RADIO

DATA
REFERENCE
BOOK
SECOND EDITION
I
COMPILED BY

G. R. JESSOP, AMIERE, G6JP

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 RADIO DATA
REFERENCE BOOK
(SECOND EDITION)

Compiled by
G. R. JESSOP, AMIERE, G6JP

Editor :
T. R. Preece, G3TRP

RADIO SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN

28 LITTLE RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C.1
 COPYRIGHT © 1967 BY
RADIO SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN

First Edition 1962

Second Edition 1967

Printed in England for the

Radio Society of Great Britain, 28 Little Russell Street, London, W.C.1
by The Garden City Press Ltd., Letchworth, Hertfordshire
 FOREWORD

AS modern radio and electronic equipment becomes more and more

complex, it is necessary for the radio designer, engineer, and amateur,
to have available in convenient form a large amount of essential reference
data.
In compiling this book, the aim has been to provide as wide a range of
material as possible, which, if sought by the normal means would involve
lengthy research through many volumes. The actual contents are a signi-
ficantly different and wider cross section of the available information than
that at present contained in other books of this type.
In general the data is presented in the form of curves, tables and charts
with only sufficient text to permit its effective use. In adopting this method
of presentation it has been assumed that the reader will have sufficient
fundamental knowledge for the direct application of the data. Where
theoretical information on any subject is required the reader is referred to
the RSGB Amateur Radio Handbook or other appropriate reference
book.
It is inevitable that in compiling a reference book of this nature a large
and varied number of sources should be consulted. Acknowledgement,
therefore, is made to the editors and authors of the many technical journals
and text books to which reference has been made.
It is hoped that this new publication will fill a very real need in radio
circles. Any suggestions that readers feel may improve this book will be
welcomed by the author and every effort will be made to incorporate
these in any subsequent edition.
The author would like to express his indebtedness to Messrs. G. C. Fox,
MIEE, G3AEX, R. F. Stevens, G2BVN, and G. M. C. Stone, MIEE, G3FZL,
all of whom are members of the RSGB Technical Committee, for assist-
ance in compiling data and reading proofs. Particular thanks are also due
to Mr H. L. Gibson, c.Eng., MIEE, BRS1224, for the complete revision of
the section on r.f. power amplifiers.
G. R. J.
 GENERAL FORMULAE
Bias Resistor
The value of the resistor to be connected in the cathode lead for developing
the required bias is-
Ek
Rk x 1,000 ohms
k

where Ek = bias voltage required (volts) and /k = total cathode current (mA)

Capacitance
The capacitance of a parallel -plate capacitor is-
0.224 KA
C- picofaradE

where K = dielectric constant (air = 1.0)

A = area of plate (sq. in.)
d = thickness of dielectric (in.)
If A is expressed in sq. cm. and d in cm.,
0.0885 KA
C= picofarads
For multi -plate capacitors, multiply by the number of dielectric thicknesses.
Capacitance of a coaxial cylinder -
0.242
C- picofarads per cm. length
login
r2
rl = radius of outer cylinder, r2 = radius of inner cylinder.

Capacitors in Series or Parallel

The effective capacitance of a number of capacitors in series is -

C - 1

-+-- + etc.
1 1+C 1
C2 k

For two capacitors only-

x C3
C= + Ck

The effective capacitance of a number of capacitors in parallel is-

C + C2 + C3 + etc.

Decibels
The Bel is defined as the common logarithm of the ratio of two powers.
Normally the decibel (one -tenth of a Bel) is employed as a more convenient unit.

P,
Decibels (db) = 10 x logo P,
where P, and P2 are the two power levels.
7
 If equal impedances are employed:

Decibels = 20 x logss = 20 x logis -/s

where V1, Vs are the two voltage levels and 4, I, the two current levels.

db Power Voltage db Power Voltage

Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio
I 1.26 112 15 316 562
2 1.58 1.26 20 100 10
3 2.0 1.41 30 1000 31.6
4 2.51 1.58 40 10' 10'
5 3.16 1.78 50 10' 316
6 3.98 2.0 60 106 10'
7 501 224 70 10' 3160
8 6.31 251 80 10' 10'
9 7.94 2.82 90 10' 31600
10 10 3.16 100 10" 106

Figures not given in the table above may be obtained from the table on page 66.
If two db figures are added, their corresponding power or voltage ratios must
be multiplied together, e.g. 45 db = 40 db 5 db = 100 x 1.78 = 178 Voltage
Ratio.
Dynamic Resistance
In a parallel -tuned circuit at resonance the dynamic resistance is-

d =C-r = QR coL - Qohms

where L = inductance (henries)
C = capacitance (farads)
r = effective series resistance (ohms)
Q = Q -value of coil
2/r x frequency (cycles per second)
Frequency-Wavelength-Velocity
The velocity of propagation of a wave is-
v = fA centimetres per second
where f = frequency (cycles per second)
A = wavelength (centimetres)
For electromagnetic waves in free space the velocity of propagation v is approx-
imately 3 x 10" cm./sec., and if f is expressed in kilocycles per second and A in
metres -
300,000 300-A
I= A kilocycles per second f= Megacycles
or
A = 300f000 metres A=
3°°
metres
where f is in Megacycles
Impedance
The impedance of a circuit comprising inductance, capacitance and resistance
in series is-
/3
 Z Rs +lc
where R - resistance (ohms)
rn = 27r x frequency (c/s)
L = inductance (henries)
C = capacitance (farads)

The characteristic impedance Z0 of a feeder or transmission line depends on its

cross-sectional dimensions.
(i) Open -wire line:
2D
Z0 = 276 log10 -d ohms

where D = centre -to -centre spacing of wires} expressed in the same units
d = wire diameter
(ii) Coaxial line:
138 do
Zo -
(iii) Cut-off frequency of a co -axial cable:
7520
Fo(Mc/s)
d1+ dc, Vic
where K = dielectric constant of insulation between the conductors (e.g. 2.3 for
polythene, 1.0 for air)
= inside diameter of outer conductor (in.)
do = outside diameter of inner conductor (in.)

Inductance of Single Layer Coils

a2 N2
L (in microhenries) - 9a + 101 approximately
If the desired inductance is known, the number of turns required may be
determined by the formula:

N =naz
5L
ij ± 0.36n2a2
L)
where N = number of turns
a = radius of coil in inches
n = number of turns per inch
L = inductance in microhenries (pH)
/ = length of coil in inches

Slug Tuning. The variation in inductance obtainable with adjustable slugs

depends on the winding length and the size and composition of the core and no
universal correction factor can be given. For coils wound on Aladdin type F804
formers and having a winding length of 0.3-0.8 in. a dust -iron core will increase
the inductance to about twice the air -core value: a brass core will reduce the
inductance to a minimum of about 0.8 times the air -core value.
9
Inductances in Series or Parallel
The total effective value of a number of inductances connected in series
(assuming that there is no mutual coupling) is given by-
L = L1+ L2 L, + etc.
If they are connected in parallel, the total effective value is-
1
L
1 1 1

.L3
+ etc.
When there is mutual coupling M. the total effective value of two inductances
connected in series is-
L = L1 + L2 + 2 M (windings aiding)
or L = L1 + L2 -2 M (windings opposing)

Stabilizer Dropper Resistance

The resistor to be connected in series with a gas -filled voltage stabilizer tube is-

R=
E -E, x 1,000 ohms
where E. = unregulated h.t. supply voltage (volts)
Er = regulated h.t. supply voltage (volts)
I = maximum permissible current in regulator tube (milliamperes)

Ohm's Law
For a unidirectional current of constant
magnitude flowing in a metallic
conductor-

E=IR R=E
where I = current (amperes)
E = voltage (volts)
R = resistance (ohms)

Fig. I
Power
In a d.c. circuit the power developed is given by-
Ea
W E I -R P R watts
where E = voltage (volts)
I = current (amperes)
R = resistance (ohms)

The Q value of an inductance is given by-

wL
R
10
where w = 27r x frequency (cycles per second)
L = inductance (henries)
R = effective series resistance (ohms)

Q Factor of Single Tuned Circuit

fo
Q - f1 - f2
Where Jo is the frequency giving maximum response, 11 and f2 the frequencies
either side of where the response falls to 0.71 of maximum. All frequency
measurements must be expressed in the same units.
Q factors of between 50 and 200 are typical for modern coils.

Reactance
The reactance of an inductor and a capacitor respectively is given by-

XL = coL, ohms Xc - coC

ohms
where w = 27r x frequency (cycles/sec.)
L = inductance (henries)
C = capacitance (farads)
The total reactance of an inductance and a capacitance in series is XL- Xe.

Resistors in Series or Parallel

The effective value of several resistors connected in series is-
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + etc.
When several resistors are connected in parallel the effective total resistance
is-
1 for two resistors-
R R1 x R2
-+
1

R1
-+
R2
-+R3 etc.
1 1
R=
R1 + R2

Resonance
The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit is given by-
1
f 27r A/LC
cycles per second

where L = inductance (henries)

C = capacitance (farads)
If L is in microhenries (µ1I) and C is in picofarads (pF =µµF), this formula
becomes -
10'
f- 27rA/LC
kilocycles per second

The basic formula can be rearranged thus:

1
L= 4.7of 2c henries C- 4.7,2f2L farads

Since 27rf is commonly represented by w, these expressions can be written as-

L= henries C= w21L farads

w1C
11
 Time Constant
For a combination of inductance and resistance in series the time constant
(i.e. the time required for the current to reach lie or 63 per cent of its final value)
is given by -
1 = -R seconds
where L = inductance (henries)
R = resistance (ohms)
For a combination of capacitance and resistance in series the time constant
(i.e. the time required for the voltage across the capacitance to reach 1/e or 63
per cent of its final value) is given by-
t = CR seconds where C = capacitance (farads), R = resistance (ohms)
(see also page 73)
Toroidal Cores
Ferrite ring cores are suitable for use in pulse transformers, i.f. transformers,
d.c.-to-d.c. converter transformers, wideband and impedance matching trans-
formers, filter coils, r.f. coils and delay line coils.
The inductance of a coil wound on a ferrite ring is:
L = (0.0046 teN2h login -OD) pH
ID
where µ = permeability of the core material
N = number of turns
OD = outside diameter of core
ID = inside diameter of core
h = height of core
Magnetising Force
0.4 NI
H oersteds
where NI = ampere turns
I = mean magnetic path length
Peak Flux Density
E.17
B- 1
gauss
4.4 fN.A.
where E = r.m.s. value of the sinusoidal magnetising voltage in volts
f= frequency
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area of the core in cm2
u=BH-
Transformer Ratios
The ratio of a transformer refers to the ratio of the number of turns in one
winding to the number of turns in the other winding. To avoid confusion it is
always desirable to state in which sense the ratio is being expressed: e.g. the
" primary -to -secondary " ratio np/n.. The turns ratio is related to the impedance
ratio thus-
nr,
n. Z.
12
where = number of primary turns
= number of secondary turns
4 = impedance of primary (ohms)
Z. = impedance of secondary (ohms)
Valve Characteristics
Amplification Factor (14 = Valve Anode Resistance (Re) x Mutual Con-
ductance (g.,), R. being measured in thousands of ohms and ga, measured in
mA per volt.
Alternatively-
= Ra =
gm
Stage Gain
1.4 X Ry
Amplification (A) -
+ R.
where R, is the anode load measured in the same units as R.. If R, is small com-
pared with Ra, e.g. television r.f. stages-
A = gm x R, (approximately)
Cathode Follower
0 V us Rk
Voltage Gain
ra Rk(l IA)

where µ = amplification factor of the valve

r. = anode impedance
Rk = cathode resistor
The stage gain of a cathode follower will always be less than unity. When p.
is large and Rk is large compared with ra the gain will be near unity.
Stage Gain in Resistance Coupled A.F. Amplifier
p.R
Medium Frequencies Gm
R R.
Gm
High Frequencies Ge
/(1 + (02 C,t r2)
Gm
Low Frequencies Gi
/ (1 ± I
coa C p2
)
where R - R, R.
R, Ry
R R. ra = 27r frequency
r=
R R. R, = anode load resistor
Rg = grid leak
p = 122+ RR,, R. = valve anode resistance
R1+ Rs = total shunt capacity
= amplification factor of valve C, = coupling capacitor
ANODE C2 GRID

Fig. 2. Input V a µ .eg

CATHODE
OR EARTH
13
 Given C1 C2, R2 and x = fractional response required.
At highest frequency r = V(1 - x2) R = r Ra
Ri=-
R R2
cuCi x ' Ra - r' R2 -R
x
At lowest frequency C2 -
aipA / (1 - x2)
Note the gain will be affected by the cathode and screen by-pass capacitors.

Negative Feedback
Voltage Feedback
A
Gain with feedback -
1 + Ab
where A is the original gain of the amplifier section over which feedback is
applied (including the output transformer if included) and b is the fraction of
the output voltage fed back.
Distortion with feedback - approximately
1 + Ab
where d is the original distortion of the amplifier.
Ra
Effective output Impedance -
1 + p.b
where p. is the amplification factor of the output valve and Ra its anode resistance.
Current Feedback
This form of feedback may be obtained by omitting the bypass capacitor
across the cathode bias resistor. Current feedback results in an increase of
effective output impedance and is not recommended for output stages.

Equivalent R.F. Noise Resistance

0.05
Saturated Diode Req = ohms
0.0333
Space Charge Limited Diode Req = ohms
h
2.5
Triode Req = onMS
gm
/a ( 2. 5 20
Pentode Req - + I22) ohms
la + Iga gni gr4.0

Triode Mixer Req = ohms

ge
Pentode Mixer /a i 4.0 20 lgs
and Multigrid Mixer / Reg=
la + I g2 gc + gee ) ohms
/a and /g2 are measured in amps., gm and ge are in amps. per volt.

Noise Factor
e
Noise factor may be calculated from F=
2k T d
where e electron charge = 1.59 x 10-19 coulomb
k Boltzman's constant = 1.372 x 10-23 joules per °K
T Temperature of source resistance (°K)
Id Noise diode anode current (Amps) to double receiver noise output
power
Rs Source resistance (Ohms)
At normal temperature (290°K) the above formula becomes
(a) as a ratio F= 20 Id Rs
(b) in decibels F = 1010g (20 Id Rs)
14
 NOISE DIODE CURVES

100
90
80
70
60

50

40

30

20

<
E
..._...

I-
Z
in
a 10
CC
m 9
U
8
W
0
0 7
a l' 0
6 0
In
J)
5Z 5
a
.-4 4

10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
NOISE FACTOR (dB)

Fig. 3. Noise diode current-noise factor curve for various diode noise generator source
resistors
15
 R.F. POWER AMPLIFIERS
In a tuned amplifier the anode and
grid voltages are of sine -wave form
and in -phase opposition. The anode
current does not flow continuously,
but in a series of pulses whose dura-
tion varies from 40° to more than
180° of each complete cycle of 360°.
The grid current flows for a shorter -V91 Vg2 Va
duration, since this only occurs when Fig. 4.
the grid is positive relative to the
cathode. Figs. 4 and 5 show the
basic circuit and phase relationships,
respectively. It will be seen that the
peak values of anode and grid
currents occur when the anode
voltage is at a low voltage and the
grid voltage is at its maximum posi-
tive value. The design methods given
here are based on the location of this
point on the valve characteristic
curves and the translation of the
peak values into r.m.s. and mean
values, by applying factors derived
from a Fourier analysis of sine and
sine squared pulses of appropriate
angles of flow. This method is very
much quicker and only slightly less
accurate than the alternative of
plotting load lines on constant
current characteristics.
The method is best illustrated by a typical example; in this case a transmitting
tetrode type TT21 (7623) has been used. The valve has a rated continuous
anode dissipation of 37.5 watts. Its characteristics measured at /8, = 140 mA
are: mutal conductance (g,,,) = 11 mA/V, and inner amplification factor
(i.1,0 -g) = 8. The relevant valve curves are shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Class C Telegraphy
A typical angle of anode current flow (20) for class C telegraphy is 120°.
Smaller angles give increased efficiency, but at the expense of increased peak
emission demand, greater driving power and possibly shorter valve life. Larger
angles are sometimes used when power output is more important than efficiency.
The design factors required for calculations are F1, F F3 and F,. These can
be obtained from the curves in Fig. 10 for an angle of 0 of 60°. These are:
Fi = 4.6 F3 = 2.0
F. = 1.8 F4 = 5.8.
The design formulae are:
Peak Anode Current ia(pk) = F1 X Ia
Peak Anode Voltage Va(pk) = Vs - Va(min)
Fg
Power Output Pout = -2 X Ia X Va(pk)

Grid Voltage
(Triodes) -Vg = Vg 4 Vg-k(pk) + Va -/)
14

16
Grid Voltage - Vg
Vs, , f, (P51 - k(pk)) x (F3-1) (4b)
(Tetrodes) 14(ei- ex)
Peak Grid Voltage viii(pa) = Vs 1 -4- (. 141- k(pk)) (5)
Vgand from curve in Fig. 11 read F5 and F,
Calculate ratio
Vg(pk)
lg(pk) (6)
Grid Current /g
Fa
/g X F5 X (Vgi - k(pk)) (7)
Grid Dissipation psi
2
Driving Power Pdr = /Yu (Vg X /g) (8)

42 in(Pk) (9)
Screen Current
,
Screen Dissipation P52 = 1/52 x 152 (10)

Output Impedance Za = Va(pk) (11)

F5 /a
In order to choose a value for anode input which will exploit the ratings of a
chosen valve, an estimated efficiency may be assumed. Alternatively, the input
may be fixed by other considerations, such as available power supplies or licence
regulations.
A reasonable efficiency for a class C amplifier, at frequencies up to 30 Mc/s,
is 75 per cent. Hence, for the valve chosen, which has an anode dissipation
rating of 37.5 watts:
37-5
Anode input = - 150 watts
1 - 0.75
At an anode voltage of 1000 this corresponds to a d.c. anode current of
150 mA.
From Equation (1) calculate Ia(pk) = 4.6 x 150 = 690 mA. Next locate the
current on the values' Anode Current (la) Anode Voltage (Va) characteristic
(Fig. 6) at a low value of anode voltage, just inside the knee of the curve; this
corresponds to an anode voltage of 150V and a grid voltage of + 12V.
From Equation (2), calculate va(ps) = 1000 -150 = 850 volts.
1.8
From Equation (3), calculate P out = x 0.15 x 850 = 115 watts.
2
The anode dissipation is the difference between anode input and power output.
p,, (dissipation) = 150 - 115 = 35 watts.
This dissipation is sufficiently close to the maximum rating and can be accepted
for the rest of the calculation. If the figure had been greater or considerably
lower than the rated maximum, a new design should be made using a different
power input, angle of flow or minimum anode voltage Va(min).
The chosen valve is a tetrode and from Equation 4(b) calculate grid voltage:
300 x 2 + 12 x 1 = - 87 volts.
-Vg
From Equation (5) calculate vs(pa) = 87 + 12 = 99 volts.

Calculate:
Vg
= 87
- = 0.88 and from Fig. 12 read values of F5 and F5.
Vg(pk) 99
These are 11.7 and 1.975, respectively.
From the Grid Current (Ig), Anode Voltage ( Va) curves of the TT21 (7623) a
peak grid current of 32 mA occurs at Va = 150V and Vsi = +12V.

From Equation (6) calculate Is = -32 2.75 mA.

11.7
Ti
 1.5
i
TT21
7623
V02,43000 - 0v
1.25
Vgl -+ 30V

500V

10
+ 20V

P"'"
+120 + 100 +4000
0.73
.....
69061A
1. (pk) ,l V
3000
0.5
1

i
-1 V
200V

0.25 -200

-300-

100 t 200 300 400 500 600 700 BOO 0 100 200 500 400 500 600 700 $00
v. min Va (V) V2 Va(V)
1500

Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

150
03
TT21 TT21
7623 7623
Vg2 m 300V
123 0.25

Vg2 3000

100
0.2
Vgl -+30V

....41Z 75
015
E

+20V 01
50 01
Vgl +30V
192(0)
--+12V %rept +20V
mA + 10V
25 0.05 +100
OV

-10V A
-20V
50V
00 100 t 200 300 400 500 600 700 aoo 00 100 1,200 303 400 500 600 700 600
"fa min Va(V) Y. min Va(V)
1500 150V

Fig. 8. Fig. 9.

