Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Library
APA Referencing Style (7th edition) - Guide and Examples
1. Introduction

This guide provides examples of in-text citations and referencing list for various information sources. However,
students should check with their respective faculties for the preferred referencing style for their final year project/
thesis/ dissertation.

You may refer to the APA manual in the library for more details:
PUBLICATION Manual of the American Psychological Association : THE OFFICIAL GUIDE TO APA STYLE
7th edition
Call Number: BF76.7.P83 2020
Main Library: 7 copies
Mary KUOK Pick Hoo Library: 3 copies

Concise Guide to APA Style : THE OFFICIAL APA STYLE GUIDE FOR STUDENTS
7th edition
Call Number: BF76.7.C66 2020
Main Library: 2 copies
Mary KUOK Pick Hoo Library: 2 copies

1.1 What is Referencing?

Referencing is the acknowledgement of the sources you have used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of
work. By providing a reference to the original source, you:
• Acknowledge that you have read the works of others and recognize their ideas in your own writing. It is
important that you do not pass off the work of others as your own. Without proper referencing you may
be guilty of plagiarism; which is tantamount to academic theft.
• Enable your reader to locate the sources that you have obtained any quotation or idea.

What is APA style?

APA referencing style is an author-date referencing system published by the American Psychological Association
(APA).

There are two components in the APA referencing style:

• In-text citation: Identify the author(s) and publication year of the source you are using.
• Reference list: Provide full details of the reference in a list at the end of work.
This list is to be arranged by author (s) in alphabetical order.

Remember to be consistent in recording all your references.

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 1.2 Reference management tools

You are encouraged to use the reference management tool to manage your referencing in your writing. You only
need to use one of the reference management tools listed below. You are encouraged to try them out before
decided on which reference manager to be used.

• Mendeley https://www.mendeley.com
Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your
research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research.

• Citavi https://www.citavi.com/en
Citavi is a software program for Reference management and knowledge organization

2. Citing References in the Text

In-text citations should include the name of the author and the year of publication of the work. In-text citations are
usually presented in the following two ways:
• Parenthetical citation:
The author and date appear within parentheses
e.g. (Smith, 2020)

• Narrative citation
The author appears in the text with the date in parentheses
e.g. Smith (2020) describes the issue in more detail...

The following table shows the basic in-text citation styles:

Author type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation
One author (Luna, 2020) Luna (2020) ….
Two authors (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020) Salas and D’Agostino (2020) ….
Three or more authors (Martin et al., 2020) Martin et al. (2020) ….

Group author with abbreviation

*First citation (National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental
[NIMH], 2020) Health (NIMH, 2020) ….

Subsequent citations (NIMH, 2020) NIMH (2020) ….

Group author without
(Stanford University, 2020) Stanford University (2020) ….
abbreviation
*Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text, choosing either the parenthetical or the narrative
format. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text.

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3. Reference list

A reference list appears on a new page after the end of a paper.

The purpose of the reference list is to allow the resources cited in your work to be found by your readers. It also gives
credit to authors whose work and ideas you have considered.

• What to include: All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal
communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved.

• Location: On a new page after the text and before any tables/figures or appendices.

• Heading: use References as the title at the top of the page (beginning with a capital letter, in bold, centered, and
not in italics).

• Order: All references are listed by alphabetically by author, or title if there is no author; if there are two entries
with identical authors but different dates, order them chronologically, earliest first.

• Space: Double-space the whole reference list.

• Hanging indent: 0.5 inch (1.27cm) from the left margin for the second and subsequent lines of each reference.

• URL: Use of hyperlinks is preferred. However, you may use plain text that is not underlined for URLs.

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4. Examples of In-text Citation and Reference List for various information sources.

4.1 Books and eBooks

Reference format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle (3rd ed.). Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxx
Reference list In-text citation
Single author
Koda, H. (2007). Poiret. Metropolitan Museum of Art. (Koda, 2007)
or
Koda (2007)

Two authors
Page, J. T., & Parnell, L. J. (2019). Introduction to strategic public relations: Digital, (Page & Parnell, 2019)
global, and socially responsible communication. Sage. or
Page and Parnell (2019)

Three to twenty authors eBook with DOI

Ewert, E. W., Mitten, D. S., & Overholt, J. R. (2014). Natural environments and (Ewert et al., 2014)
human health. CAB International. or
https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845939199.0000 Ewert et al. (2014)

List all author up to and including the 20th author in the order they appear. Use an
ampersand ("&") before the final author.

