© Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 2014. All rights reserved.

This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently

exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–1. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Load (kN) Elongation (mm)
having an original diameter of 12.5 mm and gauge length of
50 mm. The data is listed in the table. Plot the 0 0
stress–strain diagram and determine approximately the 7.0 0.0125
modulus of elasticity, the yield stress, the ultimate stress, and 21.0 0.0375
36.0 0.0625
the rupture stress. Use a scale of 25 mm = 140 MPa and 50.0 0.0875
25 mm= 0.05 mm >mm. Redraw the elastic region, using the 53.0 0.125
same stress scale but a strain scale of 25 mm = 0.001 mm >mm. 53.0 0.2
54.0 0.5
1 75.0 1.0
A = p(12.5)2 = 122.65 mm2 90.0 2.5
4 97.0 7.0
L = 50 mm. 87.8 10.0
83.3 11.5
s(M Pa) e(mm> mm)
0 0
57.07 0.00025
171.21 0.00075
293.51 0.00125
407.66 0.00175
432.12 0.0025
432.12 0.0040
440.27 0.010
611.49 0.020
733.79 0.050
790.86 0.140
715.85 0.200
679.16 0.230
336
Eapprox = = 224(103) M Pa Ans.
0.0015

775
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8 –2. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

(ksi)
S(MPa) (in./in.)
eP (mm/mm)
given in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and
the first point. Plot the diagram, and determine the modulus 00 0 0
of elasticity and the modulus of resilience. 33.2
232.4 0.0006
0.0006
45.5
318.5 0.0010
0.0010
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram 49.4
345.8 0.0014
0.0014
51.5 0.0018
360.5 0.0018
53.4 0.0022
33.2 –-00
232.4 373.8 0.0022
=
E5 55.3 A 103)3 BMPa
5 =387.3(10 ksi = 387.3 GPa Ans.
0.0006 –-0 0
0.0006
Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the
420
linear portion of the stress–strain diagram (shown shaded).

1 N1 mmlb in. #
3 in lb
ut =  (232.4)a b a0.0006 
ut = 2(33.2) A 103 B ¢ 2b≤=¢0.0697
0.0006 N · ≤mm/mm
= 9.96 = 0.0697 MJ/m3 Ans. 350
2 mm2 mm in in. in3

280

232.4
210

140

70

e (mm/mm)

776
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–3. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

given in the table. The curve is linear between the origin S (ksi)
(MPa) (in./in.)
e P(mm/mm)
and the first point. Plot the diagram, and determine 00 0 0
approximately the modulus of toughness. The rupture stress 33.2
232.4 0.0006
0.0006
is sr = 53.4
373.8ksi.
MPa 45.5
318.5 0.0010
0.0010
49.4
345.8 0.0014
0.0014
51.5 0.0018
Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the 360.5 0.0018
53.4 0.0022
stress–strain diagram (shown shaded). 373.8 0.0022

11 N lb mm in.
(33.2) A 103 B 2¢b(0.0004
(ut)approx ==  (232.4)a ≤ (0.0004 + 0.0010) ¢b ≤
+ 0.0010)a
22 mm in2 mm in. s (MPa)
420
N lb mmin.
45.5 A 103 B ¢2 b(0.0012)a
+ 318.5 a
+ ≤ (0.0012) ¢ b ≤ 373.8
mm in2 mmin.
350

11 N lb mm in. 318.5
+ (7.90) A 103 B2¢b(0.0012)a
+  (55.3)a ≤ (0.0012) ¢b ≤
22 mm in2 mm in. 280

232.4
11 N lb mm in.
(12.3) A 103 B2¢b(0.0004)a
+  (86.1)a
+ ≤ (0.0004) ¢b ≤ 210
22 mm in2 mm in.

N #·lb
= 0.595in mm/mm3 140
= 85.0 3
Ans.
in
= 0.595 MJ/m3
70

e (mm/mm)

777
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*8 –4. A tension test was performed on a specimen having Load (kN) Elongation (mm)
an original diameter of 12.5 mm and a gauge length of
50 mm. The data are listed in the table. Plot the stress–strain 0 0
diagram, and determine approximately the modulus of 11.1 0.0175
elasticity, the ultimate stress, and the fracture stress. Use a 31.9 0.0600
37.8 0.1020
scale of 20 mm = 50 MPa and 20 mm = 0.05 mm>mm. 40.9 0.1650
Redraw the linear-elastic region, using the same stress scale 43.6 0.2490
but a strain scale of 20 mm = 0.001 mm>mm. 53.4 1.0160
62.3 3.0480
64.5 6.3500
Stress and Strain:
62.3 8.8900
58.8 11.9380
P dL
s = (MPa) e = (mm/mm)
A L
0 0

90.45 0.00035

259.9 0.00120

308.0 0.00204

333.3 0.00330
355.3 0.00498

435.1 0.02032

507.7 0.06096

525.6 0.12700

507.7 0.17780

479.1 0.23876

Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram

228.75(106) - 0
(E)approx = = 229 GPa Ans.
0.001 - 0

Ultimate and Fracture Stress: From the stress–strain diagram

(sm)approx = 528 MPa Ans.

(sf)approx = 479 MPa Ans.

778
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8 –5. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen

Load (kN) Elongation (mm)
having an original diameter of 12.5 mm and gauge length
of 50 mm. Using the data listed in the table, plot the 0 0
stress–strain diagram, and determine approximately the 11.1 0.0175
modulus of toughness. Use a scale of 20 mm = 50 MPa and 31.9 0.0600
37.8 0.1020
20 mm = 0.05 mm>mm.
40.9 0.1650
43.6 0.2490
Stress and Strain: 53.4 1.0160
62.3 3.0480
P dL 64.5 6.3500
s = (MPa) e = (mm/mm) 62.3 8.8900
A L 58.8 11.9380
0 0

90.45 0.00035

259.9 0.00120

308.0 0.00204

333.3 0.00330

355.3 0.00498

435.1 0.02032

507.7 0.06096

525.6 0.12700

507.7 0.17780

479.1 0.23876

Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the

total area under the stress–strain diagram and can be
approximated by counting the number of squares. The total
number of squares is 187.

