ENVIRONMENT- Sankar IAS

Chapter 01: Ecology

1. Define Ecology.
2. Define environment.
3. How many main levels of organizations of ecology exist? Name them (Different in NCERT)
4. Differentiate between ecology, environment, and ecosystem.
5. What is the difference between decomposer and detritivores? (Link)
6. Define homeostasis? Is homeostatis a negative feedback system? (Yes- positive feedback
system are not stable) Link ® (internal equilibrium of an organism)
7. What are autotrophs, phagotrophs, heterotrops, osmotrophs, and saprotrophs?
8. What is an Ecotone? Name the ecotone between a) forest/desert b) dry and wet c) fresh
and salt water c) marine and terrestrial ecosystem
9. Explain the ‘edge effect’. What are edge species?
10. With reference to ecosystem, what’s meant by ‘Niche’? Can 2 organisms have same niche?
11. Does Habitat include only abiotic components?
12. What are the objectives of Nagar Vana Udyan and School Nursery Yojana? (MoEFCC)
13. What are biomes?
14. How many major types of biomes exist? Name them, and describe the countries they
cover, rainfall they receive, and the flora and fauna they harbor.
15. Name the three main kinds of Aquatic Zones.
16. What is the average salinity of the ocean? What % of this is sodium chloride
17. What is meant by Biosphere? What are its 3 components
18. What is ENVIS?
19. What are Ecad and Ecotype ? (Ecad- plant species – physically different but genetically
same- reversible; ecotype- physically and genetically different- irreversible)

Chapter 02: Functions of an Ecosystem

1. What are the 3 broad functions of an ecosystem?

2. What are trophic levels? How many of these usually exist, and why?
3. Can energy flow from higher trophic levels to lower levels i.e multi-directional?
4. How is hibernation of bear different from hibernation of other snaimals? Asiatic bears do
not hibernate, why?
5. Define ‘food chain’. How many types of food chains exist? How are they different from
each other?
6. What is foodweb? What can get extinct easily- foodweb or chain?
7. What are ‘cetaceans’? Give some examples.
8. What is an ecological pyramid?
9. How many types of ecological pyramids exist? Are they all necessarily inverted?
10. What is the phenomenon of biological magnification? How is it different from
bioaccumulation? What are key consitions for biomangnification?
11. Define: mutualism, commensalism, competition, predation, parasitism, amensalism, and
neutralism.
12. What is a bio-geo chemical cycle?
13. Name the two ways in which nutrient cycle can be classified based on replacement rates?
14. Name the two ways in which nutrient cycles can be classified based on reservoir?
15. Describe water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorous cycle, sulphur cycle
16. Even though there is an almost inexhaustible supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere, why
can’t plants use it directly? What needs to be done to it so that it’s usable as a nutrient?
Describe the various ways in which this process can take place. ®
17. What are the two major gases associated with Surphur gaseous cycle.
18. What is the composition of the pyrite rock.
19. What is meant by ‘succession’?
20. What is a ‘pioneer community’? Give examples? ‘Climax community’? Seral community?
21. Key difference between primary and secondary succession?
22. What is ‘autogenic succession’ and ‘allogenic succession’? ®
23. What is ‘autotrophic succession’ and ‘heterotrophic succession’? ®
24. What is nudation? (initiatation of suiccession in a new area)
25. What is ecsasis (a new organism establishes in a new environment)

Chapter 03: Terrestrial Ecosystems

1. What is ‘terrestrial ecology’?

2. What is the literal meaning of ‘tundra’? How many basic types exist? Name them.
3. Do any flora and fauna exist in tundra regions?
4. Describe the body features of mammals found in tundra regions.
5. What are the three main kinds of forest ecosystems?
6. What is another name for boreal forests?
7. Describe coniferous forests with respect to the following features: temperature, rainfall,
and length of winter and summer, soil.
8. Why is soil in coniferous areas acidic/ mineral deficient? Technical term for such soils? ®
9. What are podzols and latosols? In which areas are they found? ®
10. Name 3 prominent causes of deforestation.
11. What is the annual range of rainfall in grasslands?
12. Differentiate between steppes and savannas. ®
13. What are 4 types of grasslands in India? Where are they located? ®
14. Name 2 grassland research institutes in India? Where are they located? ®
15. What are the some negative effects of over grazing? ®
16. How much rainfall do deserts typically receive?
17. Which is the largest zoo in the country?
18. Name some ways in which desert flora and fauna adapt themselves to survive in the
extreme climatic conditions.
19. True or False. Are mammals very well adapted to deserts?
20. What is desertification? What % of India’s land is classified as ‘dry land’? ®
21. What is the main UN convention that deals with desertification? Is India a signatory to it?
22. Name some government programmes that aim to deal with desertification.
23. Who publishes India State of Forest Report using which satellite? ®
24. What % of India’s land is under forest cover?
25. As per India State of Forest Report 2017- ®
a. Top 3 states/UT with forest cover (absolute)
b. Top 2 states/UT with maximum forest cover (%)
c. Number and names of states with >75% forest cover
d. Number of states with >33% forest cover
e. India’s rank in world forest?
f. Area of mangrove increase <Highest, lowest area- does all coastal states/UTs?>
g. Other new additions in ISFR 2017 <Carbon stock>
 h. This is which addition?

Chapter 04: Aquatic Ecosystems

1. On basis of salt content how are aquatic ecosystems classified? Name them.
2. Name the 5 classifications of aquatic organisms. ® <Periphyton>
3. Is there photosynthesis in aphotic zone?
4. What is winterkill?
5. What are the 3 main classifications of lakes on the basis of their nutrient content?
6. Compare the above on oxygen in hypolimnion ® , animal/plant production, species,
conductance
7. Which is possibly the oldest man-made lake in India? Location?
8. Which lake is the first Biodiversity Heritage site in India? Is this man-made? What are the
benefits of such notification?
9. Explain 5 steps in eutrophication? What are 4 key effects of eutrophication? ®
10. What is N-Testing? ®
11. What are algae? ®
12. What is scientific name of Red tides? Why is Red tide a misnomer? Which fish is
specifically effected by these?
13. Name two common causes of algal blooms? What are the effects of an algal bloom?
14. What are the potential effects of an algal bloom on humans? ®
15. What are wetlands? What kind of soils do they have? Can they exist inland? (Depth?)
16. Name some reasons for the depletion of wetlands.
17. What are some of the differences between wetlands and lakes? (water turnover, uses,
dominant producer, type of food chain, trophic status, vertical mixing) ®
18. Which one of these is more important from the viewpoint of ecosystem and biodiversity
conservation?
19. What is meant by a littoral and pelagial zone? ®
20. What % of India’s lands are wetlands? These are used for which crop cultivation? ® (%)
21. Is wetland a transitional ecosystem or ecotone? (Link)
22. What is the major programme run by the Indian government to conserve wetlands? ®
23. What is the role of the central and state governments here?
24. What is the international convention on which the above programme is modeled?
25. Disucss 4 key criteria for identification of wetlands of national importance? ® ®
26. What is Montreux record? 2 such wetlands in India- why are they kept in the record?
27. What are the invasive species in the above wetlands? ®
28. Which wetland received Ramsar Award 2002? What was it for?
29. What is phumids/phumshongs, athampuns® found in one of the Ramsar sites? Link
30. Which lake in India recently adopted Floating treatment plant? ® ®
31. What is an estuary? 4 processes that lead to estuary formation? ®
32. What are signs of a healthy estuary ecosystem?
33. On which coast do most of India’s major estuaries lie?
34. What are some key issues of Indian Estaury ecosystem?
35. What are mangroves? ® What are the best locations for growth of mangroves?
36. Desrcibe the terms related to mangroves?
 Penumatophores/blind roots, lenticellated bank, viviparity mode of reproduction,
stilt roots
37. Where are salt secreting glands located in mangroves?
38. What is the single largest area of mangroves in the world? Also, second largest in Indian
subcontinent? Other locations mangroves are found in India? ®
39. List 4 uses of mangroves?
40. What is utility of anoxic sediments under mangroves ®
41. What are corals? What are the algae that live on them? Describe their symbiotic
relationship.
42. What are the two types of corals? Which type build reefs- technical term for this? ®
43. How is a coral reef formed?
44. In what latitudes are you most likely to find corals?
45. Where is largest cold water coral reefs found? ®
46. Why are coral reefs called Tropical rainforest of Oceans?
47. Depending upon their location, what are the 5 major classifications of coral reefs? Which
type is found on different coral ecosystems in India? ®
48. Arrange the 4 major coral reefs of India based on their biodiversity? ®
49. List 4 points about why coral reefs are useful. ® <natural source of which mineral
50. What is coral bleaching? What is the major cause of coral bleaching?
51. Is PAR and UV both responsible? (also xenobiotic, Epizootics) ®
52. Explain the effects of eutrophication on corals.
53. Is coral reef protected under schedule 1 of Wildlife Act?
54. Discuss the 4 components of Namami Gange? ®
55. NGF is administered by what body/headed by who? Key activites allowed ®

Chapter 05: Environmental Pollution

1. What are primary and secondary pollutants? Give examples

2. What are qualitative and quantitative pollutants? Give examples ®
3. What is the most common reason for the formation of ozone at the ground level?
4. What is radon? Why is it harmful?
5. What is fly ash? Its 3 key constituents? How is it separated before releasing in air? Its key
applications
6. What is MoEFCC policy for its disposal? (2016 guidelines in CA)
7. Which air pollutants cause the following health issues:
a. Humans- Gingivitis, minamata, Byssinosis,
b. Plants- Chlorosis, plasmolysis (what are these?)
8. What is the full form of NAAQS? What are 8 pollutants considered for AQI? ® Are
CO2/CH4 part of it?
9. Which organization is designated repository for zoological collection? Which Act? ®
10. What is putrescibility? ®
11. What is ‘indicator species’? Tubliex/annelid worm is indicator species for? Lichens are
indicator speicies for?
12. What is DO, BoD, CoD? They are used to measure which kind of pollution? ®
13. Who publishes EPI? 2 key objective indicators? ® India’s rank?
14. Which pollutant causes minamata disease, itai itai/ouch ouch, hyperkertosis, peripheral
neutritis, blue baby syndrome/methaemoglobinemia, black foot disease? ®
15. What is Bregoli?
16. National Plan for Aquatic Ecosystem is related which 2 aquatic ecosystem?
17. Which place in India is know as world capital of Amur Falcons? Which lake do they use
during their migratory route? From where to where? ®
18. Which is the first country to constitue National Resource Panel? What is it for? ®
19. Which 7 cities have Real time Ambient Noise monitoring? (Upper limit of 55 db- CPCB)
20. Among the 3 types of nuclear radiations, which ones have the most penetrative power? ®
21. Which of the ionisiong and non-ionising radiation has higher penetrative power
22. Which of temperature, humidity,rainfall is critical in deciding sex of crocodilians?
23. Mention various pollutants in e-wastes? ® ® (P-69 for mnemonics)
24. Which of the Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore produces highest e-waste? ®
25. What leads to production of Dioxin and Furan?
26. Which 4 states have the highest hazardous waste? ® (ABUT)
27. How is sanitary landfill better than normal landfill?
28. Discuss the role of various microorganism in composting? Is it anaerobic process? ®
29. What is vermicultre?
30. What are target industries of Waste minimization circles? Key organizations?
31. Discuss how excess warm water lead to eutrophication type situation?
32. When is Wildlife week celebrated? ®
33. What was the latest theme of Science Express?
34. How plastic in water is more harmful than plastic on land?
35. What is bioremediation?
36. Discuss 3 in-situ and 4 ex-situ techniques of bioremediation? ®
37. Discuss 3 types of phytoremediation? ®
38. What is utility of TERI developed oilzapper?
39. Which organism is used for mycoremidation and mycofilteration?
40. Which river systems have gharial crocodile?
41. Discuss three key acid rain gases? Does acid rain refer to both dry and wet deposition?
42. Discuss the impact of acid rain on soil, vegetation, microorganism
43. Specify suitable pH for different organism? ®
44. What can be used to reduce mercury in fishes? ®
45. What is agamospermy? What are such fruits called? ®
46. Which are the 4 categories of industries based on pollution index? ®