Twenty-one or more authors

Ioannidis, N. M., Rothstein, J.H., Pejaver, V., Middha, S., McDonnell, S.K., Baheti, S., (Ioannidis et al., 2016)
Musolf, A., Li, Q., Holzinger, E., Karyadi, D., Cannon-Albright, L.A., Teerlink, or
C.C., Stanford, J. L., Isaacs, W. B., Xu, J., Cooney, K. A., Lange, E.M., Ioannidis et al. (2016)
Schleutker, J., Carpten, J. D., ... Weiva, S. (2016). Revel: An ensemble method
for predicting the pathogenicity of rare missense variants. Pearson.

List the first 19 authors in the order they appear, insert an ellipsis "...", and then
the final author.

Group author (organization)

The CORE Team. (2017). The economy: Economics for a changing world. Oxford (The CORE Team, 2017)
University Press. or
The CORE Team (2017)

New edition of a book

Berk, L. E. (2018). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Pearson. (Berk, 2018)
or
Berk (2018)

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 Reference list In-text citation
Edited book
Hamilton, L., & Ravenscroft, J. (Eds.). (2018). Building research design in education: (Hamilton & Ravenscroft, 2018)
Theoretically informed advanced methods. Bloomsbury Academic. Or
Hamilton and Ravenscroft
(2018)

Ebook - free online, no DOI

Lessig, L. (2011). Republic, lost: How money corrupts – and a plan to stop it. Twelve. (Lessig, 2011)
https://lesterland.lessig.org/pdf/republic-lost.pdf or
Lessig (2011)

Chapter in an edited ebook

Sharma, R., Mehta, M., & Dhawan, A. (2015). Treatment of substance-abusing (Sharma et al., 2015)
adolescents. In M. Mehta & R. Sagar (Eds.), A practical approach to or
cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents (pp. 331–361). Springer. Sharma et al. (2015)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2241-5_16

4.2 Journal articles

Reference format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle. Title of the Journal, Volume number(Issue number),
page–page. https://doi.org/xxx

Reference list In-text citation

Article with DOI
Dilkes-Frayne, E., Savic, M., Carter, A., Kakanovic, R. & Lubman, D. I. (2019). Going (Dilkes-Frayne et al., 2019)
online: The affordances of online counseling for families affected by alcohol or
and other drug issues. Qualitative Health Research, 29(14), 2010–2022. Dilkes-Frayne et al. (2019)
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319838231

Article without DOI

Dayton, K. J. (2019). Tangled arms: Modernizing and unifying the arm-of-the-state (Dayton, 2019)
doctrine. The University of Chicago Law Review, 86.6, 1497–1737. or
https://bit.ly/2SkWwcy Dayton (2019)

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4.3 Clinical practice references

Reference format:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle. Database Name. https://xxxxxx

Reference list In-text citation

UpToDate article
Bordeaux, B., & Lieberman, H. R. (2020). Benefits and risks of caffeine and (Bordeaux & Lieberman, 2020)
caffeinated beverages. UpToDate. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from or
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and- Bordeaux and Lieberman (2020)
caffeinated-beverages

Cochrane review
Lane, D. A., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2013). Treatment of hypertension in peripheral arterial (Lane & Lip, 2013)
disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. or
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003075.pub3 Lane and Lip (2013

4.4 Articles from magazines, newspapers, blog posts

Reference format:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month dd). Title of the article: Subtitle. Title of the publication, Volume number(Issue
number), page–page. https://xxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Magazine article
Chan, C. (2020, August 2). Curious cook: A (possible) future of meat. The Star. (Chan, 2020)
https://www.thestar.com.my/food/food-news/2020/08/02/curious-cook-a- or
possible-future-of-meat Chan (2020)

Newspaper article
Bernama. (2020, August 5). No Malaysian soldiers affected in Beirut blasts, says (Bernama, 2020)
Embassy of Lebanon. The Star. or
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/08/05/no-malaysian- Bernama (2020)
soldiers-affected-in-beirut-blasts-says-embassy-of-lebanon

Blog post
Martinko, K. (2019, November 22). Burger King is running out of zesty sauce (Martinko, 2019)
because of climate change. TreeHugger. or
https://www.treehugger.com/green-food/burger-king-running-out-zesty- Martinko (2019)
sauce-because-climate-change.html

