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Introduction to Distance Protection

Jay Gosalia
Vice President of Marketing
Doble Engineering Company
 Objective of Relay Protection

¾ Protect persons and equipment in the

surrounding of the power system

¾ Protect apparatus in the power system

¾ Separate faulty parts from the rest of the

power system to facilitate the operation of
the healthy part of the system

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 Electrical Fault in Power System
¾ Transmission lines 85%
¾ Busbar 12%
¾ Transformer/ Generator 03%
12% 3%

85%

Transmission lines Busbar TFR/Gen

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 Fault Statistics
¾ Single phase to earth 80%
¾ Two phases to earth 10%
¾ Phase to phase faults 5%
¾ Three phase faults 5%
5% 5%
10%

80%
Ph-G Flt Ph-Ph-G Flt Ph-Ph Flt 3 Ph Flt

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 Fault Type in Transmission Line
¾ Transient faults
ƒ Common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
ƒ Lightnings are the most common reason
ƒ Caused by birds, falling trees, forest growth,
ƒ Swinging lines, High velocity winds etc.
• Disappear after a short dead interval
¾ Persistent faults
ƒ Caused by a broken conductor fallen down
ƒ Tree falling on a line
• Must be located and repaired before normal service

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 Protection Types

¾ Unit Protection
¾ Non-Unit protection

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 Protection Types
¾ Unit Protection
ƒ Differential protection
• Transformer differential protection
ƒ Bus differential protection
• Generator differential protection
• Line differential protection
ƒ Pilot protection
• Transfer trip schemes
• Under/over reaching pilot protection with distance
protection
¾ Non-Unit protection
ƒ Over Current protection
• Time over current or instantaneous protection
ƒ 3 Zones of distance protection
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 Unit Protection

TFR

Protection

Unitprotection
Unit protectionprovides
providesthe
theprotection
protectionififthe
the
faultisisinside
fault insidethe
theZone
Zoneofofprotection
protection
ItItdoes
doesnot notprovide
providethe
theprotection
protectionififthe
thefault
fault
isisoutside
outsidethetheZone
Zoneofofprotection
protection

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 Non-Unit Protection
A B C D

Zone 3
Zone 2
Time

Zone 1

Distance

Zone11provides
Zone providesthe
theinstantaneous
instantaneousprotection
protection
forthe
for theline
lineAB
AB
Zone22and
Zone andZone
Zone33are
arethe
theback
backup
upprotection
protection

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 Non-Unit Protection

¾It’s a Non Unit Protection

but can be modified to Unit
Protection when combined
with signaling channel

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 Application
Application
Examples
Examples

Basicsof
Basics of
Design
Design Distance Distance
Distance
Protection Protection
Protection

Theoryof
Theory of
operation
operation
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 Distance Protection: Principle

¾ Protection works on impedance seen by the protection

¾ Impedance is directly proportional to distance so it’s a distance
protection
¾ Requires inputs for voltage and current
ƒ Using CTs and PTs
¾ Current is an operating force and voltage is a restraining force
ƒ Normal load condition restraining force is higher then the
operating force

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Distance Protection: Principle

Current Voltage

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 Fault condition
A B C D

¾ Normal condition
ƒ Normal voltage & load current
ƒ 69 Volts and 1 A load current
¾ Fault condition
ƒ Depressed voltage & high
current
ƒ 20 Volts & 10 A fault current
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 Fault condition
A B C D

¾ Quick isolation of the faulted section

ƒ Reduces damage caused by the fault
ƒ Less stress on the electrical apparatus
ƒ Maintains the flow of electricity to healthy section
¾ Quick and fast detection of the fault condition
ƒ Fast operation of the distance protection

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Distance Protection: Principle

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 Distance Protection: Ph-Ph Fault

The measured impedance is equal to the

Positive & Negative sequence impedance up to
the fault location
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 Distance Protection: 3 Ph Faults

The measured impedance is equal to the

Positive Sequence impedance up to the fault
location
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 Distance Protection: Ph-G Faults

The measured impedance is equal to the

Positive, Negative & Zero Sequence impedance
up to the fault location
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 Distance Protection: Ph-G Faults