N m
(ut)approx = 187(25) A 106 B ¢ 2≤
a 0.025 b = 117 MJ>m3 Ans.
m m

779
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–6.  A specimen
83–6. specimen isisoriginally
originally3001 ftmm
long, hashas
long, a diameter
a diameterof
0.5 12
of in.,mm,
and isandsubjected to a force
is subjected to aofforce
500 lb.
ofWhen
2.5 kN.theWhen
force
is increased
the from 500 lb
force is increased to 1800
from lb, the
2.5 kN to 9specimen
kN,, the elongates
specimen
0.009 in. 0.225
elongates Determine the modulus
mm. Determine of elasticity
the modulus for the
of elasticity for
material
the if it if
material remains linear
it remains elastic.
linear elastic.

P dL
Normal Stress and Strain: Applying s = and e = .
A L

0.5003)
2.5(10
=
s1 5 pp = 2.546 ksi
2 5 22.10 MPa
(12)2)
44(0.5

1.80
9(10 3
)
= pp
s2 5 5=79.58
9.167MPa
ksi
22)
(0.5
44(12 )

0.009
¢e = 0.225 5
∆e 5 = 0.000750
0.000750 mm/mm
in.>in.
12
300

Modulus of Elasticity:

¢s 9.167 –-22.10
79.58 2.546
E = = 8.83 A 1033) BMPa
5=76.64(10 ksi = 76.64 GPa Ans.
¢e 0.000750
0.000750

780
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8 –7. A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a

zirconium alloy. If anan axial
axial load
load ofof20 kN is to be supported
4 kip
by the member, determine its required cross-sectional area.
Use a factor of safety of 3 relative to yielding. What is the
load on the
the member
member ifif itit is
is 13 m
ft long and its elongation is
0.5 Ezrzr =
in.? E
0.02mm? = 14(103
) ksi,sYsY= =400
100 GPa, 57.5 ksi.The
MPa. The material
material has
elastic behavior.

Allowable Normal Stress:

sy
F.S. =
sallow

57.5
400
3 =
sallow

sallow = 19.17
133.33ksi
MPa

P
sallow =
A

4 3
20(10 )
=
19.17 5
133.33
AA

A == 150
0.2087
mmin2 2
= 0.209 in2 Ans.

Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with

d 0.02
0.5
e = = == 0.0005 mm/mm
0.000555 in.>in.
L 3
3 (12)
1(10 )

s == Ee 14 A 10
Ee==100(10 33
B (0.000555)
)(0.0005) = 7.778 ksi
= 50 MPa

P
Normal Force: Applying equation s = .
A

P ==sA
P sA= =50(150) = 7500 N== 1.62
7.778 (0.2087) kip
7.5 kN Ans.

781
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*8–8. The strut is supported by a pin at C and an A-36

AB. If the
steel guy wire AB. the wire
wire has
has aa diameter
diameter of
of 0.2
5 mm,
in.,
determine how much it stretches when the distributed load A
acts on the strut.

60�
60
200 lb/ft
3.4 kN/m

B
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire AB. C
9 ftm
2.7
11
a + ©MC = 0; FAB
AB cos 60°(9) -–  (3.4)(2.7)(0.9)
cos 60°(2.7) (200)(9)(3) = 0= 0  F AB ==3.06
FAB 600kN
lb
22
The normal stress the wire is

FAB 600 3)
3.06(10
sAB = = p p 22 ==19.10(103
) psi = 19.10 ksi
155.84 MPa
AAB 4 (0.2
4 (5 )
)

Since sAB 6 sy = 36
250ksi
MPa, Hooke’s
, Hooke’s Lawcan
Law canbe
beapplied
applied to determine
determine the
thestrain
strain
in wire.

sAB = EPAB; = 29.0(10

155.84 =
19.10 200(1033)e
)PAB
AB

PeAB = 0.7792(10–3
- 3) mm/mm
AB = 0.6586(10 ) in>in

9(12)3)
2.7(10
The unstretched length of the wire is LAB = == 124.71 inThus,
3117.69. . Thus,
thethe wire
wire
sin
sin 60°
60°
stretches

-3
dAB = PAB LAB = 0.6586(10
0.7792(10–3 )(3117.69)
)(124.71)

= 0.0821
2.429 mm
in. Ans.

1
 (3.4)(2.7) kN
2

0.9 m 1.8 m

782
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8–9. The s-P diagram for elastic fibers that make up s (MPa)
human skin and muscle is shown. Determine the modulus of
elasticity of the fibers and estimate their modulus of 0.385
toughness and modulus of resilience.

0.077
P (mm/mm)
1 2 2.25

0.077
E = = 0.0385 MPa Ans.
2
1 1
ut = (2)(0.077) + (0.385 + 0.77)(2.25 - 2) = 0.13475 MPa Ans.
2 2
1
ur = (0.077)(11) = 0.077 MPa Ans.
2

783
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8–10 The
3–10. The stress-strain
stress–strain diagram
diagram forfor aa metal alloy having
metal alloy having an
an
original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gauge length of 2 in. is givenis
original diameter of 12 mm and a gauge length of 50 mm
given
in theinfigure.
the figure. Determine
Determine approximately
approximately the the modulus
modulus of
of elasticity for the material, the load on the specimen that
elasticity for the material, the load on the specimen that causes
causes yielding,
yielding, and theload
and the ultimate ultimate load the
the specimen willspecimen
support. will
support.
From the stress–strain diagram, Fig. a,

E 290 MPa- –00

60 ksi
== ; ;    EE== 30.0(10
290 GPa3
) ksi Ans.
1 0.001 -
0.002 – 00

sy ==290
60 ksi su/t==100
MPa  su>t 550ksi
GPa

Thus,

604C(12 )] )=D 32.80(10

p 2 2 p
PYY ==ss
YA
YA==
290[ 4 (0.5 = 11.783kip
) N == 32.80 kN
11.8 kip Ans.

u>t ==ss
Pu/t AA
u/tu>t = 100
= 500[ C p4 2(0.5
p
4 (12 ) D = 19.63
)] =262.20(10 3
)N = 19.6kN
= 62.20
kip kip Ans.

