Engineering Drawing

 Engineering drawing is a graphical way to convey an

unambiguous and accurate description necessary for
engineered items. It is made in accordance with the standard
conventions for layout , nomenclature, interpretation,
appearance etc.
 The purpose of engineering drawing is to provide exact
geometrical configuration for the construction or analysis of
machines, structures, etc.
 Syllabus
 CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Engineering Drawing, Drawing
Equipment's, Description of Lines, Description of Lettering
 CHAPTER 2 : Dimensioning techniques and standard conventions.
 CHAPTER 3: Scales and Engineering Curves
 CHAPTER 4: Orthographic projection
 Chapter 5: Projection of simple machine parts and components.
 Chapter 6: Projection of solids
 Chapter 7: Section of solid
 Chapter 8: Development of Surfaces.
 Chapter 9: Isometric Projection
 Chapter 10: Basics of Auto Cad
 CHAPTER 1
 Introduction to drawing equipment's, instrument and their uses
 Planning of drawing sheet, Indian standard practices of laying
out and folding of drawing.
 Different types of lines used in engineering drawing.
 Standard practice for writing single stroke vertical and inclined
capital and lower case letters (practice to be done on sketch
book)
 Standard practice of writing numerals (practice to be done on
sketch book)
Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing board  Protractor
 Mini drafter  Ruler (scale)
 Drawing sheet  French Curves
 Drawing pencil  Set squares
 Compass  Sheet Fasteners
 Divider
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing board
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing board

SIZES OF DRAWING BOARDS

Designation Size (mm)
B0 1000x1500
B1 700x1000
B2 500x700
B3 350x500
 Drawing Instruments:
 T-Square : Its name comes from the general shape of the instrument
where the head is supported on the edge of drawing board and the long
transparent plastic scale slides on the drawing sheets. This scale is used to
draw parallel horizontal Lines. The working edge of the T square is also
used as a base for set squares to draw vertical , inclined or mutually
parallel lines.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Mini Drafter : is used to draw horizontal, vertical or inclined parallel lines. It is
combines the function of a T- square, set square , protractor and scale. The
bigger version of mini drafter is called drafting machine.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Mini Drafter : is used to draw horizontal, vertical or inclined parallel lines. It is
combines the function of a T- square, set square , protractor and scale. The
bigger version of mini drafter is called drafting machine.
 Drawing Instruments:
ROLL N DRAW RULER:
 Drawing Instruments:
 Set Square : Set squares are used for drawing all straight lines except the
horizontal lines which are generally drawn with the T square.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Set Square : Set squares are used for drawing all straight lines except the
horizontal lines which are generally drawn with the T square.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Compass : The compass is used for drawing circle and arcs of circles.
 (a) Large size compass : circle up to 120 mm diameter can be drawn
 (b) Lengthening bar: Circle of more than 150 mm radius.
 (c) Small bow compass : small circle and arcs of less than 25 mm radius , large number of
small circle of same diameter.
Drawing Instruments:
Drawing Instruments:
 French Curves : French curves are used to draw smooth curves of almost any desired curvature
in in mechanical drawing.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Divider : The divider is used to
divide straight line or curve into
desired number of equal parts . It
consists of two metal legs as in the
compass. However unlike compass
a divider is provided with two
needles on both the legs.

 Protractor
: Used for constructing
and measuring angle. Least count
of the protractor generally one
degree.
 Drawing Instruments:
 PENCIL :
The pencils are used for preparing the drawings on the
drawing sheet. The accuracy and the appearance of the
drawing depend upon the quality of pencil used. Different
grades of pencils are available depending upon the
hardness of the lid. Pencils of various grades can be easily
recognized by the letters marked on the body of the pencil.
 Drawing Instruments:
 The pencils are generally graded as H, F, B and HB. H
represents hardness; F represents firm, B represents
softness and HB represents intermediate between hard
and soft.