¾The current is Phase current + the Residual current

¾Residual current = Iph * (Z0-Z1) / 3Z1,
¾ KN = Zero Sequence compensation factor.
¾The factor KN is a transmission line constant
¾Identical throughout the whole line length.
¾ Total loop impedance = (1+KN) Z1
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 Distance Protection: Principle

A B C D

Z
Reactance : X

RF

Resistance : R

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 Distance Protection: Principle

IZ
I Z
V
+ Angle
Comparator
Output

>= 900

IX IZ

V-IZ

Angle = 900

V
IR
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 Distance Protection: Principle

IZ
I Z
V
+ Angle
Comparator
Output

>= 900

IX IZ

V-IZ

V
IR
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Distance Protection: Principle

Angle between the two cords drawn from the diameter

Of a circle is always 90 degrees.

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 Distance Protection

IZ
I Z
V
+ Angle
Comparator
Output

>= 900

IX IZ

V-IZ Internalfault
fault
Internal
Angle>=90
Angle >=9000

V
IR
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 Distance Protection

IZ
I Z
V
+ Angle
Comparator
Output

>= 900

IX IZ

V-IZ

Externalfault
External fault
Angle<<90
Angle 9000
V
IR
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 Distance Protection : Design
IX IZR

¾ Set a replica impedance Vpol - IZR

ƒ Replica of line impedance
ƒ Magnitude and angle : ZR
Vpol
ƒ Called reach of the Relay
IR
¾ Convert current I in to vector IZR
¾ Derive voltage of the system : V
ƒ Reference voltage V , Polarizing Voltage : Vpol
¾ Calculate voltage vector Vpol - IZR
¾ Measure the angle between Vpol and Vpol – IZR
¾ Output if the angle is 900 or greater
¾ This produces “MHO” Characteristic
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 Distance Protection : Ph-G Fault

¾ For A-G fault

ƒ IZR is IA*ZR
ƒ Vpol is VA
ƒ Vpol – IZR is VA – IAZR
¾ When polarizing voltage = Fault voltage
ƒ Self polarized Relay
ƒ For B-G fault
• Polarized voltage = Fault voltage = VB
¾ Earlier designs were self polarized distance
relays
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 Self Polarized Protection
¾ Limitations
ƒ What happens if the fault is at the terminal of the
breaker?
• Fault voltage is 0
• Polarized voltage is 0
• No reference voltage Vpol to compare with
V-IZ
• Self polarized distance protection no good for
0 voltage phase to ground fault
¾ Solution
ƒ Use memory voltage instead of faulted phase
voltage
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 Memory Polarized Protection

IZ
I Z
V
+ Output

Angle
Comparator
>= 900

Memory

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 Memory Polarized Protection

IZ
I Z
V
+ Output

Angle
Comparator
>= 900

Memory

¾ What memory voltage does to the “MHO”

characteristic?

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 Memory Polarization

E
A Load Current B

G Zs

21
E
ƒ Pre-Fault voltage at the protection before the
fault is E (neglecting load current drop in Zs)

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 Memory Polarization

A Fault Current IF B

G Zs

VF
21
E
ƒ Pre-Fault voltage at the protection before the
fault is E (neglecting load current drop in Zs)
ƒ Just after the fault the E = VF + IFZs

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Memory Polarization
IX IZR

V-IZ

Angle>>90
Angle 9000
VF

IR

Vpol = V pre fault

IZs
E = VF + IFZs

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Mho Ch. : Memory Polarization
IX IZR

V-IZ

VF

IR

Vpol = V pre fault

IZs

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Memory Polarization Effect
IX IZR

Morefault
More faultresistance
resistance
V-IZ Coverageduedueto
to
Coverage
memoryPolarization
memory Polarization

VF

IR

Vpol = V pre fault

IZs

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 Memory Polarization: Summary
¾ Provides reference voltage (Vpol) under all phase
and ground faults
¾ Expand the self polarized characteristic to cover
more fault resistance
ƒ No overreaching at reach point
ƒ Circle with a diameter = Source impedance + Reach
impedance
• Higher the source impedance (weak source) larger the
diameter means more fault resistance coverage
¾ Numerical protections uses memory, self, healthy
phase voltages for polarizations and or different
combinations of the same
ƒ Partially or fully cross polarized protections are very
common now a days