 (MPa)

500
A
400

300
y = 290

200
E
100
1
B
0  (mm/m)
0 0.05/ 0.08/ 0.15/ 0.20/ 0.25/ 0.30/ 0.35/
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Elastic Recovery
p
(a)

784
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8 –11. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an s (ksi)

original diameter of 12 0.5mm and aa gauge
in. and gauge length of 50 mm
2 in. is
105
is given
given in inthe
thefigure.
figure.If Ifthe
thespecimen
specimenisisloaded
loaded until
until itit is
stressed to
to 500 MPa,determine
90 ksi, determinethe theapproximate
approximate amount
amount of 90
elastic recovery and the increase in the gauge length after it 75
is unloaded.
60
45
30
15
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

From the stress–strain diagram Fig. a, the modulus of elasticity for the steel alloy is

E 290 MPa- –00

60 ksi
== ;    EE =
= 290 GPa3) ksi
30.0(10
1 0.001 -
0.002 – 00

when the specimen is unloaded, its normal strain recovered along line AB, Fig. a,
which has a gradient of E. Thus

50090 500 90
MPaksi
Elastic Recovery
Elastic Recovery = = = = 0.003 in>in
= 0.001724 mm/mm Ans.
E E 3
30.0(10 3
) ksi
290(10 ) MPa

Amount ofset
Thus, the permanent Elastic
is Recovery = 0.001724(50 mm) = 0.0862 mm Ans.

PP = 0.05 -
Thus, the permanent set0.003
is = 0.047 in>in

eP = 0.08
Then, the increase in gauge length is – 0.001724 = 0.078276 mm/mm

Then, the ¢L = PPL

increase = 0.047(2)
in gauge length= is0.094 in Ans.

∆L = ePL = 0.078276(50 mm) = 3.91379 mm Ans.

 (MPa)

500
A
400

300

200
E
100
1
B
0  (mm/mm)
0 0.05/ 0.08/ 0.15/ 0.20/ 0.25/ 0.30/ 0.35/
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Elastic Recovery
p
(a)

785
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*8–12. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an

original diameter
diameter ofof 12
0.5mm
in. and
and aagauge
gaugelength
lengthofof502mm
in.
is given in the figure. Determine approximately the modulus
of resilience and the modulus of toughness for the material.

The Modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the stress–strain diagram up to
the proportional limit.

sPL == 290 MPa  PPL

60 ksi ePL= =0.002
0.001in>in.
mm/mm

Thus,

1 1 in # lb
(ui)r = C 60(103) D (0.002)
sPLPPL = [(290)](0.001) = 60.0
= 0.145 MPa 3 Ans.
2 2 in

The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the entire stress–strain
diagram. This area can be approximated by counting the number of squares. The
total number is 33.
38. Thus.
Thus,

lb in mm in # lb
C (ui)t D approx[(u
= i)38 c 15(10
t]approx
3
) 2 d MPa]a0.04
= 33[100 b = 132
a 0.05 b = 28.5(103
) MPa3 Ans.
in in mm in

s (ksi)  (MPa)

105 500
90 A
400
75
60 300
PL = 290
45
200
30
E
15 100
1
B
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.050 00.100.05/ 0.30 0.350.30/ 0.35/  (mm/m)
0.20 0.250.20/
0.150.08/
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.0040.15/
0.005 0.0060.25/
0.007
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
(a)

786
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8–13. A bar having a length of 125 mm and cross-sectional

area of 437.5 mm 2 is subjected to an axial force of 40 kN. If the 40 kN 40 kN
bar stretches 0.05 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity 125 mm
of the material. The material has linear-elastic behavior.

Normal Stress and Strain:

P 40(103)
s = = 5 95.81 MPa
A 437.5

dL 0.05
P = 0.000400 mm/mm
L 125

Modulus of Elasticity:
s 95.81
E = = 5 239.525 (103) MPa = 239.5 GPa Ans.
P 0.000400

787
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8 –14. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

A-36 steel guy wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of B
60.25
mm,in.,determine
determinehow howmuch
muchitit stretches
stretches when
when aa load
load of
P ==3600kN acts onon
lb acts thethe
pipe.
pipe.

4 ftm
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring 1.2 P
P
to the FBD in Fig. a

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (0.9)

(3) -–600(6)
3(1.8) == 0  
0 FFBD= =
BD 7.51500
kN lb A D
C
The normal stress developed in the wire is
3 ftm
0.9 3 ftm
0.9
FBD 15003)
7.5(10
sBD = = p p 2 2 5=265.3 MPa3) psi = 30.56 ksi
30.56(10
ABD (6 ) )
4 4(0.25

Since sBD 6 sy = 36
250ksi , Hooke’s
MPa, Law
Hooke’s cancan
Law bebe
applied totodetermine
applied determinethe
thestrain
straininin
the wire.

sBD = EPBD; 265.3 =

30.56 29.0(103)e
= 200(10 3
)PAB
BD

- 3–3
PBD
eBD= =1.054(10
1.3265(10 ) )in.>in.
mm/mm

0.922 ++ 14.222==5ft
The unstretched length of the wire is LBD = 23 1.5=m.60
Thus, the the
in. Thus,
wire stretches

1.054(10 -–3
dBD = PBD LBD = 1.3265(10 3
)(1.5)(103)
)(60)

= 1.98975
0.0632 inmm Ans.