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4.5 Websites and webpages

Reference format:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the work: Subtitle. Website name. https://xxxxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Webpage on a website with an individual author
Sparks, D. (2019). Women's wellness: Lifestyle strategies ease some bladder control (Sparks, 2019)
problems. Mayo Clinic. or
https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/womens-wellness-lifestyle- Sparks (2019)
strategies-ease-some-bladder-control-problems/

Webpage on a website with a group author (organization)

Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2020, July 1). Standard operating procedure (SOP) in (Ministry of Health Malaysia,
providing mental health and psychosocial support services (MHPSS) for 2020) or
Covid-19 response in quarantine stations. http://covid- Ministry of Health Malaysia
19.moh.gov.my/garis-panduan/sop-in-providing-mhpss-for-covid-19- (2020)
response-in-quarantine-stations

Webpage on a website with a retrieval date

Worldometer. (n.d.). Current world population. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from (Worldometer, n.d.)
https://www.worldometers.info/ or
Worldometer (n.d.)

4.6 Published theses or dissertations

Reference format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title [Doctoral or Masters thesis or dissertation, Name of the Institution]. Database Name. URL

Reference list In-text citation

Theses published online (e.g. in institutional repositories)
Chan , K. (2019). The impact of perceived organisational support on employee (Chan, 2019)
retention and successful organisation management [Master thesis, or
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman]. UTAR Institutional Repository. Chan (2019)
http://eprints.utar.edu.my/3593/

Theses from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global

Becker, J. C. (2013). Landscape-level influences on community composition and (Becker, 2013)
ecosystem function in a large river ecosystem (Publication No. 3577776) or
[Doctoral dissertation, Graduate Council of Texas State University - San Becker (2013)
Marcos]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

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4.7 Unpublished theses and dissertations

Reference format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title [Unpublished Doctoral or Master's thesis or dissertation]. Name of the Institution awarding the
degree.

Reference list In-text citation

Theses unpublished (Example)
Afifah Zainal Abidin. (2019). Home buyers’ purchase decision: A case study of (Afifah, 2019)
Perumahan Rakyat 1 Malaysia (PR1MA) home [Unpublished Masters or
thesis]. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Afifah (2019)

4.8 Conferences

Reference format:

Presenter, A & Presenter, B. (Year, Month dd-dd). Title of conference paper or poster [Type of contribution]. Conference
Name, Location. https://doi.org/xxxx

Contributor, A. & Contributor, B. (Year, Month dd-dd). Title of contribution. In C.C. Chairperson (Chair), Title of the
Symposium [Symposium]. Conference Name, Location. https://xxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Paper presentation
Mason, I. & Missingham, R. (2019, October 21–25). Research libraries, data (Mason & Missingham, 2019)
curation, and workflows [Paper presentation]. eResearch Australasia or
Conference, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. https://bit.ly/2v1CjRg Mason and Missingham (2019)

Symposium contribution
Cochrane, T. & Narayan, V. (2019, February 14–15). Evaluation the CMALT cMOOC: (Cochrane & Narayan, 2019)
An agile and scalable professional development framework. In R. Shekhawat or
(Chairs). Breakout session [Symposium]. Scholarship of Technology Cochrane and Narayan (2019)
Enhanced Learning Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand.

Conference proceedings published in a journal

Duckworth, A. L., Quirk, A., Gallop, R., Hoyle, R. H., Kelly, D. R., & Matthews, M. D. (Duckworth et al., 2019)
(2019). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the or
National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 23499–23504. Duckworth et al. (2019)
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116

4.9 Reports and grey (gray) literature

Reference format:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the report (Report No. 123). Publisher Name. URL

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 Reference list In-text citation
Annual report
Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change Centre. (2018). Annual report (Malaysian Green Technology
2018. https://www.greentechmalaysia.my/wp- and Climate Change Centre,
content/uploads/2020/05/GreenTech-Annual-Report-2018.pdf 2018) or
Malaysian Green Technology
and Climate Change Centre
(2018)

Government report
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2010). Ciri-ciri tempat kediaman 2010. (Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia,
https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/census- 2019) or
product/publication/census-2010/691-characteristic-of-living-quarters-2010 Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
(2019)

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or
National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient- National Cancer Institute (2019)
education/takingtime.pdf