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 Cross Polarization
¾ It is very common to use healthy phase
voltage for phase to ground fault
ƒ Provides polarizing voltage for a zero voltage fault
ƒ For A-G fault: Polarizing voltage is -(VB+VC)
• Called Cross polarizing
• Same effect as Memory Polarization
VC
-(VB+VC)
VA

VB
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 Memory Polarization : Questions
ƒ How protection works IX IZR
when there is a 3 phase
zero voltage faults?
ƒ How the protection
works when there is a
permanent 3 phase zero
voltage faults during IR
reclosing?
IZs
ƒ Looks like that protection
can trip for a reverse
faults. True?

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Distance Protection: Architecture

IZ
I ZR
V
+ Output
Timer = 0.25
Cycles

Memory

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 Distance Protection: Architecture
IZ
I ZR
V
+ Phase
Detector Output
V-IZ in phase
Or lag
Phase
Memory Shift Vpol
- 900

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 Distance Protection: Architecture
IZ
I ZR
V
+ Phase
Detector Output
V-IZ in phase
Or lag
Phase
Memory Shift Vpol
- 900

ZR

V-IZ

Vpol
Zs

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 Distance Protection: Architecture
IZ
I ZR
V
+ Phase
Detector Output
V-IZ in phase
Or lag
Phase
Memory Shift Vpol
- 900

ZR ZR

V-IZ V-IZ

Vpol Vpol
Zs Zs

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 Review Question - 1
ZR

V-IZ

Vpol

Zs

Howprotection
How protectionworks
worksfor
foraa33phase
phasezero
zerovoltage
voltagefaults?
faults?
Typicallythe
Typically theprotection
protectionmemorizes
memorizes16-20
16-20cycles
cyclesof
ofpre
prefault
fault
voltageswhich
voltages whichisisused
usedwhen
whenthere
thereisisZero
ZeroVoltage
VoltageFault.
Fault.

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 Review Question - 2
A B

G Zs

21

Howthe
ƒƒ How theprotection
protectionworks
worksfor
foraapermanent
permanent33phase
phasezero
zero
voltagefaults
voltage faultsduring
duringclosing
closingof
ofthe
thebreaker?
breaker?
ƒƒ IfIfthe
thegrounding
groundingchains
chainswere
wereleft
lefton
onthe
thebreaker
breaker&&breaker
breakerisis
closed,protection
closed, protectionhashasno
novoltage
voltageininthe
thememory
memoryas aswell
wellas
as
thefault
the faultvoltage
voltageisiszero.
zero.Protection
Protectionsees
seesonly
onlyfault
faultcurrent.
current.
SwitchOn
ƒƒ Switch OnToToFault
Fault--SOTF
SOTFfeature
featureisisemployed
employedwhich
whichtrips
trips
thebreaker
the breakerififprotection
protectionsees
seesthe
thecurrent
currentbut
butno
novoltage
voltage
followingbreaker
following breakerclose.
close.

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 Review Question - 3
ZR

V-IZ

Vpol

Zs
Lookslike
ƒƒ Looks likethat
thatprotection
protectioncan
cantrip
tripfor
foraareverse
reversefaults.
faults.
True?
True?
Characteristicisistrue
ƒƒ Characteristic trueonly
onlyfor
forforward
forwardfaults
faultsfor
forreverse
reverse
faultprotection
fault protectionwill
willnot
notoperate
operate

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 Memory Polarization : Facts
A B
G ZL Zs

21 ZR

V-IZ
ƒ Characteristic is circle whose
diameter is Zs - ZR
ƒ For faults behind the protection
ZS = Zs + ZR
ƒ So characteristic should be a
Vpol
circle whose diameter is Zs - ZR
ƒ Substitute the value for Zs Zs
ƒ Characteristic should be circle
with a diameter equal to Zs

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 Memory Polarization : Facts
A B
G ZL Zs