18
 20

19
11

F2

18
10

F2

17
9

16
8

15
7

F4

6
Fl
F3 F3 Fl
F4
5

boe 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°

Angle A
Fig. 10.

19
 From Equation (7) calculate p.2 - 2.75 x 1.9 75 x 12 - 32.5 mW.
2
From Equation (8) calculate Par = 32.5 + (2.75 x 87) = 273 mW.
The driver stage should produce considerably more than this minimum power
in order to allow for losses in the coupling system.
From the screen grid current (/42) anode voltage (V.) curves of the TT21
(7623), a peak screen current of 80 mA occurs at V = 150V and 11.2 = + 12V.
80
From Equation (9) calculate 153 = = 13.8 mA.
5. 8
From Equation (10) calculate p.2 = 300 x 13.8 = 4.15 W.
This dissipation is within the maximum rating of 6 watts and is acceptable.
850
From Equation (11) calculate Z. = 3.16 K ohms.
150 x 1.8
It is now possible to estimate a suitable value of inductance for the anode
tuned circuit from
wL,
L
where QL is the loaded Q of the circuit. This is typically 12 for low and medium
power amplifiers.
Anode Modulated Amplifiers
Anode modulated amplifiers are designed in a similar manner to that given
for class C telegraphy, but checks must be made to ensure that the required
conditions at the modulation crest are met.

IS

10

F5 20

F6
19

O
F6

I8

O 02 0.4 0,6 08 1.0

Ratio vg
Vg (pk)
Fig. It.
20
Fig. 12. Phase relationship at the carrier and
modulation crest for an anode modulated Vg
class C amplifier. \ max)

-174\-1 '/ Vg (pk)

t(
Itg'

ig (p k)
\_.! L,..,Af
la
(pk) )
igi(Pk) 42'
(pk)
4 4

At the modulation crest, the anode and screen voltages will be increased but
the bias will be unchanged; hence the angle of anode current flow will increase.
Typical values are between 150° and 180°. In making a design, it is necessary
to assume an angle and later check the accuracy of the assumption.
In the following equations, values at the crest of modulation are indicated by
('), thus 0' may be between 75° and 90°.
Since the amplifier is assumed to be linear, then:
Pout = 4 Pout (12)
Va(pk) = 2 Va(pk) (13)
Hence Va(min) = 2 Va(min) (14)
By using Equation (3) rearranged, the anode current at modulation crest
can be calculated from-
l'. -- Pout x 2 (15)
P2 X V2(Pk)
and from Equation (1)
ra(pk) = F'1 X l's
Normally, the positive grid voltage may be assumed to have the same value
as calculated at the carrier.
The peak working point corresponding to .i/a(pk), V'a(min) and Vgj_k(pk) must
be located on the anode current (h) anode voltage (V.) curves.
In the case of a tetrode, a value of the screen voltage must be found which
satisfies these conditions. In triodes, it may be found that a different (usually
greater) value of vs_k(pk) is required to satisfy i'.(p.) and v'a(mi.).
The grid current at the modulation crest is sometimes significantly less than
at the carrier. By using some grid leak bias, the angle of flow can be increased
to 180°, requiring less bias, and hence making available an increased positive
grid excursion. An alternative is to supply sufficient modulation to the driver
stage to provide the required positive excursion.
For convenience of illustration, it will be assumed that the foregoing class C
telegraphy design is now to be modulated, but it should be noted that this will
not necessarily give a practical result, since the anode dissipation rating may be
exceeded during modulation.
It is usual practice to quote anode dissipation ratings at carrier (unmodulated)
conditions of two-thirds of the maximum valve rating. This is based on the
assumption that the average power dissipation will be increased by 15 times

pation37.5
when modulation is applied. In the valve used for the example, the anode dissi-
under modulation must be reduced to -= 25 watts.
1.5
21
 32

3.1

F7 157

3-0 156

1 55

2.9 154

FE5

1 53

2B 152

1 51

150

1 49

5 10 15 20
Ratio Ia
Ia (0)
Fig. 13.

22
 1.0

08

06
P average
P pep

0.4

02

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Single Tones

Fig. 14.

20
Fundamental

15

2nd H armonic
F2

10

3rd Harmonic

4th
05 Harmonic
5th
Harmonic

0 300 soo
lo° 20° 40° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Angle 8
Fig. 15.
23
 In practice, however, with speech waveforms of relatively high peak to mean
ratio, it is satisfactory to use a rather higher dissipation rating. When speech
compression is used, or continuous 100 per cent tone modulation is applied, it
is important to ensure that the actual anode dissipation under modulation
conditions is within the maximum rating.
Returning to the previous design
From Equation (12) calculate Yout = 4 x 115 = 460 watts.
From Equation (13) calculate v'a(pg) = 2 x 850 = 1700 volts.
From Equation (14) calculate Va(mia) = 2 x 150 = 300 volts.
Assuming an angle of anode current flow (20) = 150°, then:
F'1 = 3.75
F', = 1.69
F'3 = 1.35.
a = r460 x 2
From Equation (15) calculate 320 mA
1.69 x 1700
From Equation (1) calculate I'a(pk) = 3.75 x 320 = 1200 mA.
In order to obtain a peak working point where I'a = 1200 mA at Va(mia) =
300V, it is necessary to find the correct value of screen voltage, it being assumed
that the grid voltage for the carrier conditions is still available (+ 12V).
From the 1.1Va curves for the valve at various screen voltages when Vg1 = 0,
it is now necessary to predict the screen voltage required to produce /a(pa) -
1200 mA at Va(min) = 300V and Vgi = 12V.
From the TI'21 data, the mutual conductance (gm) at Ia = 140 mA is 11 mA/V,
therefore, at I. = 1200 mA, the mutual conductance will increase to:
(1'.(pk))113 (1200)113
or which gives 22 mA/V.
(A) (140)
From this it follows that the anode current at Vg1 = + 12V will be 12 x 22 =
264 mA greater than the value at V61 = 0 V.
The point on the characteristic curve that now has to be found is for V., =
300V, Ia 1200 - 264 = 936 mA. This corresponds to a screen voltage of 465V.
The screen voltage should therefore be increased by slightly more than 1.5
times when the anode voltage is doubled by modulation. The modulation
transformer should be designed to provide this screen modulation point either
by a tap on the main winding or by additional winding.
The assumed angle of flow can be checked to see if it is realistic, by calculation
of the bias from Equation (4b).
- V'gi = 465 x F35 + 12 x 0.35 = - 82.5 volts
8
This is close enough to the original value of - 87 volts for a practical design.
In practice, the regulation of the driver source, the change of grid current when
the screen voltage is raised, and the method of obtaining the bias, will modify
the available positive grid voltage at the crest, but the calculation gives sufficient
guide as a practical starting point.
Class AB and Class B Linear Amplifiers
In class AB and class B linear service, the amplifier is required to handle
modulated waveforms without distortion. The amplification of single sideband
suppressed carrier signals is the most usual example.
In a class B amplifier, the angle of flow of anode current is close to 180°.
An acceptable design can be made using the procedure given for class C tele-
graphy but with 0 = 90°.
In practice, however, such amplifiers are operated with some standing anode
current (Ago) in the absence of a signal, as a means of improving the linearity.
24
 Class AB amplifiers invariably operate at significant standing anode current.
Design curves based on angle of flow are therefore inconvenient; curves based
on the ratio of mean anode current under driven conditions to standing anode
current are more useful.
The curves given in Fig. 13 are suitable. In these, F, corresponds to F2 and
F. to F2; from which, under these new conditions:
Peak Anode Current Ia(pk) = F, x la (16)
Power Output, Pout la X Va(pk) (17)
2
In a typical class AB amplifier driven to maximum peak envelope power the
valve will have an anode efficiency of about 70 per cent. The anode dissipation
is a maximum at some value of drive less than the maximum. The anode dissi-
pation at maximum drive must therefore be less than the maximum rating, say
80 per cent.
Taking the same example as used for the class C calculations, the TT21 (7623),
an anode dissipation of 30 watts is a suitable starting point. In a final design,
the values must be chosen so that, taking into account the peak to mean ratio
of the modulation waveform does not cause excessive anode dissipation.
Taking anode dissipation as 30 watts and anode efficiency of 70 per cent,
then:
300.7
Anode input Pin = 100 watts.
1

Decide on the anode voltage; in this case, take V. = 1000V; then the anode
current Ia = 100 mA.
Next, it is necessary to decide the zero signal (standing) anode current 4(o);
this depends on a compromise between efficiency and intermodulation distortion.
Generally a current corresponding to about 66 per cent of the rated anode
dissipation is typical from which
Ia(o) = 2- 37.5 = 25 mA.
3

ThenA- = 4
Ia(o)
from Fig. 11 F5 =- /99 and F6 = 1.53
and from Equation (16) Ia(pk) = /99 x 100 = 299 mA.
Locate this current on the 12IV., characteristic curve to find the value of
Va(min). To preserve linearity it is important that this point is not in the curved
part of the knee characteristic.
From the curve a value of 100 volts is suitable.
Hence:
Va(pk) = 1000 - 100 = 900 volts
and from Equation (17) Pout = L-53 x 0.10 x900 = 69 watts
2
Anode dissipation pa = 100 - 69 = 31 watts.
The calculation of driving power (if any) and anode load impedance follow
the same procedure as for class C telegraphy. The bias will, however, be decided
by the chosen value of Ia(o). The approximate value can be taken from the
characteristic curve, but in practice should be set to give the required value of
Ia(o).
The intermodulation of linear amplifiers is frequently assessed by using a
test signal consisting of two or more signals (tones) of equal amplitude. The
average power output will decrease as the number of tones is increased in the
test signal as shown in Fig. 14.
25
 In the usual case of a two tone test signal, and assuming ideal linear charac-
teristics, the relation between single and two tone conditions is:
I, (two tone) = -2is ,(singletone)
Average input power:
Fin (two tone) = Va X h (two tone)
Average output power:
Pout (two tone) = 1rout (single tone)
2

Grounded Grid Operation

All the preceding designs are based on the assumption that the signal is applied
to the grid and the cathode earthed (grid drive or common cathode connection).
Sometimes the signal is applied to the cathode and the grid earthed (grounded
grid or cathode drive connection).
This arrangement has the advantage of improved stability usually without
neutralizing. It has the disadvantage that much greater driving power is required
than that needed for grid drive connection, but some of the driving power is
recovered in the output circuit.
The driving power Par = (Vg X 4) + Pgi (Vgi(pk) x F2 x Is)
2
The drive power which appears in the output - (vgj(Dg) x F, x
2 Is
In the case of a tetrode, there is a small additional driving power which is not
recovered in the output; this occurs due to the product of peak drive voltage and
the fundamental component of the screen current. It is usually sufficiently
small to be ignored.
Frequency Multipliers
Frequency multipliers are class C amplifiers in which the anode circuit is
tuned to a harmonic of the drive frequency, and may be designed in the same
way as a class C amplifier. In general, smaller angles of flow are used, as this
tends to increase the harmonic output.
The factor F2, which in the amplifier design gives the ratio of peak fundamental
to d.c. anode current, is replaced by a factor giving the ratio for peak harmonic
to d.c. anode current. These factors for harmonics up to the fifth are shown in
Fig. 15.

Factors
Peak anode current
F, and F2 (assuming sine waveform)
D.c. anode current
Peak fundamental component of anode current (assuming sine
F2 and F2
D.c. anode current waveform)
1
F,
1 - cos 0
Peak screen current
Pg (assuming squared sine waveform)
D.c. screen current
Peak grid current
(assuming squared sine waveform)
D.c. grid current
Peak fundamental component of grid current (assuming squared
Pg
D.c. grid current sine waveform)
26
PI -NETWORK TANK CIRCUITS FOR 11-30 Mc/s
For these charts the values of C and L are calculated for a loaded Q of 12, to
give a fair compromise between harmonic reduction and circuit efficiency. The
mechanical details of the inductance can be obtained from Chart 5 on page 33.
An example illustrating the use of this chart is given on page 28. The C and L
charts are based on equations from an analysis of the pi -network with its source
and load resistances (Fig. 16a) in terms of equivalent parallel tuned circuit and
coupling inductance (Fig. 16b).
Procedure
Determine the value of RI, the load resistance of the amplifier valve, from
the known values of h.t. voltage and current. The peak r.f. voltage at the anode
of a class C amplifier may be taken as 0.8 the d.c. voltage (Vi):
Vpeak = 0.8 Vb
The efficiency, typical for the frequencies covered is 70 per cent.
Pout = 0.7 Pin . . . (2)
where Pin = power input in watts, Vb x Ib (the efficiency for a doubler is
approximately 50 per cent and for a tripler 30 per cent).
V(peak )2
Hence RI - ohms. (3)
2 Pout
LI
2
-) ohms (amplifier)
R1=0.46 (Vb
Pin

R1=0.64 (-) ohms (doubler)

V b2
in
V b2
R1=1.06 (-) ohms (tripler)
Pig
( b) . . . (4)
Fig. 16. Circuit of the pi -network, showing components referred to in the text.
The output of the pi -network is usually required to match into a character-
istic impedance of the coaxial cable carrying the r.f. to the aerial or other load
and typical values of 50 ohms and 72 ohms for R2 have been selected for the
charts. For interstage pi -coupling networks, e.g. coupling from the anode of a
buffer stage to the grid of a p.a. stage, the value of R2 will be given by the input
impedance of the following stage. A close approximation to the required value
of R2 under these conditions is given by:
R2 = (P drive x 622 x 108/P) ohms (5)
where P drive = drive power required by the driven valve in watts and I = d.c.
grid current in milliamps.
When an undecoupled shunt grid resistor is used to obtain the operating bias
for the driven valve, its resistance will appear in parallel with R2 as calculated
from equation (4) and modify its value. There will also be an additional power
loss in the grid resistor whether decoupled or not, equal to /g2 (d.c.) Rg, which
must be supplied by the driver stage in addition to the r.f. circuit losses. This
power loss will also be present when a separate bias supply is used and in this
case is equal to 4 (d.c.) Vg (d.c.).
Having determined the values of RI and R2, the method of using the charts
is as follows:
(i) Obtain the value of Cl in pF from Chart 1.
(ii) Obtain the value of C2 in pF from Chart 2.
(iii) Obtain the value of the equivalent inductance Le in [LH from Chart 3.
27
 (iv) Obtain the value of the reflected inductance Lr in µH from Chart 4.
(v) Add the value of Le and Lr together to give the total inductance LI.
(vi) Determine the diameter and number of turns on the coils to give the
inductance LI from Chart 5, using the following method:
(a) Fix values for turns per inch of winding and also for the diameter of
the coil. Where the inductance is to be constructed from heavy wire or
tubing the outside diameter of the resulting inductance should be used.
When hexagonal section coil former stock is to be used the effective
diameter will be 90 per cent of the diameter across opposite corners.
(b) Divide the inductance in microhenries by the square of the number of
turns per inch to obtain the " one -turn coil " inductance Loin microhenries.
(c) Enter Chart 5 from the right-hand side, at the value of Lo obtained
from (a), to the appropriate D curve and read off the length of the required
coil in inches at the bottom of the chart.
Example of calculations using the curves and design data
Design a pi -network tank circuit for a 160m p.a. operating at 300 volts h.t. and
10 watts input, and feeding a 70 ohm coaxial line.
(a) To determine Rl.
Vpeak = 0.8Vb = 0.8 x 300 = 240 volts.
Pont = 0.7Pto = 0.7 x 10 = 7 watts.
RI = (Vpeak)'
2Poot
- 2402
14
2.44 x 104
1.4 x 10
- 4120 ohms approx.
(b) To determine CI.
From Chart No. 1. Enter chart at 4120 ohms along the bottom edge, and
read off Cl = 270 pF at the left-hand edge using the 1.8 Mc/s curve.
(c) To determine C2.
From Chart No. 2. Enter at 4120 ohms along the bottom edge, and read
off C2 = 1700 pF approximately at the left-hand edge using the 72 ohm
curve for F8 Mc/s.
(d) To determine Ll.
(i) Find Le from Chart No. 3. Enter chart at 4120 ohms along the
bottom edge, and read off Le = 30 pH at the left-hand edge, using the
1.8 Mc/s curve.
(ii) Find Lr from Chart No. 4. Enter chart at C2 = 1700 pF along the
bottom edge, and read off Lr = 2.95 all at the left-hand edge, using
the 1.8 Mc/s curve.
(iii) Add Le to Lr; LI = 30 -1- 2.95 = 32.95 µH.
(e) To determine suitable dimensions for LI.
For maximum Q the length of the coil should be approximately the same
r 1
as its diameter, i.e.{ 1 <-d- <1.5 }. 16 s.w.g. enamel and rayon insulated wire
is selected as a good compromise between ease of winding and largest
possible conductor diameter. 16 s.w.g. enamel and rayon winds 14.5 turns/
inch close wound.
(i) To determine Lo.
Lo - inductance in microhenries 33
-
(turns/i(turns/inch)'(14. 5r
33
- 210 - 0.157 H.
(ii) To determine winding length and diameter.
Enter Chart 5 from the right-hand edge of Lo = 0.157 µH. Read off
length of coil = 2.2 in. along the bottom edge of the chart, using the
D = 2 in. curve. The D = 2 curve has been selected because it gives
the optimum shape factor referred to above.
(iii) To determine the number of turns on the coil. The length of the coil
is 2.2 in. and the turns/inch 14.5. The number of turns is therefore
2.2 x 14.5 = 32 turns.
28
 PI -NETWORK DESIGN CHART No. I

1000

Mc/s
1.8
100

3.5

3 7.0

14.0

10
21 0

7
28.0

100 2 3 4 5678K 2 3 4 5 6 78 10K

ANODE LOAD (OHMS)
Fig. 17.

29
 P1 -NETWORK DESIGN CHART No. 2
OI/JF

007

005
50 OHMS

72 OHMS
.003

72 50
.002

72
I000pF Mc/s
18
700
72 50
500
3.5

50 OHMS .

300 72 OHMS

200 7

100 14

21
70

50 28

30

20

10
O 0 0 0 0 O Ne Y Nt 222 2
m2
O
cy
0
C
0
o
0 0O 0 - CO
43 0
ANODE LOAD (OHMS)
Fig. 18.

30
 PI -NETWORK DESIGN CHART No. 3
100
Mcis
70 1.8

50

3.5
30

20
7

I0 14

7
21

5
28

I0

O7

O5

03

02

O I

100 2 3 4 5 7 IK 2 3 4 5 7 10K
ANODE LOAD (OHMS)
Fig. 19.

31
 PI -NETWORK DESIGN CHART No. 4
10

I.8 Mc/s
2

to
35
07

05

03

02 N
7
0I
0.07
14
0.05

21
0.03
28
0.02

0 01
100 200 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 5 7 10 000
LOADING CAPACITY C2 (pF)
Fig. 20.

32
 PI -NETWORK DESIGN CHART No. 5
40
30
INDUCTANCE Lo OF COILS
WOUND ONE TURN PER INCH
20 FOR n T. P. I.
L= Long

I0
0 13

05

03
D= 4"
02

0I

z
0
-1 I 1/2"
0.03 3"
21/2"
0.02
2"./
3/4
1/2"
0 01

0.005

0.003

0.002
DJ=
0.001
0I 2 .3 5 8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 13 10
LENGTH IN INCHES
Fig. 21.

33
2-RDRB
 ANODE CIRCUIT CHART

Va Xo or XL Ia
Frequency Anode Tank (Ohms) Anode
(Mc/s) Voltage Capacitance Current
28 (pF) (mA)
Mc/s 30 2000 20.000 5

24
25 -
- 1500
15,000 -6
Mc/s 20 10,000 7

- 1.5
14 - 15 1000 2
5000
9
10
Mc/s 3 4000
- 800 5 3000
10 - 700 =
= - 2500
q - 600 10 2000 - IS
8 - 15 - 1500
Mc/s
7
-7
- 400
500
- 20
30
_
_ 1000
20

5
- 300
--
=
50 - 500 - 25
30
3.5 4 - 100 400
- 250
Mc/s
3 - 200
- 150
200 - 300 40

300 200 50
- 150
1.8
- 150 500
100
60
70
Mc/s
15 100
- 20001000
1500
SO
80
100
-- 80
3000
5000
40
30

0.9 -
1

-
70
20 - 150
0.8 -
0.7
60
50
10,000 - 15
200
0.6 - 40
10
7 - 250
0.5
- 30 - 5
4
300
0.4
- 25 - 3
400
0.3 20 2
500

Freq Va Xc/ XL Ia Fig. 22.

