MATH10 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 5 – MODULE 5

MATHEMATICS 10
Module No. 5 : Week 5 : 3rd Quarter

Probability of a Union of Two Events

Learning Competency:
a. The learner illustrates the probability of a union of two events. (M10SP-IIIg-1)
b. The learner finds the probability of (A  B). (M10SP-IIIg-h-1)

Objectives:
a. Find the probability of simple events.
b. Illustrates the probability of a union of two events.
c. Finds the probability of (A  B).

Let’s Recall (Looking Back)

Solving Problems Involving Permutations and Combinations

In solving problems involving permutations and combinations, it is important that we know if order
is important or not. A selection of n objects taken r at a time in which order is important is
permutation. A selection of n objects taken r at a time in which order is not important is
combination.

Example. If ice cream is served in a cone, in how many ways can Abby choose her three-flavor ice
cream scoop if there are 6 available flavors?
Solution: Since it is served in a cone, it will be permutation.
n = 6 and r = 3 6P3 = 6! __
(6 – 3)!
= 6! __
3!
= 720_
6
= 120 ways

Probability – Chance or likelihood that an event will happen.

Events – a set of possible outcomes resulting from a particular experiment.
The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates impossibility of
the event and 1 indicates certainty.
Union of Events – a set that contains all of the elements that are in at least one of the two
events. The union is written as A  B .
Intersection of Events – a set that contains all of the elements that are in both events. The
intersection of events A and B is written as A  B.
Venn Diagram – A diagram that uses circles to represent sets, in which the relations between
the sets are indicated by the arrangement of the circles.

Example. Write the set that represents getting an even number or a perfect square when a die is
rolled?
Solution: S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, E = {2,4,6}, P = {1,4}
Answer: E  P = {1,2,4,6}

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 MATH10 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 5 – MODULE 5

Let’s Understand (Brief Introduction)

(Communication)

Probability of Simple Events

Activities such as rolling a die, tossing a coin, or randomly choosing a ball from a box which
could be repeated over and over again and which have well defined results are called
experiments. The results of an experiment are called outcomes. The set of all outcomes in an
experiment is called a sample space. An event is a subset of the sample space.
Simple Events: Consider rolling a die.
a. “Getting a number 5” is called a simple event.
b. “Getting a 6” is also a simple event.
If each of the outcomes in a sample space is equally likely to occur, then the probability of an
event E, denoted by P(E) is given by,
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓
P(E)=
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
or P ( E ) = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆

Example 1. Find the probability of getting an odd number when a die is rolled.
Solution: The sample space when a die is rolled is the set S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}.
There are 6 elements in the set S. Hence, the number of outcomes in the
sample space is 6. We can denote it as n(S) = 6.
The set of odd number from 1 to 6 is the set E = {1,3,5}. There are 3 elements
in the set E. Hence, the number of outcomes in the event is 3. We can denote
it as n( E ) = 3.
Therefore,
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒏(𝑬) 𝟑 𝟏
P ( E ) = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝒏(𝑺) = 𝟔 = 𝟐 or 0.50 or 50%
There is 50% chance of getting odd number when a die is rolled.

Example 2. A box contains 3 red balls, 5 yellow balls, and 2 blue balls. If a ball is picked at random
from the box, what is the probability that a ball picked is a red ball?
Solution: There are a total of 10 balls in the box. Hence, the number of outcomes in the sample
space is 10. We can denote it as n(S) = 10.
There are 3 red balls. Hence, the number of outcomes in the event is 3. We
can denote it as n( E ) = 3.
Therefore,
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒏(𝑬) 𝟑
P(E)= = = or 0.30 or 30%
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟎
There is 30% chance that the ball picked is a red ball.

Probability of a Union of Two Events

Compound Events: Events which consist of more than one outcome are called compound
events. A compound event consists of two or more simple events. Intersection of events and
union of events are example of compound events.
The probability of union of two events, denoted by P(A  B) is given by,
𝒏(𝐀  𝐁)
P(A  B) = 𝒏(𝑺) or P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) → if n(A  B) is not known
The probability of intersection of two events, denoted by P(A  B) is given by, P(A  B) =
𝒏(𝐀  𝐁)
𝒏(𝑺)
Additional: Complement Property (Probability that event will not happen)
P(A’) = 1 – P(A)

Example 1. Find the probability of getting an even number or a perfect square when a die is rolled.
Solution: The sample space when a die is rolled is the set S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, and

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 MATH10 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 5 – MODULE 5

n(S) = 6.E = {2,4,6}, and n(E) = 3.P = {1,4}, and n(P) = 2. (E  P) = {1,2,4,6},
and n(E  P) = 4.
𝒏(𝐄  𝐏) 𝟒 𝟐
P(E  P) = = = or 0.𝟔
𝒏(𝑺)
̅ or 66.67%
𝟔 𝟑

Example 2. There are 100 students in a grade 10 class. 70 students want to join basketball team. 50
students want to join football team. 30 students want to join both basketball and
football. Using Venn diagram, if a student is randomly chosen, what are the
probabilities of the following:
a. P (B) →Probability that the student wants to join basketball team
b. P (F) → Probability that the student wants to join football team
c. P (B  F) → Probability that the student wants to join both basketball and football teams
d. P(B  F) → Probability that the student wants to join basketball or football team.
e. P(B  F)’ → Probability that the student will not join any team.
Solution: The Venn diagram below shows the number of grade 10 students joining either
football (F) or basketball (B).