Chapter 06: Renewable energy

1. What is renewable energy?

2. What is India’s target (split by source) for renewable energy by 2022?
3. What are 2 commonly used method for converting sunlight into electricity?
4. Which states in India have high solar potential?
5. What is the objective National Solar Mission?
6. What are key objectives of International Solar Alliance? Another name for the Allaince ®
7. Where was it launched? Its HQ, membership?
8. Which countries are called SuryaPutra/ Sunshine countries?
9. What are luminescent solar concentrators? What material is used? ® What’s ideal LSC?
10. Objectives, membership, HQ of IRENA
11. What are 3 factors that determine the electricity produced out of wind turbine? ®
12. What are 2 types of wind turbines based on axial orientation wrt to land?
13. Which turbine is more suitable for converting wind energy to mechanical energy and
wind energy to electricial energy? Why?
14. Which organization has lauched the AGL wind potential?
15. Which are top 3-4 states as per that? What are the 3 states with highest installed
capacity? (GaKaMA, TaMaKa) ®
16. Which ministry has been made nodel agency for utilization of EEZ of country
17. What are three types of hydropower facility? Give a brief description? ®
18. What are small hydropower project? What is the potential v/s installment in India?
19. What is OTEC, wave energy, tidal energy?
20. Where is first wave energy plant set up in India?
21. Why are Biomass considered clean source even though they produce same amount of Co2
as fossil fuels?
22. What are 4 key ways to convert biomass into biofuels
23. What is the composition of syngas? ® What’s another name for it? Which of the above
process produces it?
24. What is co-generation? Which type of co-generation is being promoted in India?
25. What is the govt. target for Biodisel by 2020? Mention a few source plants?®<Last name>
26. What technology is used in WtE plants? Where was first WtE plant setup in India?
27. What are the key challenges for waste to energy in India?
28. Which process is used to capture geo-thermal energy?
29. How many operational geo-thermal plants are there in India? Also, mention a few
potential sites? ® ®
30. What are the challeneges with promotion of geo-thermal energy in India?
31. What are the main objectives on REN21? Is it only for industrialized nations or developed
nations can be part of it as well? Is it only constituted of govt. organization ®

Chapter 07: Environmental Issues

1. Which lake is Mission Butterfly related to?

2. What are environmental consequences of sand mining? Mention 2 alternatives to sand? ®
3. What are 2 highest palm oil producing countries? 3 top palm oil states in India?
4. Discuss the environmental impact of palm oil production?
5. Discuss constraints for high cultivation of palm oil in India even though it constitutes
75% of all imported edible oils. ®
6. What is roundtable on sustainable oil? Who are its memebrs? ®
7. What is colony collapse disorder? Key causes ®
8. What are neonicotinoids? Few characterstics? ®
9. What are the 2 key adverse effect of Telecommunication systems on birds
10. Which is the first state in to grow GE trees? Which plant?
11. Discuss the ethical aspects due to which dolphin captivitity has been prohibited in India?
12. Removal of fins of which schedule 1 species has been made equivalent to huting? ® ®

Chapter 08: Environmental Impact Assessment

1. What is the purpose of EIAs?

2. Under which GoI Act are these mandatory and which body is responsible for its
execution?
3. Which is the only mixed heritage site, UNESCO in India?
4. List the 9 steps in an EIA. Briefly describe what each step entails ®
5. In which city Urban Forestry scheme was launched?
6. What is the composition of public hearing panel?
7. As per which organization india ranks dead last in ‘Air(effects on human health)’
8. What changes did the 2006 notification to the Environment (Protection) Act bring to the
system of EIAs? Mention the names of various agencies involved? ®
9. What is composition of public hearing panel?
10. What is the major drawbacks of the current system of EIAs in India? (X)
11. What are the 5 criteria for classification of Scheduled Tribes? ®
12. What are pros and cons of Environmental Supplement plan (ESPs)?
13. Which govt. organization notification enforced ESPs? Which 2 courts have legal basis for
ESPs? Are they manatory for all EIA proposals? ®
14. Expand PARIVESH? Which ministry administers it? What type of clearance and upto
which level?

Chapter 09: Biodiversity

1. Define biodiversity.
2. At what three levels does biodiversity exist? Name them.
3. What does zero species biodiversity signify?
4. By which two broad components is biodiversity measured? ®
5. Differentiate between alpha, beta, and gamma biodiversity. ®
6. Differentiate between ex-situ and in-situ methods of biodiversity conservation.
7. Does introduction of animals into natural habitat an in-situ or ex-situ conservation?
8. What is a botanical garden?
9. How does CZA define zoo?
10. What all type of species do IUCN cover? what 2 type of species are most exhaustively
covered in IUCN Red List
11. Which commission of IUCN issues redbook data?
12. What are 9 categories of IUCN Redbook and criteria ? ®
13. What does pink and green pages of Redbook signify? ®

Chapter 10: Indian Biodiversity Landscape

1. What % of world’s species does India have?

2. What is a ‘biogeographic realm’? How many of these does India have?
3. Map the 8 biographic relams to different geographies across globe (Link) ®
4. Define ‘biome’. Name the 5 biomes of India. ®
5. What are 10 biogeographic zones and further 25 biogeographic provinces. Who did the
classification? ®
6. What are the two main branches of biogeography?
7. What are key subtypes of vertaberates. Which of these are cold blooded ®, do not lay eggs
8. What are key sub-types of invertebrates. Mention key characterstics, give examples ®

Type Example Details

Annelids- Earthworms, leeches, Body divided in multiple parts, don’t have limbs
Roundworms
Mollusks Octopus, Oyster, Soft skin like organs covered with hard shell
Squid, Mussel -water

Snail, slug on land

Echinoderms Sea star, Sea urchins, Radially emanating arms
sand dollar, sea
cucumber
Protozoa Smallest and single celled animals
Crustaceans Crab, lobster, Hard shell that protect their body
barnacle
Insects Beetle, fly etc. Exoskelteon on entire body, have antenna
Arachnids Spiders, Scorpions, Do not have antenna
 ticks, mites
<Crustaceans, Insects, Archanids are collectively called Anthropods>

9. Is bacteria classified under flora or fauna?

10. What are algae? Do they have chlorophyll?
11. On the basis of colour, how can one differentiate between freshwater & marine algae?
12. What is the main difference between algae and fungi?
13. What are lichens? Discuss the sybmitoic relation of 2 organisms
14. What are bryophytes? 3 key bryophytes in India? (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) ®
15. What are pteridophyte? Which part of India are they abundant? (club-mosses, horsetails, ferns) ®
16. Which are 3 key differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm ? G- (Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum) ®
17. Where are key national gene banks located in India? The recent one? (Link) ®
18. Which deer species did it recently save from extinction ? (Mouse deer/Chevrotain released
in Amrabad Tiger reserve)- though IUCN says its least concern ®
19. What is India’s rank in species contribution to agricultural and animal husbandry
20. What is India’s rank in population of buffalo, cattle, chicken, camel, sheep, ducks, goats ®
(BCS DChCa)

Chapter 11: WPA Act of 1972

1. True of False. WPA Act of 1972 doesn’t extend to J&K.

2. Out of 6 schedules under the act, which schedule animals are protected?
3. Which schedule species are called vermins? Can they be hunted? Name them all
4. Enlist all species of schedule 6? What are provisions for these? ®
5. Which 5 statutory bodies were setup under the act? (Link) (NBWL, NTCA, CWLW, CZA,
WCCB) ® All under fin ministries
6. Which 5 protected areas were declared under the act? Which can be notified by state
govt. only.
7. True or False. WPA provides for protection of only wild animals
8. Give examples of animals in Schedule I,II, III, IV ®

Schedule Animals
Schedule 1 Mammals (2+3+x)
Antelopes Tibetan Chiru (Shahtoosh shawls has led to the endangerment)
Black buck

Indian wild ass (Run of kutchh),

Indian Wild Buffalo,
Indian Gazelle/Chinkara (Narayan Sarovar WLS- Kutchh),
Indian Wild Boar/Andamanese Pig

All mammals studied in detail, i.e.- Tiger, Lion, Snow Leopard, Elephant, Hangul, All dolphins
(fresh water, brackish, marine), Indian Rhino, Vultures (Oriental white backed, Slender billed,
Long Billed, Lammergeirer), All crocodile (gharial, mugger, salt water crocodile)

Birds-
Narcondam hornbill,
Nicobar megapede
Schedule 2 Rhesus macaque (the regular bandar)
Bengal Parcupine (kaantedaar suri)
King Cobra, (saamp)
Himalayan Brown bear (Pahadi bhalu)
Schedule 3 Hyeana,
Barking deer
 Nilgai (Asian Antelope), Goral (antelope-like appearance)
Sponges,
Schedule 4 Mangoose, Vultures?
Schedule 5 Rat, Mice, Common Crow, Flying fox (Fruit eating bat)
Schedule 6 Red Vanda, Blue Vanda, Pitcher Plant, Kuth, Ladies slipper Orchids, Beddomes Cycad

Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India

1. What are ‘monotremes’? Where are they found? Give examples (Page 155) ®
2. What are ‘marsupials’? Give few examples? ®
3. Write about Fire corals? Where are they found? Key threat to them? ®
4. Name 8 critically endangered, 13 endangered, and 15 vulnerable mammals in India.
5. Name 11 critically endangered birds, 5 CR reptiles, fishes in India

<Status below keeps changing, update if you plan to use below table from IUCN redbook>
Mammals
Critically Endangered
1 Pygmy Hog * World’s smallest
(Sch 1) pig
* Found in Terai
grasslands
(indicator species)

*Found only in
Manas WLS
2 Andaman white- * Usually active
toothed shrew after twilight
(N/A) * Require special
habitats, such as
rock crevices and
leaf litter
* Campbell National
Park to galathea
River (A&N)
3 Kondana Rat * Nocturnal rodent;
(N/A) endemic to India
* Found only in
Sinhagarh plateau
in Pune

4 Large Rock Rat/ Nocturnal rodent;

Elvira Rat endemic to India
Found only in
(N/A) Eastern Ghats of
Tamil Nadu
5 Namdapha Flying Found only in
Squirrel (Sch 2) Namdapha in
Arunachal Pradesh;
it is hunted for
food

6 Malabar Civet (Sch One of the world’s

2) rarest mammals;
nocturnal, found
only in Western
Ghats

7 Sumatran Smallest, most

Rhinoceros (N/A) endangered of the 5
rhino species;
Also Javan thought to be
extinct in India &
Malaysia, and found
only in Java and
Vietnam

only Asian rhino

with two horns
8 Kashmir Stag/ State animal of
Hangul (Sch1) Jammu and
Kashmir; also found
in Chamba Valley
(HP) subspecies of
Red Deer which is
endemic to India

Endangered Mammals
1 Asiatic or Indian
Wild Dog/ Dhole
(Sch 2)
2 Eld’s Deer/ Found in Keibul
Sangai/ Brow- Lamjao National
Antlered Deer Park, Manipur
(Sch1) (state animal),

3 Himalayan/ Lack antlers, but

White-bellied have enlarged
Musk Deer (Sch1) canines that grow
continuously;
poached for it’s
glands that
produce musk
used in perfumes

4 Hog Deer (Sch 3) Found in Gangetic

plains

Recently also seen

at Keibul lamjao

5 Nilgiri Tahr (Sch Open montane

1) grassland habitats
(>2000 m); Western
Ghats

6 Lion-tailed Western Ghats;

Macaque (Sch 1)
being captive bred
in Arinagar Anna
Zoological park,
Chennai; and
Mysore Zoo,
7 Golden Langur Assam/ Bhutan
(Sch 1)

8 Hispid Hare/ Extends from Nepal

Assam rabbit (Sch to border to Assam
1)

9 Arabian Sea Only non-migratory

Humpback Whale humpback species
(N/A)

10 Red Panda (Sch 1) Endemic to

temperate forests of
the Himalayas
(Sikkim/ Assam)

Vulnerable Mammals
1 Great Indian One Himalayas only
Horn Rhinoceros
(Sch 1) Govt. of Assam has
raised Special Rhino
Protection force
from people living
in fringe areas
2 Barasingha/ only found in one place
Swamp Deer (Sch in MP (Gangetic plains)
1)

3 Four-horned Quite a places in Plains

antelope/ and plateau region
Chausingha (Sch
1)

4 Asian black bear/

moon-bear/
white-chested
bear (N/A)

5 Gaur (Indian Evergreen/ Moist

Bison) (Sch 1) deciduous forests

6 Takin (Sch 1) Himalayas/

Western China
7 Nilgiri Marten Endemic to
(Sch 2) Western Ghats;
semi-arboreal
animal

8 Oriental small- Semiaquatic

clawed otter (Sch mammal; lives in
2) mangrove swamps
and freshwater
Also smooth wetlands
coated

Eurasian otter is
NT
9 Clouded Leopard West Bengal,
(Sch 1) Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh, Northeast

10 Dugong (sea cow) Feeds on sea grass,

(Sch 1) whose depletion is
threatening the
Dugongs’ survival
Gulf of
Mannar and Palk
Bay

