵 𝐶
and are adjacent angles that have a common vertex, which is , and a
common side, which is . The interior and do not intersect and therefore, the
two angles have no points in common.

Definition of Supplementary Angles

Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180. Each angle is
called the supplement of the other.

135° 45°
1 2
Since 1 135 45 and 1 2 1 0 then 1 and 2 are
supplementary.

Definition of Linear Pairs

Two angles form a linear pair if and only if they meet these conditions: (a) they are
adjacent angles and (b) their uncommon sides are opposite rays.
𝐷

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
and are adjacent angles and their common side is Their uncommon
sides and are opposite rays. Hence, and form linear pairs.
Definition of Vertical Angles

Two angles are vertical if and only if they are nonadjacent angles formed by two
intersecting lines.

𝑙1
3
2 4
1

𝑙2

1 and 3 are vertical angles. 1 and 3 are nonadjacent angles and are formed by
two intersecting lines. 2 and 4 are also vertical angles.

Definition of Perpendicular

Two lines are perpendicular if and only if they intersect to form right angles.

Segments or rays are perpendicular if and only if they are contained in perpendicular
lines.

A line is perpendicular to a plane if and only if it intersects the plane at the point of
intersection perpendicular to the line.

Note: When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. If each of these angles is a right
angle, then the intersecting lines are perpendicular.

𝑙
𝐴
𝐸

𝐵 𝐸 𝐷

Definitions of Perpendicular Bisector

The perpendicular bisector of a segment is either a line, a ray, or a plane, or segment

at its midpoint.

In each of the following figures, is the midpoint of . Line is the perpendicular

bisector of

𝑁
𝑙 𝑁 𝐸

𝐴 𝑀 𝐵 𝐴 𝑀
𝐵
Definitions of Different Angles

An exterior angle is an angle that is adjacent and supplementary to one of the angles
of the triangle.

The remote interior angles are angles that are not adjacent to the given exterior
angle of the triangle.

An adjacent angle is an interior angle that forms a linear pair with the given exterior
angle.

Suppose side of is extended through point as shown below. The triangle

formed which is is called an exterior angle of . and are called remote
interior angles of the exterior angle . is called the adjacent interior angle.
𝐴

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Definition of Greater than for Segments

if and only if

Definition of Less than for Segments

if and only if

Definition of Greater than for Angles

if and only if .

Definition of Less than for Angles

if and only if .

Definitions of Parallel and Skew Lines

Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect.

Skew lines are noncoplanar lines.

Two lines may be:

A. Coplanar and intersecting

𝑙1
𝑙2

1 and 2 are intersecting lines and coplanar.

 B. Coplanar but not intersecting
𝑙3
𝑙4

3 and 4 are parallel lines, coplanar, and nonintersecting.

C. Noncoplanar and nonintersecting

𝑙5

𝑙6

5 and 6 are skew lines. They are noncoplanar and nonintersecting.

Definition of Transversal

A transversal is a line that intersects two or more coplanar lines at two or more
distinct points.

Definitions of Angles Formed bylines and Transversal

Alternate interior angles are two nonadjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal.

Alternate exterior angles are two nonadjacent exterior angles on opposite sides of
the transversal.

Corresponding angles are two nonadjacent angles, one interior, and one exterior on
the same side of the transversal.

Definition of Congruent Triangles

Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding parts are congruent.

Postulates

Early Greeks considered postulates as general truths common to all studies and axioms
as the truths relating to the special study at hand. A postulate is a statement that is accepted
as true without proof.

1. Two points determine exactly one line.

2. Three collinear points are contained in at least one plane and three noncollinear
points are contained in exactly one plane.
3. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
4. If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line is in the plane.
5. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the points of a line and the set of real
numbers such that the distance between any two points of the line is the absolute
value of the difference between the corresponding numbers.
6. Given two points and on a line, a coordinate system can be chosen in such a
way that the coordinate of is 0 and the coordinate of is greater than 0
 7. To every angle, there corresponds a unique real number where 0 1 0
8. In half-plane 1, through the endpoint of lying in the edge of the half-plane, there
is exactly one other ray , with in 1, such that formed by the two rays has
a given measure between 0 and 1 0.
9. If is in the interior of , then

10. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

Theorems
A statement that we arrive at by successive application of the rule of implication to
the axiom and statements previously arrived is called theorems. A theorem can be proven, it
can also be used as a reason in proving other statements.

For example, Angles in a semicircle are right angles.

1. Two distinct lines intersect at one point.

2. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane then the intersection contains
only one point.
3. Exactly one plane contains a given line and a point not on the line.
4. Exactly one plane contains two intersecting lines.
5. On ray , there is exactly one point that lies at a distance from .
6. Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
7. If two angles are complements of congruent angles, then the two angles are
congruent.
8. If two angles are supplements of congruent angles, then the two angles are
congruent.
9. If two angles are both congruent and supplementary, then each is a right angle.
10. Vertical angles are congruent.
11. Any two right angles are congruent.
12. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then any pair of alternate exterior angles
are congruent.
13. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.
14. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the interior angles on the same side
of the transversal are supplementary.
15. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the exterior angles on the same
side of the transversal are supplementary.
16. In a plane, a line perpendicular to one of the two parallel lines is perpendicular to the
other.