Code of professional
Board of Engineers Malaysia. (2016). Code of professional conduct. (Board of Engineers Malaysia,
http://bem.org.my/code-of-professional-conduct 2016) or
Board of Engineers Malaysia
(2016)

Code of ethics
American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive (American Nurses Association,
statements. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing- 2015) or
excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/ American Nurses Association
(2015)

4.10 Audiovisual media

Reference format:

Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Title of work [Description]. Production Company. https://xxxxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Podcast
Harkin, J., Murray, A. H., Ptaszynski, A., & Schreiber, D. (Hosts). (2014–present). No (Harkin et al., 2014)
such thing as a fish [Audio podcast]. Quite Interesting. or
https://www.nosuchthingasafish.com/ Harkin et al. (2014)

Radio broadcast
Mottram, L. (2020, January 8). Hazard reduction burning is not a panacea to (Mottram, 2020)
bushfire risk: Expert [Radio broadcast]. ABC. or
https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/pm/thinned-forests-can-be-more- Mottram (2020)
prone-to-fire,-expert-says/11853280
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 Reference list In-text citation
Music album
Blackpink. (2020). Blackpink: The album [Album]. YG Entertainment; Interscope (Blackpink, 2020)
Records. or
Blackpink (2020)

Film or movie
Russo, J. & Russo, A. (Director). (2019). Avengers: Endgame [Film]. Marvel Studios. (J. Russo & A. Russo, 2019)
or
Joe Russo and Anthony Russo
(2019)

TV series
Serling, R. (Executive Producer). (1959–1964). The twilight zone [TV series]. Cayuga (Serling, 1959–1964)
Productions; CBS Productions. or
Serling (1959–1964)

YouTube video
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video]. (Harvard University, 2019)
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs or
Harvard University (2019)

YouTube channel
APA Publishing Training. (n.d.). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved February 20, (APA Publishing Training, n.d.)
2020, from https://www.youtube.com/user/PsycINFO/ or
APA Publishing Training (n.d.)

Recorded webinar
Mattingley, J. (2019). Science meets practice: Understanding attention in health (Mattingley, 2019)
and disease [Webinar]. Australian Psychological Society. or
https://www.psychology.org.au/Event/20847 Mattingley (2019)

Artwork in a museum
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New (van Gogh, 1889)
York, NY, United States. or
https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the- van Gogh (1889)
starry-night-1889/

Art exhibition
Design for eternity: Architectural models from the ancient Americas [Exhibition]. (Design for Eternity, 2015–2016)
(2015–2016). The Met Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, United States. or
https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/design-for-eternity Design for Eternity (2015–2016)

Clip art or stock images

Denali National Park and Preserve. (2013). Lava [Photograph]. Flickr. (Denali National Park and
https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/ Preserve, 2013) or
Denali National Park and
Preserve (2013)

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 Reference list In-text citation
Infographics
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2020). What is the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? (Ministry of Health Malaysia,
[Infographic]. COVID-19 Malaysia. http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/infografik 2020) or
Ministry of Health Malaysia
(2020)

PowerPoint slides available online

Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the most of it [PowerPoint (Jones, 2016)
slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided- or
reading-making-the-most-of-it Jones (2016)

4.11 Computer software and apps

Reference format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Name of the software or app (Version number) [Computer software or Mobile app]. Publisher.
https://xxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Examples
Moonton. (2016). Mobile legends: Bang bang (1.4.96.5392) [Mobile Android]. (Moonton, 2016)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mobile.legends&hl=en or
Moonton (2016)
*If the publisher is the same as the author, as in the examples above, you may
omit it

Vollmer, A., & Wohlwend, G. (2014). Threes [Mobile iOS]. Sirvo. (Vollmer & Wohlwend, 2014)
http://play.threesgame.com or
Vollmer and Wohlwend (2014)

4.12 Data sets

Reference format:

Author, A. (Year). Title of the data set (Version number) [Data set]. Publisher Name. https://xxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Example
Nur Fauziana Mohamed. (2020). Bilangan guru warganegara dan bukan (Nur Fauziana, 2020)
warganegara mengikut jenis pusat [Data set]. Ministry of Education. or
https://www.data.gov.my/data/en_US/dataset/bilangan-guru- Nur Fauziana (2020)
warganegara-dan-bukan-warganegara-mengikut-jenis-pusat-tahun-2019

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4.13 Personal communications

Personal communications include:

• telephone conversations
• interviews or notes that are not recoverable
• emails
• private letters
• non-archived discussion groups

Reference list In-text citation

No entry in the reference list is needed as personal Given all the political factors...(I. Tokugawa, personal
communications are unable to be retrieved. communication, January 25, 2019).
or
I. Tokugawa (personal communication, January 25, 2019)
suggested in an email that.....