Birds
Critically Endangered
1 Jerdon’s Courser Nocturnal, found
(Sch 1) only in northern part
of Andhra Pradesh

Sri
Lankamaleswara
WLS
2 White-bellied Assam/ Arunachal
heron (Sch 1) Pradesh only; some
sites in Bhutan,
Myanmar

3 Bengal Florican A rare bustard

(Sch 1) species; well known
for mating dance;
found in tall
grasslands
Native to only India
(UP, Assam, and
Arunachal
Pradesh),
Combodia, Nepal
4 Himalayan Quail Found in Western
(Sch 1) Himalayas (Tall
grasses)

5 Pink-headed North-East India,

duck (Sch 1) Bangladesh,
Mynmar

Found in Marshes,
wetlands

6 Spoon-billed Highly specialized

sandpiper (Sch coastal areas
4)
WB, Orrissa, TN,
Kerala
 7 Sociable Winter migrant to
Lapwing (N/A) India. From central
asia/Russia. In India
restricted to N/NW

Fallow fields and

scrub deserts

8 Siberian Crane Keoladeo National

(Sch 4) Park, Raj

Wetland area

9 Great Indian Once widespread

Bustard (Sch 1) across India now
limited
western/Central
India- Raj, Guj, MP

11 Indian vulture
(slender billed,
longbilled, Read
headed)
-
Critically Endangered Reptiles:
1. Gharial (currently, only viable population is in National Chambal Sanctuary spread
across UP, Rajasthan, and MP)
2. Hawksbill Turtle
3. Northern River Terrapin (Turtle)
4. Red-crowned Roofed Turtle (Bengal Roofed Turtle)

Critically Endangered Fish:

1. Pondicherry shark
2. Ganges shark
3. Large-toothed sawfish
4. Long-combed sawfish

Critically Endangered Spiders:

1. Rameshwaram Ornamental/ Parachute spider
2. Gooty/ Metallic/ Peacock Tarantula

Chapter 13: Plant Diversity of India

1. Differentiate between hurb, shrubs, trees
2. Differentiate between Parasites (haustoria), epiphytes, climbers?
3. What is meant by ‘die back’?
4. Mention 5 insectivorous plants of India? Where are they likely to be found? Discuss some
of their medicinal properties? ®

Plant Region Insect mechanism Medicinal properties

Drosera/Sundew Sticky shiny sun-like dew Applied on blisters,
drops and insects get sucked Dyeing silk
into it
Aldroveda Sunderbans Rootless acquatic plant;
Sensitive hairs, mid rib closes.
Pitcher plant/ High rainfall NE region Slippery pitcher falls Cholera medicine, urinary
Ne(o)p enth(u)es troubles, eye drops
Ultri cularia/ Fresh water/water Trigger hairs and insects get Cough, dressing of
Bladderworts logged sucked into water wounds, urinary diseases
Pingui cula/Butterworts Alpine regions (Assam Entire leaf works as trap
to Kashmir)
Venus flytrap

5. What are ‘alien invasive species’? Mention a species used for Western Ghats afforestation?
Other such species- Needle Bush, Goat Weed, Townsend grass, parthenium, Touch me
not, 4 o clock plant, black mimosa, Lantana camara (wild sage), Ipomoea(pink morning
glory), Prickly poppy, Blumea eriantha, Palymra(toddy plant), Aternanthera
Paronychioides, Black Wattle, Prosopis Juliflora (Mesquite), Townsend grass,
Calotropis (Madar, Swallo Wort), Datura (Mad plant, Thorn Apple), Impatiens
(Balsam)- Just read through them
6. An aquatic plant introduced from America to check pollution turned out to be a
troublesome weed in Indian water bodies. (Water Hycacinth/Eichhornia)
7. Describe Schedule 6 plants:

Plant Location Uses

Blue Vanda Northeast (Assam) Eye infection, skin treatment
Red Vanda Northeast (Manipur) Eye infection, skin treatment (also orchid
fanciers)
Pitcher Plant Northeast Insectivorous, Cholera, urinary disease, eye drop
Kuth Kashmir/ HP Perfumes, Insectivorous
Ladies Slippers Southern India Ayurvedic preparations (insomnia, anxiety)
Orchids
Beddomes’ Andhra Pradesh/ (Eastern Arthritis/ Muscle pain (Ayurveda)
Cycad Peninsula)

8. Some other medicinal plants (just glance through names)

Plant Location Uses
Spargandha Subhimalayan & Andaman Central nervous system disorders
Ceropegia Ornamental
species
Emodi/Indian Lower Himalayan Drug purposes
Podyphyllum
Cycads Coastal regions, Insland Brain diseases
Elephant foot NW Himalayas Steroidal source
Ferns Himalaya Source of starcg

9. Discuss the anatomy of a tree’s trunk? ® (Link)

10. Define: Taproot, Lateral root, adventitious root, buttress roots, Prop roots, Stilt roots, and
pneumatophores, mychorizzha, Haustorial roots, ®
11. Which plant replaces sal in Deccan trap? ®
12. Discuss the partial parasitic nature of sandal tree ®

Chapter 14: Marine Organisms

1. What are planktons? Are they necessarily microscopic?

2. Differentiate between holoplanktons and meroplanktons. (Link)
3. What are phytoplankton? Give examples ®
4. What type of ecosystem are they present in- salty/freshwater?
5. How are phytoplanktons similar to land plants? Are all of them complete autotrophs?
6. True or False. The total biomass of phytoplanktons is less than plants on land
7. What are 3-4 key nutrients needed for phytoplankton growth?
8. At what latitudes is the concentration of marine phytoplankton more?
9. How are phytoplanktons responsible for the occurrence of red tides?
10. Are phytoplankton found below euphotic zones? Does excessive UV-B radiation harm its
growth. (Link)
11. True of false: Jellyfish is a zooplankton?
12. How are phytoplanktons important for preventing global warming?
13. What are some major sea grass meadows in India? What are 3 key conditions for its
growth? Are sea meadows angiosperm/gymnosperm? ®
14. What are key functions of seagrass? Which species is on verge of extinction because of
loss of seagrass?
15. Are seaweeds/thalloid plants an algae? Where do they grow?
16. What’s their medicinal/commercial value. ®
17. What’s the difference between seaweed and sea grass?
18. Mention 5 turtle species found on Indian coast. What’s their IUCN conservation status? ®

Chapter 15: Protected Area Networks

1. Protected areas cover what % of india’s geographical area?

2. What are 3 key differences between wildlife sanctuaries and national parks?
3. Which WLS is dedicated to grizzled giant squirrel? (Srivilliputhur WLS, TN) ®
4. Can national parks/ wildlife sanctuaries extend over territorial waters? In case of dispute,
who intervens?
5. Who declares WLS/NP? How can boundaries of same be altered/ area be de-notified? ®
<Declaration by state government with executive orders, de- notification/alteration on
advice of NBWL>
6. Which officer is appointed for land rights claims? Who appoints him? What are the
possible outcomes?
7. What are conservation reserves?
8. Where is 1st conservation reserve located? ®
9. What are community reserves? Does it involve change in land use pattern?
10. What are marine protected areas?
11. Differentiate between Category I, II, IIIA, and IIIB types of marine protected areas? ®
12. Under the aegis of which international body does Man and Biosphere initiative function?
13. Who coordinated the World Network of Biosphere reserves? (P-182 bottom right)
14. What is a biosphere reserve? Whar are 3 key functions of a biosphere?
15. Which Indian programme deals with biospheres? ®
16. What are the primary and secondary criteria ® for selection of BRs?
17. Describe the 3 zone structure of a biosphere reserve i/c restriction/activities in each.
18. How are BRs different from protected areas (such as WLSs and NPs)? ®
19. Who gave the concept of Biodiversity hotspot? ®
20. What are the two criteria that a region needs to fulfill to qualify as a hotspot? ®
21. What % area do they cover (2-3% of land and host 60% species)
22. What are 17 megadiverse countries (NA- USA, Mexico; SA- Columbia, Peru, Eucador,
Venezuela, Brazil; Africa- DRC, SAfrica, Madagascar; Asia- India, China, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines, Papa guniea; Australia) (Link)
23. Who declares megadiverse countries? Key conditions (Cons. Int, >5000 endemic plant
species, must boder marine ecosystem)
24. Mention 4 hotsopts in India? ® (NCERT doesn’t mention Sundaland)
25. What are the World heritage sites?
26. On which date is International Day for Biological Diversity celebrated? Significance?
27. What are the 3 spiecies that refers to crocodilians? (P-176)

Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts

Project Tiger (1973), Project Croc (1975), Project Elephant (1999), Turtle (1999), Rhino Vision (2005),
Project Snow Leopard (2009)

<Implementing agency along with MoEFCC of

 Hathi Mere Saathi (WTI)
 Secure Himalayas (UNDP)
 Project Sea Turtle (UNDP, WII)
 Project Crocodile (UNDP, FAO)

State conservation pgms

 Indian Rhino Vision (Assam forest dept., Bodo ADC, WWF in Assam)
 Operation Kachhapa- (WPSI, Odisha govt.) OliveRidley turtles
 Project hangul- J&K- IUCN+WWF

1. When was Project tiger launched? Mention its twin objectives. ®

2. Which are 5 exisitng sub-species of Pathera Tigeris? Which 3 have gone extinct? ® ®
3. Bengal Tiger/Panthera Tigris. Which one is National animal of India?
4. On whose recommendation do state governments notify and de-notify tiger reserves?
5. Is the whole tiger reserve not allowed for human co-existence?
6. Discuss the key powers and functions of National Tiger Conservation Authority? ®
7. What are 3 techniqies of Tiger Census in India? Who conducts it?
8. Where did World’s first tiger census happened? in Palamu forest- Jh (1932)>
9. Expand M-Stripes (Link) (Mobile app- software which allows field staff to enter GIS mapped
information on tiger/associated activities)
10. What are 4 phases of Tiger population estaimation?
11. How many countries are associated with GTF? Where is its Secretariat?
12. Where was resolution to double tiger population adopted? By When? Which agency
13. Which organization has taken key interest in launching Global Tiger Initiative? WB
14. When was Project Elephant launched? What are its 3 objectives?
15. What is an elephant corridor? What are 4 threats to elephant corridors? Mitigation?
16. What is the MIKE programme? Which organization is associated with it?
17. Which 2 organization are associated with Hathi Mere Sathi Initiative? Where was
campaign launched? What’s the campaign mascot
18. Which specific type of elephant are threatened as tigers? ®
19. What are E-8 countries? What 3 species of elephants are respresented? ®
20. What is E-50:50 forum’s role? ®
21. Which animal is India’s National Heritage Animal? Nation reptile (King Cobra)
22. Which are 3 CR vulture species of India? What are 4 Sch-1 vultures of India? ®
23. Name the NSAID drug that is responsible for death of vultures. ®
24. What’s the alternative? ® ®
25. Discuss the significance of vultures in the food chain/ otherwise.
26. What’s the concept of VSZ? What are 3 key Vulture Safe Zones in India? Species found? ®
27. Describe the ‘Vulture Restaurant’ scheme. Which 2 states?
28. Discuss the key goal of India Rhino Vision 2020? Lanch year? Which is the implementing
agency? What is the key measure being taken- WLS/NP involved? ®
29. Significance of CITES 2003 convention? When was snow leopard project initiated?
30. Who are the implementing agencies for Secure Himalayas? Which states ® ®
31. When was Project Sea turtle launched? ® implementing agency? ® Key focus state?
32. What variety of turtles migrates to Indian coastal waters to nest? Which coast?
33. Which species is Operation Kachhapa associated with? ®
34. What 3 spiecies are focus of Indian crocodile conservation project? When was it
launched?
35. Which state in India has all 3 species of crocodilians?
36. Mention 3 state projects for each spicies? Which NP was used for captive breeding ® ®
37. Which animal is India’s National Aquatic Animal? Which river system does it inhabit?
38. What are the 4 species of fresh water dolphins across the world? Which of these has gone
extinct? Is Irrawady dolphin one of them?
39. True of False. All 17 species of dolphins are protected under Schedule 1 of WPA 1972?
40. 2 other schemes for conservation of dolphins in india?
41. Expand SAWEN? Are all SAARC nations its members? Is It founded under SAARC? Key
objectives? HQ at?
42. Which of the following is constitutional, statutory, govt but non-stat., NGO, Which of these
are chaired by PM, Minister MoEFCC? (Google)
a. Wildlife Insititue of India
b. National Tiger Conservation Authority
c. Bombay Natural History Society
d. Wildlife Trust of India
e. National Board for Wildlife
f. Wildfide Protection Society of India