3 kN

0.9 m 0.9 m

788
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8 –15. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

BD. If
A-36 guy wire BD. If the
the wire
wire has
hasaadiameter
diameterofof0.25
6 mm,
in., B
load PP ifif the
determine the load end CCisisdisplaced
the end displaced1.875
0.075mmin.
downward.

4 ftm
1.2 P
P

A D
C

3 ftm
0.9 3 ftm
0.9

Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (0.9)

(3) -–P(6)
P(1.8)= =0 0 FBD = 2.50 P

The unstretched length for wire BD is LBD = 23 0.922 ++ 14.222==51.5 = 60

ft m. in. From
From the the
geometry shown in Fig. b, the stretched length of wire BD is

15002 2++ 0.075

LBD¿ = 260 1.87522 -− 22(60)(0.075)
(1500)(1.875)cos 143.13°==60.060017
cos143.13° 1501.500 mm

Thus, the normal strain is

LBD¿ - LBD 1501.500 – -

60.060017 1500
60
PBD = = 1.0003(10–3- )3)mm/mm
= 1.0000(10
5 in.>in.
LBD 1500
60

Then, the normal stress can be obtain by applying Hooke’s Law.

29(103)3C)[1.0000(10
sBD = EPBD = 200(10 1.0003(10 -–3
3
))]D =
= 200 MPa
29.01 ksi

Since sBD 6 sy = 250 MPa,

36 ksi , thethe result
result is valid.
is valid.

FBD 2.50P 2.50 P

sBD = ; 200 5 p 3) 2 = p
29.01(10
ABD 2
4 (6 ) 4 (0.25 )

P ==2261.9
569.57Nlb= =2.26
570kN
lb Ans.

LBD = 1.5 m

0.9 m 0.9 m

1.875 mm

789
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*8–16. The wire has a diameter of 5 mm and is made from

A-36 steel. If a 80-kg man is sitting on seat C, determine the E
W
elongation of wire DE.
600 mm

D
A B C

800 mm 600 mm

Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in wire DE can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the free-
body diagram shown in Fig. a,

FDE a b(0.8) - 80(9.81)(1.4) = 0

3
a + ©MA = 0;
5
FDE = 2289 N

Normal Stress and Strain:

FDE 2289
sDE = = = 116.58 MPa
ADE p
(0.0052)
4

Since sDE < sY , Hooke’s Law can be applied

sDE = EPDE

116.58(106) = 200(109)PDE

PDE = 0.5829(10-3) mm>mm

The unstretched length of wire DE is LDE = 26002 + 8002 = 1000 mm. Thus, the
elongation of this wire is given by

dDE = PDELDE = 0.5829(10-3)(1000) = 0.583 mm Ans.

790
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8–17. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy (MPa)

specimen having a diameter 12 mm and gauge length 50 mm.
The resulting stress–strain diagram is shown in the figure. 280
Determine the approximate modulus of elasticity and the
245
yield strength of the alloy using the 0.2% strain offset
method. 210
175
140
105
70
35

0 (mm/mm)
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, when P = 0.002 mm>mm, its
corresponding stress is s = 91 MPa. Thus,

91 - 0
Eapprox = = 45.5 (103) M Pa Ans.
0.002 - 0

Yield Strength: The intersection point between the stress–strain diagram and the
straight line drawn parallel to the initial straight portion of the stress–strain diagram
from the offset strain of P = 0.002 mmmm> mm i s the yield strength of the alloy. From the
stress–strain diagram,

sYS = 181.3 M Pa~~ Ans.

791
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–18. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy (MPa)

specimen having a diameter 12 mm and gauge length of 50 mm.
The resulting stress–strain diagram is shown in the figure. If 280
the specimen is stressed to 210 MPa and unloaded, determine
245
the permanent elongation of the specimen.
210
175
140
105
70
35

0 (mm/mm)
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

Permanent Elongation: From the stress–strain diagram, the strain recovered is

along the straight line BC which is parallel to the straight line OA. Since
91 - 0
Eapprox = = 45.5(103) M Pa, then the permanent set for the specimen is
0.002 - 0
210(103)
PP = 0.0078 - = 0.00318 mm> mm.
45.5(106)

Thus,

dP = PPL = 0.00318(50) = 0.159 mm. Ans.

792
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–19. The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown, and P

can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s ⫹
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the yield s
strength assuming a 0.3% offset.

P ⫽ 0.45(10⫺6)s + 0.36(10⫺12)s3

P P

P = 0.45(10-6)s + 0.36(10-12)s3,

dP = A 0.45(10-6) + 1.08(10-12) s2 B ds
ds 1
E = 2 = = 2.22(106) kPa = 2.22 GPa
dP 0.45(10 - 6)
s=0

The equation for the recovery line is s = 2.22(106)(P - 0.003).

This line intersects the stress–strain curve at sYS = 2027 kPa = 2.03 MPa Ans.

793
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*8–20. The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown P

and can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s ⫹
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the modulus of s
toughness and the amount of elongation of a 200-mm-long region
just before it fractures if failure occurs at P = 0.12 mm>mm.

P ⫽ 0.45(10⫺6)s + 0.36(10⫺12)s3

P P

When P = 0.12

120(10-3) = 0.45 s + 0.36(10-6)s3

Solving for the real root:

s = 6873.52 kPa
6873.52
ut = dA = (0.12 - P)ds
LA L0
6873.52
ut = (0.12 - 0.45(10-6)s - 0.36(10-12)s3)ds
L0
6873.52
= 0.12 s - 0.225(10-6)s2 - 0.09(10-12)s4|0

= 613 kJ>m3 Ans.

d = PL = 0.12(200) = 24 mm Ans.

