SMT359/Specimen

Equations booklet
& &
ρ 1
div E = E · dS = ρ dV
ε0 S ε0 V
&
div B = 0 B · dS = 0
S
( &
∂B d
curl E = − E · dl = − B · dS
∂t C dt S
( & % -
∂E ∂E
curl B = µ0 J + ε0 µ0 B · dl = µ0 J + ε 0 µ0 · dS
∂t C S ∂t

& &
div D = ρf D · dS = ρf dV
S V
&
div B = 0 B · dS = 0
S
( &
∂B d
curl E = − E · dl = − B · dS
∂t C dt S
( & % -
∂D ∂D
curl H = Jf + H · dl = Jf + · dS
∂t C S ∂t

∂ρ
+ div J = 0 D = εε0 E, B = µµ0 H
∂t
ρ
F = q(E + v × B) ∇2 V = −
ε0

1 q1 q2 1 ∂ 2f
F12 = "
2 r12 ∇2 f =
4πε0 r12 v 2 ∂t2

µ0 I1 δl1 × (I2 δl2 × "

r12 )
F12 = 2 N = Ephys × Hphys
4π r12
& r2
E = − grad V, V (r2 ) − V (r1 ) = − E · dl
r1

Fundamental constants Unit conversions

speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 × 108 m s−1 N ≡ kg m s−2
permittivity of free space ε0 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N−1 m−2 (or F m−1 ) J ≡ Nm ≡ kg m2 s−2
permeability of free space µ0 4π × 10−7 N A−2 (or H m−1 ) W ≡ J s−1 ≡ A V ≡ kg m2 s−3
electron charge −e −1.60 × 10−19 C Ω ≡ V A−1 ≡ kg m2 s−3 A−2
electron mass 9.11 × 10−31 kg C ≡ As
proton mass 1.67 × 10−27 kg F ≡ C V−1 ≡ kg−1 m−2 s4 A2
Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1 T ≡ N A−1 m−1 ≡ V s m−2 ≡ kg s−2 A−1
Avogadro’s number NA 6.02 × 1023 mol−1 H ≡ T m2 A−1 ≡ V s A−1 ≡ kg m2 s−2 A−2

c 2010 The Open University

Copyright % WEB 02711 9
2.1 PT/TEX
Theorems
& r2
grad f · dl = f (r2 ) − f (r1 )
r1
& &
div F dV = F · dS
V S
& (
curl F · dS = F · dl
S C

Vector and vector calculus identities

a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c

a · (b × c) = (a × b) · c
div(f F) = f div F + F · grad f
div (grad f ) = ∇2 f
div (curl F) = 0
curl (grad f ) = 0
curl (curl F) = grad(div F) − ∇2 F
div (F × G) = (curl F) · G − F · (curl G)

Various integrals
& &
n 1 1
x dx = xn+1 + C (n &= −1) dx = ln x + C
n+1 x
& &
1 1
sin(ax) dx = − cos(ax) + C cos(ax) dx = sin(ax) + C
a a
& &
1
exp(ax) dx = exp(ax) + C ln(ax) dx = x ln(ax) − x + C
a
& & 2π & 2π
−ax 1
xe dx = − 2 (1 + ax) e−ax + C 2
sin θ dθ = cos2 θ dθ = π
a 0 0
& & 2π
1 1 1
x2 e−ax dx = − (2 + 2ax + a2 x2 ) e−ax + C (sin2 θ* ≡ sin2 θ dθ =
a3 2π 0 2
& & 2π
1 1 1
dx = ln((a2 + x2 )1/2 + x) + C (cos2 θ* ≡ cos2 θ dθ =
2 2
(a + x ) 1/2 2π 0 2
& &
1 x cosn+1 (θ)
dx = √ +C cosn θ sin θ dθ = − +C
2 2
(a + x ) 3/2
a a 2 + x2
2 n+1
& ∞ & 2π
1
dx = 2 cos θ sin θ dθ = 0
−∞ (1 + x2 )3/2 0

2 SMT359
Differential operations for a scalar field f and a vector field F

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z)

∂f ∂f ∂f
grad f = ex + ey + ez
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂Fx ∂Fy ∂Fz
div F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
' '
' ex ey ez '' %
' - % - % -
' ' ∂Fz ∂Fy ∂Fx ∂Fz ∂Fy ∂Fx
curl F = ''∂/∂x '
∂/∂y ∂/∂z ' = − ex + − ey + − ez
' ' ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
' Fx Fy Fz '
∂2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
∇2 f = + +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