Abac for determining anode tank -circuit capacitance
C for a loaded Q of 12. For push-pull and parallel
connections, the appropriate value of anode current
Reference is that for the two valves taken together. Use of the
Point abac is illustrated at left. Join the selected values of
Va and /a by a line PQR. Note the point Q on the
Xe/Xi. scale. Join the point Q to the appropriate
frequency T on the extreme left-hand scale. The
required value of C is given at the point S. The corres-
ponding value of L is given by the reactance value XL
at the point Q divided by 6.28 x frequency (in Mc/s).
Alternatively, L can be obtained from the reactance
chart on page 92.

34
 GRID CIRCUIT CHART

Pg Xc or XL Ig
Grid Tank (Ohms)
Frequency Driving Circuit Grid
(Mc/s) Power Capacitance Current
(Watts) (pF) (mA)
28 30 0.5
Mc/s
0.6
21
100
Mc/s 20 - 0.8
50
14
Mc/s
- 15 - 40
- 30 X106
- 20 -5
10
- - 3
- I -S
8- 2
7
Mc/s - -
_
10
103
2

- - =5
5 3 3
5
-4 2
4 -3 - 104 4
3.5 =5
Mc/s - 2 - 10 5
5
3

= 50
3
2 -6
7=7= 100 - 103 7
1.8 2 8
Mc/s 5
- 0.5 I= 50 3
4.5 - - 0.4 1000 2
40
- 0.3
- 0.2 -_ 102 - 15
3
0.8 - 0.1
2
20
10

0.05
0.5 - 30

0.4 - - 40
0.3 50

Fig. 23. Freg Pg Xc/XL Ig

Abac for determining grid tank circuit capacitance C
for a Q value of 12. Use of the abac is illustrated at
right. Join the selected values of Pg and Ig by a line
PQR. Nate the point Q on the Xc/X,. scale. Join the
point Q to the appropriate frequency T on the
extreme left-hand scale. The required value of C is
given at the point S. The corresponding value of L
is given by the reactance value XL at the point Q RQ
divided by 6.28 x frequency in Mc/s. Al ively, Reference
L can be obtained from the reactance chart on page Point
92. For push-pull and parallel connections, the
appropriate values of grid current and power are
those for the two valves together.

35
 WIDEBAND COUPLERS
Most wideband couplers consist of two tuned circuits, individually resonant
at the same frequency and coupled together. The coupling is usually inductive,
but the general characteristics are the same with any type. From Fig. 24, it can
be seen that as the coupling is increased from zero, the single -peaked response
rises to a maximum, flattens out, then divides into two peaks. Further increase
in coupling results in greater separation and sharpness of the peaks. Note that
the twin peaks are not caused by detuning, but by close coupling of two circuits
tuned to the same frequency. The coupling coefficient is the ratio of the mutual
inductance between windings to the inductance of one winding. This is true
where the primary and secondary are identical; for simplicity, this is taken to be
the case.
When the peak of the response is flat and on the point of splitting, the coupling
is at its critical value, which is given by:

Ice = -Q(Qp = Qs)

K - 0.01
K- 0015
K - 0.03

FREQUENCY-e.
Fig. 24. Effect of varying the coupling between the coils in a wideband coupler
(after Terman).

Hence, the higher the Q, the lower the coupling required. In a normal i.f.
transformer, the coupling is set at the critical value; however, for use in wideband
couplers, it is convenient to have it slightly higher. The design formula and
practical values given below are based on a coupling/critical coupling ratio of
1.86, corresponding to a peak -to -trough ratio of 1.2 : 1, or a response flat within
2db over the band. Other values can be obtained from the references.
The most convenient way of introducing variable coupling between two tuned
circuits is with a small trimmer between the " hot " ends of the coils (see Fig. 25).
This is equivalent, except where phase relationships are concerned, to a mutual
inductance of the value:
M- C
L

Hence the coupling coefficient is:

k= C
1

The purpose of the damping resistors shown in Fig. 25 is to obtain correct circuit
Q; they should not be omitted, unless triodes are used. The secondary damping
resistors are also the grid resistors of the next stage, and should never be omitted.
In class A amplifiers, they may be simply shunted across the secondary with no
blocking condenser. In wideband multipliers, R should be the same for all bands,
so that the output stage grid resistor will be correct for each coupler. Primary
and secondary coils should be as near identical as possible, and tuning done
36
with trimmers only. This does not apply to the 28 Mc/s coupler as strays neces-
sitate the use of dissimilar Qs.
Given set values of damping resistance, passband, and centre frequency, all
values may be calculated from the following formula::
Bandwidth (kc/s)
k = 0.84
Centre frequency (kc/s)

Q=1.86

L=k
27rfQ

C =L-2sr-f
where C is in ILF, L is in µH and f is the centre frequency in Mc/s. R is in ohms.
Note that C includes all strays; if the calculated value of C is less than the
estimated strays on any band, a lower value of R should be used. The bandswitch
can increase the strays to 20 pF (0.00002 p.F) or more.

Coupling capacity, Cl, is given by:

Cl =
1 kC
Fig 25. Basic coupler circuit.

As the percentage bandwidth on 21 Mc/s is so low, this band could be covered

adequately by a single low -Q tuned circuit such as a self -resonant coil. However,
values for this band are given in Table 1, which is based on a value for R of
15K ohms on all bands. The coverage of some of the couplers is greater than
the band limits, as they are needed to multiply up to 30 Mc/s. The 28 Mc/s
coupler was specially designed with different primary and secondary Qs, as the
strays were greater on the output side than the identical -Q coupler tuning
capacity. This coupler allows 30 pF total capacity, which should be ample for
most layouts. The anode side strays are covered adequately by 10 pF, as there
is no switch and only 2 pF anode -to -cathode capacity and wiring strays. The
coil data is for f in. diameter formers, and a total winding length of I in.
TABLE I
AMATEUR BAND COUPLER DATA
Lowest Centre Highest Coupling parallel L Winding Details
Frequency Frequency Frequency Capacity

3.5 Mc/s 3.65 Mc/s 3.8 Mc/s 6 pF 78 pF 24µH 60 turns 32 s.w.g. close -
wound
7 7.25 7.5 3 47 10 40 turns 28 s.w.g. close -
wound
14.5 15 1.5 24 5 27 turns 24 s.w.g. close -
14
wound
21225 21.45 I 52 I 12 turns 20 s.w.g. spaced to
21
I in.
28 29 30 0.6 pri. 3 21 turns 24 s.w.g. spaced to
10 I in.
sec. I 12 turns 20 s.w.g.
30

The formers used are all iF in. dia. and the winding lengths of the coils I in. The use of slugged
formers is not recommended. On all bands except 28 Mc/s, primary and secondary are identical.
Each coupler should be adjusted to cover the frequency range shown. Damping resistors are
15 K ohms on all bands.
37
 Filter Networks
FILTERS
m -derived end sec-
tions for use with
constant k or
m -derived centre
Constant K m -derived sections

LOW PASS 1 - m'Ck

t, C1
4m
TC
C2 mCk
1
Ck
TcfcR
L1 m Lk

L2
1 - m' Lk
4m
R
Lk
nfc

HIGH PASS
C1
Ck

4m
C2 Ck
1
Ck
4n-fcR
4m
L1 Lk
XI xi Lk
L2
m
T R
Lk
47cfc

m
1 (fTlY
fc

BAND PASS
Constant K Three element

CU

Kim Mg

.11" i'lqP-r
Lt. Ig Via,

L1k =
R Lt = Llk LI -
TE(f, - f1) LI' R Trfiff2 -
L2k
f, - f, R n(f, - f,) C1 = Clk
4f,f,
f, - f, +f
f, - f, - CI' 4Trf, f, R
C1 k = f, - f,R L2 = L2k
4rcf, f, R L2
(f, f,)R
C2k - n(f, - f,)R
1
C2 = C2k
47tf,2 L2' - 4n -f, f,
1 f
C2' = 7s(f, f,)R
C2
TrfA - f,)R
C in farads. L in henries. R in ohms. fc (cut-off frequency), fm (frequency of maximum
attenuation), f, (lower cut-off frequency) and f, (upper cut-off frequency) in cycles per
second.
 TYPICAL PRACTICAL TVI FILTERS

7511 Characteristic
L2 L2 Impedance
a

Cl Cla _= C2a CIa CI C3 C3a = C5a C3a C3

(a) (b)
Fig. 26. (a) Low pass filter. (b) High pass filter. The fixed capacitors, marked "a" indicate
that the capacitor is in fact made up of fixed and variable capacitors as shown below.
The low pass filter is for transmitter output circuits and the high pass filter Is for use in
television receiver inputs. Maximum attenuation is between 32 and 38 Mcis.

Coil Table for Fig. 26

In both low and high pass filters all inductors are wound with 18 s.w.g.
enamelled copper wire on a in. mandrel (former).
Low Pass Filters
LI (two required). Total length of wire including leads I3i in. 9 turns
close wound, opened to in. winding length (Inductance OA piH).
L2 (two required). Total length of wire including leads 9; in. 6 turns close
wound, opened to in. winding length (Inductance 0225 p.H).
L3 (one required). Total length of wire including leads 8f in. 5 turns
close wound, opened to in. winding length (Inductance 0.2 µH).
High Pass Filter
L4 (two required). Total length of wire including leads 141 in. 10 turns
close wound, opened to-', in. winding length (Inductance 0.49
L5 (one required). Total length of wire including leads 91- in. 6 turns
close wound, opened to in. winding length (Inductance 0.24µH).

CAPACITOR TABLE
Low Pass Filter
CI (two required). Total capacitance 52 pF maximum made up of a 5-35 pF
ceramic variable in parallel with 17 pF fixed.
C2 (one required). Total capacitance 85 pF maximum made up of 5-35 pF
ceramic variable in parallel with a 50 pF fixed.
Although ceramic variable capacitors are suggested above on the grounds
of economy, air spaced variables are to be preferred for use in filters for
transmitters in the high power class. Other combinations of variable and
fixed capacity may be used provided the total meets the specification. At
least 20 pF variable capacity should be allowed.
High Pass Filter
C3 (two required). Total capacitance 65 pF maximum made up of a 5-35
pF ceramic variable in parallel with 30 pF fixed.
C4 (two required). Total capacitance 83 pF comprising close tolerance
capacitors of 33 pF and 50 pF in parallel.
C5 (one required). Total capacitance 103 pF maximum made up of a 5-35 pF
ceramic variable in parallel with 68 pF fixed.

39
 eon 801-1.
INPUT L2 L3 L4 OUTPUT
0°\7")
'CD
L4
C2 L5 ?C>

ca1

III
C

11 99

-CI L2 L4
LI I C2L3C3 L5

Fig. 27. Circuit and layout of a four -section Fig. 28. Circuit and layout of a low-pass
low-pass filter suitable for use with any filter suitable for use with a medium -wave
transmitter on all bands 1.8-30 Mc/s. broadcast receiver.
It is designed for insertion in an 80 -ohm
coaxial feeder. Calculated Suggested
values nominal values
CI, C4 - 36 pF mica, 750 V d.c. working (5% CI, CS 327 pF 330 pF
tolerance). C2, C4 357 pF 360 pF
C2, C3 - 120 pF mica, 750 V d.c. working 26.2 pF 27 pF
(5% tolerance).
LI, LS - 0.36 uH: 7 turns, winding length LI, L3 - 21 45 p.H: 50 turns No. 32 s.w.g.
I in. enamelled copper wire on Aladdin
L2, L4 -0 59 p.H : 10 turns, winding length former, type F804, with dust -iron
I in. core.
L3 - 0.73 p.H: 12 turns, winding length L2 - 71.7 uH: 90 turns No. 38 s.w.g.
1 in. enamelled copper wire on Aladdin
All coils are of No. 16 s.w.g. copper wire, former, type F804, with dust -iron
in. internal diameter self-supporting, core.
with a connecting lead I in. long at each end. R - 400 ohm, I W (10% tolerance).

HALF -WAVE FILTERS

Filters of this type are extremely effective when used on the band for which
they are designed. The minor disadvantage that a filter is required for each
band is largely offset by the simplicity of construction from readily available
components. In the table below, all
capacitors are disc ceramic* type and
should be rated at a minimum of
1000 volts working for use with a.m.
transmitters running inputs of up to
150 watts. The inductances are all
wound with 12 s.w.g. tinned copper
wire, eight turns per inch. Allow-
Fig. 29. Circuit arrangement of a half -wave
filter. ance has been made for leads of
4- in. The values are for filters suit-

able for cables having impedances between 50 and 75 ohms.

Capacitors and Inductors for Half -wave Filters

3.5 Mc/s C, 800 pF. L, 2.3 p.H (I If turns, in. long, I in. inside diameter).
I

7 MO C, 500 pF L, 1.0 µ.F1 (102 turns, < in. inside diameter).

14 Mc/s C, 220 pF L, 0.55 I.LH (61 turns, t in. inside diameter).
21 Mc/s C, 150 pF L, 0.37 ,i.tH (71 turns, f in. inside diameter).
28 Mc/s C, 110 pF L, 0.28 1./H (6 turns, 4, in, inside diameter).
* High grade mica also suitable.
40
75 OHM ATTENUATOR, FOR INSERTION IN AERIAL INPUT OF
A RECEIVER
T PAD Tr PAD

Loss in db a b c d
ohms ohms ohms ohms
4.31 647.3 8.65 1,304.5
2 8.60 322.9 17.43 654.1
3 1 2.8 1 212.9 26.39 439.0
4 16.97 157.3 35.78 331.4
5 21.00 123.4 45.63 267.8
6 24.93 100.4 56.01 225.8
7 28.70 83.75 67.16 96.1
8 32.30 70.94 79.26 74.3
9 35.70 60.90 9/36 57.5
0 38.96 52.74 106.6 444
42.02 45.90 122.5 33.9
2 44.90 40.21 139.9 25.4
3 47.56 35.33 159.1 18.3
4 50.05 31.16 180.5 12.4
5 52.35 25.01 204 I 07.4
20 61.36 15.15 371.3 91.67
25 67.00 8.45 665.5 83.93
30 70.40 4.75 1,186 79.87
35 72.38 167 2,108 77.70
40 73.64 1.50 3,750 76.51
45 74.16 0.844 6,669 75.85
50 7+53 0.474 11,858 75.48

For attenuators of characteristic impedance R, the values of a, b, c and d given

may be multiplied by the factor R/75. Equivalent configurations for balanced
attenuators giving the same loss are given below.

Balanced T Pad Balanced 7 Pad

41
 Put transmitter on dummy load

1(a) (b) 1(c)

Interference clears .'. transmitter is Some reduction of interference Interference continues unabated
adequately screened and filtered I
1

I Treat as for (c) until clear. Treat for radiation of

Replace transmitter aerial Then proceed down line (a) harmonics from transmitter
via low- pass filter Itself. After clearing,
proceed down line (a)
1(d) 1(e) I
(r)
Interference Some improvement transmitter has some Interference as bad as ever
clears harmonic output. Leave low-pass filter interference not due to transmitter
in and proceed down line (f)
Disconnect TV receiver feeder
CASE CLOSED
(CATEGORY A) 1(9) (h) 1

Interference clears
(j)
no Minor interference when trans- Interference heavy when
pick-up via mains or i.f. mitter keyed or modulated transmitter keyed or mod-
ulated
Replace TV receiver feeder Treat as for (j) Treat for mains -borne
with trap in series interference or i.f. pick-up:
Then proceed down line (g) refer to set maker

(k)1 1(1)
Then proceed down line (g)
Interference clears as trap is Interference and TV picture both
tuned to transmitter frequency attenuated as trap is tuned to TV
receiver faulty channel interference due to harmonic
caused by non-linear elements NOTE: under (h) and (j) the
interference will have a very
Insert high- pass filter different character owing to
absence of the TV signal
to beat with.
CASE CLOSED (CATEGORY B) CASE CLOSED (CATEGORY C)
 TRANSMISSION LINE RESONATORS
When designing a resonator to be used as a tank circuit it is necessary to know first
how long to make the lines. The resonant frequency of a capacitatively loaded
shorted line, open -wire or coaxial, is given by the following expression :
1
-Z0 tan 27r/
27rfC
where f is the frequency
C is the loading capacity
A is the wavelength
1 is the line length
Zo is the characteristic impedance of the line.
The characteristic impedance is given by
Zo = 138 logo -o
for a coaxial line with inside diameter of the outer do and outside diameter of the
inner conductor di
2D
Or Z0 = 276 log"
for an open -wire line with conductor diameter d and centre -to -centre spacing D.
The results obtained from these expressions have been put into the form of
the simple set of curves shown in Fig. 31 on page 45.
In the graphs, fl has been plotted against fC for different values of Zo, with f in
Mc/s, C in pF and I in centimetres.
In the case of coaxial lines (the right-hand set of curves) r is the ratio of
conductor diameters or radii and for open -wire lines (the left-hand set of curves)
r is the ratio of centre -to -centre spacing to conductor diameter.
The following of the graphs quite clear:
Example 1
How long must a shorted parallel -wire line of conductor diameter 0.3 in. and
centre -to -centre spacing 15 in. be made to resonate at 435 Mc/s, with an end -
loading capacitance of 2 pF (the approximate output capacitance, in practice, of a
QQV03-20 push-pull arrangement)
First, work out f x C, in Mc/s and pF.
fC = 435 x 2
= 870
= 8.7 x 102.
The ratio, r, of line spacing to diameter is:
r- 1-5
0.3
5.0.

Then, from the curves marked " parallel -wire lines," r = 5.0 project upwards
from 8.7 x 102 on the horizontal " f x C " scale to the graph and project across
from the point on the graph so found to the vertical "f x 1" scale, obtaining:
fl = 2800
280350
therefore, 1= = 6.45 cm. approximately.
4
The anode pins would obviously absorb quite a good deal of this line length but,
if the lines were made 6 cm. long, with an adjustable shorting -bar they would be
certain to be long enough.
Example 2
A transmission line consisting of a pair of 10 s.w.g. copper wires spaced I in.
43
 apart and 10 cm. long is to be used as part of the anode tank circuit of a TT15
or QQV06-40 p.a. at 145 Mc/s. How much extra capacitance must be added at
the valve end of the line to accomplish this?
For a pair of wires approximately * in. in diameter spaced 1 in. r is about 8.
Also f x lis equal to 145 x 10, i.e. 1450. Estimating the position of the " r -= 8 "
curve for a parallel -wire line between " r = 10 " and " r = 7," f x C is found to
be about 1.55 x 103, i.e. 1550. Hence the total capacity C required is given by
145 x C = 1550
C = 1550 + 145
= 10.7 pF.
Now the output capacitance of a TT15 or QQV06-40 push-pull stage is around
4 pF in practice, so about 7 pF is required in addition. A 25 + 25 pF split
stator capacitor should therefore be quite satisfactory giving 12 to 15 pF extra
at maximum capacity.
Example 3
A coaxial line with outer and inner radii of 5.0 and 2.0 cm., respectively, is to be
used as the resonant tank circuit (short-circuited at one end of course)for a 4 X150A
power amplifier on the 70 cm. amateur band. What length of line is required ? .
In this case: f x C = 435 x 4.6 = 2001.
Using the " r = 2.5 " curve for coaxial lines,
f x 1 = 4620
Hence 1= 4620 + 435 = 10.6 cm. approximately.
This length includes the length of the anode and cooler but, as in Example 1,
a line 10 cm. long would be long enough, as the output capacity used in the
calculations is that quoted by the valve manufacturers, the effective capacity
being somewhat greater in practical circuits. A shorting bridge is the best
method of tuning the line to resonance.
1 '4"

3'
/4

43

/8

4
0.1
.