794
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–21. The two bars are made of polystyrene, which has the P
stress–strain diagram shown. If the cross-sectional area of 1.2 m
bar AB is 975 mm2 and BC is 2600 mm2, determine the largest C
force P that can be supported before any member ruptures. B
Assume that buckling does not occur.
1m

(MPa)

175
1 140
+ c gFy = 0; FAB - P = 0; FAB = 1.56 P (1)
1.56 105
compression
+ 1.2
; ©Fx = 0; FBC - (1.56P) = 0; FBC = 1.2 P (2) 70
1.56
35 tension
Assuming failure of bar BC:
0 (mm/mm)
From the stress–strain diagram (sR)t = 35 M Pa 0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

FBC FBC
s = ; 35 = ; FBC = 91 kN
ABC 2600

From Eq. (2), P = 75.83 kN

Assuming failure of bar AB:

From stress–strain diagram (sR)c = 175 M Pa

FAB FAB
s = ; 175 = ; FAB = 170.625 kN
AAB 975

From Eq. (1), P ⫽ 109 .37 5 kN

Choose the smallest value

P = 75.83 kN Ans.

795
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–22. The two bars are made of polystyrene, which has the P
stress–strain diagram shown. Determine the cross-sectional 1.2 m
area of each bar so that the bars rupture simultaneously C
when the load P = 13.5 kN. Assume that buckling does B
not occur.
1m

(MPa)

175

FBA a b - 13.5 = 0;
1
+ c ©Fy = 0; FBA = 21.06 kN 140
1.56
105
compression
.06 a b = 0; FBC = 16.2 kN
+ 1.2
: ©Fx = 0; -FBC + 21.06 70
1.56
35 tension
For member BC:
0 (mm/mm)
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
FBC 16.2 kN
(smax)t = ; ABC = = 462.85 mm2 Ans.
ABC 35 MPa

For member BA:

FBA 21.06 kN
(smax)c = ; ABA = = 120.34 mm2 Ans.
ABA 175 M Pa

796
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*8 –23. The stress–strain diagram for many metal alloys ss(MPa)

(ksi)
can be described analytically using the Ramberg-Osgood
three parameter equation P = s>E + ksn, where E, k, and 560
80
n are determined from measurements taken from the
diagram. Using the stress–strain diagram shown in the 420
60
E == 30110
figure, take E 3
2 ksiand
210 GPa and determine
determine the
the other two
parameters k and n and thereby obtain an analytical 280
40
expression for the curve.
140
20

P (10–6
–6)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Choose,

s == 280 MPa, e e= =0.1

40 ksi, 0.1

s == 420 MPa, e e= =0.3

60 ksi, 0.3

40
280 nn
0.1==
0.1 33
k(280)
++ k(40)
30(10
210(10))

60
420 nn
0.3==
0.3 33
k(420)
++ k(60)
30(10
210(10))

k(40)nn
0.098667 == k(280)
0.098667

k(60)nn
0.29800 == k(420)
0.29800

0.3310962 = (0.6667)n

ln (0.3310962) = n ln (0.6667)

n = 2.73 Ans.

k = 4.23(10-6) Ans.

797
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–24. The wires AB and BC have original lengths of 0.6 m

and 0.9 m, and diameters of 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively. If C
these wires are made of a material that has the approximate
stress–strain diagram shown, determine the elongations of
the wires after the 6750-N load is placed on the platform.

Equations of Equilibrium: The forces developed in wires AB and BC can be A

determined by analyzing the equilibrium of joint B, Fig. a, 0.9 m

+
: ©Fx = 0; FBC sin 30° - FAB sin 45° = 0 (1) 45⬚ 30⬚
0.6 m

+ c ©Fy = 0; FBC cos 30° + FAB cos 45° = 6750 (2) B

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),

FAB = 3494.07 N FBC = 4941.36 N

Normal Stress and Strain:

FAB 3494.07
sAB = = = 494.56 MPa
AAB p
(3)2
4
s (MPa)

FBC 4941.36
sBC = = = 251.78 MPa 560
ABC p 2
(5)
4 406

The corresponding normal strain can be determined from the stress–strain diagram,
Fig. b.

PBC = 0.00124 mm0> mm.

251.78 406
= ; P (mm/mm)
PBC 0.002 0.002 0.01

PAB = 0.0066 mm> mm.

494 .56 - 406 560 - 406
= ;
PAB - 0.002 0.01 - 0.002

Thus, the elongations of wires AB and BC are

dAB = PABLAB = 0.0066(600) = 3.96 Ans.

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.00124(900) = 0.1116 Ans.

798
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–25. The acrylic plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15 mm in

diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is applied to it, determine 300 N 300 N
the change in its length and the change in its diameter.
200 mm
Ep = 2.70 GPa, np = 0.4.

P 300
s = = p 2
= 1.678 MPa
A 4 (0.015)

s 1.678(106)
Plong = = = 0.0006288
E 2.70(109)

d = Plong L = 0.0006288 (200) = 0.126 mm Ans.

Plat = -nPlong = -0.4(0.0006288) = -0.0002515

¢d = Platd = -0.0002515 (15) = -0.00377 mm Ans.

799
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–26. The thin-walled tube is subjected to an axial force of

40 kN. If the tube elongates 3 mm and its circumference
decreases 0.09 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity, 40 kN
900 mm
Poisson’s ratio, and the shear modulus of the tube’s
material. The material behaves elastically.

10 mm

40 kN
12.5 mm

Normal Stress and Strain:

P 40(103)
s = = = 226.35 MPa
A p(0.01252 - 0.012)

d 3
Pa = = = 3.3333 (10-3) mm>mm
L 900
Applying Hooke’s law,

s = EPa; 226.35(106) = E [3.3333(10-3)]

E = 67.91(106) Pa = 67.9 GPa Ans.