 The conical point is used in sketch work and for lettering

etc. , with the chisel edge long thin line with uniform
thickness can be easily drawn.
Drawing Instruments:
Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Sheet: The drawing paper should be of uniform
thickness and of such quality that erasing should not have
leave any impression on it. One of the sides of the drawing
paper is usually rough and the other smooth. The smooth
surface is the side for the drawing work.
 Drawing sheets of different sizes are available in the
market such as A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 according to the
Indian Standard Institution (I.S.I). The standard sizes of
trimmed and untrimmed drawing sheets according to the
Indian Standard Institution (I.S.I) are given in the table.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Sheet:
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Sheet:
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Sheet:
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Sheet:
 Drawing Instruments:
 Drawing Sheet:
 Border : The space between edge of the trimmed sheet and frame is
called a border. 20 mm width for A0 and A1, 10 mm for A2 , A3 , A4
, A5
 Frame : Clear space available for drawing purpose.
 Trimming marks : two overlapping field rectangle 10 mm × 5 mm ,
Isosceles triangle 10 mm sides
 Drawing Instruments:
 Grid References : Also called alpha numeric referencing to
locate a specific area on drawing for additions , modifications
and revisions. A grid reference border is drawn all around the
outside of the frame at a distance of 5 mm . Letter I and O are
not used. Letter top to bottom and number left to right.
Fig. 2-3 shows an A1 size sheet with zones marked on it. The zones
along the length l are designated by numerals, while those along the
width w are designated by letters. The location D8 is a rectangle
formed by the intersection of the zones D and 8. The number of
zones suggested by the B.I.S. For A0, a1, and A2 sizes of drawing
sheets along the lengths l are 16, 12 and 8 respectively, while those
along the widths w are 12, 8 and 6 respectively.
 Drawing Instruments:
 Folding Marks:
 Description of lines
Description General application
Continuous Visible outlines, visible edges; crests of
thick or screw threads; limits of length of full deph
continuous thread, lines of cuts and section arrows;
wide parting lines of moulds in views; main
representations in diagrams, maps flow
charts; system lines (structural metal engg.)
Continuous Imaginary lines of intersection; grid,
thin dimension, extension, projection, short
(narrow) centre, leader, reference lines; hatching;
(Straight or outlines of revolved sections; root of crew
curved) threads; interpretation lines of tapered
features; framing of details; indication of
repetitive details
Description of lines
Continuous thin Limits of partial or
(narrow) interrupted views and
freehand sections, if the limit is
not a chain thin line
Continuo
us thin (narrow) Long-break line
with
zigzags(Straight
or curved)
Dashed thick Line showing
(wide) permissible of surface
treatment
 Description of lines
Dashed thin (narrow) Hidden outlines; hidden
edges

Chain thin Long-dashed Centre line; lines of

dotted (narrow) symmetry; trajectories;
pitch circle of gears,
pitch circle of holes,

Chain thin (narrow) with Cutting planes

thick (wide) at the ends
and at changing of
position
 Description of lines
Chain thick or Indication of lines or surfaces to
Long-dashed which a special requirement
dotted (wide) applies

Chain thin double- Outlines of adjacent parts

dashed or long- alternative and extreme
dashed double- position of movable parts
dotted (narrow) Centroidal lines Initial outlines
prior to forming Parts situated in
front of the cutting plane
The selection of width of the line depends of the type and size of drawing
the width of the line should be opted from one of the following : 0.13mm.,
0.18mm.,0.25mm., 0.35mm., 0.5mm., 0.7mm., 1.0mm., 1.4mm., 2mm.
Description of lines
 1. Outlines: Lines drawn to represent visible
edges and surface boundaries of objects are
known as outlines or object lines or principal
lines. These are represented by continuous thick
lines.

 2. Dimension lines: Continuous thin lines, used

for giving dimensions of the drawing, are known
as dimension lines. A dimension line is
terminated at its outer end with an arrow head
touching the outline, extension line or center line.
Description of lines
 3. Extension lines or projection lines: These
are continuous thin lines used for
dimensioning an object. They extend by about
3 mm beyond the dimension lines.

 4. Construction lines: These are thin

continuous lines used for construction of
objects.
 Description of lines
 5. Section lines or Hatching lines: These are thin
continuous lines used for showing the section
evidently. They are uniformly spaced thin lines
drawn at an angle of 45 degree to the main outline
of the section. The spacing between the lines is
generally 1 mm to 2 mm.