05
O
CAPACITANCE (pF)
5 10 40

Fig. 30. Parallel lines or concentric tuned circuits are conveniently tuned by means of a
variable air capacitor comprising two parallel discs. This chart shows the capacitance
between two parallel discs of various diameters.
44
 5

tidi/
3

I x104

LINES AL

I ;
8

fill
111=IIII,M1211110IPWArdll
+174I/11111
67

rirrAerf" All
4

x103

APFr A°,:' Ar m 3

1/140.
cs

Adr PARALLEL-MIRE
LINES

A01?11r
/r/r../
1 '1

rmarap.
IIIIIIIIM/A1V/ AIUMAIIIIAI/
"AW
9 "-
B

x102

II
4 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
L7500 F xi (Mc/a, cm)
Fig. 31. Resonance curves for capacitively loaded transmission line resonators.
45
 COAXIAL RESONATORS

1700

1600
Zo C = 25

1500
Zo C = 50

1400
Zo C = 100

1300
Zo C = 150

Zo C = 250

C = 400

C = 600

C = 800

C = 1200

Zo C = 1600

500

400

300

200

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
LENGTH OF INNER CONDUCTOR IN CENTIMETRES
Fig. 32.
Chart plotting frequency against length of inner line for various values of the character-
istic impedance multiplied by the total capacitance. C is in pF and 1, in ohms.
46
 BALANCE -TO -UNBALANCE TRANSFORMERS

COAXIAL r. 4Z0 BALANCED

INPUT OUTPUT
BALANCED
' OUTPUT

k." -SHORT-CIRCUITED
QUARTER- WAVE SECTION
Fig. 33. Quarter -wave open balun or Pawsey stub.

COAXIAL 1-'--"A/4 BALANCED

INPUT OUTPUT

Fig. 34. Coaxial -sleeve balun.

Axs - -)"1"4 -X/4

z COAX IAL
OUTPUT
Fig. 36. Coaxial balun giving
a 4: I impedance step-up. The
COAXIAL BALANCED length L should be,1/2, allowing
OUTPUT OUTPUT for the velocity factor of the
cable. The outer braiding may
Fig. 33. Totally enclosed-coax'al balun. The right- be joined at the points in-
hand section acts as a "metal insulator." dicated.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

FULL -WAVE A/2

DIPOLE
B

rlh ADJUSTABLE A/2 Zi

PLUNGERS

A/2 max
Zo
BALANCED
L FEEDER
Zo ZA
CLOSED
STUB
0.1 Zo
LA -16
OZ
1-
-CC
-12 0.3 Zo
cci
3i- 0.5 Zo
O
04 0.7 Zo
Zo
0 A/8
A/4 3 A/8 A/2
SPACING OF STUBS (d) A

Fig. 37. Two -stub coaxial tuner. The graph shows the
lower limit of the matching range: the upper limit
is determined by the Q of the stubs (i.e. it is depen-
dent on the losses in the stubs). Zo is the character-
istic impedance of the feeder. O 2->
Fig. 38. Stub matching applied
to a full -wave dipole.
47
 STUB MATCHING
IMPEDANCE MATCHING WITH OPEN STUB
- 90
4

BO

70

60 ......./........4.- -..
Vmax
50
w Vmin .--
1.2 "---,...!_E0
40

30
TRANSMITTER

-
AD-
LO____

STUB

20
L- LENGTH OF OPEN STUB
e- POSITION OF OPEN STUB
10 MEASURED FROM Vmin
TOWARDS TRANSMITTER

1 I 1 1 1 1 1

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
Vmcix
Vmin
Fig. 39

IMPEDANCE MATCHING WITH SHORTED STUB

A - 90
4

I I I
80
[
Vmax

70
Vmln

60 TRANSMITTER LOAD-
/
V
50
POSITION ALTERNATIVE
Cr X
(.6 OF STUB POSITION OF
STUB
40 L
e
30

--................,
20 - L - LENGTH OF SHORTED STUB '..4-......................_

e - POSITION OF STUB MEASURED

10 _ FROM Vmin TOWARDS LOAD

I I I
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 13 9 tO 20
Vmax
V min
Fig. 40
48
 STANDING WAVE RATIO CHART

10

1s

20
25
30 49

4.0
lik
50

10

15

20
25
30
/
'0
40

50

100

150
O?

N
200

300

400
500
0 01 0.02 0 03 0.05 0 07 0.1 0.2 03 05 07 10
REVERSE POWER (WATTS)
Fig. 41

49
 TRANSMISSION LINES
PARALLEL STRIPS (SLAB LINES)
1.-- --pH b

Ta Zo -LI: 377 T,
CI
if a« b
edge effects neglected

2 PARALLEL WIRE (TWIN LINE)

[.-D-.1 i Zo 276 login (a + f(3)2 -I )
.-=
--I

--f Zo -,- 276 login -2D

d
if d« D

3 WIRE PARALLEL TO INFINITE PLATE

i_
d -4---
-1- D Zo ..r....- 138 logic, D- if d« D
d

4 WIRE PARALLEL TO TWO INFINITE PLATES

i_.
--i-- ----f
f 138 lo gio -D if d « D
Zo -,a-
d ' D Ti4d
E:'2

5 WIRE IN RECTANGULAR TROUGH

w
nh
r_ /71:1 Zo -Ls: 138 login
4w trrandh
if d «h, and w
i--- h
( '77
)

6 CIRCULAR COAXIAL
i -1- Zo = 138 logid -d

7 SQUARE COAXIAL
i 1.1780
d I3 Zo -,,- 138 login
I
D
d
f
4--D--.1
NOTE: In the above, the medium is taken as AIR.
For other medium, the resulting value of Zo
should be multiplied by
K
where K is the dielectric constant
Fig. 42.
50
 FEEDER LINE IMPEDANCES

Zo
PARALLEL WIRES
600 500 400 300 200 100 OHMS
90
80
70 PARALLEL WIRES
\
60 \ d I_ 4*.
'
Zo = 276 10.940 2,:+3
\ 1. I.. -D-1 for D >> d
50 \
'1,

\
\\
40

30
.
\
at
TAW
COAXIAL

0 = 138 logo 2
d

\
\
\
20
\
\
\-o
\ "fp
D l'
d \V<,
10
9
8
-N\ '.-1)
«\s

7
N
6
COq \
5 -fj-44 \
\
4
\
\
3
\\
\\
\
2
\\
\\
\
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 OHMS
Zo
COAXIAL

Fig. 43.

51
 STRIP LINES
100
80

60
50
40

30

20

10
50°
8

00

10
O8

O6
O5
04

O3

O1

0 100 200 300

300 400 Zo OHMS
500 600
Fig. 44.
Characteristic impedance of balanced strip transmission line

52
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL BRITISH RADIO FREQUENCY FEEDER CABLES

Nominal Dimensions (in.) Approximate Attenuation

Impedance Centre Velocity (db per 100 ft.)
Type of Cable Zo(ohms) Conductor Factor Remarks
over outer over 70 MO 145 Mcis 430 Mc/s 1250 Mc/s
sheath twincores
Standard TV feeder ... 75 7/.0076 0202 - 0.67 3.5 5.1 9.2 17 -
Low -loss TV feeder ... Semi -air -
(semi -air -spaced) 75 0.048 0290 - 0.86 2.0 3.0 5.4 10 spaced or
approx. cellular
Flat twin... 150 7/012 - 0-18>. 0.71 2.1 3.1 54. 11. 'Theoretical
0.09 figures, likely to
Flat twin... 300 7/012 - 0.405 . 0.85 1-2 1.8 3-4. 6.6" be considerably
0.09 worsened by
Tubular twin 300 7/012 - 0-446 0.85 1.2 1.8 14. 6.6. radiation

This table is compiled from information kindly supplied by Aerialite Ltd., and B.I.C.C. Ltd. and includes data extracted from Defence Specification, DEF-14-A (H.M.S.O.)
R.F. CABLES -BRITISH UR SERIES

Nominal Overall Inner Maximum Approx. Attenuation db per 100 ft.

UR No. Impedance diameter conductor Capacity Operating Approx. RG
Zo (ohms) -inches -inches pF/ft. voltage R.M.S. 10 MO 100 Mc/s 300 Mc/s 1000 Mc/s equivalent
43 52 0-195 0-032 29 2750 1.3 4.3 8.7 18.1 58/U
57 75 0.405 0044 20.6 5000 0.6 1.9 3.5 7.1 11A/U
63" 75 0-85.5 0 175 14 4400 0.15 0.5 0.9 1.7
67 50 0.405 7/0.029 30 4800 0.6 2.0 3.7 7.5 213/U
14 51 0.870 0-188 30.7 15000 0.3 1.0 1.9 4-2 218/U
76 51 0-195 19/0.0066 29 1800 1.6 5.3 9.6 22.0 58C/U
77 75 0-870 0-104 20.5 12500 0.3 1.0 1.9 4-2 164/U
79. 50 0-855 0-265 21 6000 0.16 0.5 0.9 1.8
83. 50 0-555 0.168 21 2600 0.25 0.8 1.5 241
85" 75 0.555 0.109 14 2600 0.2 0.7 1.3 2.5
90 75 0.242 0.022 20 2500 1.1 3-5 6.3 12.3 598/U

All the above cables have solid dielectric with a velocity factor of 0.66 with the exception of those marked with an asterisk which are helical membrane and have a velocity
factor of 0.96.
 R.F. CABLES (US RG SERIES)
Nominal Cable Maximum
Cable Velocity Approximate Attenuation (db per 100 ft.)
No. Impedance Outside Capacity Operating
Z0 (ohms) Diameter Factor
1 Mc/s 10 Mc/s 100 Mc/s 1000 Mc/s
p F/ft. Voltage
3000 Mc/s
RG-5/U 52.5 0.332 in. 0.659 0.21 0.77 2.9 11.5 22.0 28.5 3000

RG-5B/U 50.0 0.332 in. 0.659 0.16 0.66 2.4 8.8 16.7 29.5 3000

RG-6A/U 75.0 0.332 in. 0.659 0.21 0.78 2.9 I I.2 21.0 20.0 2700

RG-8A/U 50.0 0.405 in. 0.659 0.16 0.55 2.0 8.0 16.5 30.5 4000

RG-9/U 51.0 0.420 in. 0.659 0.16 0.57 2.0 7.3 15.5 30.0 4000
RG-9B/U 50.0 0.425 in. 0.659 0.175 0.61 1I 9.0 18.0 30.5 4000
RG-1 OA/U 50.0 0.475 in. 0.659 0.16 0.55 2.0 8.0 16.5 30.5 4000
RG-I I A/U 75.0 0.405 in. 0.66 0.18 0.7 2.3 7.8 16.5 20.5 5000

RG-12A/U 75.0 0.475 in. 0.659 0.18 0.66 2.3 8.0 16.5 20.5 4000

RG-13A/U 75.0 0.425 0.659 0.18 0.66 2.3 8.0 16.5 20.5 4000

RG-14A/U 50.0 0.545 0.659 0.12 0.41 1.4 5.5 110 30.0 5500
RG-1 6/U 52.0 0.630 in. 0.670 0.1 0.4 1.2 6.7 16.0 29.5 6000

RG-17A/U 50.0 0.870 in. 0.659 0.066 0.225 0.80 3.4 8.5 30.0 1 I 000

RG-1 8A/U 50.0 0.945 0.659 0.066 0.225 0.80 3.4 8.5 30.5 11000

RG-19A/U 50.0 1.120 in. 0.659 0.04 0.17 0.68 3.5 7.7 30.5 14000

RG-20A/U 50.0 1.195 in. 0.659 0.04 0.17 0.68 3.5 7.7 30.5 14000
RG-2 I /AU 50.0 0.332 in. 0.659 1.4 4.4 13.0 43.0 85.0 30.0 2700

53.5 0.184 in. 0.659 0.33 1.2 4.4 16.0 30.0 28.5 1900
RG-29/U

RG-34A/U 75.0 0.630 in. 0.659 0.065 0.29 1.3 6.0 12.5 20.5 5200

RG-34B/U 75 0.630 in. 0.66 0.3 1.4 5.8 21.5 6500

75.0 0.945 in. 0.659 0.07 0.235 0.85 3.5 8.60 20.5 10000
RG-35A/U

58.0 0.250 0.659 0.18 074 3.1 11-5 21.5 26.5 3000
RG-54A/U

53.5 0.206 in. 0.659 0.36 1.3 4.8 17.0 32.0 28.5 1900
RG-55/U

50.0 0.216 in. 0.659 0.36 1.3 4.8 17.0 32.0 29.5 1900
RG-55A/U

53.5 0.195 in. 0.659 0.33 1.25 4.65 17.5 37.5 28.5 1900
RG-58/U

50.0 0.195 in. 0.659 0.42 1.4 4.9 24.0 45.0 30.0 1900
RG-58C/U

75.0 0.242 in. 0.659 0.34 1.10 3.40 12.0 26.0 20.5 2300
RG-59A/U
75 0.242 0.66 1.1 3.4 12 21 2300
RG-59B/U

93.0 0.242 in. 0.84 0.25 0.85 270 8.6 18.5 13.5 750
RG-62A/U

50.0 0.615 in. 0.659 0.10 0.38 1.5 6.0 11.5 30.0 5500
RG-74A/U

35.0 0.405 in. 0.66 0.23 0.80 2.8 9.6 24.0 44.0 2000
RG-83/U

*RG-21 3/U 50 0.405 0.66 0.16 0.6 1.9 8.0 29.5 5000

50 0.870 0.66 0.066 0.2 I.0 4.4 29.5 11000

tRG-2113/U
50 1.120 0.66 0.04 0.2 0.7 3.6 29.5 14000
:RG-220/U
* Formerly RG8A/U 1. Formerly RG17A/U Former y RG19A/U
A WAVEGUIDE SIZES
British Inter - JAN Type
WG WG Services Ref. No. RG ( )
Internal In I RCSC NATO
Frequency Wavelength dimensions dimensions British Cut-off
Alumin- EIA IEC NWG Copper Alumin- Silver Fre-
(Gc/ s) (cm) (in.) (cm) WG No. 14;737 ium WR ( ) R() , (1 or 2) or brass ium quency
0.32-0.49 93.68-61.18 2380x11-5 58.420 x29.210 00 2300 3 01
0.35-0.53 85.65-56-56 21.0 x 10.5 0.265
53.34 x26.670 0 2100 4 02
041-0.625 73.11-47-96 0.281
181 x9.0 4172 x22.86 1 1800 03
5 201 0.328
0.49-0-75 61.18-3947 15-0 x7-5 38.1 x19-65 2 1500 6 04 202
044-0.96 46.84-31.23 11.5 x 175 0.393
29.210 x 14.605 3 1150 8 05 203 0.513
0.75-1-12 3195-26.76 9.75 x 4-875 24.765 x12.3825 4 975 9 06 204
0.96-145 31.23-20.67 77 x3.85 0.605
11558.0.779 5 770 12 07 205 0/66
112-1.70 2616-17.63 6.5 x3.25 16.510x8.255 6 012-0037 650 14 08 69 103 0.908
1.45-120 20.67-1162 51 x2.55 12.954 x 6.477 7 510 18 09
1.70-160 17-63-11.53 43 x2.15 1.157
10.922 x 1461 8 083-0144 083-0144 430 22 10 104 105 1.372
2.20-3-30 13.63-9-08 14 x1.7 8.636 x4-318 9A 012-0040 012-0042 340 26 11 112 113
2.60-195 11.53-7-59 184 x1.34 7-2163 x 3.403 1.763
10 083-0068 083-0069 284 32 12 48 75 2.078
130-410 9.08 -6.12 129 x 1 145 5.8166 x 2.909 11A 012-0045 012-004/ 229 40 13
3.95-5E5 7.95 -5.12 1.872 x 0.872 4.7549 x 2-2149 2.577
12 083-0077 083-0078 187 48 14 49 95 3.152
490-7.05 6.12 -4-25 1.59 x 0.795 4.0486 x2.0193 13 083-0146 083-0147 159 58 15
185-810 512 -3.66 3.711
1.372x0.622 3.4849x1.58 14 083-0081 083-0082 137 70 16 50 106 4.301
7.05-10.00 4-25 -199 1.122 x 0.497 2.880 x 1.2624 15 083-0086 083-0087 112 84 17 51 68
810-1140 166 -2-42 5.259
0.90 x 0-40 2.286 x1.016 16 083-0097 083-0099 90 100 18 52 67 6.557
10.00-1100 299 -2.00 0.75 x 0.375 1.9050 x119525 17 75 120 19
12-40-18.00 142 -1.66 2.868
0.622 x 0.311 1.58 x0.790 18 083-0101 62 140 20 91 107 9.426
15.00-2/00 2-00 -1.36 0.510 x 0.255 1.295 x0.6477 19 51 180 21
18.00-26.50 1.66 -113 0.420 x 0.170 1.0668 x0.4318 11.574
20 Precision 42 220 22 53 121 66 14047
2100-33.00 1.36 -0.91 0.340x0.1700.8636x0 4318 21 34 260 23 17.328
26-50-40.00 113 -0.75 0.280x0.140 0.7112x0.3556 22 083-1500 28 320 24 96 21.081
33.00-50-00 0.91 -0.60 0.224x0.1120.5659x0.2845 23 083-1501 22 400 25 97
40.00-60-00 0.75 -0.50 0.188 x 0.94 26.342
04775 x 0.2388 24 083-1502 19 500 26 31.357
50.00-75.00 0.60 -0.40 0.148 x 0.074 0.3759 x0.1880 25 083-1503 15 620 27 98
60.00-90.00 0.50 -0.33 0.122 x 0.061
39.863
0.3098 x0.1550 26 083-1504 12 740 28 99 48.350
75.00-10-00 0.40 -0.27 0.100 x 0.050 0.2540 x0.1270 27 083-1505 10 900 29
90.00-140-0 0.33 -0.22 0.080 x 0.040 59.010
0.2032 x 0.1016 28 083-1506 8 1200 30 7180
140.00-220-0 0.22 -0.14 0.051 x 0.025 0.1295 x0.0635 116.80

* N.B.-(1) Aluminium. 2) Copper based alloy.

The cut-off wavelength of a rectangular waveguide, the wide dimension of which is a cm is given by Aco = 2a
Fora waveguide
xio, - Aas
where \ waveguide wavelength, \ co - waveguide cut-off wavelength, and A0 = free space wavelength.
 AERIALS
RESONANT LENGTHS OF HALF -WAVE DIPOLES

Wavelength of Dipole Feed Impedance

Wavelength for (Ohms)
Diameter resonance

50 0'458 60.5
100 0.465 61.0
200 0.471 61.6
400 0.475 63.6
1,000 0.479 65.3
4,000 0.484 67.2
10,000 0.486 68 I
100,000 0.489 69.2

The dimensions used in ca culating the ratios must be in similar units (e.g. both in
metres or both in centimetres).
From Aerials for Metre and Decimetre Wavelengths by R. A. Smith.

V AND RHOMBIC AERIALS

Leg Length Angle A Gain V Aerial Gain Rhombic

1 A 90 3db 6db
2A 72 4idb 71db
3A 60 6db 9db
4A 50 7db 10db
5A 45 8db I I db
6A 40 9db 12db

Average design figures for V and rhombic aerials. The angle A is the apex angle.

.21?`

(0) (b) Terminating

Resistor

Fig. 45. V and rhombic aerials. The diagram on the left (a) shows how the main lobes of
two long wire radiators are added to form the main beam. The apex angle A is given in
the table above.

57
 TYPICAL DIMENSIONS OF YAGI ARRAYS
Element Length Length of Elements
Element Wavelength 70.3 145 435
Mcis Mcis Mc/s

Reflector ... 0.495 834 in. 40 in. 134 in.

Dipole radiator ... 0.473 794 in. 384 in. 124 in.
Director DI ... 0.440 74 in. 36in. 12 in.
Director D2 ... 0.435 731 in. 354 in. 111 in.
Director D3 ... 0.430 724 in. 35 in. 111 in.
Succeeding directors 0-005 successively 711, etc. 344, etc. III, etc.
End director ... 0.007 less than pen- I in. less f in. less 1 in. less
ultimate director

Element Spacing Spacing Between Elements

Elements Wavelength 70.3 145 435
Mc/s Mc/s

Reflector/Radiator 0.125 21 in. 101 in. 34 in.