Poisson’s Ratio: The circumference of the loaded tube is 2p(12.5) - 0.09 =

78.4498 mm. Thus, the outer radius of the tube is

78.4498
r = = 12.4857 mm
2p

The lateral strain is

r - r0 12.4857 - 12.5
Plat = = = -1.1459(10-3) mm>mm
r0 12.5

= -c d = 0.3438 = 0.344
Plat -1.1459(10-3)
n = - Ans.
Pa 3.3333(10-3)

E 67.91(109)
G = = = 25.27(109) Pa = 25.3 GPa Ans.
2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.3438)

800
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8–27. When the two forces are placed on the beam, the C
diameter of the A-36 steel rod BC decreases from 40 mm to P P
39.99 mm. Determine the magnitude of each force P.
1m 1m 1m 1m

A B

0.75 m

Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in rod BC can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the
free-body diagram of the beam shown in Fig. a.

FBC a b (3) - P(2) - P(1) = 0

4
a + ©MA = 0; FBC = 1.25P
5
Normal Stress and Strain: The lateral strain of rod BC is

d - d0 39.99 - 40
Plat = = = -0.25(10 - 3) mm>mm
d0 40

Plat = -nPa; -0.25(10-3) = -(0.32)Pa

Pa = 0.78125(10-3) mm>mm

Assuming that Hooke’s Law applies,

sBC = EPa; sBC = 200(109)(0.78125)(10-3) = 156.25 MPa

Since s 6 sY, the assumption is correct.

FBC 1.25P
sBC = ; 156.25(106) =
A 0.042 B
ABC p
4

P = 157.08(103)N = 157 kN Ans.

801
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*8–28. If P = 150 kN, determine the elastic elongation of C

rod BC and the decrease in its diameter. Rod BC is made of P P
A-36 steel and has a diameter of 40 mm.
1m 1m 1m 1m

A B

0.75 m

Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in rod BC can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the free-
body diagram of the beam shown in Fig. a.

FBC a b(3) - 150(2) - 150(1) = 0

4
a + ©MA = 0; FBC = 187.5 kN
5

Normal Stress and Strain: The lateral strain of rod BC is

FBC 187.5(103)
sBC = = = 149.21 MPa
A 0.042 B
ABC p
4

Since s 6 sY, Hooke’s Law can be applied. Thus,

sBC = EPBC; 149.21(106) = 200(109)PBC

PBC = 0.7460(10-3) mm>mm

The unstretched length of rod BC is LBC = 27502 + 10002 = 1250 mm. Thus the
elongation of this rod is given by

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.7460(10-3)(1250) = 0.933 mm Ans.

We obtain,
Plat = -nPa ; Plat = -(0.32)(0.7460)(10-3)

= -0.2387(10-3) mm>mm

Thus,
dd = Plat dBC = -0.2387(10-3)(40) = -9.55(10-3) mm Ans.

802
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–29. The friction pad A is used to support the member,

which is subjected to an axial force of P = 2 kN. The pad is
made from a material having a modulus of elasticity of P
E = 4 MPa and Poisson’s ratio n = 0.4. If slipping does not
occur, determine the normal and shear strains in the pad.
The width is 50 mm. Assume that the material is linearly 60⬚
elastic. Also, neglect the effect of the moment acting on
the pad.

A 25 mm

100 mm

Internal Loading: The normal force and shear force acting on the friction pad can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the pin shown in Fig. a.
+
: ©Fx = 0; V - 2 cos 60° = 0 V = 1 kN

+ c ©Fy = 0; N - 2 sin 60° = 0 N = 1.732 kN

Normal and Shear Stress:

V 1(103)
t = = = 200 kPa
A 0.1(0.05)

N 1.732(103)
s = = = 346.41 kPa
A 0.1(0.05)
Normal and Shear Strain: The shear modulus of the friction pad is

E 4
G = = = 1.429 MPa
2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.4)

Applying Hooke’s Law,

s = EP; 346.41(103) = 4(106)P P = 0.08660 mm>mm Ans.

t = Gg; 200(103) = 1.429(106)g g = 0.140 rad Ans.

803
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8–30. The lap joint is connected together using a 30 mm P

diameter bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a 2
P
shear stress–strain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the shear strain developed in the shear plane of
P
the bolt when P = 340 kN. 2
t (MPa)

525

350

Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be g (rad)
0.005 0.05
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
+
: ©Fx = 0; 340 - 2V = 0 V = 170 kN

Shear Stress and Strain:

V 170
t = = = 240.62 MPa
A 302 B
A p
4

Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear
stress–strain diagram, Fig. b.

240.62 350
= ; g = 3.43(10-3) rad Ans.
g 0.005

804
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–31. The lap joint is connected together using a 30 mm P

diameter bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a 2
P
shear stress–strain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the permanent shear strain in the shear plane of
P
the bolt when the applied force P = 680 kN is removed. 2
t (MPa)

525

350
Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
+
: ©Fx = 0; 680 - 2V = 0 V = 340 N
g (rad)
0.005 0.05
Shear Stress and Strain:

V 340
t = = = 481.24 MPa
A 30 2 B
A p
4

Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear
stress–strain diagram, Fig. b.

481.24 - 350 525 - 350

= ; g = 0.0387 rad
g - 0.005 0.05 - 0.005

When force P is removed, the shear strain recovers linearly along line BC, Fig. b,
with a slope that is the same as line OA. This slope represents the shear modulus.

350
G = = 70(103) MPa
0.005

Thus, the elastic recovery of shear strain is

t = Ggr; 481.24 = (70)(103)gr gr = 6.874(10-3) rad

And the permanent shear strain is

gP = g - gr = 0.0387 - 6.874(10 -3) = 0.031826 rad Ans.

