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Operations of Polynomials - Addition Subtraction Multiplication and Division of Polynomials

Operations of polynomials include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Addition and subtraction involve combining like terms. Multiplication follows rules such as distributing monomials over polynomials, using FOIL for binomials, and distributing one polynomial over another. Division uses long division, dividing each term of the dividend by the divisor and bringing down remaining terms.

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Ken Aisa G. Ortiz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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110 views

Operations of Polynomials - Addition Subtraction Multiplication and Division of Polynomials

Operations of polynomials include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Addition and subtraction involve combining like terms. Multiplication follows rules such as distributing monomials over polynomials, using FOIL for binomials, and distributing one polynomial over another. Division uses long division, dividing each term of the dividend by the divisor and bringing down remaining terms.

Uploaded by

Ken Aisa G. Ortiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operations of Polynomial

ADDITION
We can only add terms with the same
degree and variable
3 +4 +2 +7 =7 +9
2 3 3 2 3 2
5 +3 −2 +6 = + 11
Example

Remove parenthesis/”quantity”

𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 − 𝟒 Arrange expression according to liked terms


then add accordingly.
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 ANSWER
Arithmethic method

Make sure terms are aligned


properly. Insert coefficient ‘0’
wherever necessary.

Add like terms

ANSWER
Example

(−𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒 +𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗 + 𝟕𝒙𝟑 )


Exercises

Solve the following using the two methods of addition.


SUBTRACTION
Process is essentially the same as that of addition.

The only difference is that for subtraction, we


change the sign of each term in the subtrahend.
minuend 𝒙-𝒚=𝒛 difference

subtrahend
Example

𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 − 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 Change the sign of all the terms in subtrahend.

−𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 + 𝟒 Combine liked terms

−𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 ANSWER


Arithmetic method

Make sure terms are aligned


properly. Insert coefficient ‘0’
wherever necessary.

Change the sign of all the terms in


subtrahend then add like terms

ANSWER
Exercises

Solve the following using the two methods of subtraction.


MULTIPLICATION
Monomial times Monomial

Just multiply the coefficients then multiply the


variables using the rules for exponents.
Monomial times Monomial
Example.

𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
(𝟗𝒙 𝒚𝒛 ) −𝟑𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 =
Monomial times Monomial
Solve.

𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
(𝟔𝒙 𝒚𝒛) 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 =
Monomial times Monomial

𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
(𝟔𝒙 𝒚𝒛) 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 =
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
(𝟔 ∙ 𝟐)(𝒙 ∙ 𝒙 )(𝒚 ∙ 𝒚 )(𝒛) =
𝟓 𝟔
𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Monomial times Polynomial
Use the distributive property to multiply a monomial times a polynomial.
Monomial times Polynomial
Example
3𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 =
Monomial times Polynomial
Solve.
Monomial times Polynomial
Use the distributive property to multiply a monomial times a polynomial.
Binomial times Binomial
Use the FOIL method (First times First, Outside times Outside, Inside
times Inside, and Last times last).
Binomial times Binomial
Example.

(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟕) =
Binomial times Binomial
Solve.

(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟓) =
Binomial times Binomial

(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟓) =
𝟐𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 𝟓 + 𝟑(𝒙) + 𝟑(𝟓) =
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 =
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Binomial times Binomial
Special Products: May be used in special cases as a shortcut to the FOIL
method.
Exercises

𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟔) =
(𝒙 + 𝟕)(𝒙 − 𝟕) =
(𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟗) =
(𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐) =
Polynomial times Polynomial
(where at least one has more than two terms) Distribute each term in
the first polynomial to each term in the second.
Polynomial times Polynomial
Demonstrate another method.
Following the arithmetic way of multiplication, we can write the given algebraic expressions vertically

Multiply the last term in the second expression (5) to all the terms in the first expression, starting from the last term to the first;
𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 that is, 5 (from second expression) times (-4) then (5)(3x) then (5)(𝑥 2 )

−𝟔𝒙𝟑 −18𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 Multiply the second term in the second expression (-6x) to each of the terms in the first expression (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4) and align with
like terms in the first partial product (5𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 −20) then do the same for the first term in the second expression (𝑥 2 ) to get
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 the third line of the partial product.

Add like terms and you’ll get the final answer.


𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎
Polynomial times Polynomial
Solve.
Polynomial times Polynomial
Solve.
Exercises
DIVISION
Division by Monomial
Each terms of the polynomial is divided by the
monomial and it is simplified as individual fractions.
Division by Monomial

Each terms of the polynomial is divided by the


monomial and it is simplified as individual fractions.

𝟖𝒉𝟓 𝟑𝟐𝒉𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝒉𝟑


𝟒
− 𝟒
− 𝟒
=
−𝟖𝒉 −𝟖𝒉 𝟖𝒉

−𝒉 + 𝟒 − 𝟐𝒉−𝟏 =
𝟐
−𝒉 + 𝟒 −
𝒉
Division by Monomial
Solve.
Division by Monomial

𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐


+ − =
𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝟑𝒙𝒚

𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚
Division by Binomial or Larger Polynomial
Long Division Format
𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑

• Both the divisor and the dividend must be written


in descending order.
• Any missing powers should be replaced by zero
• All remainders are in fraction form
(remainder/divisor) and added to the quotient.
Division by Binomial or Larger Polynomial
𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Example 1 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑

Divided first term in the dividend by first term in the divisor.


Multiply first quotient to all the terms in the divisor.
Subtract (Change all the signs in the subtrahend). Then add.
Bring down next term in the dividend.

Repeat the process until you get the quotient. If there is a remainder, just
add it to the quotient in fraction form (remainder/divisor)
Division by Binomial or Larger Polynomial
𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Example 2
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑

Divided first term in the dividend by first term in the divisor.

Multiply first quotient to all the terms in the divisor.

Subtract (Change all the signs in the subtrahend). Then add.

Bring down next term in the dividend.

Repeat the process until you get the quotient. If there is a


remainder, just add it to the quotient in fraction form
(remainder/divisor)
Division by Binomial or Larger Polynomial
Exercise
Division by Binomial or Larger Polynomial
Exercise

8
𝑣2 − 5𝑣 + 1 −
𝑣+3
𝑣 + 3 𝑣 3 − 2𝑣 2 − 14𝑣 − 5
𝑣 3 + 3𝑣 2
−5𝑣 2 − 14𝑣
−5𝑣 2 − 15𝑣
𝑣−5
𝑣+3
−8

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