Cylindrical coordinates (r, φ, z)

∂f 1 ∂f ∂f
grad f = er + eφ + ez
∂r r ∂φ ∂z

1 ∂ 1 ∂Fφ ∂Fz
div F = (rFr ) + +
r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z
' '
' er re e '
' φ z '
1 ' '
curl F = ''∂/∂r ∂/∂φ ∂/∂z ''
r' '
' Fr rFφ Fz '
% - % - % -
1 ∂Fz ∂Fφ ∂Fr ∂Fz 1 ∂ ∂Fr
= − er + − eφ + (rFφ ) − ez
r ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂r r ∂r ∂φ
% -
2 1 ∂ ∂f 1 ∂2f ∂ 2f
∇ f= r + 2 2+ 2
r ∂r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z

Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ)

∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f
grad f = er + eθ + eφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂Fφ
div F = 2
(r Fr ) + (sin θ Fθ ) +
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
' '
' er reθ r sin θ eφ ''
'
1 ' '
curl F = 2 '∂/∂r ∂/∂θ ∂/∂φ ''
r sin θ ' '
'
' Fr rFθ r sin θ Fφ '
% - % - % -
1 ∂ ∂Fθ 1 1 ∂Fr ∂ 1 ∂ ∂Fr
= (sin θ Fφ ) − er + − (rFφ ) eθ + (rFθ ) − eφ
r sin θ ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ ∂r r ∂r ∂θ
% - % -
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂f 1 ∂ ∂f 1 ∂ 2f
∇ f= 2 r + 2 sin θ + 2 2
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ2

SMT359 3
Miscellaneous formulae

Jb = curl M % -1/2
J = nqv m
λ=
µ0 ns e2
H = B/µ0 − M +
µ0 I δl! × (r − r! ) v *
δB = ρ! = γ ρ − 2 Jx
4π |r − r! |3 c
µ = (1 − χB )−1
δF = I δl×B Jx! = γ(Jx − vρ); Jy! = Jy ; Jz! = Jz
H2# − H1# = is ; B1⊥ = B2⊥
m = |I| ΔS E!# = E# ; E!⊥ = γ(E⊥ + v×B⊥ )
µ0 I
B= [sin α2 − sin α1 ] % -
µ0 I 4πd v × E⊥
B= eφ B!# = B# ; B!⊥ = γ B⊥ −
2πr |q|B c2
ωc =
B = µ0 nI ez m
vphase = ω/k
mv⊥
rc =
p = qd |q|B √
c = 1/ ε0 µ0
J = σ(E + v×B)
1 p·" r ∂ 2E
V (r) = 2 & ∇2 E = ε0 µ0
4πε0 r ∂t2
Φ= B·dS
C = Q/V S 1"
B= k×E
dΦ c
1 2 Vemf = −
U= 2 CV
dt
exp iθ = cos θ + i sin θ
( dΦ21
M21 =
Vemf = (E + v×B)·dl dI1 N = Ephys ×Hphys
C
dΦ
V = IR L= c"
dI N = 21 εε0 E02 k
n
n
)
U = −p·E U= 1
qi Vi √
2 v = 1/ εε0 µµ0
i=1
&
Γ = p×E 1
U= 2 ρ(r)V (r) dτ n = c/v
τ
&
P = n(p* = χE ε0 E 1
+ 2 σ(r)V (r) dS n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
S
σb = P·"
n
u = 21 D·E θB = tan−1 (n2 /n1 )
% -
ρb = −div P Vs t dω
I= exp − vgroup =
R RC dk
. % -,
D = ε0 E + P Vs Rt #
I= 1 − exp − δ= 2/µ0 σω
R L
ε = 1+χE
U = 12 LI 2 ∂E
∇2 E = µ0 σ
∂t
E1# = E2# ; D2⊥ − D1⊥ = σf + mπ *2 + nπ *2
u = 12 B·H 2
kgw = k02 − −
√ a b
U = −m·B $
ωn = 1/ LC
ne e2
ωp =
Γ = m×B ns e2 mε0
curl Js = − B !
m
ω= ωp2 + k 2 c2
M = n(m* = χB B/µ0
∂Js ns e2
= E
∂t m ωp2
ib = M×"
n εeff (ω) = 1 −
1 ω2
∇2 B = B
λ2
4 SMT359