805
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*8–32. A shear spring is made by bonding the rubber P

annulus to a rigid fixed ring and a plug. When an axial load
P is placed on the plug, show that the slope at point y in
the rubber is dy>dr = -tan g = -tan1P>12phGr22. For small
angles we can write dy>dr = -P>12phGr2. Integrate this h
expression and evaluate the constant of integration using
the condition that y = 0 at r = ro. From the result compute
y
the deflection y = d of the plug. d
ro ri
r
y
P
Shear Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with tA = .
2p r h

tA P
g = =
G 2p h G r

= -tan g = -tan a b
dy P
(Q.E.D)
dr 2p h G r

If g is small, then tan g = g. Therefore,

dy P
= -
dr 2p h G r

P dr
y = -
2p h G L r

P
y = - ln r + C
2p h G

At r = ro, y = 0

P
0 = - ln ro + C
2p h G

P
C = ln ro
2p h G

P ro
Then, y = ln
2p h G r

At r = ri, y = d

P ro
d = ln Ans.
2p h G ri

806
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8–33. The aluminum block has a rectangular cross section 37 mm

and is subjected to an axial compressive force of 36 kN. If 50 mm
the 37-mm side changed its length to 37.5033 mm, deter- 36 kN
mine Poisson’s ratio and the new length of the 50-mm. 36 kN
Eal = 70 GPa. 75 mm

P 36
s = = = 19.45 MPa
A (50)(37)

s - 19.45
Plong = = = -0.0002778
E 70000

37.5033 - 37
Plat = = 0.00008918
37

-0.00008918
n = = 0.321 Ans.
-0. 0002778

h¿ = 50 + 0.00008918(2) = 50.000178 mm. Ans.

807
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–34. A shear spring is made from two blocks of rubber, P

each having a height h, width b, and thickness a. The d
A
blocks are bonded to three plates as shown. If the plates
are rigid and the shear modulus of the rubber is G,
determine the displacement of plate A if a vertical load P is
applied to this plate. Assume that the displacement is small
so that d = a tan g L ag. h

a a
P
Average Shear Stress: The rubber block is subjected to a shear force of V = .
2
P
V 2 P
t = = =
A bh 2bh

Shear Strain: Applying Hooke’s law for shear

P
t 2bh P
g = = =
G G 2bhG

Thus,

Pa
d = ag = = Ans.
2bhG

808
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8–3.5 The s– P diagram for elastic fibers that make up s(psi)

s(MPa)
human skin and muscle is shown. Determine the modulus
of elasticity of the fibers and estimate their modulus of 55
385
toughness and modulus of resilience.

11
77
P(in./in.)
P(mm/mm)
11 22 2.25
2.25

77
11
Eal=5 =55.5
38.5
psiMPa Ans.
22

11 11
utt 5
=  (2)(77)
(2)(11)++  (385
(55++77)(2.25 - 5
11)(2.25– 2) = 19.25
2) 134.75 psi 3
MJ/m Ans.
22 22

11
=  (2)(77)
utt 5 (2)(11)5= 77 psi 3
11MJ/m Ans.
22

809
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*8 –36. The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain s (ksi)

(MPa)
diagram for an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The
specimen used forfor the
thetest
testhas
hasaagauge
gaugelength
lengthofof
502mm
in. and a 70
500
diameter of 12.5 mm.
0.5 in. If If
thetheapplied
appliedload
loadisis10
50kip,
kN, determine
the new diameter of the specimen. The shear modulus is
Gal == 28 GPa.32 ksi.
3.8110
P (mm/mm)
(in./in.)
10 3) 0.00614
0.00614
PP 50(10
= 5= pp
s5 = 407.44
5 50.9296MPa
ksi
AA 44(12.5)
(0.5)22

stress–strain diagram
From the stress-strain diagram

70
500
=
E5 5= 81.433(10
11400.653ksi
) MPa
0.00614
0.00614

ss 407.44
50.9296
=
elong 5 == =50.0044673
0.0050033in.>in.
mm/mm
E 11400.653)
E 81.433(10

EE 3
11400.65
81.433(10 )
=
G5 ;  ; 28(10 3
)5 3) =
3.8(10 v = 0.500
; v; 5 0.45416
2(1 ++v)v) + v)+ v)
2(12(1

= –ve
elat 5 - ve
long 5=–0.45416(0.0050033)
long - 0.500(0.0044673) 5= –0.002272
- 0.002234 in.>in.

¢d5= eelatlatdd5=–0.002272(12.5)
∆d - 0.002234(0.5)5=–0.0284
- 0.001117
mm in.

d9 = dd++∆d¢d
d¿ 5 5= 0.5– -
12.5 0.0284 = 0.4989
5 12.4716
0.001117 mmin. Ans.

810
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8–37. The rigid beam rests in the horizontal position on 80 kN

two 2014-T6 aluminum cylinders having the unloaded
x
lengths shown. If each cylinder has a diameter of 30 mm.
determine the placement x of the applied 80-kN load so
that the beam remains horizontal. What is the new diameter A B
of cylinder A after the load is applied? nal = 0.35. 220 mm 210 mm

3m

80x
a +©MA = 0; FB(3) - 80(x) = 0; FB = (1)
3
80(3 - x)
a +©MB = 0; -FA(3) + 80(3 - x) = 0; FA = (2)
3

Since the beam is held horizontally, dA = dB

P
P s A
s = ; P = =
A E E

P
d = PL = a bL =
A PL
E AE

80(3 - x) 80x
3 (220) 3 (210)
dA = dB; =
AE AE

80(3 - x)(220) = 80x(210)

x = 1.53 m Ans.