4.14 Social media

Reference format:

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month dd). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of audiovisuals].
Site name. https://xxxxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Instagram photo
Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3). “It’s always (Philadelphia Museum of Art,
wonderful to walk in and see my work in a collection where it’s loved, and 2019) or
where people are [Photograph]. Instagram. Philadelphia Museum of Art
https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/ (2019)

Instagram video
APA Public Interest Directorate [@apapubint]. (2019, June 14). Male depression is (APA Public Interest Directorate,
serious, but many men try to ignore it or refuse treatment. Different men 2019) or
have different symptoms, but [Video]. Instagram. APA Public Interest Directorate
https://www.instagram.com/p/BysOqenB1v7/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_l (2019)
ink

Instagram profile
Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved (Swift, n.d.)
January 9, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift or
Swift (n.d.)

Instagram highlight
The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram. (The New York Public Library,
Retrieved January 6, 2020, from n.d.) or
https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17962199170163462/ (The New York Public Library
(n.d.)

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 Reference list In-text citation
Facebook post
News From Science. (2019, June 21). Are you a fan of astronomy? Enjoy reading (News From Science, 2019)
about what scientists have discovered in our solar system—and beyond? or
This [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. News From Science (2019)
https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/photos/a.117532185107/101562
68057260108/?type=3&theater

Facebook page
National Park Service. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January (National Park Service, n.d.)
12, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalparkservice/ or
National Park Service (n.d.)

Tweet
Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). Today, it’s difficult for researchers to (Gates, 2019)
diagnose #Alzheimers patients early enough to intervene. A reliable, easy or
and accurate diagnostic would [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Gates (2019)
Twitter. https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/1170305718425137152

Twitter moment
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (2019, December 17). What’s new in the #7thEdition of (APA Style, 2019)
#APAStyle [Moment]. Twitter. Retrieved January 19, 2020, from or
https://twitter.com/i/moments/1181218317408837633 APA Style (2019)

Twitter profile
Jordan, M. B. [@michaelb4jordan]. (n.d.). Tweets & replies [Twitter profile]. (Jordan, n.d.)
Twitter. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from or
https://twitter.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies Jordan (n.d.)

LinkedIn post
American Psychological Association. (2019, December 9). Last month, APA joined (American Psychological
more than 40 national and international psychology organizations to Association, 2019)
explore ways to collaborate and use psychological [Thumbnail with link or
attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/american- American Psychological
psychological-association_how-psychologists-are-combating-climate- Association (2019)
change-activity-6609801161937612800-GvdC

LinkedIn profile
John Tyler Community College. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved (John Tyler Community College,
January 9, 2020, from https://www.linkedin.com/school/john-tyler- n.d.) or
community-college/ John Tyler Community College
(n.d.)

TikTok video
Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us (Washington Post, 2019)
#frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. or
https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu Washington Post (2019)

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 Reference list In-text citation
Online forum post
Little, J. [j450n_l]. (2018, December 12). I'm the first person in the world with a (Little, 2018)
neural-enabled prosthetic hand. Using a specialized prosthetic and a device or
implanted [Online forum post]. Reddit. Little (2018)
https://www.reddit.com/r/AMA/comments/a5jxbe/im_the_first_person_in
_the_world_with_a/

4.15 Standards

Reference format:

Organization Name. (Year). Title of the standard (Standard number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Reference list In-text citation

Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and (Occupational Safety and Health
health standards: Occupational health and environmental control: Administration, 1970)
Occupational noise exposure (OSHA Standard No. 1910.95). United States or
Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/laws- Occupational Safety and Health
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.95 Administration (1970)

4.16 Patents

Reference format:

Inventor, A. B. (Year patent issued). Title of the patent (Patent number). Source Name. URL

Reference list In-text citation

Patents (Example)
Noor Nasrul Md Noor. (2019). Mop with squeezer (MY. Patent 572036). Intellectual (Noor Nasrul, 2019)
Property Corporation of Malaysia. http://www.myipo.gov.my/en/search- or
patent/ Noor Nasrul (2019)

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Updated by UTAR Library on 11th November 2020

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