Panthera Tigeris (EN)

Asiatic Lion (EN)
Asian Elephant (EN)
Snow leopard, Cheetah- VU
Ghairal (CR), Mugger (VU), Salt Water Crocodile (LC)
Gangetic/ Indus/ Irrawady Dolphins (EN)

Chapter 17: Climate Change

1. Define: Climate.
2. Define: Global Warming.
3. Approximately what % of the Sun’s energy is reflected directly back into space ?
4. What is the biggest overall contributor to GHG? Is it natural or human induced?
5. What is ocean stratification? How does it effect ocean productivity?
6. What are main sources of CO2?
7. What’s the largest source of methane emissions? Discuss other sources
8. Mention key agricultural, industrial, transportation related sources of N2O?
9. What are the 3 main categories of fluorinated gases? List some uses of each of these 3
categories. ® <Confused in Al, Mg manuf.>
10. Why are fluorinated gases especially harmful?
11. What is Black Carbon? How does it contribute to global warming?
12. What is meant by ‘albedo’? Which of atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere has highest?
13. What is Project Surya? Is it limited to solar energy technologies?
14. What is brown carbon?
15. What are climate ‘forcings’? ®
16. What are the effects of positive and negative forcings? Give an example of each kind.
17. What does ‘Global Warming Potential’ mean? ®
18. Arrange the following gases in terms of ascending GWP (100) and lifetime: Methane, HFCs
CO2, Nitrous Oxide, PFCs, SF6, Black Carbon ®
<GWP 100- CO2<CH4<N2O< Black Carbon< HFC<PFC<SF6
Lifetime- Black carbon <Methane <CO2<N2O< HFC<SF6<PFC

Chapter 18: Acidification

1. True or False. Oceans absorb half of global CO2

2. What is ocean acidification? Does process of acidification always involve sub 7 ph?
3. Aside from atmospheric CO2, outline two other processes that lead to ocean acidification.
®
4. Explain associated chemical reactions and their significance. ®
5. What is its primary cause? What are some of its most harmful consequences?
6. Can oceans ever become acidic? What is the current pH level? ®
7. What is the importance of carbonate ions in oceans? (corals, shells,
8. Which of the calcite and aragonite dissolve at lower depth? Why? ® (As A comes before C,
it’ll dissolve first)
9. What is saturation horizon, ‘lysocline’ and carbonate composition depth (CCD)? How is
their depth changing with increasing Co2 asorption? ®
10. What is upwelling?

Chapter 19: Ozone Depletion

1. In which two layers of the atmosphere is ozone found? Explain its effects in both.
2. List the three main compounds that cause ozone depletion.
3. List some uses of CFCs. (6)
4. Freons is other word for?
5. How long do CFCs ‘stick around’ in the atmosphere for? ®
6. Explain the mechanism by which CFCs affect the ozone layer (chemical reaction).
7. Write the chlorine reservoir and release reactions ®
8. Which of the following destroys ozone layer: Nitrous Oxide, Ammonia, Nitric Oxide? Write
the chemical reaction. ®
9. What are halons? HBFCs? Its use? ®
10. Which one is more harmful for ozone depletion? Bromine or Chlorine?
11. What is the role of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) in depletion of ozone layer? (P-214)
®
12. What are 3 forms of stratospheric clouds? ® ® <Nacreous clouds>
13. Why does the temperature in the stratosphere increase with altitude?
14. Which of the arctic and Antarctic has higher ozone depletion? Why?
15. In which month lowest ozone levels are seen in Antarctic? ®
16. What is the most common measure of total ozone abundance in the air?
17. Why is ozone hole a misnomer?
18. What are the the effects of UV rays on animals (humans), vegetation, aquatic ecosystems,
air quality, materials etc. ® <Carbonyl Sulphide and Demythyl Sulphide>

Chapter 20: Impact of Climate Change

1. What are some effects of climate change on Indian agriculture? (X)

2. How will nitrogen requirement change for crops as temperature increases.
3. What are 2 key reasons of sea level rise due to global warming? Give 4 key impacts
4. True or false. Himalyan system has 3rd largest amount of glacier after the 2 poles
5. Write a short note climate change and public health? <Read more> (X)

Chapter 21: Mitigation Strategies

1. What is meant by carbon sequestration? What are 3 steps involved?

2. What are the different types of sequestration? Which of these has the largest potential for
near-term sequestration? ®
3. Explain: hydrodynamic trapping, solubility trapping, and mineral carbonation. What kind
of sequestration are these? ® ®
4. What are green and blue carbons?
5. Which are better carbon sinks: tropical forests or coastal ecosystems?
6. What happens when a coastal ecosystem becomes unproductive/lifeless.
7. What is the Blue Carbon Initiative? Key organizations involved.
8. What is a carbon credit? What are the 2 ways that companies can earn it?
9. Which country is currently the largest seller of carbon credits?
10. Is carbon traded on any exchange in India? Is it traded anywhere across the world?
11. Explain carbon offsetting.
12. Which one is better, a carbon tax or the cap and trade method? List 4 reasons why.
13. What is geo-engineering? What are some of the methods proposed by scientists using
geo-engineering? What are some of its drawbacks? ®
14. Which is better solar radiation reflector- SO2 or H2S?

Chapter 22: India and Climate Change

1. Which sector is the prime contributor of GHG emisisons in India?

2. Compared to USA and China, how much lower are per-capita CO2 emissions in India?
3. List the two key features of Forest Conservation Act of 1980.
4. What are the 8 component missions of India’s National Action Plan on climate change?
5. Describe the 2022 capacity target of India’s National Solar Mission. What is the current
installed capacity? Which phase of mission is currently underway
6. What are the targets and 4 components of National Mission for Enhanceed Energy
Efficiency? ®
7. What are key targets/strategies of National Water mission? ®
8. What are 3 key quantifiable targets of National Mission for a Green India? ®
9. Define ‘bio-energy’. Describe the key features of India’s National Bio-Energy Mission.
10. What are INDCs? What are its key components? India’s commitment? Which UNFCC
conference?
11. Who publishes Emission Gap Report?
12. What is INCCA’s 4x4 Assessment? Expand INCCA ® <HAWE>
13. What is NATCOM? Who funds it? Who is the implementing agency?
14. What is GHG inventory estimation? Which guildines are being used for reporting it? ®
15. Which body regulates energy efficiency ratings? Which are mandatory products? (L1)(L2)
16. What are green buildings? Its been overseen by which ministry/ organization?
17. Which guildines are issued for above? Are they applicable to only commercial buildings?
Are these mandatory for new building?
18. What is Energy Peformace Index in above context? ®
19. What is GRIHA? Who devised and which ministry is implementing it? Is it compulsory for
all building, can evaluation be initiated post-construction? ®
20. Is Green rating limited to energy ( renewable, efficiency)? ®
21. What is Bachat Lamp Yojana? Associated organization and Ministry? Which international
credit mechanism is used for subsidy? ®
22. Which organization launched National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture? ®
23. What is BSE-GREENEX? Who developed it? What is base year and base value
24. Which ministry launched FAME scheme? Expand it. Recent phase-2 announcements?
25. What is LTEO? Which international conference? Which areas in India? ® ®
26. True or False- MoEFCC is the National Implementing Entity for National Adaptation fund
for climate change.
27. Which the two leading countries in increasing green cover? Which state recently tried to
break world record of planting maximum trees in one day? (Link)

Data related to climate change effect on India (World Bank- South Asia Hotspots report)
(Link) (Key points- 2.8% impact of GDP (agri, health, productivity), 60Cr Indians living in area
that are prone to become hotspots) (Suggestions- identifying hopspots, diversifiying jobs
beyond agriculture, tailored solutions)
(how to tackle climate change- reduce consumerism, climate diplomacy, adaptation with new
tech)
Paris agreement- is it enough? No a) weak implementation (protectionist tendency US), b) still
not sufficient to stop the process

Chapter 23: Climate Change Organizations

1. When did UNFCC come into being and finally got ratified? Where is it headquartered?
2. What are 2 permanent subsidiary bodies under UNFCC? Their function? (Link)
<Subsidiary body for Implementation> <Subsidiary Body for Technical Advisory>
3. Where was COP-1 of UNFCC, CBD held?
4. Describe the Kyoto Protocol. What is its central principle?
5. Describe its 2 features that make it tick.
6. When was it signed and and actually came into force? ®
7. What gases are considered under Kyoto Protocol? Are all of these part of Paris
Agreement? (Annex A gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6)
8. What is the main difference between UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol?
9. What are Annex I, II, B, Non-Annex I, LDC countries under UNFCCC? (Link)
 Annex I- 43 industrialized and EITs,
 Annex 2- OECD members in Annex 1- they are to provide CC support to EITs and
developing countries
 Annex B- Annex 1 countries which have to meet Kyoto targets
 Non- Annex countries- Mostly developing nations- no targets as such!
10. Describe 3 flexible market mechanisms allowed under the Kyoto Protocol.
11. What is the key difference between ‘Joint implementation’ and CDM?
12. Describe the 2 different types of carbon trading allowed under the Kyoto protocol. ®
13. What are some penalties for countries that don’t meet their commitments under KP? ®

Key features of other COPs:-

COP Key features/significance

COP-13- Bali- -Was to discuss post KP roadmap and developed countries insited on
Indonesia committemnet by EITs such as Indian and China too
-Adoption of Bali roadmap
Bali Action Plan- process for implementation of UNFCCC ,
Ad-hoc working group for deciding post 2012 commitments,
Launch of adaptation fund
Decisions on tech transfer,
Launch of Global Climate and Gender Alliance- by multiple UN org. ensuring gender
neutral climate policie
COP-15- Signing of non-binding Copenhagen accord by 4 BASIC countries and US-
Copenhagen - Discusses the target of curbing global temp increase to 2 degrees
(Denmark) - Developed countries to set target for GHG emissions by 2020
- Devloping countries to pursue non-commital nationally appropriate mitigation
strategies
- Goal for world to raise $100Bn per year by 2020 for climate change
COP-16- Cuncun -All UNFCC parties agree to report their voluntary mitigation goals which are also
(Brazil) subject to measurement and verification
-$30 Bn startup finance to support climate action in developing countries by
industrializaed countries by 2012
Official entry of REDD as a UNFCCC-enabled mitigation mechanism
-3 mechnaisms -Teachnology mission, Green Climate fund. Adaptation fund
COP-17- Durban New deal post KP to be finalized by 2015 for post 2020 based on principles of
(SA) equity
COP- 18- Doha -Ammendment to KP- 2nd commitment period till 2020 with KP mechanisms
(Qatar) -New MRV framework for developed countries- Common tabular format
-Carry forwarding of surplus AAUs to 2nd commitment period with few restrictions
- UNEP led CTCN (UNEP & UNIDO) as implementing arm of Tech. mechanism for
climate resilient tech devp and transfer on request to developing countries)
COP-19- Warsaw Resolve to close pre-2020 ambition gap (commitement & what’s required for 2C)
(Poland) Warsaw Framework on REDD+ (incentives to developing countries for keeping
their forest standing)
Warsaw Intenrational Mechnaism- loss and damage of most vulnerable countries
COP-20- Lima -Multilateral Assesment process by industrializaed countries
(Peru) -National Adaptation Plans to be placed at same level as GHG emission
-NAP global network by Peru, US, Phillipines, Togo, UK, Japan, Germany
-Nazca Climate ACTION portal launched by Peru in collaboration with UNFCCC
COP21- Paris Post 2020 efforts on 2 degree cap on temp increase, efforts to achieve 1.5 degree
wrt to pre-industrial world; GHG emission peaking by 2050. Not legally binding
Came in force into Nov 2016-
Nationally determined Contributions by all; First stockstake of efforts for NDCs and
commitment of updated targets in 2018 (then every 5 year)
Launch of Global geothermal Alliance- India still not a member- 5x geothermal by
 2030
Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction- Reduction in CO2 from sector as
part of part of the Lima Paris Action Agenda. UNEP hosts its secretariat
Mission Innvoation- global initiative to accelerate public and private clean
energy innovation (Include 5 most populous countries)
COP22- Launch of 2050 Pathway program (support govt, companies to develop mid-century
Marrakech strategies for GHG)
Both Adaptation and GHG funds to serve for Paris agreement
Review of Warsaw International Mechanism
COP23- Bonn, Talanoa Dialogue- 3 questions for countries to enhance NDCs by 2020- Where are
Germany in we? Where do we want to go? How do we get there?
presidency of Fiji Ocean Pathway Partnership- 2 track strategy for 2020 supporting- 1) increasing
role of ocean consideration in UNFCC process 2) increasing action in ocean related
priority areas
Poweing Past Coal Alliance- led by UK and Canda- phase-out of coal by OECD/EU28
by 2030 and rest by 2050
Insu Resilience Global Partnership- G20 in collaboration with V20 (49 most
vulnerable countries) for climate and disaster risk financing solutions
Other outcomes- Gender Action Plan, Local communities and indigenous peoples
platform
COP-24- Standarized Development Mission- Framework proposed a country owned and
Kotawice managed approach to carbon emission which makes carbon reporting standardized
(Poland) and transaparent. It also encourages PPP.
Under CDM only Annex B parties were responsible. Under SDM all countries will be
accountable for their NDC.