Zs
21

ƒ Characteristic is circle whose

diameter is Zs - ZR
ZR
ƒ For faults behind the protection
ZS = Zs + ZR
ƒ So characteristic should be a
circle whose diameter is Zs - ZR
ƒ Substitute the value for Zs
ƒ Characteristic should be circle
with a diameter equal to Zs

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Memory Polarization : Conclusion
A B
G ZL Zs

Zs
21

ZR
Memorypolarized
ƒƒ Memory polarizedMHOMHO
characteristicisisvery
characteristic very
secureand
secure andnot
notprone
proneto
to
operatefor
operate forreverse
reversefaults
faults

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Fault Res.: Memory Vs. Self Polarized
A B
G Zs ZL Zs

RF
21
ZR
ZR

Zs
Zs

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Fault Res.: Strong Vs. Weak Source
A B
G Zs ZL Zs

RF
21
ZR
ZR

Zs
Strong Source Zs
Weak Source
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 Fault Res.: Short Vs. Long Line
G Zs ZL Zs

RF
21 ZR

ZR

Zs
Zs
Strong Source/Short line Weak Source/long line
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 Fault Resistance Coverage
¾ Strong source & short line reduces fault resistance
coverage
ƒ Use quadrilateral characteristic to improve fault resistance
coverage
¾ Weak Source & long line increases fault resistance
coverage
¾ Memory polarized protection is more secure under all
fault conditions
¾ Self polarized protection does not provide good fault
resistance coverage
¾ Memory polarization increases fault resistance
coverage compare to self polarized protection
¾ Healthy phase polarization provides the same effect
as memory polarized protection
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 Quadrilateral Characteristics
X
ZL

ZR
Reach
Load Blinder

Load Area

R
Dir
KR
ƒƒ Fourcomparators
Four comparatorsareareused
usedto
todetect
detectfault
faultconditions
conditions
ƒƒ IfIfall
allfour
fourcomparators
comparatorsproduces
producesoutput,
output,protection
protectiontrips
trips
ƒƒ Quadcharacteristic
Quad characteristicprovide
providegood
goodfault
faultresistance
resistancecoverage
coverage

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Quadrilateral Characteristics
X
ZL

ZR
Reach
Load Blinder

R
Dir
KR

How directional
How directional line
line works?
works?

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Directional line : Int. Fault
IX
IZ = Signal B True
If A lags B
By 00 – 1800
VF

Ope
rate

IR
Dir line

VF <-900 = Signal A
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 Directional line : Ext. Fault
IX
IZ = Signal B True
If A lags B
By 00 – 1800

VF <-900 = Signal A

IR

VF

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 Reach line : Ext. Fault
IX VF - IZ = Signal A

If A lags B
By 00 – 1800
IZ
VF

I*Kr = Signal B IR

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 Reach line : Int. Fault
IX
VF - IZ = Signal A If A lags B
By 00 – 1800
IZ
VF

I*Kr = Signal B

IR

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 Reach line
IX
VF - IZ = Signal A
If A lags B
By 00 – 1800
IZ
VF

I*Kr = Signal B IR

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 Load Blinder: Internal Fault
IX

If A lags B
VF - IZ = Signal B By 00 – 1800
IZ

VF
VF-IKR=Signal A
KR Setting for the load blinder

I*KR IR

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 Load Blinder: External Fault
Operate
IX
VF - IZ = Signal B If A lags B
By 00 – 1800
IZ
VF-IKR=Signal A
VF

I*Kr IR

KR Setting for the load blinder

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 Quadrilateral Characteristic : Facts

¾ Quad characteristic is better for short line

and/or strong source as it provides better
fault resistance coverage
¾ Very good for ground fault protection
ƒ Fault resistance can be high
• Tower footing resistance, Tree touching the
line etc.
¾ Reactance and resistance reach can be set
independent of each other for optimum fault
coverage

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 Ph-G Faults: High Resistance Fault

¾High Resistance Faults

•can be caused by growing trees, bushfire or
objects touching a conductor
• this type of high resistive faults can not be
detected by impedance protection
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Quad Characteristic : Reactance Line
ƒ Reactance line is not a
straight line parallel to R
axis.
ƒ Top line has a tilt of 30
ƒ The tilt enables protection to
not operate for an external
fault
ƒ If the tilt is not there then
protection can operate for
an external fault due to
effect of load on the line
ƒ How?