 6. Leader or pointer lines: These are continuous

thin lines and are drawn to connect a note with the
specific feature in the drawing.
 Description of lines
 7. Short-break lines: These are continuous, thin and
wavy freehand lines drawn to show the break of an
object for a short length. These are also used to show
irregular boundaries.

 8. Long-break lines: these are thin ruled lines

provided with short zigzags at suitable intervals.
They are drawn to show long breaks.
 Description of lines
 9. Hidden or Dotted lines: These are closely and evenly
spaced dashes lines of equal lengths. They are of medium
thickness and are used to show the invisible or hidden parts
of the of the object on the drawing.
NOTE : Two or more line with different type coincide than
drawing priority:
(a) Visible outline and edges (b) Hidden outline and edges
(c) Cutting planes (d) Centre line and line of symmetry
(e) Centroidal lines (F) Projection lines
DESCRIPTION OF LETTERING
DESCRIPTION OF LETTERING
Description of LETTERING : h:w = 6:5, 2:1 for number ;
3:1
Fill-up the blanks in the following by appropriate words or
numerals selected from those given in the list as shown
below.
(i) The size of the title block for all sizes of drawing sheets
is_____mm X ___________mm.
(ii) The zones along the length of the sheet are designated
by_____while those along its width by_______.
(iii) For locating a portion of a drawing, the sheet is divided
into a number of_______.
(iv) For A1 size sheet the number of zones suggested by
B.I.S. along the length are______while those along the
width are _________.
(v) The drawing sheet is so folded that the______is always
on the top.
(vi) Horizontal lines are sketched from______to______while
vertical lines are sketched from _______to________.
(vii) Three things absolutely essential for sketch-work
are_____, _______and _______.
(viii) A sketch is considered to be good when its features are
shown in correct ________.
 Engineering Drawing
List of words and numerals for Ex. 3 :
1. Title block 7. Proportions 13. Eraser 19. Top
2. Pencil 8. Right 14. Left 20. Compass
3. 210 9. 85 15. 16 21. 65
4. Numberals 10. Letters 16. Position 22. Blocks
5. Paper 11. Bottom 17. Zones 23. 8
6. 12 12. 6 18. 185

Answer to Ex. 3 :
(i) 18 and 21, (ii) 4 and 10 (iii) 17 (iv) 6 and 23
(v) 1 (vi) 14, 8, 19 and 11
(vii) 2, 13 and 5 (viii) 7
 Engineering Drawing
(a) Writing of titles, notes etc. on a drawing is called_______
(b) Efficiency in the art of lettering is achieved by
continuous_____.
(c) Lettering should be in plain and simple style so that it
could be done _____and_______.
(d) For maintaining uniformity in size, thin and
light____may first be drawn.
(e) All letters should be uniform in ____, ____, ____and ____.
 Engineering Drawing
(f) The inclined letters slope to the__at an angle of_degrees.
(g) The size of the letter is described by its______.
(h) Main title of linked drawing is generally written in
___letters.
(i) The two types of single-stroke letters are _____and ____.
(j) Lettering is usually done in _____letters.
(k) Lower-case letters are usually used in ______drawings.
 Engineering Drawing
(l) Lettering should be so done as can be read from the
___with the main title____.
List of words for Ex. 5 :
1. Inclined 6. Vertical 11. Right 16. Practice
2. Shade 7. Freehand 12. Front 17. Lettering
3. Horizontal 8. Shape 13. Guide lines 18. Spacing
4. Speedily 9. Gothic 14. slope 19. Architectural
5. Height 10. Seventy five 15. Capital 20. Size
 Engineering Drawing
Ex. 5. (a) 17 (d) 13 (g) 5
(b) 16 (e) 20, 8, 14, 2 and 18 (h) 9
(c) 7 and 4 (f) 11 and 10 (i) 6 and 1

(j) 15
(k) 19
(l) 12 and 3
 Engineering Drawing
Complete each statement given in A, by selecting an
appropriate one from those given in B :
A (a) Outlines or principal lines are drawn as ____.
(b) Lines for hidden edges are drawn as _____.
(c) Thin and long chain line is made up of ______.
(d) Centre lines, locus lines and pitch circles are
drawn as ____
(e) Dashed line of medium thickness is made up of_.
(f) Dimension lines, hatching and extension lines are
drawn as______.