14. What is different between COP, CMP, CMA?

15. When was GEF established? By which organization(s)?
16. Its 6 priority areas and it acts as funding mechanism <mostly aligned with 6 conventions it funds
except minamata> ®
17. At which international summit was GEF established? What are 5 int. conventions for
which funding can be given from GEF? Where was 6th assembly held in 2018? (Link)
18. With regards to agriculture, what is meant by the ‘triple wins’? ®
19. What is conservation tillage technique? ®
20. Which country is associated with Triple Wins programme in ‘ Loess Plateau’?
21. When and by which 2 organization was IPCC established? Its key functions? (before Rio)
22. Which organization develops guidelines/methodology for GHG inventory estimation?
23. How does Rio+20 outcomes define green economy? 3 priorties of green economy? ® ®
24. Which country and organization launched TEEB? What is it about? Do we have an Indian
counterpart of it?
25. What is Ecological footprint? It is measured in which units? Which organization presents
annual report? What is earth overshoot day? (Link) ®
26. What are Climate Investment funds? What are 2 funds that work under it? (Link) ® ®

Fund/Alliance Administered/ Key focus

Funded by
Green climate fund UNFCC – Adaptation and mitigation (REED) in developing
countries; HQ in S. Korea
Strategic Climate Fund World Bank – A Forest Inv pgm is for REDD and sustainable forest
(one of the 2 CIFs) management in developing countries.
- funding through
multilateral Pilot pgm for climate resilience is for demonstration of how
development climate risk & resilience can be integrated as core to
banks (eg. WB, development planning
ADB etc.)
 Scale up Renewable Energy Pgm is to demonstrate economic,
social, environmental viability of low carbon projects in Low
income countries
Clean tech fund (CIF) Supports renewable energy, low carbon technologies with
potential to reduce long term GHG emissions
Carbon Initiative for World Bank (A) Private finance for clean energy access in low-income
Development countries
Carbon Partnership World Bank (A) Comprised on 2 funds-
facility  Carbon Asset development fund-  prepare and
implement emission-reduction programs
 Carbon Fund (CF) to purchase carbon credits from the
pool

Also brings together seller and buyer of carbon credits to

faciliatate carbon financing

India has not participated yet!

Biocarbon fund World Bank (A) For Sustainable forest lands for developing countries
through REDD, CSA etc.
Forest Carbon World Bank (A) Consists of readiness and carbon funds
Partnership Facility REED/REDD+ for developing countries
Partnership for World bank (A) Initial partnership b/w developed & middle income
market readiness countries on carbon market instruments,
Now more general support on tech transfer etc. also
Pilot Auction Facility World Bank (A) Pay for performance mechanism for GHG reductions
(PAF) for Methane
and Climate Change
Mitigation
Special Climate GEF (A) Under UNFCC with focus on Adaptation tech in developing
Change fund countries (incremental costs on climate change inteventions
based on devp. baseline)
GEF Trust fund – GEF (A) Under UNFCC ; Adaptation and Mitigation, LDC countries is
climate change focal focus,
area
LDC funds GEF (A) For implementation fo NAPA
Capacity-building GEF (A) Established under UNFCCC, strengthen institutional and
Initiative for technical capacities of developing countries to meet the
Transparency enhanced transparency requirements of the Paris
Agreement
Nagoya Protocol Imp. GEF (A)
fund
Adaptation fund Adaptation fund UNFCC- Finance adaptation project in developing countries
board party to KP (CDM)
Global Climate Change European Build alliance on climate change
Alliance (+) Commission Special focus (SIDS on LDC- also support them implement
Paris commitments
Global Energy European Fund of fund to invest in PEs which specialize in funding of
Efficiency & Commission SMEs in energy efficiency space
Renewable Energy
fund
LIFE program European supports projects in development of innovative solutions to
Commission challenges of climate change in Europe
Adaptation for International Adaptation measures for small farmers
Smallholder Program Fund for Agri
devp
Amazon fund Brazillian Amazon Forests (REDD)- created by govt but it’s a private
development fund fund
 Congo Basin River African Mitigation- REED
Fund development
Bank
Indonesia Climate Indonesia Adaptation. Mitigation (REED)
Change Trust fund National Devp
planning agency
Critical Ecosystem EU, GEF, World empowering civil society in developing countries
Partnership Fund Bank, Go Japan and transitional economies to protect the world’s
Conservation
International,
biodiversity hotspots, 

Chapter 24: Agriculture

1. Confusing farming types (Worst to best)

 Mixed Cropping- Growing multiple seems for subsistence together,
 Intercroping- increase yield growing additional crops in the empty space in farm
 Multiple Cropping- Intensive cropping >2 times a year
 Mixed farming- Agri+AH+Fish etc.
2. What are: silvericulture, arboriculture, sericulture, apiculture, viticulture, olericulture,
pomology, floriculture, aeroponics, hydroponics, and geoponics. ®
3. What are these revolutions associated with Green, White, Blue, Grey, Golden, Yellow,
Silver , Red, Round, Pink ® ®, Black
4. Classify the following crops into Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid: Watermelons, Gourds, Cotton,
Gram, Bajara, Pumpkins, Jowar, Rice, Sunflower, Groundnut, and Wheat.
5. What are the English names for Jowar, Bajra and Ragi? In what season are these crops
grown? ®
6. What are various by-products of sugar production? Mention their uses? ® <Molasses>
7. Give some exmaples of fibre crops other than cotton and jute?
8. As tea is to leaves- coffee, coacoa, rubber is to?
9. What is the difference between tap-rooted and fiber-rooted crops? (Classify- pulses,
cereals, cotton, grape) ®
10. Classify- cereals, millets, pulses, legumes based on cotyledon?
11. What is meant by photoperiodism? Classify various crops in 3 categories? ®
12. Define tillage? What is sub-soiling, Clean tillage, blind tillage, zero tillage?
13. What are advantages and disadvantages of zero tillage?
14. What is the other name for multiple cropping? How is multiple cropping different from
double cropping?
15. Differentiate between monoculture and monocropping. ®
16. What does ratoon cropping mean? Name some crops that are grown by such cropping.
17. What is parallel, synergestic, relay, multistorey, alley intercropping? ®
18. What is irrigated (wetland, gardenland), rainfed (dryland, rainfed) ®
19. What is specialized farming, diversified farming?
20. Discuss some key principles of crop rotation?
21. What is organic farming?
22. Differentiate between organic and inorganic fertilizers? )(humus, N20, oxygen in soil)
23. What is eco-farming? What is the slogan of eco-farming?/
24. What is permaculture?
25. What is key utility of N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg in plants ®
26. What is ‘bone meal’, ‘fish meal’ in agriculture? They are source of what nutrients?
27. What are bio-fertilizers? Give examples.
 5 Biofertizer as per  Fertilizer Control Order (FCO), 1985- Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum,
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and mycorrhiza, Other- Cyno bacteria (Anabena, Nostoc,
Oscillatoria)
28. Define: micro ®, sprinkler, and drip/ trickle irrigation.
29. What is soil profile? What are the 5 master horizons? Which horizon is also known as
‘saprolite’?
30. What are saline, acidic, alkaine, sodic, calcareous, alfisol, ardisol soils?
31. What is podsolization, laterization, gleization? ®
32. What are reasons for salinization other arid climate conditions? ®
33. What is border cropping?
34. What is border strip irrigation, check basin?
35. What is heliotropism, geotropism, sciophytes? ®
36. What is mulching and its benefits? ® ®
37. What is puddling and its benefits? ®
38. System of Rice Intensification? Which country is it based upon? What does it involve? ®
39. Which 2 organization launched Sustainable Sugar Initiative? What does it involved? ® ®

ICRISAT- Int Crop Research Institute SemiArid Tropics, with HQ in Hyderabad- regional offices in SA

Chapter 25: Acts and Policies

1. When is the World Environment Day celebrated? Which country hosted it and with what
theme in 2018?
2. Which two subjects were transferred from state list to concurrent list post WPA?
3. Discuss the features of WPA Act?
a. Animal protection under 6 schedules.
b. 5 protection areas (state/centre jurisdiction)
c. 5 statutory bodies? (NWLB, NTCA, NWW, CZA, WCCB)
4. Describe the key features of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 (judicial procedure,
penal provisions, jurisdiction of civil courts, conflicting provisions, officers immunity)
5. What are the key aims and methods used by the National Forest Policy of 1988? ®
6. Describe the 3-tiered structure prescribed in the Biological Diversity Act (2002) for
regulating access to biological resources.
7. What are conditions for a site to be Biodiversity Heritage site? India’s first BHS? Who
grants this status to BHS- (states ®
8. What are key features of the Forest Rights Act of 2006? Which ministry manages it?
9. Are the rights conferred under the Forest Rights Act heritable? Transferable? Alienable?
10. How does it define moinor products? Can it be allowed in National Parks/WLS?
11. Which Act contains the rules related to Ozone Depleting Substances?
12. Green Highway Policy 2015- key benefits. Which 2 ISRO satellites for monitoring? ® (1%
of total highways cost)
13. Discuss how Wetlands (Conservation and management) rules 2017 is a step backwards in
terms of conservation of wetlands ®
14. Which state has highest area and % of wetland in country? ®
15. Under what ministry and officer is National Wetland Comssion has been setup? ®

62 million tons of waste is generated annually in the country at present (~11MT is processed), out of which 5.6
million tonnes is plastic waste (15 th tone per day, only 9 k collected), 0.17 million tonnes is biomedical waste,
hazardous waste generation is 7.90 million tonnes per annum and 15 lakh tonne is e-waste PIB
25-30 million tonnes of C&D waste is generated annually in India of which only 5% is processed. (Sept. vision)

C&D> Hazardous> Plastic> Biomedical> E-waste

Rules (All 2016) Details
Solid WM Rules Rules extend beyond Municial areas to Urban Aglo, pilgrimages, govt. offices etc.
Segregation at source- Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable Domestic Hazardous
>5000 sqm socities/institutions will make arrangement for seg. And bio-methanation
as much as possible for bio-degradable waste with in premises
SEZs/Ind Est. 5% of total area for waste management, recycling
Duties of ministries:
 MoHUA- detail policy and strategy,
 Ministry of fertilizer/chemicals- market devp assistance of manure etc.
 Ministry of Agri- flexibility in fertilizer control order.
 MoP- fix tariffs,
 MNRE- Infra for WtE plants, all industry within 100 km of waste to RDF
facility to use at least 5% of fuel
Hazardous Waste Waste that is characterized by eg. flammable etc. cause harm to human/ environment
Mgmt & WM hierarchy- Prevention, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Co-process
Transboundary (material/energy recovery), safe disposal
Movement Rules Import exempted from permission for metal scrap, paper waste, electronic equipments
etc. for re-use purspose
Items prohibited for import- Waste edible oil (animal/plant), household waste, Critical
care medical equipments, Tyres for re-use, Solid Plastic waste i/c PET, Waste
electrical/electronic assembly scrap, chemical esp. in solvent
Responsibility of state govt. to set up infra for processing/safe disposal of such waste.
SPCB to maintain annual inventory of waste, state govt. to submit annual report to
MoEFCC
2019 ammendments
 Import of SW plastic prohibited even by SEZs
 Electronic components (manuf. & exported from India) if found defective can
be brought back in country w/o taking permissions with 1 year of export
 Exporters of silk waste exempted from taking ministry exemption
 Industries exempted from MoEFCC permission under Air and Water Poluttion
Acts are exempted from HW Rules as well
C&D WM Rules Waste producers- Deposit the segregated C&D waste at collection centre; large
producers (20 tn/day or 300 tn/month) to submit waste mgmt and take pre-
construction approval. Waste by large ones to be segregated into soil, steel, concrete,
wood and plastics
Local authorities- 10-20% compulsory procurement of material from C&D waste in
case of govt./municipal projects. Also, should provide requisite waste disposal infra.
Building Material & Technology Promoting Council (MoH&UA) in 2016 released
“Guidelines for utilization of C&D waste in govt. led housing schemes
BIS and Indian Road Council (apex body of highway engineers)- will prepare guidelines
for use of recycled C&D waste
Bio Medical WM Human/Animal anatomical waste and medical apparatus- eg. syringes, needles
Rules Phase-out use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags in 2 years
On-site pre-treatment of lab, microbiological, blood waste and bar-code for identity;
No in-house treatment. If common bio-waste treatment facility in <7km
2018 ammendments
 Phase out chlorinated bags (e/c blood bags) and gloves by Mar 2019
 Online annual reporting by all medical facilities
E-Waste Mgmt Waste- Scl 1 material, spare parts of EEE, mercury in CFL and other lamps
Rules Extended Producer responsibility to collect the waste and various channels for the
same- Producer Responsibility Organization, E-waste exchange, e-retailer, Deposit
Refund Scheme
2018 ammendments
 E-waste collection targets- 10% increase YoY on 40% target of 2017-18 and
70% by 2023
  Cost of (RoHS) (Reduction of Hazardous Substance) test to be born by
producer only if the product doesn’t comply
Plastic WM Rules Increase in min. thickness of plastic carry bags from 40 to 50 um
Rules also applicable to rural areas now.
Indivduals and bulk users to be charged pay-user wise as per local body law
Extended producer responsibility: maintain record of all vendors,
Fine/Registration fee at entry point of supply chain
2018 ammendments
 Phasing out of Multi-layered plastics is applicable to MLP which is non-
recyclable or w/o alternative use.
 National level registry for multi-state producers