II. Exercise 1
Directions: Determine whether each of the following represents a point, a line, or a plane.
1. edge of table 6. curtain rod
2. top of the box 7. punctuation mark after a declarative sentence
3. tip of a hair 8. wall of a room
4. side of the blackboard 9. the intersection of a wall and floor
5. screen of an iPad 10. mole on the human body
 Exercise 2

Directions: Write the definition, postulate, or theorem that support each statement.
(Note: Use the definitions, postulates, or theorems above.)
1. Line passes through points and .

𝐴 .
𝑙 .
𝐵

2. 1 0
𝑂
.
.
𝐿 𝑉 𝐸

3. In the figure,
.
.
𝐷 𝑂 𝐺
4. 1 3

2 .
1 3
.
4

5.
𝐴
𝐷 .
𝐵 .

III. Assessment/ Application/Outputs (Please refer to DepEd Order No. 31, s. 2020)

Directions: Analyze each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What statement requires proof before its acceptance as a true statement?
A. defined terms B. postulate C. undefined terms D. theorem
2. What is usually represented by a flat surface where an infinite number of lines can
lie?
A. line B. plane C. points D. all of these
3. A strand of hair represents a .
A. line B. plane C. points D. all of these
4. What is the intersection of two distinct lines?
A. line B. plane C. points D. space
5. It is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint.
A. angle B. line C. polygon D. triangle
6. Which of the following is not a nonconvex polygon?
A. B. C. D.

7. In the triangle, which is the median?

𝐷

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

A. B. C. D.
8. and are distinct points. If what point is between the other two?
A. is between and . B. is between and
C. is between and . D. None of the above.
9. What triangle with at least two congruent sides?
A. Equilateral triangle B. Isosceles triangle
C. Scalene triangle D. None of the above
10. Which of the following statements is true?
A. A square is a trapezoid with four congruent sides.
B. A rhombus is a rectangle with four congruent sides
C. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.
D. A trapezoid is a parallelogram with exactly one pair of parallel sides.
11. What space figure with one circular base and a vertex?
A. Cone B. Cube C. Cylinder D. Sphere
12. What is being illustrated below?
divides .
𝐸 A. Definition of Linear Pairs
𝐵 𝑇 B. Definition of Adjacent Angle
𝑆 C. Definition of Supplementary Angle
D. Definition of Perpendicular Bisector
13. What postulate is being illustrated below?

A. Two points determine exactly one line.

B. A plane contains at least three non-collinear points.
C. If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
D. Through any three non-collinear points, there exists exactly one plane.
14. If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing them lies in the plane, which of the
following is the correct illustration of the statement?
A. B. C. D.

15. What part of a circle is a segment from the center of the circle to a point on the
circle?
A. arc B. chord C. diameter D. radius
 IV. Suggested Enrichment/Reinforcement Activity/ies

Directions: Change a word in the statement to make the underlined word-ell-defined.

Example: A quadrilateral is a five-sided polygon.

Answer: A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.

1. A rhombus is a rectangle with four congruent sides.

2. Skew lines are coplanar lines.
3. An arc that contains the center of a circle is called the diameter.
4. A circular region is the intersection of a circle and its interior.
5. Coplanar points are points on the same line.
6. The union of two collinear rays with a common endpoint is an angle.
7. Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 0°.
8. If one of the angles of a triangle is acute, then the triangle is obtuse.
9. If a triangle has two congruent sides, then it is a scalene triangle.
10. A triangle is a polygon formed by three segments joining three noncoplanar points

References:

De Leon, C. M., Dilao, S. J., Bernabe, J. G. (2002). Geometry. Textbook for the third
year. Pilot Edition. JTW corporation. 1281 Gregorio Araneta Avenue. Quezon
City.

Dhanalekshmi P.S. (2015) Mathematical System. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/musthafakamalshah/mathematical-system

Orines, F. B., Diaz, Z. B., Mojica, M. P., Manalo, C. B., Suzara, J. L., Mercado, J. P.,
Esparrago, M. S., Reyes N. V. (2013). Next century Mathematics 8. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City.

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

EGAR R. GEORPE PAMELA A. RODEMIO

Teacher I EPS in Mathematics
Montpeller National High School Division of Cebu Province

GUIDE

For the Teacher: Advise the students to read the reading and discussion portion before they attempt
to answer the practice exercises. Going through the parts sequentially will help them understand
easily the topic.

For the Learner: Read through the self-learning home task from the first part to the last part. Doing
so will help you understand better the topic.

For the Parent/Home Tutor: Assist your child and make sure that he/she reads the self-learning
home task from beginning to end to ensure proper understanding of the concepts.