From Eq. (2),

FA = 39.07 kN

FA 39.07(103)
sA = = = 55.27 MPa
A p
(0.032)
4

sA 55.27(106)
Plong = = - = -0.000756
E 73.1(109)
Plat = -nPlong = -0.35(-0.000756) = 0.0002646

dA¿ = dA + d Plat = 30 + 30(0.0002646) = 30.008 mm Ans.

811
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8–38. The wires each have a diameter of 12 mm, length of

D
0.6 m, and are made from 304 stainless steel. If P = 30 kN, C
determine the angle of tilt of the rigid beam AB.

0.6 m
P
0.6 m 0.3 m
B
A

Equations of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of beam AB shown

in Fig. a,
a +©MA = 0; FBC (0.9) - 30(0.6) = 0 FBC = 20 kN
+ c ©MB = 0; 30(0.3) - FAD (0.9) = 0 FAD = 10 kN

Normal Stress and Strain:

FBC 20000
sBC = = = 176.92 MPa
ABC p (12)2
4

FAD 10000
sAD = = = 88.46 MPa
AAD p 2
(12)
4
Since sBC 6 sY and sA 6 sY, Hooke’s Law can be applied.
sBC = EPBC; 176.92 = 196(103)PBC PBC = 0.9026(10-3) mm> mm.

sAD = EPAD; 88.46 = 196(10 3)PAD PAD = 0.4513(10-3) mm> mm.

Thus, the elongation of cables BC and AD are given by

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.9026(10-3)(600) = 0.54156 mm.

dAD = PADLAD = 0.4513(10-3)(600) = 0.27078 mm.

Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b and using small angle analysis,

dBC - dAD (0.54156 - 0.27078)>900

b = 0.0172°
/ / 180°
u = = = 0.3(10-3) rada Ans.
36 36 prad

812
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8–39. The wires each have a diameter of 12 mm, length of

D
0.6 m, and are made from 304 stainless steel. Determine the C
magnitude of force P so that the rigid beam tilts 0.015°.

0.6 m
P
0.6 m 0.3 m
B
A

Equations of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of beam AB shown

in Fig. a,
a +©MA = 0; FBC(0.9) - P(0.6) = 0 FBC = 0.6667P
+ c ©MB = 0; P(0.3) - FAD(0.9) = 0 FAD = 0.3333P
Normal Stress and Strain:
FBC 0.6667P
sBC = = = 0.00589P
ABC p 2
(12)
4
FAD 0.3333P
sAD = = = 0.00294P
AAD p 2
(12)
4

Assuming that sBC 6 sY and sAD 6 sY and applying Hooke’s Law,

sBC = EPBC; 0.0~0589P = 196(103)PBC PBC = 0.0300510(10- 6)P

sAD = EPAD; 0.00294P = 196(10 3)PAD PAD = 15(10 -9)P

Thus, the elongation of cables BC and AD are given by

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.0300510(10- 6)P(600) = 18.0306(10-6)P

dAD = PADLAD = 15(10 -9)P(600) = 9(10 -6 )P

b = 0.2618(10-3) rad. Using small

prad
Here, the angle of the tile is u = 0.015°a
180°
angle analysis,

dBC - dAD (18.0306(10-6)P - 9(10 -6)P)>900

u = ; 0.2618(10-3) =
36 36
P = 26091.28 N = 26.091 kN Ans.

Since sBC = 0.00589(26091.28/) = 153.67 MPa 6 sY and sAD = 0.00294 (26091. 28) = 76 .70 MP a
6 sY, the assumption is correct.

813
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8
45.0°.
44.9°.

814
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815
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8–42. The pipe with two rigid caps attached to its ends is ri
subjected to an axial force P. If the pipe is made from a ro
material having a modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s
ratio n, determine the change in volume of the material. L
P Section a – a
a

P
Normal Stress: The rod is subjected to uniaxial loading. Thus, slong = and slat = 0.
A

dV = AdL + 2prLdr

= APlong L + 2prLPlatr

Using Poisson’s ratio and noting that AL = pr2L = V,

dV = PlongV - 2nPlongV

= Plong (1 - 2n)V
slong
= (1 - 2n)V
E

Since slong = P>A,

P
dV = (1 - 2n)AL
AE

PL
= (1 - 2n) Ans.
E

816
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8–43. The 8-mm-diameter bolt is made of an aluminum

alloy. It fits through a magnesium sleeve that has an inner
diameter of 12 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm. If the
original lengths of the bolt and sleeve are 80 mm and
50 mm
50 mm, respectively, determine the strains in the sleeve and
the bolt if the nut on the bolt is tightened so that the tension A
in the bolt is 8 kN. Assume the material at A is rigid.
Eal = 70 GPa, Emg = 45 GPa.
30 mm

Normal Stress:

P 8(103)
sb = = p 2
= 159.15 MPa
Ab 4 (0.008 )

P 8(103)
ss = = p 2
= 39.79 MPa
As 4 (0.02 - 0.0122)

Normal Strain: Applying Hooke’s Law

sb 159.15(106)
Pb = = = 0.00227 mm>mm Ans.
Eal 70(109)

ss 39.79(106)
Ps = = = 0.000884 mm>mm Ans.
Emg 45(109)

817
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*8–44. An acetal polymer block is fixed to the rigid plates 400 mm

at its top and bottom surfaces. If the top plate displaces P ⫽ 2 kN
2 mm horizontally when it is subjected to a horizontal force
P = 2 kN, determine the shear modulus of the polymer.
The width of the block is 100 mm. Assume that the polymer
200 mm
is linearly elastic and use small angle analysis.

Normal and Shear Stress:

V 2(103)
t = = = 50 kPa
A 0.4(0.1)
Referring to the geometry of the undeformed and deformed shape of the block
shown in Fig. a,

2
g = = 0.01 rad
200

Applying Hooke’s Law,

t = Gg; 50(103) = G(0.01)

G = 5 MPa Ans.

818