Chapter 26: Institutions and Measures

1. The existing National Wildlife plan is applicable for what period? Which committee
drafted it? Its key features? Its is under which govt. body ®
2. Expand CAMPA? Is it a statutory body? Under which ministry? The funds collected in
CAMPA are routed through Consolidate fund or Public Accounts?
3. What is the one salient feature of Joint Forest Management? Under which Act/policy does
this fall?
4. What is ‘social forestry’? Who and when was this term first used? Its 4 categories?
5. Which ministry runs the National Bamboo Mission? Is Sponsored/Sector? ®
6. Expand CEPI? ® Which organization is implementing it? What are 3 categories of CEPI
7. Explain the ‘Lighting a Billion Lives’ campaign. Who runs it?
8. Domain and relvant body/ministry for Ecomark, ISI, Hallmark, FPO mark, FSSAI mark,
Agrmark, Indian organic mark, Non-polluting vehicle. Which of these are mandatory? ®
9. Which ministry/body is associated with USERS (Expand it) scheme? ® ® who funds it?
10. Expand BCRLIP? Key financieries? ®
11. Under which fund does the National Clean Energy Fund operate- Consolidated Fund of
India, or the Public Account of India? ®Which ministry?
12. What is key objective of NEMM 2020? Which ministry is implementing it?

Chapter 27: Organizations

1. What are key functions of Animal Welfare Board? Its establishment? Its HQ which was
recently shifted? Are its orders binding on govt? ®
2. Discuss establishment and powers of Zoo Authority of India/CZA? ®
3. Discuss establishment and key functions of National Biodiversity Authority?
4. Discuss function and establishment of Wildlife Crime Control Bureau?
5. Which organization is it parterning for Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System? ®
6. Which Ministry implements the National Conservation Plan for Aquatic Ecosystem? ®
7. Discuss the establishement of National Ganga River Basin Authority? ® Which ministry?
8. Discuss the establishement and functions ® of WTI?
9. Establishment, composition, jursidication of NGT, CPCB? <forest conservation act>

Which of the above is placed under MoEFCC (non-minister)- NBA, WCCB, AWB
Which of the above is headed by Minister MoEFCC? CZA
Which of the above is headed by PM? NGRBA (Now National Ganga Council)

Chapter 28: International Conventions

1. What is ‘Local Agenda 21’?
2. Where did Local Agenda 21 for culture stem from ? Just remember that npot from Rio20+
3. What were Rio+5.
4. What are 5 overarching themes of 20 Aichi targets? Which one othese have been achieved
by India as per 6th National Report of India to CBD?( P-49 Dec Vision CA) ®
5. What are 5 IOPs to Ramsar convention? ®
6. Mention all 27 Ramsar sites? Which Ramsar site got added in 2019? How many are
Transboundary sites?

Only Indian Sunderbans a Ramsar site- Include critically endangered- Northern river terrapin,
endangered Irrawaddy dolphins, vulnerable fishing cat, has 2 of 4 horseshoe crab species,
8/12 kingerfisher spicies.
1. Gharana Wetland- J&K

Artificial lakes in the above

 HP- PongDong Lake (Maharana Pratap Sagar- Artificial dam on Beas)

Organization New initiatives

UNEP (5, 3, 3, Biosafety- UNEP- GEF Biosafefy unit supports many projects through GEF, Houses CBD
2) secretariat

Publications
 Publishes Global Chemical Outlook
 World Water Development Report- UNESCO
 International Resource Panel (formed by UNEP)- Global resources Outlook

Climate Change
 UN-REDD- in collaboration with UNDP, FAO- Support countries to achieve their
REED+ targets by supporting REED+ strategies and capacity building.
 Climate & Clean Air Coalition: Initial focus on methane, black carbon, and HFCs
(short lived polautants)- with Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden and the
United States. Launched Oil and Methane Partnership as well targeting methane
worldwide.

Education & Environment-

 UN Environment Education and Youth Alliance- Launched at 4th UNEA
 Global University Partnerships on Environment for Sustaiability: Mainstreaming
environment and sustainability in universities. Along with Tongji university.

Energy-
 Women’s Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Energy - UNEP+ UN Women- offgrid
 GSWH – Solar Water heater market transformation- Global Solar Thermal Energy
Council (IEA SHC, UNEP/GEF, Solar Payback ( Part of German International
Climate Initative across India, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa- (MIBSA) ®

Green Economy:-
 UN Environment Inquiry- develop green market and policy; published landmark
2015 report “The Financial System We Need” ®
 Green Growth Knowledge Platform- identifies and addresses major knowledge
gaps in green growth theory and practice. Joint initiative of UNEP, OECD, WB in
2012. ®

Forest:-
 Land Use Finance Unit- to scale up private finance for sustainable sector use. ®
 Global Peatlands Initiative- multi-partner initiative launched at the Global
Landscapes Forum in Marrakesh in 2016

Environment rights and governance

 OzoneAction- UNEP was made clearing house of multilateral fund under montreal
protocol. UNEP also supports capacity building efforts
 The Global Pact for the Environment- Tool by French govt. to close gap in int.
environment law
 Bamako Convention- strengthen African nations to prohibiting the import into
Africa of any hazardous waste

Transport:-
 Global Clean Ports- Reducing emissions from ports and other maritime sources;
UNEP, CCAC, Int. council on clean transport (ICCT), US, Canada govt.
 Global Fuel Economy Initiative- Stabilize GHG from light vehicle by 50% fuel
efficiency by 2050. Collaboration of UNEP, IEA, ICCT, Int. transport forum(ITF) , FIA
 Electric Mobility Program- UNEP, IEA, ICCT, ITF, FIA

Ecosystems-
 Landscapes for people, food, nature- FAO, WB etc. on integrated landscape mgmt.
  The Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative.- Multiple- EU, German govt,
UNCCD, UNEP, ENDP and other research institutes
 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)- Initiative of EU and
german govt. Evaluate the economic value of biodiversity.
 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership- development and delivery of indicators based
on CBD, IPBES, SDG etc. Hosted by UNEP- WCMC ®

Extractives:-
 Environmental Emergencies Centre- Joint initiative of UNEP and UN- OCHA for
solutions, trainings etc. on response to environment emergencies
 APELL- Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level since 1986.
ICCA contributing UNEP ®
 Green Fiscal Policy Network- Revenues from extraction to support sustaianable
development. UNEP, IMF and German Corporation for Int. Development
 Poverty-Environment Initiative- UNEP- UNDP
 Oil for Development Programme – UNEP+Govt. of Norway to provide capacity to
12 oil producing countries

Ocean and seas/water:-

 Global Partnership on Nutrient Management - reducing excess nutrients from
environment; nutrient challenge- tussle b/w food security and its environ. effects
 International Coral Reef Initiative(ICRI)- Founded by 8 govt.- UK, USA, France,
Japan, Phillipines etc. – informal link to UNEP at COP-1 of CBD in 1994 (Bahamas)
 Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network- Support ICRI by availaing scientific
research and info on status of coral ecosystem;
 Ocean Data Viewer  UNEP-WCMC
 Global Environment Monitoring System for freshwater  (GEMS/water)– inland
water data assesment. UNEP, Canada ministry ®

Resource efficiency:-
 SWITCH initiatives- coordination with EU on sustainable consumption, production
 Lifecycle initiative- PPP partnership for lifesycle knowledge of product
 United for Efficiency (U4E)- Global effort to make small and emerging economies
energy efficient under SE4ALL
 Seed Capital Assistance Facility-  Investment for early-stage development of low-
carbon projects in developing countries. UNEP, Frankfurt school, GEF (Ph1), UK
Aid (ph2)
 International Environmental Technology Centre- promotes knowledge on
Environmentally Sound Technologies with a focus on waste management
 REGATTA- Climate action in Latin America and Carribean. UNEP, IDB etc.
 ASEAN SHINE- Energy efficiency (UNEP +Int. Copper Association)-
 PRAHA- Promoting Refrigant for alternatives for high ambient temperature

Technology Tools:-
 Madingley Ecosystem Model- inform decision makers about impacts of their
choices on biodiversity and ecosystem services- UN-WCMC with Microsoft &
other institues
 InforMEA- provide information from over 60 international environment
agreements under dozens of conventions to 192 countries
 MAP-X- unbiased natural resource map; developed by UNEP, WB, GRIS-Geneva
 Proteus- Colaboration of UNEP- WCMC and 13 extracting companies to provide
information on biodiversity to enable better conservation
 World Database on Protected Areas,- comprehensive spatial database on
terrestrial and marine protected areas; Jointly managed by IUCN and UNEP-WCMC
 Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Authentic biodiversity data for
environment concious business decisions. Joint initiative of IUCN, Birdlife Intl,
Conservation Int., UNEP-WCMC
 Houses secretariat of, CMS (Bonn), CITES, Vienna (Montreal), Carpathian, Bamako, Tehran,
Minamata, SICAM, Stockhmom on PoP, Basel, Rotterdam
IUCN Habitat conservation etc. (8)
 Bonn challenge Inititative- (Restore 150 Mn ha by 2020 & 350 Mn by 2030)
 The Restortion Initiative- IUCN, UNEP, FAO, GEF for forest restoration only
 Mangrove for future (Co-chaired by IUCN & UNDP)- Coastal protection in SA/SEA
 Global Drylands Initiative- strengthens natural resource governance in drylands
(strengthen rights, institutions, policy)- Drylands are found in tropical and temperate
latitudes and account for 41.3% of the global terrestrial area
 Global Island Partnership- Partnership of island govt. with focus on islands with
specific land characteristics coordinated from IUCN office
 Global Mountain Initiative- new initiative (24% land area, 12% population, water to
50% people)
 Global Marine and Polar Programme
 Blue Carbon Initiatiative- First integrated programme for restoration of coastal
marine ecosystem. IUCN in collaboration with Conservation Int., Intergovt. Oceanic
Commission of UNESCO.