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 Effect of Load : Quad Ch.
X Y
G Zs ZL Zs G

Vx <00 VY <-300
Ix Iy
21

Ix+Iy <-Ө

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 Impedance Seen at Protection X
G Zs ZL Zs G

Vx <00 VY <-300
Ix Iy
21

Ix+Iy <-Ө Ix

(Ix+Iy)*R
Ix + Iy
Iy
(Ix)*ZL

Tiltof
Tilt ofthe
thereactance
reactanceline
line
Preventstripping
Prevents trippingfor
forthe
the
Externalfaults
External faults

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 Effect of Load : Quad Ch.
X Y
G Zs ZL Zs G

Vx <00 VY <+300
Ix Iy
21

Ix+Iy <+Ө

Iy
Ix + Iy

Ix

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 Impedance Seen at Protection X
G Zs ZL Zs G

Vx <00 VY <-300
Ix Iy
21

Ix+Iy <-Ө

(Ix+Iy)*R

Tiltof
Tilt ofthe
thereactance
reactanceline
line
(Ix)*ZL
Preventsoperation
Prevents operationfor
forthe
the
Internalfaults
Internal faults

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Quad Characteristics : Ext. Fault

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Quad Characteristics : Int. Fault

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Quad Characteristics : Int. Fault

Bypolarizing
By polarizingthe
thetop
topline
linewith
with–Ve
–VeororZero
Zero
sequencecurrent,
sequence current,ititwill
willadapt
adaptto
toload
loadCondition
Condition

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 MHO Characteristics : Zone 3

¾ Zone 3 provides the back up protection in

case Zone 1 and Zone 2 fails to operate
¾ Zone 3 is typically time delayed zone
¾ It is used in blocking scheme to determine
direction of the fault
¾ Zone 3 is mostly offset characteristic that it
includes the Origin in the characteristic
means it can trip for a reverse fault
¾ To avoid load encroachment due to large
setting of Zone 3 it’s shape can lens
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Zones of Protection

Zone 3 : Offset MHO

Load profile

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 OFFSET MHO
IZ
V-IZ

ZZ==Forward
ForwardReach
Reach
Z’==Reverse
Z’ ReverseReach
Reach

V-IZ’

-IZ’

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 OFFSET MHO
IZ
ZZ==Forward
ForwardReach
Reach
Z’==Reverse
Z’ ReverseReach
Reach

Load profile

-IZ’

TwoComparators
Two Comparatorsare
arephase
phaseshifted
shiftedby
bysame
same angle
angleininopposite
oppositedirection
direction

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 OFFSET MHO
IZ
ZZ==Forward
ForwardReach
Reach
Z’==Reverse
Z’ ReverseReach
Reach

Load profile

-IZ’

Majoraxis
Major axisto
tominor
minoraxis axisratio
ratioisisequal
equalto totan
tan(180
(180--Ө)/2
Ө)/2
Eachcomparator
comparatorKnowledge
isshifted
shiftedby Is Power
by anangle
angleӨӨ
Each is an
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 MHO or Quad : Pros and Cons
Simpleand
¾ Simple
¾ anddirectional
directional Goodfault
¾ Good
¾ faultresistance
resistance
Leessensitive
¾ Lees
¾ sensitiveto
to coverageas
coverage aschar.
char.can
can
powerswings
power swings beset
be setalong
alongR-R-Axis
Axis
Reachdoes
doesnot
notextend
extend Goodfor
ƒƒ Good forshort
shortline
lineand
and
ƒƒ Reach strongsource
source
asfar
as faralong
alongR-Axis
R-Axis strong
Limitedfault
¾ Limited
¾ faultresistance
resistance ¾ Sensitiveto
¾ Sensitive topower
power
coveragefor
coverage forshort
short swing
swing
lines Characteristicextends
ƒƒ Characteristic extendson
on
lines R-Axis R-Axis

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 Knowledge Is Power SM
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