Radiator/Director DI 0.125 21 in. 104 in. 34 in.
D I -D2 0.25 42 in. 204 in. 64 in.
D2-D3, etc. 0.25 42 in. 204 in. 64 in.
These dimensions are correct only for elements having diameters in the following ranges:
70.3 Mc/s 145 Mc/s 435 Mc/s
in. }-4 in. 1.---t} in.
14

-er-
12 9
a
7 s
c k....E..0 E S-C
_110
0
0_ 5 EP'
6
Of '
tA k)..T.'5
4
8
3

0
6

0
0.5 I0 1.5 2.0 2.5
OVERALL LENGTH OF ARRAY (A)
Fig. 46.
The gain of a Yagi array increases as the number of elements increases. In the graph
"2 elements" signifies radiator -plus -reflector: "3 elements" therefore implies one director,
and so on. The length of the array is expressed in units of wavelength. The curve shown
here is due to S. Kharbanda, G2PU
(Courtesy Labgear Ltd.)
58
 YAGI DESIGN CHART

500 REFLECTOR

/
RADIATOR
_I 480

DIREGTOR
460

440

420

Lo 0 0 00
003
0
0
N
0
to O N lh ct *0 CO O
0
0 0
0
CONDUCTOR LENGTH / DIAMETER RATIO
Fig. 47.
Design chart for Yagi arrays, giving element lengths as a function of conductor length -to -
diameter ratio. The tuning factor L is divided by the frequency in Mc/s to give the lengths
in feet. These curves are for arrays of overall length 0-3A, with reflector reactance +40 to
+60 ohms and director -30 to -40 ohms, and give arrays of input impedance between
IS and 20 ohms. Element lengths which fall within the shaded areas will give an array which
can be used without further adjustment, though the front -to -back ratio may be improved
by adjusting the reflector.

EFFECT OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION ON AERIAL CURRENT

Depth of Modulation a.f. power Increase in Aerial Current
Ratio. d.c. power of
(per cent) p.a. (per cent)

100 0.5 2/6

90 0.405 18.5
80 0.32 15-1
70 0.245 11.5
60 0.18 8.6
50 0.125 6.0

59
 FOLDED DIPOLE CALCULATIONS

d2
S

50
-15 40 100

30 60
50
40
20
30
2
15
25
z
20
12 2
15
cc
- 2.5 0 10
9
La!

12
z
8 J _-.
3 7
ce
8 0
7
--- 0
ta. 5 6
cf
LAI
_J
5
5 4

6
Lsj
U
- 3.5 4
0
7 3.5
4 3 O
8 O

10
Q.
- 2.5
3
z
12
2.5 Q_
15
2 0
20
- 1.8 2 CC

30
40
50
15
80
100 1.5

Fig. 48.
Nomogram for folded dipole calculations. The impedance multiplying factor depends on
the two ratios of conductor diameter to spacing between centres, and is always 4 : I when
the diameters are equal. A ruler laid across the scales will give pairs of spacing/diameter
ratios for any required multiplier. In the example shown the driven element diameter is
one -tenth of the spacing and the other element diameter one -quarter of the spacing,
resulting in a step up of 6 : I. There is an unlimited number of solutions for any given
ratio. The chart may also be used to find the step-up ratio of an aerial of given dimensions.

60
 BROADSIDE ARRAYS

A COLLINEAR C 21/2 BROADSIDE

nX/2 X/2

-1 I
120 8 140

RD RD
6 0100 6
2
GAIN G AIN
oioo 4 0 80 4
a a .7(
cc cc
60 2 15

80 0
2 4 6 8 100 0 2 .4 .6 .8 10
LENGTH 01/2 SPACING SA

SPACED DIPOLES D FULLWAVE BROADSIDE

[4- /2-04-"--S---"+"--?12-4"i

100 4 200

J
RD
3 GAI N 6
tn
V
GAIN 4
0 0
2 0 100
O
.71 a
0 cc
RD 2

600 .3 .4 -50 0 .2 .4 6 .8 1.00

.1 .2
SPACING SA SPACING SA

Fig. 49.
General types of broadside array. (a) Collinear arrays; (b) End -spaced dipoles;
(c, d, e) Two-tier, Sterba or Barrage arrays; (f) Pine Tree or Koomans, stacked horizontal
X/2 or A dipoles, (g, h) Vertically polarized broadside arrays. Gain figures are with reference
to a free -space dipole, in terms of spacing or total length in half -waves. Resistance figures
61
 BROADSIDE ARRAYS-continued

E n Ah ST E RBA G VERTICAL BROADSIDE

k n V2 ).'i

j
1/2
1-
H

i
E-1
T RD (AVERAGE) = 60/1
12

8 io
vl

Z
.2
7
(f) BO
GAIN
6
-0 T 8 vA
z Z
a :Tt
Z
(x 70 ------RD 4 t9 60
60 2 4
2 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 10
LENGTH n/1/2 NUMBER OF DIPOLES

VERTICAL BROADSIDE(END-
F VERTICAL STACK H FED)

l X/2 or >\ -..1 1-

i x
RD (AVERAGE) = 6011
12

10
n
o
a z
'N-\ :i
o
FOR CURVES 6
SEE G 8, H

4
0 2 4 6 8 10
NUMBER OF DIPOLES

Fig. 50.
are average over the array, and are added in series or parallel according to the feed
gement. The aerial In (c) can be ged to give a broadside beam over a 2 : 1

frequency range, e.g. 14, 21 and 28 Mc/s.

62
 MODULATION DEPTH
-9 0.05 -
-8 98

97
0I -
-7
-6 95
0.15 -

-5 02 -
90 -
-4
0.-3-=

80

-3 0.4 -
70
0.5 -
60

50 0.7 -
-2 40
30
1_
20
-15 10

0
MODULATION 1.5 -
PERCENTAGE

2-
-I
III ""i\\\I\et -t-

- 0.8 1 ,,,,,,xm _i_

3-
- 0.7 A-B
MODULATION
PERCENTAGE
_
A+B
X 1000/0 4-
- 06 5-
- 0.5 6
A
Fig. 51.
Abac for the calculation of modulation depth from the trapezoidal pattern. The dotted
line illustrates an example in which the large side (A) is 6 units long and the shorter one,
(B) 03 unit indicating a depth of modulation of just over 90 per cent.

63
 MODULATION TRANSFORMER RATIOS

RATIO
10K

9K ny
S.

8K

7K
10
AIWA! ILAVArAroN 0
6K
a

in
5.5K

5K AlrfarrariP/Ari
o 4.51< 111111111101111/APAVIT Air
>-
ix 4K 11111 1/411 M I I °
0
0
O3 5K

w 3K
0
2

a. 2 SK

2K
LL
a
I 8K

I 6K

I.4K

12K

1K
IK 1.5K 2K 2.5K 3K 4K 5K 6K 7K 8K 10K
MODULATOR LOAD IMPEDANCE (PRIMARY) (OHMS)

Fig. 52.

64
 OUTPUT TRANSFORMER RATIOS

RATIO
20K
,P I .%
0. O . 0.V.\
N., 4).
15K

10K
9K
8K
7K
ArArter'
AV/
6K

5K

4K

3K

2.5K
X
8 2K

tb.
0
<0 1.5K 0
4
CC

1K
- 900
0. 800
0 700
b
600
500

400

300
250

200

150

100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
SPEECH COIL IMPEDANCE (OHMS)

Fig. 53.
65

3-RDRY1
 I.F. TRANSFORMERS
Capacitance* for Resonance for S.S.B. Filters
L Frequency in kc/s

mH 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500
1 158 151 144 137 131 125 120 115 110 105 101
1.1 144 137 131 125 119 114 109 104 100 96 92
1.2 132 126 120 114 109 104 100 96 91 88 84
1.3 122 115 111 105 101 96 92 88 85 81 78
1.4 113 108 103 98 93 89 85 82 79 75 72
1.5 106 100 96 91 87 83 80 76 73 70 68
1.6 99 94 90 86 82 78 75 72 69 66 63
1.7 93 89 84 81 77 74 70 67 65 62 60
1.8 88 84 80 76 73 69 66 64 61 59 56
1.9 83 79 76 72 69 66 63 60 58 56 53
2.0 79 75 73 69 65 63 60 57 55 53 51

* To nearest pF.
SELF RESONANT FREQUENCIES OF TYPICAL CAPACITORS
Type Maker Lead Length Frequency
8 p.F 450V Electrolytic Hunts I in. 0.26 Mc/s
0.1 yF 350V. paper foil (47.02A) Dubilier f in. 3.4 Mc/s
0.1 p.F 200V. paper foil (CP45N) ... T.C.C. f in. 3.46 Mc/s
0.01 µF (PZ) ceramic disc ... ... Erie + in. 17.8 Mc/s
0.1 aF (W99) metallized paper ... ... Hunts k in. 5.95 Mc/s
2200 pF polystyrene ... ... G.E.C. + in. 30.0 Mc/s
0001 µF W99) metallized paper Hunts +- in. 43.6 Mc/s
0.001 yF NY) ceramic disc ... Erie + in. 53.0 Mc/s
100 pF ( 750L) ceramic... Erie f in. 99.0 MO
150 pF silvered mica ... ... L.E.M. k in. 114.0 Mc/s

VOLTAGE AND POWER RATIOS IN DECIBELS

Voltage Power db Voltage Power Voltage Power db Voltage Power
1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0.5012 0.2512 6.0 1.995 3.981
09883 09772 0.1 .012 .022 0 4467 0.1995 7.0 2.239 5-012
0.9777 0.9551 02 -023 047 0.3981 0.1585 8.0 2.512 6-310
09661 09328 0.3 .032 072 0.3548 0.1259 9.0 2.818 7.943
09551 09120 0.4 .047 .097 0 3162 0.1000 0 3-162 10.000
0.9442 08914 0.5 .059 -122
0-2818 0 07943 I 3.549 12.59
09328 08711 06 .072 .148 0-2512 0.06310 2 3.981 15.85
0.9223 0-8509 0.7 .084 -175 0.2239 0.05012 4.467
0.9120
3 19 95
0.8320 08 .097 .202 0.1995 0.03981 5.012
0-9023
4 25.12
0-8130 09 -109 .230 0.1778 0.03162 5-623
5 31-62
08914 07942 1.0 .122 .259
0.1585 0.02512 6 6.310 39-81
0.8711 0 7590 1.2 -148 -318 0.1413 0.01995 7 7.079 50.12
08505 0-7246 1.4 -175 .380 0.1259 0 01585 8 7-943 63.10
08320 0.6920 1.6 -202 .445 0-1122 0 01259 9 8.913 79.43
08130 0.6606 I8 .230 -514 0.1000 0.01000 20 10 000 100-00
0.7942 0.6308 2.0 .259 .585
0.056 0-00316 25 17-78 316.2
0 7762 0-6024 2.2 .288 .660 0.03162 0.001 30 31.62 1,000
0.7590 0-5754 2.4 -318 -733 0.01778 0.000316 35 56-23 3,162
0.7414 0.5494 2.6 349 -820 0.010 0.0001 40 100-0 10,000
0.7246 0-5247 2.8 -380 -906 0.0056 0.0000316 45 177.8 31,620
0-7078 0-5012 3.0 -413 .995
0.003162 0.00001 50 316.2 100,000
0.6682 0.4466 3.5 -496 2-239 0.001 10'. 60 1,000 10.
0.6308 0.3981 4.0 .585 2.512 0-0003162 10' 70 3,162 10'
0.5955 0-3549 4.5 .679 2-818 0 0001 10' 80 10,000 10'
0.5624 0-3162 5.0 .778 3.162 0-00003162 10-* 90 31,620 10°
0.5307 0.2819 5.5 .884 3.548 0.00001 10.° 100 100,000 10"
66
 WINDING COILS ON STANDARD FORMERS
Coil formers of the Aladdin type are widely used in modern radio equipment.
Two charts have been prepared to enable calculation of the neci-csary winding
data to be made quickly and easily.
Use of Fig. 54
The use of Fig. 54 on page 68 is best illustrated by describing a typical calcu-
lation.
Example: It is required to wind a coil on an Aladdin type F804 (17e in. diameter)
former which will resonate at 7 Mc/s with a 50 pF capacitor.
The method is as follows:
1. Draw a straight line through 50 pF (axis A) and 7 Mc/s (axis B).
2. Project the line to cut axis C and read off the required inductance, which in
this case is 10-3 uH.
3. Draw a horizontal line through 10.31.d1 on axis D and a vertical line through
a reasonable winding length (say 0.5 in.) and determine the most suitable wire
gauge to use, i.e., 32 s.w.g.
4. From the 32 s.w.g. curve determine the exact winding length to give an
inductance of 10.3 p.H, i.e. 0.48 in.
The coil required will therefore be close wound with 32 s.w.g. enamelled
copper wire and 0.48 in. long.
If desired, the number of turns may be calculated using wire tables from which
it will be found that the turns per inch for 32 s.w.g. enamelled copper wire is 83.
Hence, a winding 0.48 in. long will consist of (83 x 0.48) = 39.8 turns.
The following table, prepared from information provided by the
London Electric Wire Company, shows the minimum turns per in.
for enamelled copper wire of the gauges most commonly used by
amateurs.
Gauge Turns Gauge Turns
20 s.w.g. 26 c.p.i. 32 s.w.g. 82.6 t.p.i.
22 s.w.g. 33 t.p.i. 34 s.w.g. 96.2 t.p.i.
24 s.w.g. 41.5 t.p.i. 36 s.w.g. 116.3 t.p.i.
26 s.w.g. 50.3 t.p.i. 38 s.w.g. 1441 t.p.i.
28 s.w.g. 61 t.p.i. 40 s.w.g. 178.6 c.p.i.
30 s.w.g. n5 t.p.i. 42 s.w.g. 212 t.p.i.

For coils of low inductance, i.e. less than 1µH, it is advisable to space wind
rather than close wind with a heavy gauge wire. Curves are, therefore, given in
Fig. 54 for pitches of 10, 15 and 20 turns per inch using 26 s.w.g. enamelled
copper wire. Other gauges may be used, however, without introducing significant
errors.
The values shown in Fig. 54 for Aladdin F804 formers have been calculated
for formers without cores. The variation in inductance obtainable with dust -iron
or brass cores depends on the winding length and composition of the core material
and no simple correction factor may be quoted. However, for coils between
0.3 and 0.8 in. long a dust -iron core will give a maximum possible inductance of
about twice the " core -less " inductance and a brass core a minimum possible
inductance of about 0.8 times the " core -less " inductance. These factors should
be borne in mind when designing variable inductances from the charts.
Use of Fig. 44
The inductance required is found from Fig. 54 in the same way as for Aladdin
F804 formers and the winding details determined from Fig. 55. Measurements
show that the effect of a screening can on the average coil wound on 0.3 in. dia-
meter formers is to reduce the inductance by about 5 per cent. When designing
very low inductance coils, an allowance of approximately 0.15 itH should be
made for the leads.
67
 ALADDIN FORMER
TYPE F8041 WINDING LENGTH 0.3"- 043"
L MAX. WITH CORE MULTIPLY BY 2
7/16" DIA
L MIN. WITH BRASS CORE DIVIDE BY 1.2
L

A B CD
-1000 500 - 100
- 900 90
- 800 600 - 80 42
- 700 WS 700- 70
- 600 i no- 60
I

\ 900- 38
- 500
-400
/ 4- 50

40
1

136
15
-300 30
2- 031
-200
3-
20 A 32

30

4-
-100 5- 10
AV i
- 90
-80
- 70
6 -Aro 26
7
8- 6
r

C
pF
9- rH 24
50 10- S
..

NO
- 40 0

111 i
CORE 4 ''

- 30 45- 3
22 3

Mcis
20 -
- 20 2

30-
20 T.P.I.
40 - :

- 10
1

50 -
-9 09
1

-8 60 - 08
-7 70- 0.7 Ad 5 TP.I.,
-6 80 -
90 - 0.6 t

-5 100 - 05
-4 04 .

150-
-3 0.3
10TP.I.

200-
-2 02

-1 \ - 01
-1 2 3 .4 .5 .7 .9
A WINDING LENGTH IN INCHES
CD
Fig. 54. The calculation of inductance required and winding data for Aladdin type F804 coil
formers. The dashed lines refer to the worked example.
68
200 42

40

.100
38
80

60 36
50
40 34

30 32
30
20
28
45
26
40
B 24

6
22

4
20
3

2 2O T. P. I.

15 T.P.I. 26
10 s.w.g.
08
6
5 10 T. P.I.

45

01
0.04 01 2 3 .4 5 7 4.0 1 S 20
WINDING LENGTH (INCHES) DIA = 0.3"
Fig. 55. Winding data for 0.3 in. diameter coil forms.

69
 BRITISH STANDARD COPPER WIRE TABLE

Turns per linear inch Turns per square inch

Diameter Current Nearest
S.W.G. (inches) Resistance Length rating Enamel Single Double Single Double Enamel Double Double American
Single Single
(a) (b) (c) Silk silk cotton cotton silk silk cotton cotton wire gauge
10 0.128 1.866 6.67 15.442 7.48 - - 7.35 7-0 56 - - 54 49 10
12 0.104 2.826 10.23 10.194 9.09 - - 8.8 8.4 82.6 - - 77.4 70.6 12
14 0.080 7.776 17.16 6.032 11.78 - - 11.2 10.5 139 - - 125.4 110 14
16 0064 7.463 26.86 3.86 14.8 14.7 14.5 13.9 12.0 219 216 210 193.2 169 16
18 0.048 13.27 47-66 2-1715 19.7 1913 19.4 18.0 16.8 388 392 376 324 282 19
20 0.036 23.59 85.00 1.2215 26.0 26.0 25-3 23.5 21.0 676 676 640 552 441 21

22 0.028 38.99 140.6 0.73 33.0 33.0 31.9 291 25.4 1089 1089 1018 847 645 23
24 0.022 6316 228.3 0.4561 41.6 42.1 40.0 36.7 31.0 1731 1772 1600 1347 961 25
26 0-018 94.4 340.0 0.3054 50.2 51.2 48.3 43.0 35.4 2520 2621 2333 1849 1253 27
28 0.0148 139.6 503.0 0.2064 61.0 61.7 57.4 50.2 38.6 3721 3807 3295 2520 1490 28
30 0.0124 199 716.6 0.1450 72.5 72.4 66.6 57.1 44-4 5256 5242 4436 3260 1971 29
32 0.0108 262 943.3 0.1099 82.7 81.9 74.6 62.8 4743 6839 6708 5565 3944 2285 31

34 0.0092 361 1300 0.0798 97 94.3 84.7 69.9 51.7 9409 8892 7174 4886 2673 32
36 0.0076 529 1903 0.0545 116 111 97.9 85.4 59.9 13456 12321 9584 7293 3588 34
38 0.0060 849 3056 0.0340 145 135 113 99 67.7 21025 18225 12769 9801 4583 36
40 0.0048 1327 4766 0.0217 178 161 131 112 75.1 31684 25921 17161 12544 5640 38

(a) Ohms per 1000 yrds at 60°F; (b) Yards per lb.; (c) Amps at 1200 amps per square inch.
 CURRENT RATINGS FOR RUBBER, P.V.C. AND POLYTHENE INSULATED CABLES
(Subject to Voltage Drop)

Cables bunched and enclosed in conduit, in free air or open trench

SIZE OF CONDUCTOR
Maximum Rubber, P.V.C. or polythene insulated, including tough rubber,
Diameter Allowable P.V.C., lead or aluminium sheathed.
Standard Resistance
No. and Weight of of for Tinned
Conductor 3 -single core I -three core
Nominal Copper Wire 2 -single core 4 -single core or I -twin core or
Diameter per Conductor at 20° C. (68° F.)
1000 yards 4 -single core I -four core
Area of Wires per
1003 yards D.C. or D.C. or A.G. D.C. or A.C.
I -phase A.C. I -phase A.C. 3 -phase 1 -phase A.C. 3 -phase

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I 2
Sq. in. No./in. Lb In. Ohms Amps Amps Amps Amps Amps
17.58 0.044 16.71 5 5 5 5 5
00015 1/-044
23.37 0.062 13-08 10 10 10 10 8
0002 3/029
3602 0.078 8.408 15 13 13 IS 10
0.003 3/.036
5439 0087 5.591 20 15 15 20 15
0.0045 7/029
83.81 0108 3593 28 22 25 28 20
0.007 7/.036
0.010 12520 0132 2405 36 29 32 36 25
7/044
17+9 0.156 1723 43 34 39 43 30
00145 7/-052
26+9 0.192 1-137 53 42 48 53 37
0-0225 7/.064
0.03 340-4 0220 08877 62 50 56 62 43
19/044
0.04 475.5 0.260 06358 74 59 67 74 52
19/-052

0.06 7203 0320 04196 97 78 88 97 68

19/064
 FLEXIBLE CORDS
All types to B.S.7 Rubber Insulated and B.S. 2004 P.V.C.

Current rating Resistance* Maximum

Conductor (Subject to volt - per 1000 yards permissible
age drop) D.C. at 20°C. 68°F.) weight
or single-phase supported
No. and or three-phase Maximum by a twin cord
Nominal Diameter A.C. Allowable (see Regulation
Area of Wires Tinned Wires 310 (A))

Sq. in. No./in. Amps Ohms Lb.