Species related (3)

 Global species pgm- climate change and human activites impact on biodiversity,
 Save our Species (SoS)- IUCN grant-making mechanism set up to ensure the long-term
survival of threatened species
 Integrated Tiger Habitat Conservation- IUCN launched, funded by German cooperation
and KfW bank (german development bank)

Miscallneous (7)
 Search and Wise-up to climate- For climate resilience building in water resources infra
 World Heritage Outllook – Published by IUCN- tracks conservation activities of all
natural world heritage sites.
 Also recognizes Heritage heroes (for their natural conservation efforts)
 World Heritage Convention: Since 1972, by UNESCO in partnership with IUCN,
ICOMOS, ICCROM
 Environmental Law Programme and Centre
 Global Gender Office-  Advancing Gender in the Environment (AGENT), Gender and
Renewable Energy (G-REEN) Platform etc
 Natural Resource Governance Framework- Credible approach for assessment

IUCN 6 commissions-
 Species Survival Commission,
 Commission on Ecosystem Management
 Commission on Environmental Law (voluntary law experts to help IUCN)
 World Commission on Protected Areas
 Commission on Education and Communication
 Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy
WWF (5) It funds GEF, GCF (green)
Bait to Plate- Preventing illegally caught seafood from entering our food chain
Basin Report Card Initiative- River usage and health, WWF &  University of Maryland 
Global Mangrove Alliance- Goal of increasing mangrove by 20% by 2030 (formed in 2017,
works in collaboration with multiple NGOs and govt.)
Living Planet Report 2018- 60% decline in the size of populations of vertabrates
(mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians) in just over 40 years
TX2- Launched in Tiger Summit 2010, Pettursberg to 2X tiger population by 2022 
World Bank Global Wildlife Programme is a World Bank-led, GEF-funded global partnership- wildlife
(8) conservation and sustainable development by combatting illicit trafficking
Climate Smart Agriculture- Maharashtra govt-climate resilient proctices for small and
marginal farmers in Marathwara and Vidharba region (WB funded, GoM impl.)
 Connect4Climate- WB led brings together multiple partners for climate change discussion
Invest4Climate- led joint effort of WB and UNDP (2017)- for climate finance by PPP

Climate Action Peer Exchange (CAPE)- for NDC target impl. support
Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition- Voluntary expand the use of effective carbon
pricing policies. Led by WB, IMF- Launched at COP 21, Paris

Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)-  World Bank (EU
etc. funded)-led global partnership mainstreaming natral resources in devp. Planning,
accounting. Launched at COP-10 Nagoya 2010

Program on Forests- (ProFor)- WB managed multi-donor partnership (EU etc.) to facilitate

forest contribution to poverty reduction, sustainable devp, environment services
protection. Initated in 1997
WRI (10) Access Initiative- citizens to have right to influence decisions on bio resoources
Aqueduct, an initiative to measure, map and understand water risks
Champions 12.3, a coalition of executives to accelerate progress toward SDG goal 12.3 to
tackle food loss and waste
Global Forest Watch, an online forest monitoring and alert system. Google and other (non-
govt) partners- UNEP, UNSAID, GEF etc.
Greenhouse gas protocol- standards, guidance, tools, training for managing GHG emissions
Landmark- map and information about land of indigenous people
Platform for accelerating circular economies (PACE)- Launched at WEF 2018 annual
meeting, WRI supporting scale-up PACE and action hub in Hague
Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance- PPP (google etc.)
WRI Ross Center helps cities grow more sustainably and seeks to improve quality of life in
developing countries
 World Resources Report, WRI's flagship report series

India is party to all the following conventions- (SD- sustainable development)

S.No. Name/Place Year Key idea(s)

United Nations 1972 UNEP was founded
Conference on the
Human
Environment
(UNCHE)
1. United Nations 1992 Resulted in 3 documents:
Conference on / Rio
Environment and 1. Rio Declaration: contained 27 principles to guide sustainable development
Development across the world
(UNCED) 2. Agenda 21: non-binding agreement on actions to guide sustainable
development from global to local levels; ‘21’ refers to 21 st century
(Rio Summit/ 3. Forest Principles
Earth Summit)
Also, resulted in 2 legally binding document: CBD, and UNFCCC

UNEP- FI – founded in context of earth summit at NY- inspire their

members to take Environmental, Social, and Governance issues into
their relationships and trade with their customers
World Summit on 2002 Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP): long-term survival of gorillas,
SD (WSSD), chimpanzees, bonobos and orangutans. Founded in 2001. Listed as
(Rio+10) Type II partnership in Johansberg Summit. Multiple partner
organizations

Integrated Water Resources Management  process that promotes the

coordinated development and sustainable use of water, land and related
 resources- Launched at WSSD, Johannsbeg 2002. Implemented by UN
water and UNEP-DHI Partnership

Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles: Established at World

Sustainable Summit Development 2002. Secretariat with UNEP
UN Conference on 2012 Green Economy for sustainable development and poverty reduction
SD (UNCSD) (Rio
+20) United Nations Environment Assembly was formed that meets bilenially
(world’s highest decision making body on environment)

UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (replaced

Commission on Sustainable development setup by Rio Summit)

Rio+20 declaration- Future We Want

Other organizations:
 Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) UNEP, ILO,
UNIDO, UNDP and UNITAR
 Global Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML)- Based on Manila
declaration and Honolulu strategy to prevent marine litter and
microplastics Also launched #CleanSea campaign. UNEP provides
secretariat
 One Planet Network- Implement 10 YFP (Year Framework of pgms)
on sustainable consumption, production, adopted at Rio 20+
Climate Summit 2014 Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agri Its inclusive, voluntary and action-
oriented multi-stakeholder platform on Climate-Smart Agriculture (FAO)

Newyork declaration on Forests- halve the rate of loss of natural forests by

2020 and strive to end natural forest loss by 2030. Complemnetary goal of
reforesting forest of size of India by 2030 reducing emissions 3X of India’s.
voluntary in nature. India hasn’t endorced it.

Global Mayors Compact-  228 cities to cut up to 13 gigatons of carbon

emissions by 2050, UN-Habitat, EU provides extra support

Global Energy Efficiency Accelerator Platform- SEforAll initiative supported by

UNEP; Launched at UN Secy Climate summit 2014
UN Sustainable 2015 Adoption of SDG 2030 by UN General Assembly
Development / NY
Summit
UNFCC 1992 COPs covered above
Climate neutral now- UN Climate Change in 2015, aiming at encouraging and
supporting all levels of society to take climate action to achieve a climate neutral
world by mid-century
Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action- Uniting for Climate
Action. Further, Faster, Now (focusing on Paris, SDG goals)
Momentum for Change (Global CC Action Award)-  recognizes innovative
and transformative solutions that address both climate change and wider
economic, social and environmental challenges
2. Convention on 1992 Covers all types and its conservation - ecosystems, species, and genetic
Biological resources-. Aims to ensure sustainable use, and fair and equitable sharing
Diversity (CBD) of benefits arising from commercial/ other utilization of genetic resources

Near universal membership-196, HQ at Montreal, Canada

22 May 1992- Adoption of act by Nairobi Act- Designated as International Day

of biodiversity

Cartagena(columbia) Protocol on Biosafety: supplementary to CBD

-Documentation on safe handling, transport and use of living modified Org
 (LMO)
-Advanced Informed Agreement(AIA) for risk assement info to importers
- Biosafety clearing house (BCH) for exchange of info on AIA and LMO-FFP

Nagoya-Kualalampur supplementary protocol: specifies response measures

in case of damage to biodiversity resulting from LMOs

Nagoya protocol: establishes legal framework for prior informed consent and
mutually agreed terms; fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from
utilization of genetic resources with the party providing such resources; also
covers traditional knowledge and rights of genetic resources

Rio+20 CBD conference in Nagoya

Aichi Biodiversity Targes @ CBD- 10, 2010, Aichi Japan

UN Decade of Biodiversity 2011-2020

Publsihes Global Biodiversity Outlook

Other Secretariat initiatives-

Midori Prize for Biodiversity,
Biodiversity champions (on achieving one or more Aichi Target, launched at
COP-11 Hyderabad),
LiveWeb Initiative- Financing help
UNCCD 1994 Sole legally binding convention on desertification (land degradation in dry
lands)

Great Green Wall- Initiative led by African Union. UNCCD launched FLEUVE to
support. It is funded by EU

Land Degradation Neutratility by 2030 (Volunary LDN target setting support,

LDN funds)

Publishes Global Land Outlook

Land for Life Programme- (Same old land destrification mitigation); provides
award also in the same name

Drought Initiative- preparedness, resiliene, reduce vulnureability

COP14 in India September 2019

3. Ramsar 1971 Only global treaty that deals with a specific ecosystem; parties committed to
Convention on wise use of national land-use planning. Non- UN system
Wetlands
(Waterfowl Ramsar List (Internationally recognized wetlands; national govt. commitment
convention) on its conservation);
Transboundary Ramsar sites (across multiple countries; cooperative
agreement but no distinct legal status)- zero in India
Set up Montreux Record, which is a register of wetland sites on the List of
Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character
have occurred/ are occurring/ likely to occur
Wetland City Accreditation scheme – Voluntary scheme that provide
opportunity for int. reconition for natural/man-made wetlands in city (India
has none)
4. CITES 1975 Only and legally binding treaty to ensure that international trade in plants
(Convention on and animals does not threaten their survival in the wild; has 3 appendixes
International Appx1 has highest protection,- no trade allowed (extinction threatened species)
Trade in Appx2- have regulated trade- no exintinction threatened yet.
Endangered Appx3- Species for which range countries have asked for control in trade
Species)
 (Washington Administered by UNEP, secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland
Convention)
MIKE (Elephant pgm- EU main funder), ICCWC- Joint initiative of CITES, WB,
Interpol, UNODC, World Customs Org.

TRAFFIC is an NGO run by IUCN and WWF and is the world’s largest wildlife
trade (fauna+Fauna) monitoring programme
 2020 goal- Reduce pressure by illegal trade on biodiversity, enhance benefits
from sustainable trade
5. Convention on 1983 Only convention on migratory bird. Covers terrestrial, aquatic, and avian
the Conservation migratory species. Convention has 2 appendices: 1st lists animals threated with
of Migratory extinction, and 2nd lists species that benefit or will benefit from international
Species (Bonn cooperation
Convention)
Work under aegis of UNEP

Raptor MoU- Conservation of Migratory birds of prey in Africa and Eurasia

COP 2020- In India

6. ITTO(P-334) 1986 UN body promoting conservation and sustainable use of tropical forest
resources, account for 80% of world’s tropical resources
UNFF 2000 Established under ECOSOC of UN with universal memebership of all UN
members for sustainable management of forest resources
6. Coalition against 2005 Unique voluntary public-private coalition of governments and organizations;
Wildlife aims at mobilizing opinion to properly implement wildlife laws, reduce
Trafficking consumer demand for wildlife etc.
(CAWT)
Basel Convention, 1992 Deals with control of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and
their disposal; aims to reduce generation of hazardous waste, and promote
ecologically sound management of any hazardous waste.

Administered by UNEP

Annex 1 substances of convention are considered for hazardous wastes.

7. Stockholm 2004 Deals with organic (carbon containing) pollutants that are not easily
Convention on degradable, accumulate in fatty tissues of organisms, and are toxic (such as
POPs DDT, hexachlorobenzene, endosulfan- Banned in 2011 by SC but still used!
etc.)

Administered by UNEP
9. Conference of 2004 Aims to create legally binding PIC norms for hazardous chemical
Plenipotentiaries substances and pesticides
(Rotterdam
Convention) Administered by UNEP+FAO

Annex 3 chemicals are the identified hazardous chemicals for PIC norms
SAICM Administered by UNEP

sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle

Int. Whaling Global inter govternmental convention charged with conservation of whales.
commission Restrict commercial whaling but allow R&D work. Recently Japan pulled out of
it.
11. Vienna 1985 Protection of ozone layer
convention
Montreal Protocol: deals with control of substances that deplete the ozone
layer. Legally binding, only treaty with universal signatory (197)

KIGALI Agreement- To phase out HFCs which were introduced as an

alternative to CFCs were but all very potent GHG. Though being a GHG its not
convered under Paris Agreement. Legally binding agreement for 85%
reduction in HFCs ( 2024-26 levels by 2047)
12. GIAHS- Globally Aims to recognize ‘remarkable land use systems and landscapes which are rich
 Important in globally significant biological diversity evolving from co-adaptation of
Agricultural community with environment for sustainable devlopment.
Heritage Systems
Work under FAO

3 GIAHS sites in India:

 Traditional Agricultural System, Koraput, Orissa
 Below Sea level Farming System, Kuttanad, Kerala
 Saffron farming, Kashmir
Minamata 2013 Global treaty to protect human health due to mercury and phase out its
Convention mining and usage, Adopted in japan. Effects important brain function

Chapter 29: Environment Issues and health Effects

1. Define Rem ®
2. Discuss the diseases/associated system due to pollutants- Iodine 131, Lead, Mercury,
Fluorine, nitrates, cadmium, coal dust ®
3. How does DDT harm birds and humans? ®
4. What are transfats? What are its pros and cons?
5. What chemicals are associated with Yokkaichi Asthma, sick building syndrome
6. What is emphysema?
7. Which state are associated with a) Amrita Devi Bishnoi b) Chipko movement c) Appiko
movement (associated forest)
8. What are bioassays. ®
9. Define—flagship/charismatic, keystone, indicator, foundation, umbrella species? ®

