IPHP Reviewer Week 1 and 2
Social studies
the study of people n “An unexamined
relation to each other and life is not worth
to their world. living.”
An issue focused and
inquiry based - Socrates Purpose and
interdisciplinary subjects value in life.
that draw upon history,
geography, ecology,
economics, law, political The Philosophy of Religion
science and other social
science disciplines. A sub-branch of philosophy.
Primary purpose of social Concerned with questions
studies it is to help young regarding religion
people make informed and including:
reasoned decisions for Existence of God
public good. Theology
Religion of
PHILOSOPHY Language
Religion and
LOVE OF WISDOM Science
PHILIA – LOVE SOPHIA – WISDOM
The Meaning of Philosophy
1. Science
We can consider
Strong desire for A correct philosophy as
a particular application of science.
subject. knowledge. It has investigation
under philosophy.
OLDEST DISCIPLINE OF PHILOSOPHY
Investigation
1. Logic – the study of follows
argument and reasoning. systematic
2. Epistemology – oldest and the manner.
study of knowledge and what Organize body of
we can claim to know. knowledge just like
3. Metaphysics – the study of any other science.
what s real as opposed to o Natural Science
what is an illusion. –
4. Axiology – the study of experimentation
values as reflected in method.
human behavior and o Social science –
practices. case Study
Method
FOUR MAJOR BRANCHES OF 2. Natural Light of Reason
CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Not all the time are
necessary to be on
Metaphysics
laboratory to prove
Epistemology
one philosophy.
Logic
We rely in natural
Ethics – talks about right
capacity
and wrong.
Unaided reasoning.
o If u try to
The Art of Questioning understand
A philosopher once said person’s
philosophy, we
“Philosophy is a discipline use
where questions are more understanding.
important than answers, because 3. Study of All Things
answers themselves will Distinct from other
eventually become questions.” sciences.
- Karl Jaspers Specific object of
seek to understand–to investigation.
clarify and frame and
evaluate while answers, at
their best, are temporary
IPHP Reviewer Week 1 and 2
Not limited for
systematic
investigation.
4. First Cause or Highest Principle
Philosophy can be
derived from
different principles.
Principle of
Identity – seeking
for truth.
Principle of Non-
Contradiction – 1. Expanding Philosophical:
talks about Not all the time, the
possibility. western philosophy is
Principle of appropriate.
Excluded Middle – 2. Filipino thinking:
there is no central
Not that 100%
tendency, not
accurate.
talking about
We need to create or
degrees.
establish culture for
Principle of
our philosophy.
Sufficient –
purpose. We are making our
country from local to
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY global.
I. Having kagandahang loob
Metaphysics – a fundamental II. Filipino Philosophy of Time
and necessary drive in
resilience
every human being to know
what is real. gulong ng palad
(wheel of fortune)
Ethics – explores the nature
of moral virtue and positivity
evaluates human action. talking about ups and
Epistemology – deals with downs.
nature, sources, III. Bahala Na System
limitations, and validity living everything but
of knowledge. taking risks.
Logic – comes from the Greek you believe that
word “logike” and was there is supreme
coined by Zeno, The Stoic. being behind that
Aesthetic – the sciences of will guide you.
the beautiful in its IV. Other Filipino Thoughts and Values
various manifestation. bayanihan
filipino time
PHILOSOPHICAL crab mentality
REFLECTION being hospitable
Evaluating and knowing the Methods of Philosophizing
best choice from a set of doing investigation in a
options. philosophical manner.
In the process, one can demonstrate the value of
learn more about himself or philosophy.
herself.
Holistic POV Partial POV
4 Methods of Philosophizing
Complet Limited 1. Phenomenology
e Conclusion Phenomenon: from the
Total s are Greek word meaning
package limited
"appearance
Not One-sided
one- Phenomena: pangyayari,
sided at situation, event
IPHP Reviewer Week 1 and 2
careful inspection and health, employment
description of the
phenomena or appearances. Love And Belonging Needs
find the 'appearance' by third level
doing observation. it acceptance, intimacy
refers to any behavior that
being elucidate. Esteem Needs
it is not just fourth level
related to philosophy
recognition, respect,
but also be used in
redemption, prestige
research.
more applicable for Self-Actualization
qualitative research,
fifth level (top level)
as it is more branch
of social science. the main goal of
existence
2. Existentialism
3. Postmodernism
purpose of "existence"
people who wanna make
looking for an in-depth
a new world.
reason
not a philosophy, but a
emphasizes the existence of
movement, a cry of despair.
the individual person as a
free and responsible agent. Enlightenment Era,
19th century > Modern
realistic philosophers
Era (philosophy,
fall under the category
democracy, middle
of existentialism
fam, high-class fam)
Maslow of Hierarchy of needs Modernism –
establishment of
religion.
Post Modernism – they
are questioning the
existence of
religion, group of
people. paWOKE.
"Normalize
everything" "shit
posting" is an
example of post
modernism.
proposed by Abraham Maslow.
"Humanity should come at
believed that human
truth beyond the rational
behaviors driven and guided
to the nonrational elements
by a set of basic needs.
of human nature."
The Characteristic of This
Theory 4. Logical and Critical Thinking: Tools in
Reasoning
1) it is classified under construction of arguments.
existentialism.
2) a motivational theory
Inductive Reasoning
3) it is a humanistic
approach. specific cases to general
making reasoning from
Components of needs specific to general.
Physiological Needs based from observations in
order to make
first level (bottom
generalization
level)
applied in
water, food, clothes,
prediction,
sleep, and sex.
forecasting or
behavior.
Safety And Security
second level Deductive Reasoning
IPHP Reviewer Week 1 and 2
general to specific. and anchoring on
that draws conclusion from popularity.
broad judgment to more uses by the politician
specific assertion. common id advertisement,
commercials.
Fallacy
6. False Cause
an error (defect) in an
post hoc
argument.
wrong cause in a certain
we can use fallacy in
effect and not sufficiently
debate. some of it
similar in relevant ways
are allowed, but are
not. for example, if mali ang cause na tiningnan
its personal mo
"Correlation does not
to defect error, it is
create causation"
required to examine the
argument's content.
expected to be wrong. 7. Hasty Generalization
based on mistaken reasoning
Types Of Fallacy making generalization based
on what you experienced.
1. Appeal to Pity
argumentum as misericordia
8. Slippery Slope
kind of appeal to emotion
- domino fallacy
in which someone tries to
assuming, without
win support for an argument
appropriate evidence
or idea by exploiting his
or her opponent's guilt. a particular event is
just one, usually the
reverse psychology
first, in a series of
using emotion to win
steps that will lead
argument.
inevitably to a
specific.
2. Appeal to Ignorance
undesirable consequence.
argumentum ad ignorantian
Invalid
whatever has not been
proved false must be true,
9. Red Herring
and vice versa.
change topic
distort, redirect the
3. Against the person
topic.
argumentum ad hominem
attempting to hide the
attempts to link the
weakness of a position by
validity of a premise to a
drawing attention away from
characteristics or belief
the real issue to a side
of person advocating the
issue
premise.
personal attack
10. Strawman Fallacy
uses irony but it is
misrepresentation or
directly towards the
distorted
person.
attempting to refute
another person's argument,
4. Appeal to Force
you address only weak or
argumentum ad baculum
distorted version of it.
uses force, coercion and
threat
"You better do what I
say" Opinion vs. Truth
not just verbally,
but also physical.
5. Appeal to the People
argumentum ad populum
appeals or exploit people’s
vanities desire for esteem