B F
30
10 40 20
𝒏(𝑩) 𝟕𝟎 𝟕
a. P (B) = = = 𝟏𝟎 or 0.70 or 70%
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒏(𝑭) 𝟓𝟎 𝟏
b. P (F) = 𝒏(𝑺)
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐 or 0.50 or 50%
𝒏(B  F) 𝟑𝟎 𝟑
c. P (B  F) = 𝒏(𝑺)
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎 or 0.30 or 30%
𝟕𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟗𝟎 𝟗
d. P(B  F) = P(B) + P(F) - P(B  F) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 - 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 or 0.90 or 90%
𝒏(𝐁  𝐅) 𝟗𝟎 𝟗
or using Venn Diagram P(B  F) = 𝒏(𝑺)
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 or 0.90 or 90%
e. P(B  F)’ = 1 - P(B  F) = 1 – 0.90 = 0.10 or 10%

Example 3. Dario puts 44 marbles in a box in which 14 are red, 12 are blue, and 18 are yellow. If Dario
picks one marble at random, what is the probability that he selects a red marble or a
yellow marble?
Solution: P(red or yellow) = P(red) + P(yellow) – P(red and yellow)
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟖 𝟎 𝟑𝟐 𝟖
= + - = = or 0.𝟕𝟐 ̅̅̅̅ or 72.73%
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏

Let’s Analyze (Checking Your Understanding) (Character, Critical thinking and

Collaboration)
Group Activity:
Using the given detail below, draw a Venn Diagram and find what is being asked.
There are 48 students in a grade 10 class. 25 students participate athletics club. 20 participates
drama club. 10 participates both athletics and drama clubs. If a student is randomly selected,
what is the probability of the following?
a. P (A) →Probability that the student participated athletics.
b. P (D) → Probability that the student participated drama.
c. P (A  D) → Probability that the student participated athletics and drama.
d. P(A  D) → Probability that the student participated athletics or drama.
e. P(A  D)’ → Probability that the student did not participated any clubs.

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 MATH10 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 5 – MODULE 5

Let’s Apply (Post-Test) (Critical Thinking and Creativity)

A. DIRECTIONS: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.
1. These are activities which could be repeated over and over again and have well defined results.
A. Outcomes B. Sample Space C. Experiments D. Events
2. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
A. Simple Events C. Experiments
B. Sample Space D. Compound Events
3. It consists of two or more simple events.
A. Outcomes C. Experiments
B. Sample Space D. Compound Events
4. What is the probability of getting a diamond card if a card is drawn in standard deck of 52 cards?
A. 15% B. 20% C. 25% D. 30%
5. What is the probability of getting an odd number or a perfect square if a die is rolled?
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A. 𝟑 B. 𝟐 C. 𝟑 D. 𝟒
6. It is a subset of a sample space.
A. Outcomes B. Sample Space C. Experiments D. Events
7. These are the results of an experiment.
A. Outcomes C. Experiments
B. Sample Space D. Compound Events
8. Probability that an event will not happen.
A. Union of Events C. Complement Property
B. Intersection of Events D. Simple Events
9. What is the probability of not getting a sum of 8 if a pair of dice is rolled?
𝟏𝟏 𝟖 𝟑𝟏 𝟓
A. 𝟏𝟐 B. 𝟗 C. 𝟑𝟔 D. 𝟔
10. What is the probability of getting a face card or a heart card if a card is drawn in a standard
deck of 52 cards?
𝟒 𝟗 𝟓 𝟏𝟏
A. 𝟏𝟑 B. 𝟐𝟔 C. 𝟏𝟑 D. 𝟐𝟔

B. Consider the situation below and answer the questions that follow.
1. A restaurant serves a bowl of candies to their customers. The bowl of candies Gabriel receives
has 10 chocolate candies, 8 coffee candies, and 12 caramel candies. After Gabriel chooses a
candy, he eats it.
Find the probability of getting candies with the indicated flavors.
a. P (chocolate or coffee) (2 pts.) c. P (coffee or caramel) (2 pts.)
b. P (caramel or not coffee) (2 pts.) d. P (chocolate or not caramel) (2 pts.)

2. Rhian likes to wear colored shirts. She has 15 shirts in the closet. Five of these are blue, four
are in different shades of red, and the rest are of different colors. What is the probability that
she will wear a blue or a red shirt? (2 pts.)

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