12 Bio NCERT questions

1. Who is Father of Ecology in India? (Ramdeo Mishra) (P-9)

2. Discuss the biome distribution wrt to precipitation and mean temp. (Repeat)!!!!!
3. Discuss the suitable latitudes for tuna fish (rarely beyond tropics)
4. What are eurythermal and stenothermal species? (P-23)
5. What are euryhaline and stenohaline species?
6. Beyond what depth, light generally doesn’t penetrate sea? What the source of energy? (P-23)
7. Out of red, green and brown algae that inhabit the sea, which is likely to be found in the
deepest waters? Why? (Link) (red, phycoerythrin)
8. What are conformers, regulators and partial regulators?
9. Can plants regulate their body temp. like humans? P-25
10. What is suspension as a response to abiotic factors? Who does it? P-26
11. What is aestivation? Which all type of animals do this?
12. What is diapause? Who does it?
13. Discuss the adaptation technique of kangaroo rat? Where is it found? P-26
14. Different means of water scarcity adaption by desert plants? <thick cuticle>
15. How does body acclimatize/adapt to higher altitudes? P-27
16. Do organisms reproducing by asexual means also considered population? Yes
17. Define population density in terms of natality, mortality, immigration, emigration? P-30
18. When resources are limited/unlimited which of exponential, logistical growth happens? P-31
19. What is Darwinian fitness? P-32
20. How many times does salamon fishes and bamboo reproduce in their lifetime. P-33
21. What is technique that Monarch butterfly adopt for saving tiself from predation? P-35
22. What is a phytophagous?
23. Why do cattles don’t feed on weed- Calotropis? P-35
24. What is Gauses exclusion principle- P-36 (Not always true, tackled by resource partitioning)
25. What are ectoparasites and endoparasites? Give example. P-37
26. Cuscuta does not have cloprophyll. How does it meet its food requirement? P-37
27. Give few examples of commensalism? Orchid (other epiphytes)(+)/Mango, Cattle
egret(+)/cow,Barnacles (+)/whales, Birds (+)/Army of ants, Clown fish (+)/sea anemone
28. Which orchid species use sexual deceit for bees (O phyr us)- coevolution, pseudocopulates
29. What ar endothermic and ectothermic animals? P-41
30. The female mosquito is not considered a parasite, although it needs our blood for reproduction. Why?
31. What is stratrification in ecosystem?
32. Mention three key microorganismic decomposers? (P-2, ch-14)
33. What is primary and secondary productivity?
34. Difference between gross & net primary productivity
35. Discuss the main reason for the low productivity of ocean? (less light, less minerals – account for only 30%
biomass even though it has 70% of area)
36. What are the 5 steps of decomposition? Desribe briefly. <catabolism>
37. Are lignin and chitin easy to decompose or difficult?
38. True or false. Most of the sunradiation reach earth surface can used for photosynthesis? P-46
<Mention specific numbers>
39. Which type of food chain is more prominent in aquatic & terrestrial system? GFC/DFC? P-47
40. Can a species occupy more than one trophic level in a food chain?
41. Difference between hydrarch and xerarch succession?
42. Discuss the succession in aquatic ecosystem starting from phytoplanktons? (Reed Swamp
happens before Marsh meadow) rest is easy to guess
43. What contains more carbon- oceans/atmosphere? Ratio?
44. Differentiate litter and detritus? (Biodegradability- latter is, former may/maynot)
45. What are ecosystem services? Arrange various services in decreasing order? P-56
46. What is vertebrate distribution (50%- fishes, 15%- Birds, Reptiles each, 10%- Amphibians,
Mammals each)
47. Species distribution (70% animals (70% animals are insects)
48. Global discovered biodiversity stands at 1.5 Mn, does that include prokaryotes? P-61
49. India has what % of global biodiversity? P-62
50. How does biodiversity vary with latitudes? Discuss 3 key reasons for this trend. (P-62)
51. What is species-area relationship demonstrated by Alexander von Humboldt? How does this
trend change with changing the scale to local level to continental? P-63
52. What are various benefits of higher species richness? P-64
53. What is sixth mass extinction about?
54. What is Evil Quartet about? Mention the sub-parts P-65
55. Which forest is called lungs of the planet? P-65
56. What is IUCN status of steller sea-cow and passenger pegion? P-65
57. Few invasive species (Carrot grass, Lantana, Water hyacinth ( Eicchornia), African catfish) ®
58. What % area of land do biodiversity hospots cover?
59. Mention some pollinators other than bees P-67
60. Discuss the key features of pollution control tech- electrostatic precipitation, scrubber? P-72
61. What are catalytic converters? What metals are used, impact of leaded petrol, reactions? P-73
62. Noise pollution in included under which pollution control act?
63. Bharat Stage VI is equivalent to which Euro stage standard? It is currently applicable in
which region? Which stage is being skipped? 4 compounds considered for norms? (Link)
64. Which water weed is known as “Terror of Bengal”
65. What are Eco-san toilets? P-79
66. What is the use of Polyblend? P-80
67. Arrange CFCs, CO2, CH4, N2O in decreasing order of contribution to global warming? P-82
68. What % of UV radiations do not reach earth due to stratosphere? P-2
69. What of the 3 types of UV rays that reach earth surface? (link) (A is smallest hence reach)
70. Discuss the diseases/ill-effects on SO2 on humans and plants P-2 ®
71. What pollutant causes the irritant red haze in environment? (P-2)
72. Discuss the ill-effects on NO2 (plants, children, fibres) P-2®
73. Ill effects of hydrocarbons on plants and humans P-3 ®
74. Does CO has any colour/ordour? What compound does it form with haemoglobin? P-3
75. Are CFCs or Ozone also GHGs? P-3
76. Below what ph do we call a rain to be acid rain P-5
77. What role do ammonium salts play in acid rain? P-5
78. What 4 cities are part of Taz Trapezium? Key implication? P-6 (FAMB)
79. What are viable particulates? P-6
80. What component of blood does lead interfere with? P-6
81. Discuss the composition, climatic conditions for classical and photochemical smog? Which of
these is oxidizing? P-6
82. What are different substances present in photochemical smog? P-7 (5)
83. Mention some names of plants that can help mitigate NO2. P-8 P2JQV ®
84. What does catalytic converter do? How can they help to prevent photochemical smog?
85. Mention some bacteria present in human faecal that cause gestroentritis? P-9 ® (SF)
86. Below what amount DO growth of fish gets inhibited? P-10
87. Define BOD? What is BOD of a clean water and a highly contaminated water? P-10
88. Where is Polychlorinated Biphenyls used? What is its harmful effect? P-10
89. Is fluorine in any concentration in water bad for human health
90. Are Aldrin, carbamates and Dieldrin biofertilizers?

Roman Saini Videos ®

 What is lotic/lentic ecosystem? (flowing/static)
 What are hydrocoles, mesocoles, xerocoles? (fish- too much water, med water, too less water)
 What is mor and mull ? (needs more decomposition/mull is fully decomposed humus)
 What is colluvial, alluvial, glacial, eolian soils? (gravity, water, snow, wind)
 Is PAR for photosynthesis and visible radiation fall in the same spectrum? (Yes)
 Albedo values- Fresh Asphalt (4%), Mercury(10%), Moon (12%), Earth (30%), Fresh Snow
(80-90%)
 Difference between primary production and productivity? (rate of production is _ity)
 What is 10% law of liendman? (10% transfer of energy to next trophic level)
 True or false. Pyradmid of biomass is inverted in case of acquatic ecosystem? Yes
 What is Allen rule (small ear, tail), Bergman rule (Area/Volume- cold area- larger
animal),jorden rule (fishes in cold water more vertebra, fin scales), Rensch rule (Cold region
animals- narrow wings) ®
 What is Batesian mimicry? (harmless species mimicking harmful species to avoid predators)
 What is Biotic potential (Maximum potential of growth of a species- it can never be achieved
fully due to resource constraints)
 What is biological hierarchy? (Dumb kids put cat on fiery gas stove) (Domain, Kingdom,
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) ®
 Use of sea otter(dog like marine mammal) for corals/kelp roots (keep population of sea
urchins in check, othws will destroy it)
 How do Beavers act as keystone species (Riparian dams)
 What is Selva soil in Tropical rainforest (leached soils with low nutrient content)
<Need to read through whole of it>

Others ®

1. What is composition of Biogas (Mainly CO2 and CH4 and small amount of N2, H2 etc.)
2. What are world’s hotspot of geothermal energy Link
3. Symbiotic relation b/w fern Azolla (safe environment) and cyanobacterium Anabaena (provides N2)
4. Highest per capita CO2 emitter in world? Qatar
5. Lead is the most hazardous metal pollutant of automobile exhaust
6. Jawai forests- conservation forest status- Rajasthan
7. Max ESA under EPA 1986- Maharashtra
8. Copper is max metal in mobile E-waste
9. Titan, the largest moon of Saturn and Pluto, shows the opposite phenomena which is called Anti-
Green House Effect.
10. Argon generates by decay of K-40
11. Mahesh rangrajan committee suggested formation of NECA (nothing on corridors or leg status of
elephant reserves)
12. Jathropa is native to central America
13. India’s first National Centre for Marine Bio-diversity in Jamnagar
14. No act in India to declare Biodiversity reserve in india
15. one of the largest wintering ground for the migratory waterfowl in India?- CHilka Lake
16. Ecological footprint unit- Global hectare
17. Global 200- [List of 200 Ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation]
18. Bengal Deshi- Hybrid variety of cotton
19. Ecology is Permanent Economy- Chipko movement
20. Climate Neutral Network in 2008 by UNEP
21. UK established India’s first carbon dioxide measurement exchange tower ?
22. Himalyana region in India has the largest number of endemic plant species
23. Forest ecological pyramid- # is broad in centre
24. Antarctic-Environmental / Madrid Protocol- bans all mining in Antarctica, designating the continent
as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science?
25. India first state/UT to related a climate action plan – Delhi
26. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, a biodiversity information and assessment arm of the United
Nations Environment Programme is located at Cambridge
27. China tops the clean energy investment
28. Synthetic Fuel main source- coal
29. Buddha Nalla pollutes Sutlej
30. Medini Puruskar- MoEFCC?
31. Seville strategy- Madrid Aciton Plan- for Bioshere reserves
32. Dodo flightless bird ot extinct from Mauritius in 17th century
33. Biodiversity International HQ- Rome
34. Butane has replaced halomethane in refrigators
35. National Green Corps- Teaching Youngsters on envir & eco-system
36. NBA located at Chennai
37. Tropical Forest Reasearch Institute at Jabalpur
38. Dhaincha” or Sesbania bispinosa- Green manure
39. Malathion- pesticide
40. A(2,4 D) – first used herbicide
41. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) is located at Vizag
42. Honduran Emerald is an endangered bird in Honduran (Central America
43. Endangered Cape Mountain Zebra is located at ?SA
44. National Space Center for “Megha-Tropiques Mission” to study the water cycle in the tropical
atmosphere in the context of climate change is located in France
45. Anna University- ICOZM - National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Zone Management

National Parks et al

(Link)

46. Oldest NP in India- Corbett 1938

47. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is called Topslip (Anamalai)- TN
48. Gandhi Sagar WLS- MP
49. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is the only Elephant Reserve of Karnataka
 50. India’s First National Marine Park ?- Kutcch Marine Park
51. Rani Jhansi Marine National Park is in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
52. Mahatama Gandhi Marine NP- A&N
53. Mouling National Park – Arunachal Pradesh
54. Fossil National Park – Madhya Pradesh
55. Biligiriranga Temple Wildlife Sanctuary- KN
56. [Nameri National Park , Assam]- last house of White winged Wood Duck
57. Largest NP in North East – Arunachal
58. Chilchila WLS- Haryana
59. Sairandhri Vanam- Silent Valley Np
60. Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary which is home to only ape in India, the hoolock gibbon- Assam
61. Bori WLS- MP (not to confuse with Borivali NP)
62. Pitti island which is a bird sanctuary and an habitat of oceanic birds- Lakshdweep
63. India’s largest wildlife sanctuary? Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary

MP has the higest tiger reserves

Tiger Gateway of India- Nagpur
Largest Tiger reserve (Nagarjuna Srisailam Sanctuary)- cross TS, AP, Amrabad in TS
Madumaili- TN., Bandipur- KN
Manas tiger reserve also a world heritage site (also only one that is elephant reserve, Bioreserve)
KN- highest tiger population, Corbett highest population
1. White Asiatic Tiger in WB, Buxa in WB
2. Gyan Bharthi Reserve- Gujarath
3. BRT- Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple (KN)
4. Kalakad (Agasthyamali hills), Annamali – TN
5. Sanjay Dubri- MP+CG
6. Achanakmar- CG
7. Balmiki in Bihar (Champaran)
8. Udanti, Indravati- CG