0.0006 14/-0076 2 42.03 3
0.001 23/.0076 5 25.57 5
0.0017 40/.0076 10 14.71 10
0.003 70/.0076 15 8.41 10
0.0048 110/.0076 20 5.35 10
0.007 162/-0076 25 3.63 10

* The figures given for resistance refer to straight single cores. Where the cores
are twisted into twin- or multi -core cords, an allowance must be made for the
extra length due to laying up.

FUSE WIRE TABLE

Fusing Copper Tin Lead

Current
Diam. S.W.G. Diam. S.W.G. Diam. S.WG.

I amp 00021 47 00072 37 0 0081 35

2 amps 0 0034 43 0 0!13 31 0.0128 30
3 amps 0 0044 41 0 0149 28 0 0168 27
4 amps 0 0053 39 0.0181 26 0.0203 25
5 amps 0 0052 38 0 0210 25 0 0236 23
10 amps 0 0098 33 00334 21 0.0375 20
15 amps 0 0129 30 0 0437 19 0 0491 18
20 amps 0 0156 28 00529 17 0 0595 17

COMPARATIVE RESISTANCES OF SOME METALS

Material Relative resistance

Copper 1.0
German Silver 11.7-18-5
Eureka 29.3
Nichrome 55
Silver 0.94
Aluminium 1.6
Brass 4.4
Nickel 4.3
Iron 6.1

72
 RISE AND FALL OF 90
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

80

Fig. 56. 70
The time constant of a circuit
having a capacitor or inductor in
series with a resistor t - CR or
L/R and is the time required for the
current or voltage to reach 63.2 per
cent of its maximum value. 60
tC
= R
(

tR

50

0/
The graph enables either time or /0
percentage of maximum voltage (or
current) to be found. Example: a
capacitor and a resistor have a 40
time constant CR of 4 secs. If initially
charged, what percentage of the
charge -voltage will be retained
after 8 secs.
t/CR = 8/4 = 2
rom the curve 2 = 14 per cent. 30

Conversely, in the same time

the capacitor would be charged to 86
per cent of its maximum value, where
t is in seconds, R in ohms, L in Henrys,
C in Farads. 20

10

0 4
3
t/C R 2
73
 Centre -tapped full -wave
Half -wave full -wave bridge
POWER
RECTIFICATION

ET (max)
Er fans)
ET fans)

I
I I A
1 I

011;ITSS ACROSS
Sc As
E eau
Emac t max
E s

Edc Edc

E Max ET (0231) E ET (iinT) E max = ET (sax)

Eras 0.7(11 ETOTRO g
Erns ET (rob) Erma ET (ros)
Voltage Relationships
Crest working voltage in terms of Edc 3.14Edc 3.14Edc 1.57Edc
Crest working voltage in terms of ET(rm,) 1.41 ET(rms) 2.82ET(rms) 1.41 ET(rms)
Edc in terms of r.m.s. input voltage per phase
ET(rms) 0-45ET(rms) 0-90ET(rms) 0-90ETfnns)
Edo in terms of r.m.s. output voltage Erms 0.636Erms 0.90Erras 0.90Erms
Ede in terms of peak output voltage Emax 0.31 8Emsa 0.636Emaz 0-636Emaz
Input voltage ET(rm,) in terms of Edo 2.22Edc 1.11 Ede 1.11Edc
R.m.s. output voltage Erms in terms of Ede 1.57Edc 1.11E& 111 Edo
Peak output voltage Emsor in terms of Ede 3.14Edc 1.57Edc 1.57Edc

Ripple
Fundamental ripple frequency fr 2f 2f
% ripple =
r.m.s. fundamental ripple voltage x 100 111 47.2 47.2
Edo

Output Current
Average current per rectifier leg !nay) Id, 0.5 Id, 0.5 Idc
Irma per rectifier leg R 1.571dc 0.785 Idc 0.785 lac
L 0.707 Idc 0.707 lac
ITTIT per rectifier leg 314Iac 1.57 Id, 1.57 Idc
L Idc Idc

Tranformer Ratings
Secondary r.m.s. voltage per transformer leg 2.22Edc 1.11 Edc 1.11 Edc
Er(rms) (to centre -tap)
Secondary r.m.s. current per transformer leg R 1.57 Id, 0-785 Idc 111 Id,
IT(rms) 0.707 Ido Idc
Secondary volt -amp VA, 3.48Edc Idc 1.74Edc Ide 1 .23Edc .1de
1.57Edc 1.11 Edo . !do
Secondary utility factor Us 0-287 0.574 0-813
0.636 0.90
Primary voltage per transformer leg (trans- 2.22Edo 1.11 Edo 1.11E&
former ratio 1 : 1)
Primary current per transformer leg (trans- R 1.571de 1 11Idc 1.11 Id,
former ratio 1 1) : Id, Id,
Primary volt -amp VAp 3.483 dc. Idc 1 .23Edc ido 1.23Edc . lac
L 1.11 Ede. Ido 1.11 Edo .Idc
Primary utility factor Up 0.287 0.823 0.813
0.90 0.90

74
 VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER CIRCUITS
HALF -WAVE DI
VOLTAGE DOUBLER 0-11[1'- D1 +I DC+ CI = peak a.c. voltage
AC CI
IN
1C2 our C2 = peak a.c. voltage
D2 +4-
0 x2O
Fig. 57.

AC
IN
pcT C2 and C3 peak a.c.
BI -PHASE HALF OU
WAVE OR FULL Voltage
WAVE VOLTAGE
DOUBLER
Fig. 58.

4
AC CI
B -

C2
= peak a.c. voltage
IN DC C2 == peak a.c. voltage
OUT C .4 peak a.c. voltage
C3
2

VOLTAGE Fig. 59.

TRIPLER

DI
+ CIA = peak a.c. voltage
C2A C1 B = peak a.c. voltage
CIB D2
DC
x3
OUT C2A and C2B x peak a.c.
CIA D3
voltage x 2
AC C28
IN
D4 D1 -D4 x peak a.c. vol-
VOLTAGE tage x 2
QUADRUPLER
Fig. 60.

SEMICONDUCTOR POWER RECTIFIER DIODES

Surge Suppressors
Switching surges can be reduced by the inclusion of a series CR circuit across
the primary or secondary of the power transformer or across the d.c. load circuit.
Typical component values may be calculated from:
70W
C=
where W = power transformer rating in watts
V = r.m.s. voltage of the circuit concerned
R = five times the effective load resistance.

Voltage Sharing Resistors

Equalisation of the voltage across series connected diodes can be effected by
connecting a resistor in parallel with each diode.
The value of the required resistors may be calculated from:
R = If- ohms
KI
where V = p.i.v. rating of the diodes
I = maximum peak reverse current rating of the diodes
K = a constant depending on the number of diodes connected in series:
two diodes, K = 1; three diodes, K = 1.2; four diodes, K = 1.5;
five diodes, K = 1.7; six diodes, K = 2-0.
75
 RIPPLE CHART
100

From ,ele
50 Rectifier

N
\\
R, = R MoR
DC Output Voltage EI °1°___
DC Output Current (Amps)
For 50 cycle ripple the figure
for ER% must be doubled.
Alternatively the same ER% is
obtained when C is doubled

10

...,..

lik. ...,,

,
10

05

0.1
2 3 4 5 10 20 30 50 100
LOAD RESISTANCE RI_ (K OHMS)
Fig. 61.
C showing 100 c/s ripple component as a percentage of the d.c. output voltage across
a it capacitor.

76
 RIPPLE CHART-continued

IIII I
L
I I
00

- --r no -/--- 0

Itc O
li 0
_ Curves are for 50 c/s supply
for 25c/s Multiply La C by 2 0
-for 40c/s Multiply Li C by 1.25
-for 60c/s Multiply L &C by 083
0

1 0
r's
tn
0
4
cC
4
u.
0
a
i
U

U
cr
0
1--
1%
L5
a
a.
a
U
i 0

2.50/0 .7

( 5
% RIPPLE for first Choke
and Condenser filter i 4
5°/o for Biphase Half -Wave
Recti ier
3
7.5%

100/0 2

15%

I
100 70 50 30 20 40 7 5 4 3 2
INDUCTANCE L (HENRYS)
Fig. 62.

77
 RIPPLE CHART-continued

z
100
BO
70
60
50
40

30

20

15
4,

I0
8
7 AorawAgrArdwAre
6
5

ZI; 3
2

I5
bo°

10
00 r
08
07
06 0°
05
04 0°

03

0.2 Q1 + (211c. c. R.)2

0.15

01
100,000 50 000 10,000 5.000 1.000
CR OHMS x MICROFARADS
Fig. 63. Ripple attenuation of RC filter sections.

78
 RIPPLE CHART-continued

e2 1

121 121 (2TTF)2 LC -1

50
40

30

20

15

ID

7
6 yo
5

3
AFAIPPAIllte
415 2

15

I0
08
07 44111/Alltair Apr'P
06
05 ANIPTAPII 00
o
04 rAr
AIIIIMMIAMM/AMAIIIMINOF
03 tpc' AI
AcP 0

02 AllirAMFAMIWArAir
\c°
0 15

01 30 20
1,000 750 500 300 200 100 70 50 10

LC HENRIES x MICROFARADS
Fig. 64. Ripple attenuation of LC filter sections.

79
 DESIGNATION OF EMISSIONS
Emissions are designated in the Radio Regulations, Geneva,
1959, according to their classification and bandwidth.
SECTION I - CLASSIFICATION
Emissions are first classified and symbolized according to the following character-
istics:
(a) Type of modulation of main carrier.
(b) Type of transmission.
(c) Supplementary characteristics.
Note: As an exception to the undermentioned, Damped Waves are designated
by B.
(a) Types of modulation of main character Symbol
(i) Amplitude A
(ii) Frequency (or phase)
(iii) Pulse
(b) Types of transmission
(i) Absence of any modulation intended to carry information 0
(ii) Telegraphy without the use of a modulating audio frequency 1

(iii) Telegraphy by the keying of a modulating audio frequency or

audio frequencies, or by keying of the modulated emission 2
(iv) Telephony (including sound broadcasting) 3
(v) Facsimile (with modulation of main carrier either directly or by
a frequency modulated sub -carrier) 4
(vi) Television (vision only) 5
(vii) Four -frequency duplex telegraphy 6
(viii) Multichannel voice frequency telegraphy 7
(ix) Cases not covered by the above 9
(c) Supplementary characteristics Symbol
(i) Double sideband, full carrier (None)
(ii) Single sideband, reducer carrier A
Single sideband, full carrier
Single sideband, suppressed carrier
(iii) Two independent, sidebands
(iv) Vestigial sideband
(v) Pulse-amplitude modulated
Pulse-width (or duration) modulated
Pulse-phase (or position) modulated
Pulse-code modulated
PHONETIC ALPHABET
A Alfa .1 Juliet S Sierra
B Bravo K Kilo T Tango
C Charlie L Lima U Uniform
D Delta M Mike V Victor
E Echo N November W Whiskey
F Foxtrot 0 Oscar X X-ray
G Golf P Papa Y Yankee
H Hotel Q Quebec Z Zulu
I India R Romeo

Amateurs are not restricted to any particular phonetic code. They should, how-
ever, be conversant with the above which is now regularized for world-wide use.
(ITU Regulations, Geneva, 1959.)
80
 CLASSIFICATION OF TYPICAL EMISSIONS

Type of Type of Supplementary Symbol

Modulation Transmission Characteristics
With no modulation - AO

Telegraphy without the use of

a modulating audio frequency
(on -off keying)
Telegraphy by keying of an
- Al

amplitude modulating audio

frequency or audio frequency
or by the keying of the modu-
lated emission Telephony -
D.s.b., full carrier
A2
A3
S.s.b., reduced carrier A3A
S.s.b., full carrier A3H
Amplitude S.s.b., suppressed carrier All
2-I.s.b.'s reduced carrier A3B
Modulation Facsimile (with modulation of
main carrier either directly or
by a frequency modulated sub -
carrier) -
S.s.b. reduced carrier
A4
A4A
Television Vestigial sideband A5C
Multichannel voice frequency
telegraphy. S.s.b. reduced carrier A7A
Cases not covered by the Two independent sidebands
above, e.g. a combination of
telephony and telegraphy A98

Telegraphy by f.s.k. without the

use of a modulating audio fre-
quency (frequency shift keying,
Frequency
Or
Phase
one of two frequencies being
emitted at any instant)
Telegraphy by keying of a fre-
- FI

Modulation quency modulating audio fre-

quency, or by keying a fre-
quency modulated emission
Telephony
-- F2
F3

Facsimile by direct frequency

modulation of the carrier
Television
-- F4
F5
Four -frequency diplex tele-
graphy
Cases not covered by the above
- F6

in which the main carrier is

frequency modulated - F9

A pulsed carrier without any

modulation intended to carry
information (e.g. radar)
Telegraphy by keying of a
- PO

pulsed carrier without the use

of a modulating audio fre-
quency
Telegraphy by keying of a
-
Audio frequency or audio fre-
PID

modulating audio frequency or quencies modulating the amp -

audio frequencies or by keying litude of the pulses P2D
of a modulated pulsed carrier
Audio frequency or audio fre-
quencies modulating the
Pulse width of the pulses P2E
Modulation Audio frequency or audio
frequencies modulating the
pulse (or position) of the
pulses P2F
Telephony Amplitude modulated pulses P3D
Width (or duration) modu-
lated pulses P3E
Phase (or position) modulated
pulses P3F
Code modulated pulses (after
sampling and quantization) P3G
Cases not covered by the above
in which the main carrier is
pulse modulated - P9

81
 AMATEUR BANDS IN THE UK
Amateur (Sound) and (Sound Mobile) Licences

Power

Radio
Frequency
Note Frequency Classes of Maximum D.C. Output Peak
No. Bands Emission Input Power Envelope
(in Mc/s) (See pages 80-81) Power for
A3A and A3J
Emissions Only

1 and 5 1.8 - 2 10 watts 264 watts

2 3.5 - 3.8
7 - 7.10
14 - 14.35 150 watts 400 watts
21 - 21.45
28 - 29.7
1 and 3 70.1 - 70.7 Al, A2, A3 50 watts 1334 watts
A3A, A3H, A3J,
1 and 4 144 -145 Fl, F2 and F3
145 - 146
1 427 - 450
1 1,215 - 1,325
1 2,300 - 2,450 150 watts 400 watts
1 3,400 - 3,475
1 5,650 - 5,850
1 10,000 - 10,500
21,000 - 22,000
1 and 6 2,350 - 2,400 25 watts mean
1 and 6
1 and 6
5,700 - 5,800
10,050 -10,450
P1D, P2D, P2E,
P3D and P3E
power and
2.5 kilowatts
peak power
-
21,150 - 21,850

Notes
1. This band is allocated to stations in the Amateur Service on a secondary
basis on condition that they shall not cause interference to other services.
2. This band is shared by other services.
3. This band is available to amateurs until further notice provided that (i) only
the frequency 70.375 Mc/s 1 25 kc/s shall be used for the purposes mentioned
in Clause 1(1)(c) of the licence; (ii) frequencies between 70.1-70-3 MO
inclusive and 70.5-70-7 Mc/s inclusive shall not be used on the North West
side of the line Firth of Lorne to the Moray Firth; and (iii) use by the
Licensee of any frequency in the band shall cease immediately on the demand
of a Government official.
4. The following spot aeronautical frequencies must be avoided whenever this
band is used: 144-0, 144.09, 144.18, 144.27, 144-36, 14+45, 144.54, 144-63,
144.72, 14481 and 144.9 Mc/s.
5. The type of transmission known as Radio Teleprinter (RTTY) may not be
used in this band.
6. Use by the Licensee of any frequency in this band shall be only with the
prior written consent of the Postmaster General.
82
 Amateur Television
An additional licence is required for the use of Amateur Television. Operation
is permitted in the following bands: 427-445*, 1225-1290*, 2300-2450*, 5650-5850*,
10,000-10,500, and 21,000-22,000 Mc/s.
* Subject to Note I above

EUROPEAN H.F. BAND PLAN

The plan, which is voluntary and supported by all I.A.R.U. Societies in Europe,
is as follows:

Frequency Band Type of Emission

3500- 3600 kc/s Telegraphy only
3600- 3800 kc/s Telephony only
7000- 7040 kc/s Telegraphy only
7040- 7100 kc/s Telegraphy and Telephony
14000-14100 kc/s Telegraphy only
14.090 kc/s RTTY
14100-14350 kc/s Telegraphy and Telephony
21000-21150 kc/s Telegraphy only
21150-21450 kc/s Telegraphy and Telephony
28000-28200 kc/s Telegraphy only
28200-29700 kc/s Telegraphy and Telephony

CANADIAN BAND PLAN

Frequency Band Type of Emission
1.8 - 1.825 Mc/s
1.875- 1.9 Mc/s Al, A3, F3
1.9 - 1.925 Mc/s Frequency depends on location of station
1.975- 2.0 Mc/s
3.5 - 3.725 Mc/s Al, Fl
3.725- 4.0 Mc/s Al, A3, F3
- 7.15 Mc/s Al, Fl
715 - 7.3 Mc/s Al, A3, F3
14.0 - 141 MO Al, Fl
141 - 14.35 Mc/s Al, A3, F3
21.0 - 21.100 Mc/s Al, Fl
21.1 - 21.45 Mc/s Al, A3, F3
26-96 - 27.0 Mc/s Al, A2, A3, F3
28.0 - 281 Mc/s Al, Fl
281 - 29.7 Mc/s Al, A3, F3
50.0 - 50.05 Mc/s Al
50.05 - 51.0 Mc/s Al, A2, A3, Fl, F2, F3
51.0 - 54.0 Mc/s A0, Al, A2, A3, Fl, F2, F3
1440 -1441 Mc/s Al
144-1 -148-0 Mc/s A0, Al, A2, A3, Fl, F2, F3
220-0 -225.00 Mc/s A0, Al, A2, A3, Fl, F2, F3
420.0 - 450.0 Mc/s A0, Al, A2, A3, A5, Fl, F2, F3

Canadian amateurs are also licensed to use the 1215-1300, 2300-2450, 3300-
3500, 5650-5925, 10000-10500 and 21000-22000 Mc/s bands.
83
 USA BAND PLAN
Frequency Band Type of Emission
1.8 - 1.825 Mc/s
1.875- 1.9 Mc/s 1 Al, A3
1.9 - 1.925 Mc/s Frequency depends on location of station
1.975- 2.0 Mc/s J
35 - 4.0 Mc/s Al
3.5 - 3.8 Mc/s Fl
3.8 - 4.0 Mc/s A3, F3 (narrow band)
7.0 Mc/s Al
7.0 - - 7.2 Mc/s Fl
7.2 - 7.3 Mc/s A3, F3 (narrow band)
14.0 - 14.35 Mc/s Al
1+0 - 14.2 Mc/s Fl
142 - 14.35 Mc/s A3, F3 (narrow band)
21.0 - 21.45 Mc/s Al
21.0 - 21.25 Mc/s Fl
21.25 - 21.45 Mc/s A3, F3 (narrow band)
28.0 - 29.7 Mc/s Al
28.5 - 29.7 Mc/s A3, F3 (narrow band)
29.0 29.7 Mc/s Fl, F3
50.0 - 50.1 Mc/s Al
501 - 54 Mc/s Al, A2, A3, A4
51 - 54 Mc/s AO
52.5 - 54 Mc/s FO, Fl, F2, F3
144 -147.9 Mc/s A0, Al, A2, A3, A4, FO, Fl, F2, F3
1479 -1480 Mc/s Al
220.0 -225.0 Mc/s AO, Al, A2, A3, A4, FO, Fl, F2, F3, F4
420.0 -450.0 Mc/s AO, Al, A2, A3, A4, A5, FO, Fl, F2, F3, F4, F5

Technicians
50 0 - 54 0 Mc/s
145.0 -147.0 Mc/s As listed above
220 Mc/s and above

Novices
(Crystal controlled)
3.7 - 3.75 Mc/s Al
715 - 7.2 Mc/s Al
211 - 21.25 Mc/s Al
145 0 -147.0 Mc/s Al, A2, A3, F3

V.H.F. BAND PLANS

All v.h.f. operators are reminded of the British Isles Two Metre and Seventy
Centimetre Band Plans, which are sponsored by RSGB. Observance of these
plans will assist in DX working and in avoiding interference to Service frequencies
in the 144-145 Mc/s band.