(g) The position of cutting plane is shown by _____.

(h) Irregular boundaries and short breaks are shown

by
(i) Long breaks are shown by ______.
 Engineering Drawing
(1) Long and thin chain lines
(2) Thick and long chain line, thick at ends only
(3) Thick continuous lines
(4) Short dashes of approximately equal lengths
(5) Thin continuous lines
(6) Continuous, thin and wavy lines, drawn freehand
(7) Thin ruled lines with short zigzags within them
(8) Alternately long and short dashes
(9) Dashed lines of medium thickness.
 Engineering Drawing
Engineering Drawing
Ex. 6
(a) 3 (g) 2
(b) 9 (h) 6
(c) 8 (i) 7 .
(d) 1
(e) 4
(f) 5
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.1 Which of the following is bulletin is the recent publication of
Bureau of Indian Standards, contains codes for practice in
engineering drawing?
(a) IS 696 (b) SP 46
(c) BS 8888 (d) ASME Y 14.100

1.2 A device which combines the functions of a T-square, set

square, protractor and scale is called
(a) fasteners (b) mini drafter
(c) templates (d) combination set
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.3 A drafter helps in drawing
(a) parallel and perpendicular lines (b) concentric circles
(c) smooth curves (d) All the these

1.4 Paper size „A0‟ has an area of -

(a) 1 M2 (b) 0.75m2
(c) 0.5 m2 (d) 0.25 m2
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.5 In the engineering system of paper sizes, which of the following
is „A2‟ size?
(a) 841mm x 1189mm (b) 597mm x 841 mm
(c) 420 mm x 594 mm (d) 210 mm x 297 mm

1.6 Which of the following pencil leads is hardest?

(a) HB (b) H
(c) B (d) F
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.7 In a compass, lengthening bar is used to -
(a) draw circles of large diameters
(b) draw circle of uniform thickness
(c) increase the overall height
(d) grip firmly while drawing circles

1.8 Usually, a bow compass is used to draw circles and arcs of

diameter
(a) greater than 50 mm (b) less than 50 mm
(c) in steps of 10 mm (d) in steps of 5 mm
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.9 To draw smooth curves of any nature, the drafting instrucment
used is a/an -
(a) mini drafter (b) French curve
(c) template (d) eraser shield

1.10 Set-squares can draw lines with precision, inclined with the
horizontal at an angle in multiples of -
(a) 5 degrees (b) 10 degrees
(c) 15 degrees (d) 20 degrees
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.11 Parallel lines can be drawn with the help of -
(a) mini drafter (b) T-square
(c) pair of set-squares (d) All of these

1.12 Grid References on a drawing sheet provide the following

information -
(a) Location of details, additions, modifications, revisions,
etc. of drawing
(b) To facilitate the positioning of the drawing when
reproduced.
(c) To facilitate brief record and initials of the person
responsible
(d) To facilitate trimming
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.13 A title block does not provide which of the following
information-
(a) Name of the legal owner (b) Drawing sheet number
(c) Angle of projection used (d) Explanation of symbols used

1.14 Which of the following statements is preferred containing the

statement “All dimensions are in millimetres unless otherwise
specified?” -
(a) Frames and borders
(b) Title block
(c) Item list
(d) Revision table
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.15 An item list on a drawing sheet provides which of the following
information?
(a) Name of the company, title of the drawing scale and angle of
projection
(b) Item, description, quantity and material
(c) Explanation of special symbols, abbreviations and units of
dimensions (d) All the above

1.16 Number of orientation mark generally contained by a drawing

sheet is -
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.17 What should appear on the top position after folding the
drawing sheet?
(a) Revision table
(b) Item references
(c) Title block (d) Any of these

Answers.
1.1 (b), 1.2 (b), 1.3(a), 1.4(a), 1.5(c), 1.6(b), 1.7(a), 1.8(b), 1.9(b), 1.10(c),
1.11(d), 1.12 (a), 1.12(a), 1.13(d), 1.14(b), 1.15(b), 1.16(b), 1.17(c)