Zone 2 metres 70 cm Area

1 144.0 -1441 4320 -4321 C.W. Only (Nationwide).

2 1441 - 144.25 432.1 -43225 Berkshire, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset,
Hampshire, Somerset, Wiltshire,
Channel Isles.
3 144.25-144.5 432.25-432.5 Brecon, Cardiganshire, Carmarthen -
shire, Glamorganshire, Gloucestershire,
Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Pem-
brokeshire, Radnorshire, Worcester-
shire.

84
 Zone 2 metres 70 cm Area
4 144.5 -144.7 432.5 -432.7 Kent, Surrey, Sussex.
5 144.7 -145.1 432.7 -433.1 Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex,
Hertfordshire, London, Middlesex.
6 145.1 -145.3 433.1 -433.3 Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire,
Leicestershire, Norfolk, Northampton-
shire, Oxfordshire, Rutland, Suffolk,
Warwickshire.
7 1453 -145.5 433.3 -433.5 Anglesey, Caernarvonshire, Cheshire,
Denbighshire, Flintshire, Merioneth-
shire, Montgomeryshire, Shropshire,
Staffordshire.
14541 43141 Single Sideband Spot Frequency
(Nationwide).
8 145.5 -145.8 433.5 - 433.8 Derbyshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire,
Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire.
9 1458 -146 433.8 -434 All Scotland, Northern Ireland, Isle of
Man, Cumberland, Co. Durham, North-
umberland, Westmorland.
Two Metre Band Channels: The following frequencies in the 144-145 Mc/s portion
of the 2 metre band are tabulated on the schedule to the Amateur (Sound) Licence
to be avoided as they are allocated to Service use: 1440, 144.09, 144.18, 14427,
144.36, 14445, 144.54, 144.63, 144.72, 144.81 and 144.9 Mc/s. Remember! The safety
of aircraft and human lives depend upon the interference -free use of these channels.

COASTAL RADIO SERVICES IN THE 160m AND 80m

AMATEUR BANDS
The following frequencies are used by British coastal radio stations:
1827 kc/s Wick and Valencia
1834 kc/s Niton
1841 kc/s Lands End, Cullercoats and Malin
1848 kc/s North Foreland and Oban
1855 kc/s Ilfracombe
1856 kc/s Stonehaven
1869 kc/s Humber
1883 kc/s Port Patrick
3617 kc/s Wick
3778 kc/s Humber

Navigational Warnings
04.03, 08.03, 16.03 and 20.03 GMT broadcast by Wick, North Foreland, Lands
End and Malin.
04.33, 08.33,16.33 and 20.33 GMT broadcast by Humber, Niton, Port Patrick and
Valencia.

Gale Warnings
03.03, 09.03, 15.03 and 21.03 GMT.

Weather Bulletins
08.03 and 20.03 GMT by Cullercoats, Lands End, North Foreland, Oban and
Wick.
08.33 and 20.33 GMT by Humber, Ilfracombe, Niton, Port Patrick, Stonehaven
and Valencia.
85
 AMATEUR TRANSMITTER RATINGS
Methods of calculating power input for Al and A3 transmitters (p.a. anode
voltage multiplied by the anode current in amps, gives the input power in watts)
are well known but other systems, particularly single sideband and grounded
grid amplifiers present a somewhat different problem.
Single Sideband Transmitters
The radio frequency output peak envelope power under linear operation from
an A3A or A3J transmitter must not exceed that from an A3 transmitter working
at an overall efficiency of 66 per cent when supplied with the appropriate maximum
permitted d.c. input. The output power shall be measured, using an oscilloscope,
by the following process:
(i) Adjust the A3 transmitter output stage for class C working and apply a
pure sinusoidal tone to the transmitter. With the d.c. input power limited
to the maximum value appropriate to the frequency band concerned
note the peak -to -peak deflection on the cathode-ray oscilloscope.
(ii) Adjust the transmitter for single sideband linear operation and replace
the tone by speech; the maximum deflection on the cathode-ray oscillo-
scope, showing the r.f. output caused by the peaks of speech, should not
be greater than twice the previously measured deflection obtained with
tone input.
As an alternative, the output power of an s.s.b. transmitter may be measured
using a resistive dummy load, r.f. ammeter or voltmeter and oscilloscope, by the
following method:
(i) Apply two non -harmonically related sinusoidal tones of equal amplitude
to the s.s.b. transmitter, with the carrier fully suppressed, and adjust the
input power to give a mean radio frequency output power under linear
operation of 200 watts (see Note 1) when measured into a resistive load
by means of an r.f. meter (see Note 2). Under this condition note the
peak -to -peak deflection on the cathode-ray oscilloscope (see Note 3).
(ii) Replace the tone by speech; the maximum vertical deflection on the
cathode-ray oscilloscope shall not be greater than the previously recorded
deflection obtained with the two-tone input.

TWO-TONE
AUDIO -
FREQUENCY TRANSMITTER
OSCILLATOR
UNIT

Condition 1 E2 + R or 12 x R - MEAN RF POWER OUTPUT Cathode-ray

(RF AMMETER OR RF VOLTMETER MAY tube display
BE USED)
V REPRESENTS PEAK ENVELOPE POWER (=2 x MEAN POWER)

OSCILLOSCOPE

TRANSMITTER

Condition 2 SPEECH PEAKS SHOULD NOT EXCEED P.E.P. LEVEL REPRESENTED BY V

Fig. 65. The set-ups and displays obtained when using the second method of adjusting a
single-sideband transmitter.
86
Note 1 200 watts mean radio frequency output power in the case of those bands
limited to a maximum d.c. input power of 150 watts; 66j and 13+ watts for those
bands limited to a maximum d.c. input power of 50 watts and 10 watts respec-
tively.
Note 2 In the case of v.h.f. and u.h.f. measurements the r.f. meter may be
replaced by a crystal rectifier and calibrated meter; for s.h.f. measurements a
bolometer may be used.
Note 3 In the case of v.h.f., u.h.f. and s.h.f. measurements, this use of an
oscilloscope may not be practical. In this case the test may be limited to a
measurement of the mean radio frequency output power as outlined in part (i)
of the procedure.

Output Power of a S.S.B. Transmitter using a Two Tone Test Input

50 ohm dummy load (R) 75 ohm dummy load (R)

Current Mean P.E.P. Current Mean P.E.P.
(amps) Power output (amps) Power output
output (watts) output (watts)
(watts) (watts)
0.5 125 25 05 19 38
1.0 500 100 10 75 150
1.5 112 5 225 15 168.75 337-5
2.0 200 400 1 63 200 400

Frequency Modulation
The Post Office states that: "The carrier frequency [of an f.m. signal] must
be at least 10 kc/s within the limits of the frequency band in use and that the
maximum deviation of carrier frequency shall not exceed 2.5 kc/s. The maximum
effective modulating frequency shall be limited to 4 kc/s, and the audio frequency
input to the frequency modulator at any frequency above 4 kc/s shall not be less
than 26db below the maximum input at lower frequencies."
Although the Post Office does not state the maximum effective modulating
frequency for other types of phone operation, it is good practice to restrict the
bandwidth to 4 kc/s or less (a frequency response of 500 to 2500 c/s is generally
considered adequate for communication purposes).
Earthed or Grounded Grid Power Amplifiers
In the opinion of the RSGB Technical Committee, the power input, effec-
tively, to a grounded grid power amplifier stage should be reckoned as 10 per
cent greater than the product of the anode voltage and anode current to that
stage. One proviso is, however, that to prevent unreasonable driving power being
used the power input to the driver stage should not exceed 50 per cent of the d.c.
power input to the driven stage.
Pulse Modulation
The use of pulse modulation is permitted in the bands 2350-2400, 5700-5800
and 10,050-10,450 Mc/s, the systems specified being Pl, P2d, P2e, P3d and P3e.
These may be defined as follows:
P1 - Telegraphy without the use of a modulating audio frequency signal.
P2d-Amplitude modulation of the pulse by audio frequencies for telegraphy.
P2e-Width modulation of the pulse by audio frequencies for telegraphy.
P3d-Amplitude modulation of the pulse by audio frequencies for telephony.
P3e - Width modulation of the pulse by audio frequencies for telephony.
87
 The maximum mean d.c. power input is 25 watts and 2.5 kW peak input power
at the crest of the pulse. The limit of 2.5 kW peak d.c. input implies a maximum
peak -to -mean ratio of 100 : 1, or a 1 per cent duty ratio.
The duty ratio is defined as the ratio between pulse duration and pulse repeti-
tion period. For example, if the pulse duration is t and the interval between the
beginning of one pulse and the beginning of the next is T, then tITis the duty ratio.
It is essential for a station employing pulse modulation to have a suitable
cathode-ray oscilloscope in order to set up the transmitter. To display the
envelope of the r.f. pulse, some of the r.f. output should be applied to the Y
plates of the tube, the X plates being operated from the time base which should be
locked at a sub -multiple of the repetition frequency.
STANDARD FREQUENCY SERVICES USEFUL
IN THE EUROPEAN AREA
HOUR + 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 MINS

1111111111141111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

MSF V ;* V
:* (a)
A A A A A A

HBN (b)
A A A A A
O
0
FFH 1000
A
loonllggr
A
1000
A (c)
A

I AM 1000 1000 000 000

///4 (d)
A A A A

IBF rA
A
1000

A A
AEMIZEW A (2)
A A

OMA 1000 1000 1000 (f)

A A A A

v (g)
WWV ganr drA577149. AP-, ASO
A A A A A A A A A A
dB
A A

IWDS RPF IWDS RPF

TONE
CARRIER SECONDS 440 1 FREQUENCY
PULSES TRANSMISSION
ONLY c/s
Fig. 66. Modulation schedules of standard frequency stations. FFH (Paris) transmits on
2.5 Mc/s from 08.00-16.30 UT on Tuesdays and Fridays, IAM (Rome) on 5 Mc/s from 07.30-
08.30 UT and IBF (Turin) on 5 Mc/s from 06.50-07.30 UT and 10.50-11.30 UT Mondays to
Saturdays, HBN (Neuchatel) on 5 Mc/s, MFS (Rugby) on 2'5, S and 10 Mc/s and OMA
(Prague) on 21 Mc/s are in continuous operation. MSF and HBN operate on a time-sharing
basis on 5 Mc/s but are silent from minutes 55-60 in each hour to permit reception of time
signals from RWM-RES (Moscow) at every even hour (UT) during the day. The letters A
indicate the times of voice or Morse announcements.
88
 Standard frequency transmissions are provided in the United Kingdom by
transmissions from MSF at Rugby on 2.5, 5 and 10 Mc/s while the BBC Light
Programme transmitter at Droitwich on 200 kc/s is also maintained at a very
accurate frequency. Similar services in the USA are provided by WWV on 2.5,
5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Mc/s and some of these signals are normally receivable in
the UK. WWVH in Hawaii operates on 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 Mc/s.

Seconds pulses - WWV, WWVH - continuous except for 59th

second of each minute and
during silent periods
WWVB - special time code
WWVL- none
100 PPS 1000c/s
STATION ANNOUNCEMENT MODULATION
WWV TIMING CODE
WWV - MORSE CODE - CALL LETTERS, UNIVERSAL
TIME, PROPAGATION FORECAST Win TONE MODULATION 600c/s
VOICE - EASTERN STANDARD TIME
MORSE CODE - FREQUENCY OFFSET
(ON THE HOUR ONLY) TONE MODULATION 440c/s

WWVH - MORSE CODE - CALL LETTERS, UNIVERSAL

TIME GEOALERTS
VOICE - HAWAIIAN STANDARD TIME
MORSE CODE - FREQUENCY OFFSET
IDENTIFICATION
(ON THE HOUR ONLY)
PHASE SHIFT

wwvL - MORSE CODE - CALL LETTERS,

UT -2 TIME CORRECTION
FREQUENCY OFFSET 1111

SPECIAL TIME CODE

Fig. 67. The hourly broadcast schedules of WWV, WWVH, WWVB and WWVL.
89
 RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

STANDARD BROADCAST
AMATEUR
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY AND CLASSIFICATION
BANOS
TRANSMISSION TELEVISION

V V V V V
21,150

10,050 - 3cm
I
S. H . F.
5650 - 5cm
3400 - 9cm
3000

2300 - 12cm
1300 - 23cm
1000 - U. H. F.
600 'BAND 5 TV
500
- 70cm
BAND 4 TV
435 MODEL CONTROL
1450.5-459.5 Mchl
300

'BAND 3 TV
145 - 2m
100 se BAND 2 FM V. H. F.
70 - 4cm
,BAND 1 TV
30
20 - 10m INDUSTRIAL,
27
25
11m MEDICAL &
- 15m WWV MODEL CONTROL
21
20 WWV
15
- - 20m WWV-WWVH
104 1

MSF-WWV-WWVH H. F.
- 40m
5 MSF-WWV-WWVH
3.5 - 80m
3

2.5 MSF-WW V
1.1 - 160m
IMEDIUM
WAVE M. F.
BROADCAST
BAND
455/ I F Amps +
465 - SSB Filters
300
LONG
200 BBC Droitwich WAVE
BROADCAST
BAND
100 - L. F.
60 M SF

30

16 GBR V. L F.
10 - PI
Fig. 68.

90
 FREQUENCY V. WAVELENGTH

4.4-4

Ln 30 t 40 3 t 400 30 1,000 >-

w 9.5 w
cr
-7= 95 950
cr
4-
w 9
4-
w - 90 900 w
4.9

M 35 8.5 M 3.5 -a 85 35 850

-=- 80 800

40 758 4 - 75
-.=
40 1 750
--51-7°-47703 700
45 4.5 .. 65
45
650

50 5 60 50 600

5.5 5.5 55 55 550

55

60 6 50 60 500
=-
65 6.5 65
4.5 45 .450 r427
70 7 70 1.450

75 75 ~ 40 75 400

80 8 80

35 350
90 90

400 10 1 30 400 300

'-fg13-
110 if 140

120 2.5 12 1 25 420 250

24 24 240
130 2.3 13 23 430 230
2.2 22J21.0- 220
140 14 140
2.1 -*-1.24.45 240

150 2 15 20 150 200

19.418- 19 190
160 46 160
2.0
16 18
170
480
170 17
4.7 1 7 470
180 18 180
4.6 16 460
190 19 490
200 t
240 z
1 5 20
24
15
44.0-
200
210
450
145-
146
144-
14 14 44.35 140
445
220 22 220
230 4.3 23 - 13 230 130
240 24 240
250 1 12 25 1 12 250 1 120
260 26 260
270 27 270
1 1 280
110
280 28
290 29 290
300 30 40 300 100

Fig. 69.
 RADIO AND TV SERVICES

UK LONG AND MEDIUM WAVE BROADCAST FREQUENCIES

Frequency Programme
200 kc/s BBC Light Programme
647 kc/s BBC Third Programme
692 kc/s BBC North Home Service
809 kc/s BBC Scottish Home Service
881 kc/s BBC Welsh Home Service
908 kc/s BBC London Home Service
1052 kc/s BBC West Home Service
1088 kc/s BBC Midland Home Service
1151 kc/s BBC North and Northern Ireland Home Service
1214 kc/s BBC Light Programme
1295 kc/s Manx Radio*
1457 kc/s BBC West Home Service
1546 kc/s BBC Third Programme
1594 kc/s Manx Radio*

* Commercial. Also broadcasts on 89 Mc/s in Band 2.

WORLD TELEVISION SYSTEMS

Channel Vision Sound Vision Vestigial Modulation

System Lines Bandwidth Bandwidth Separation Sideband Vision Sound

A 405 5 Mc/s 3 Mc/s -3.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Positive A.m.

B 625 7 Mc/s 5 Mc/s +5.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Negative F.m.
C 625 7 Mc/s 5 Mc/s +5.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Positive A.m.
D 625 8 Mc/s 6 Mc/s +6.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Negative F.m.
E 819 14 Mc/s 10 Mc/s +11.15 Mc/s 2 Mc/s Positive A.m.
F 819 7 Mc/s 5 Mc/s +5.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Positive A.m.
G 625 8 Mc/s 5 Mc/s +5.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Negative F.m.
H 625 8 Mc/s 5 Mc/s +5.5 Mc/s 1.25 Mc/s Negative F.m.
I 625 8 Mc/s 5.5 Mc/s +6 Mc/s 1.25 Mc/s Negative F.m.
K 625 8 Mc/s 6 Mc/s +6.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Negative F.m.
L 625 8 Mc/s 6 Mc/s +6.5 Mc/s 1.25 Mc/s Positive A.m.
M 525 6 Mc/s 4.2 Mc/s +4.5 Mc/s 0.75 Mc/s Negative F.m.

System Countries
A United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland.
B Austria, Australia, West Germany, Italy, Holland, Morocco, New
Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, United
Arab Republic, Yugoslavia.
C Belgium.
D Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, USSR.
E France, Monaco.
F Luxembourg.
G Austria, West Germany, Italy, Holland.
H
I United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland.
K
L France.
M Canada, Japan, United States of America.
92
 BAND 1-C HANN EL FREQUENCIES

Frequencies
Channel Sound Vision
1 41.50 MO 45.00 Mc/s
2 48.25 MO 51.75 MO
3 53.25 MO 56.75 Mc/s
4 58.25 Mc/s 61.75 Mc/s
5 63.25 MO 66.75 Mc/s

All transmissions on 405 line system (System A).

BAND 3-CHANNEL FREQUENCIES

Frequencies
Channel Sound Vision
6 176.25 Mc/s 179.75 Mc/s
7 181.25 Mc/s 18475 Mc/s
8 186.25 Mc/s 189.75 Mc/s
9 191.25 Mc/s 194.75 Mc/s
10 196.25 MO 199.75 MO
11 201.25 Mc/s 204.75 Mc/s
12 206.25 Mc/s 209.75 Mc/s
13 211.25 Mc/s 214.75 MO

All transmissions on 405 line system (System A).

BAND 4-CHANNEL FREQUENCIES

Channel Frequency Channel Frequency

21 470-478 Mc/s 28 526-534 Mc/s
22 478-486 Mc/s 29 534-542 Mc/s
23 486-494 Mc/s 30 542-550 MO
24 494-502 Mc/s 31 550-558 Mc/s
25 502-510 Mc/s 32 558-566 Mc/s
26 510-518 MO 33 566-574 Mc/s
27 518-526 Mc/s 34 574-582 Mc/s
All transmissions on 625 line system (System I).
93
 BAND 5-CHANNEL FREQUENCIES

Channel Frequency Channel Frequency

39 614-622 Mc/s 54 734-742 MO

40 622-630 Mc/s 55 742-750 MO
41 630-638 Mc/s 56 750-758 MO
42 638-646 Mc/s 57 758-766 Mc/s
43 646-654 Mc/s 58 766-774 MO
44 654-662 MO 59 774-782 MO
45 662-670 Mc/s 60 782-790 Mc/s
46 670-678 Mc/s 61 790-798 Mc/s
47 678-686 Mc/s 62 798-806 Mc/s
48 686-694 Mc/s 63 806-814 Mc/s
49 694-702 Mc/s 64 814-822 M cis
50 702-710 Mc/s 65 822-830 Mc/s
51 710-718 Mc/s 66 830-838 Mc/s
52 718-726 Mc/s 67 838-846 Mc/s
53 726-734 Mc/s 68 846-854 Mc/s

All transmissions on 625 line system (System I).

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND TELEVISION CHANNEL FREQUENCIES

Channel Frequencies Channel Frequencies

7* 181.25-184 75 Mc/s IFf 191.25-197.25 Mc/s

11* 201.25-204.75 Mc/s IHt 207.25-213.25 Mc/s
IBt 53.75-59.75 Mc/s lit 215.25-221.25 Mc/s
IDt 175.25-181.25 Mc/s
425 lines system (System A). t 625 lines system (System I).

AUSTRALIAN TELEVISION CHANNEL FREQUENCIES

Channel Frequencies Channel Frequencies

0 46.25- 51.75 MO 6 175.25-180.75 Mcis

1 57.25- 62.75 Mc/s 7 182.25-187-75 Mc/s
2 64.25- 69.75 MO 8 189.25-19475 MO
3 86.25- 91.75 Mc/s 9 196.25-201.75 Mc/s
4 95.25-100.75 MO 10 209.25-21475 Mc/s
5 102.25-107-75 Mc/s 11 216.25-221-75 MO
5A 138-25-143.75 Mc/s
All transmissions on 625 lines (System B).

NEW ZEALAND TELEVISION CHANNEL FREQUENCIES

Channel Frequencies Channel Frequencies

1 45.25-50-75 Mc/s 6 189.25-194-75 MO

2 55.25- 60.75 Mc/s 7 196-25-201.75 Mc/s
3 62.25- 67.75 Mc/s 8 203.25-208-75 MO
4 175.25-180-75 Mc/s 9 210.25-215.75 Mc/s
5 182.25-187.75 Mc/s
All transmissions on 625 lines (System B).

94
 USA TELEVISION CHANNEL FREQUENCIES
V.H.F.
Channel Frequencies Channel Frequencies
2 55.25- 59-75 Mc/s 8 181.25-185.75 Mc/s
3 61.25- 65.75 Mc/s 9 187.25-191.75 Mc/s
4 6725- 71.25 Mc/s 10 193.25-197.75 Mc/s
5 77.25- 81.75 Mc/s 11 19925-20375 Mc/s
6 83.25- 87.75 Mc/s 12 205.25-20975 Mc/s
7 175.25-179.75 Mc/s 13 211.25-215-75 Mc/s

U.H.F.
Channel Frequencies Channel Frequencies
14 471.25-475.75 Mc/s 49 681.25-68575 Mc/s
15 477.25--481-75 Mc/s 50 68725-69175 Mc/s
16 483.25-487.75 MO 51 693.25--697.75 Mc/s
17 489.25-493 75 Mc/s 52 699.25-703.75 MO
18 495-25-499.75 MO 53 70525-70975 Mc/s
19 501.25-505.75 Mc/s 54 711.25-71575 Mc/s
20 507.25-511-75 MO 55 717.25-721.75 Mc/s
21 51325-51775 Mc/s 56 72325-72775 Mc/s
22 519-25-52375 Mc/s 57 729-25-733.75 Mc/s
23 525.25-529.75 Mc/s 58 735-25-739.75 Mc/s
24 53125-53575 Mc/s 59 741.25-74575 Mc's
25 537-25-541.75 Mc/s 60 747-25-751.75 Mc/s
26 543-25-547.75 Mc/s 61 753-25-757.75 Mc/s
27 549.25-553.75 Mc/s 62 759-25-763.75 Mc/s
28 55525-55975 Mc/s 63 765.25-769 75 Mc/s
29 561.25-565.75 Mc/s 64 771-25-775.75 Mc/s
30 567.25-571.75 Mc/s 65 777.25-781.75 Mc/s
31 573-25-577.75 Mc/s 66 78325-78775 Mc/s
32 57925-583.75 Mc/s 67 78925-79375 Mc/s
33 585.25-589.75 Mc/s 68 795-25-799.75 Mc/s
34 591.25-595.75 Mc/s 69 801.25-805 75 Mcis
35 59725-60175 Mc/s 70 807.25-811-75 MO
36 603-25-607-75 Mcis 71 813.25--817.75 Mc/s
37 609-25-613.75 Mc/s 72 819.25-823-75 Mc/s
38 615.25-619-75 MO 73 825.25-829-75 MO
39 621-25-625.75 Mc/s 74 831-25-835.75 Mc's
40 627.25-631.75 Mc/s 75 837.25-841-75 Mc/s
41 633.25-637.75 Mc/s 76 843.25-847-75 Mc/s
42 639.25-643-75 MO 77 84925-853.75 Mcis
43 645-25-649.75 Mc/s 78 855-25-859.75 Mc/s
44 651.25-655-75 Mcis 79 861.25-865.75 Mc/s
45 657.25-661-75 Mc/s 80 867.25-871 75 Mc/s
46 663.25-667-75 Mc/s 81 873-25-877-75 Mc/s
47 66925--673.75 Mc/s 82 87925-88375 Mc/s
48 675-25-679.75 Mc/s 83 885.25-889.75 MO
All transmissions on 525 lines (System hi).

95
 BAND 1 ALLOCATIONS
Aerial Maximum Vision
Station Channel Polarization E.R.P.

Aldeburgh 5 Vertical 25 W*
Ashkirk 1 Vertical 18 kW*
Ayr 2 Horizonta 50 W*
Ballachulish 2 Vertical 100 W*
Ballycastle 4 Horizonta 50 W*
Barnstaple 3 Horizonta 200 W*
Bexhill 3 Horizonta 150 W*
Blaen-Plwyf 3 Horizonta 3 kW*
Bodmin 5 Horizonta 10 W*
Bressay 3 Vertical 6 kW*
Brighton 2 Vertical 400 W*
Brougher Mountain 5 Vertical 7 kW*
Bude 4 Vertical 100 W*
Cambridge 2 Horizontal 100 W*
Canterbury 5 Vertical 30 W*
Cardigan 2 Horizontal 45 W*
Carmarthen 1 Vertical 20 W*
Churchdown Hill 1 Horizontal 250 W*
Crystal Palace 1 Vertical 200 kW
Divis 1 Horizontal 12 kW
Dolgellau 5 Vertical 25 W*
Douglas 5 Vertical 3 kW*
Dundee Law 2 Vertical 10 W*
Eastbourne 5 Vertical 50 W*
Folkestone 4 Horizontal 40 W*
Forfar 5 Vertical 5 kW*
Fort William 5 Horizontal 1.5 kW
Girvan 4 Vertical 20 W*
Grantown 1 Horizontal 400 W*
Hastings 4 Horizontal 15 W*
Haverfordwest 4 Horizontal 10 kW*
Hereford 2 Horizontal 50 W*
Holme Moss 2 Vertical 100 kW
Holyhead 4 Horizontal 10 W*
Kendal 1 Horizontal 25 W*
Kilkeel 3 Horizontal 25 W*
Kingussie 5 Horizontal 35 W*
Kinlochleven 1 Vertical 5 W*
Kirk O'Shotts 3 Vertical 100 kW
Larne 3 Horizontal 50 W*
Lles Platons 4 Horizontal 1 kW
Llanddona 1 Vertical 6 kW*
Llandrindod Wells
Llangollen
Londonderry
1

2
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
-1.5 kW

1.5 kW*
Machynlleth 5 Horizontal 50 W*
Maddybenny More 5 Horizontal 20 W*
(Portrush)
Manningtree 4 Horizontal 5 kW*
Meldrum 4 Horizontal 17 kW*
Melvaig 4 Vertical 25 kW*
Moel-y-Parc 6 Vertical 20 kW*
Morecambe Bay 3 Horizontal 5 kW*
Newry 4 Vertical 30 W*
Northampton 3 Vertical 90 W*
North Hessary Tor 2 Vertical 15 kW*

96
 BAND 1 ALLOCATIONS -continued
Aerial Maximum Vision
Station Channel Polarization E.R.P.

Oban 4 Vertical 3 kW*

Okehampton 4 Vertical 40 W*
Orkney 5 Vertical 15 kW*
Oxford 2 Horizonta 650 W*
Penifiler 1 Horizonta 25 W*
Perth 4 Vertical 25 W*
Peterbcrough 5 Horizonta 1 kW
Pitlochry 1 Horizonta 200 W*
Pontop Pike 5 Horizonta 17 kW
Redruth 1 Horizonta 10 kW*
Rosemarkie 2 Horizonta 20 kW*
Rowridge 3 Vertical 100 kW*
Sandale 4 Horizonta 30 kW*
Scarborough 1 Horizonta 500 W*
Sheffield 1 Horizonta 50 W
Skegness 1 Horizonta 60 W
Skriaig 3 Horizonta 12 kW*
Sutton Coldfield 4 Vertical 100 kW
Swindon 3 Horizonta 200 W*
Swingate 2 Vertical 1.5 kW*
Tacolneston 3 Horizonta 45 kW*
Thrumster 1 Vertical 7 kW*
Toward 5 Vertical 250 W*
Ventnor 5 Horizontal 10 W*
Weardale 1 Horizontal 150 W*
Wenvoe 5 Vertical 100 kW
Whitby 4 Vertical 40 W*

* Directional aerial.

UK V.H.F. (F.M.) STATIONS

BAND 2
Frequencies (Mc/s) Maximum E.R.P.
Station Home Light Third (Each Prog.)

Ashkirk 93.5 89.1 91.3 18 kW*

Ballycastle 93.4 89.0 91.2 40 W*
Barnstaple 92.9 88.5 90.7 150 W*
Bath 93.2 88.8 91.0 35 W*
Belmont 93.1 88.8 90.9 8 kW*
Blaen-Plwyf 931 88.7 90.9 60 kW
Brecon 93.3 88.9 91.1 10 W
Bressay 92.7 88.3 90.5 10 kW*
Brighton 94.5 901 92.3 150 W*
Brougher Mountain 93.3 88.9 91.1 2.5 kW
Cambridge 93.3 88.9 911 20 W*
Carmarthen 92.9 88.5 90.7 10 W*
Churchdown Hill 93.4 89.0 91.2 25 W*
Divis
Dolgellau
Douglas
94.5
94.5
92.8
90.1
90.1
88.4
913
913
90.6
-
60 kW
6 kW*
Forfar 92.7 88.3 90.5 10 kW*
Fort William 93.7 89.3 91.5 1.5 kW
Grantown 942 89.8 92.0 350 W*
Haverfordwest 917 89.3 91.5 10 kW*
97
4-RI)RB
 BAND 2 -continued
Frequencies (Mc/s) Maximum E.R.P.
Station Home Light Third (Each Prog.)
Hereford 9+1 89.7 91.9 25 W*
Holme Moss 93.7 89.3 91.5 120 kW
Kendal 93.1 88.7 90.9 25 W*
Kilkeel 93.2 88.8 91.0 25 W*
Kingussie 93.5 89.1 91.3 35 W*
Kinlochleven 94.1 89.7 91.9 2W
Kirk O'Shotts 943 89.9 92.1 120 kW
Larne 93.5 891 91.3 15 W*
Les Platons 97.1 911 9475 1.5 kW*
Llanddona 940 89.6 91.8 12 kW*
Llandrindod Wells 93.5 891 91.3 1.5 kW
Llangollen 9325 88.85 9105 10 kW*
Llanidloes 925 881 90.3 5W
Lochgilphead 92.7 88.3 90.5 10 W*
Londonderry 92.7 88.3 90.55 13 kW*
Machynlleth
Maddybenny More
Manx Radiot 89.0
93.8
931
89.4
88.7
91.6
90.9 --
60 W*

Meldrum 931 88.7 90.9 60 kW

Melvaig 93.5 891 91.3 22 kW*
Morecambe Bay 944 90.0 92.2 4 kW*
Newry 910 88.6 90.8 30 W*
Northampton 93.3 88.9 911 60 W*
North Hessary Tor 92.5 88.1 90.3 60 kW
Oban 93.3 88.9 91.1 1.5 kW
Okehampton 931 88.7 90.9 15 W*
Orkney 93.7 89.3 91.5 20 kW*
Oxford 93.9 89.5 91.7 22 kW*
95.85
Penifiler 93.9 89.5 91.7 6 W*
Perth 93.7 89.3 91.5 15 W*
Peterborough 945 901 92.3 20 kW*
Pitlochry 93.6 89.2 91.4 200 W*
Pontop Pike 92.9 88.5 90.7 60 kW
Redruth 941 89.7 91.9 9 kW*
Rosemarkie 940 89.6 91.8 12 kW*
Rowridge 919 88.5 90.7 60 kW
Sandale 92.5 88.1 90.3 120 kW
9+7
Scarborough 943 89.9 92.1 25 W*
Sheffield 943 89.9 921 60 W
Skriaig 92.9 88.5 90.7 10 kW*
Sutton Coldfield 92.7 88.3 90.5 120 kW
Swingate 944 90.0 92.4 7 kW*
Tacolneston 941 89.7 91.9 120 kW
Thrumster 945 90.1 913 10 kW*
Toward 92.9 88.5 90.7 250 W*
Weardale 941 89.7 91.9 100 W*
Wenvoe 943 89.95 96.8 120 kW
92.125
Whitby 940 89.6 91.8 40 W*
Wrotham 93.5 891 91.3 120 kW
* Directional aerial.
t Commercial. Also broadcasts on 1295 kc/s and 1594 kc/s.

98
 BAND 3 ALLOCATIONS
Aerial Maximum Vision
Station Channel Polarization E.R.P.

Angus 11 Vertical 50 kW*

Arfon 10 Horizontal 10 kW*
Bala 7 Vertical 100 W*
Bath 6 Horizontal 250 W*
8 Horizontal 500 W*
Bedford 10 Horizontal 500 W*
Belmont 7 Vertical 20 kW*
13 Vertical 20 kW*
Black Hill 10 Vertical 475 kW*
Black Mountain 9 Horizontal 100 kW*
Burnhope 8 Horizontal 100 kW*
Caldbeck 11 Horizontal 100 kW*
Caradon Hill 12 Vertical 200 kW*
Chillerton Down 11 Vertical 100 kW*
Croydon 9 Vertical 400 kW*
Dover 10 Vertical 100 kW*
Durris 9 Horizontal 400 kW*
Emley Moor 10 Vertical 200 kW*
Festiniog 13 Vertical 100 W*
Fremont Point 9 Horizonta 10 kW*
Huntshaw Cross 11 Horizonta 100 W*
Lichfield 8 Vertical 400 kW*
Llandovery 11 Horizonta 100 W*
Llandrindod Wells 9 Horizonta 5 kW*
Llanidloes 13 Horizonta 20 W*
Membury 12 Horizonta 30 kW*
Mendlesham 11 Horizonta 200 kW*
Moel-y-Parc Vertical 25 kW*
Mounteagle 12 Horizonta 50 kW*
Presely 8 Horizonta 100 kW*
Richmond Hill 8 Horizonta 10 kW*
Ridge Hill 6 Vertica 10 kW*
Rosneath 13 Vertica 100 W*
Rothesay 8 Vertica 1 kW*
Rumster Forest 8 Vertica 30 kW*
St. Hilary 10 Vertica 200 kW
St. Hilary 7 Vertica 100 kW
Sandale 6 Horizontal 70 kW*
Sandy Heath 6 Horizontal 30 kW*
Scarborough (town) 6 Horizontal 1 kW*
Selkirk 13 Vertical 25 kW*
Stockland Hill 9 Vertical 100 kW*
Strabane 8 Vertical 100 kW*
Wenvoe 13 Vertical 40 W*
Whitehaven 7 Vertical 100 W*
Winter Hill 9 Vertical 100 kW
12 Vertical 125 kW

* Directional aerial.

99
 BANDS 4 AND 5 ALLOCATIONS
Rated
BBC -2 Other Channels Aerial Vision
Station Channel Assigned Polarization E.R.P.

Belmont 28 22 25 32 Horizontal 500 kW

Bilsdale West Moor 26 23 29 33 Horizontal
Black Hill 46 40 43 50 Horizontal 500 kW
Craigkelly 27 21 24 31 Horizontal
Crystal Palace 33 23 26 30 Horizontal 500 kW
Guildford 46 40 43 50 Vertical
Hertford 64 54 58 61 Vertical 500 W*
Reigate 63 53 57 60 Vertical 2.5 kW*
Tunbridge Wells 44 41 47 51 Vertical 4 kW*
Divis 27 21 24 31 Horizontal 500 kW
Dover 56 50 53 66 Horizontal 100 kW*
Durris 28 22 25 32 Horizontal 500 kW
Emley Moor 51 41 44 47 Horizontal 1000 kW*
Chesterfield 62 55 59 65 Vertical
Halifax 26 23 29 33 Vertical
Keighley 64 54 58 61 Vertical
Sheffield 27 21 24 31 Vertical
Llanddona 63 53 57 60 Horizonta 100 kW*
Mendip 64 54 58 61 Horizonta 500 kW
Oxford 63 53 57 60 Horizonta
Pontop Pike 64 54 58 61 Horizonta 500 kW
Rowridge 24 21 27 31 Horizonta 500 kW*
Sandy Heath 27 21 24 31 Horizonta
Sudbury 44 41 47 51 Horizonta 250 kW
Sutton Coldfield 40 43 46 50 Horizonta 1000 kW
Brierley Hill 63 53 57 60 Vertical
Bromsgrove 27 21 24 31 Vertical
Kidderminster 64 54 58 61 Vertical
Lark Stoke 26 23 29 33 Vertical
Worcester 62 56 66 68 Vertical
Tacolneston 55 59 62 65 Horizontal 250 kW
Waltham 64 54 58 61 Horizontal 250 kW
Wenvoe 51 41 44 47 Horizontal 500 kW
Kilvey Hill 26 23 29 33 Vertical
Merthyr Tydfil 28 22 25 32 Vertical
Pontypridd 28 22 25 32 Vertical
Rhondda 26 23 29 33 Vertical
Winter Hill 62 55 59 65 Horizontal 500 kW
Mossley 45 39 42 49 Vertical
Nelson/Colne 45 39 42 49 Vertical

* Directional aerial.

100
 THE BIPOLAR AND FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (FET)
VALVE BI POLAR TRANSISTOR F.E.T.

COMMON GRID COMMON BASE COMMON GATE

COMMON CATHODE COMMON EMITTER COMMON SOURCE

CATHODE FOLLOWER COMMON COLLECTOR COMMON DRAIN

Fig. 70.

General Characteristics
Circuit Configuration
A B C
Current Gain <1 High High
Voltage Gain High High <I
Input Impedance Low Medium High
Output Impedance High Medium Low
Power Gain Medium High Low
Cut-off Frequency High Low depends on
load res.
Voltage Phase Shift (L.F.) <Zero <180° <Zero
The major differences between bipolar transistors and FET types may be
summarized as follows:
(a) Input Impedance
The input impedance of an FET is high because the input connection is into a
reverse biased junction. A bipolar transistor has a low input impedance because
the input is into a forward biased diode.
(b) Operation
The FET is a voltage operated device whereas the bipolar transistor is current
operated.
(c) Output Impedance
The FET has a high output impedance and is similar to a bipolar transistor
operating in the grounded base configuration.
101
 HORIZON DISTANCE
Horizon distance can be calculated from the formula
S- 1.42 VH
where S= distance in miles and 1-1=-- height of the observer's eyes in feet above
sea level.
The table which follows gives the horizon distance for various heights of
aerial above sea level.

Height of Aerial Limit of Height of Aerial Limit of

Above Ground Optical Range Above Sea Level Optical Range

5 ft. 3.2 miles 1000 ft. 45-0 miles

20 ft. 6.4 miles 2000 ft. 63.5 miles
50 ft. 10.0 miles 3000 ft. 78.0 miles
100 ft. 14.2 miles 4000 ft. 90.0 miles
500 ft. 32.0 miles 5000 ft. 100.0 miles

GREAT CIRCLE CALCULATIONS

The distance between two places on the earth's surface may be calculated
provided the latitudes and longitudes of the places are known.
Let A and B be two places on the earth's surface, as shown in Fig. 71, the
angles a and f3 at A and B of the great circle passing through the two places and
the distance D between A and B along the great circle can be calculated as
follows:
let B be the place of greater latitude (nearer the pole).
LA is the latitude of A
LB is the latitude of B
LB is the longitude difference between A and B.

Then, tan
- a = cot LB sin Ian - LA)
2 2 cos i(LB + LA)
g +a-cot LD cos {LB - LA)
and tan
2 2 sin 4(LB + LA)

give the values of /3 - a and fie +a

2 2

from which /3

2
a
+ S- a
2
- 13

13 +a 13 - a
and - a.
2 2

In the above it is convenient to take northern latitudes as positive and southern

as negative.
If both places are in the southern hemisphere, LB - LA will be negative and it
is simpler to refer the calculation to the South pole making suitable conversion
with respect to North later if necessary.
The distance D (in degrees) along the great circle between A and B is given by:

= tan LB - LA sin 1(0 a)

D-
tan
2 2 cos 4(3 - a)
102
Then to convert the angular distance D (in degrees) to linear distance:
D in degrees x 69.057 = miles
D in degrees x 111.136 = kilometres
Note it is more convenient to use decimals for the minutes and seconds of
degrees.
NORTH POLE

LATITUDE
OF B

LATITUDE EQUATOR
OF A

(a)

LATITUDE
OF B

EQUATOR

(b)

LATITUDE
OF A

(c)
EQUATOR
LATITUDE
OF A
LATITUDE
OF B

SOUTH POLE
Fig. 71.
 METEOROLOGICAL DATA
BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
No. Description Wind strength

0 Calm less than I m.p.h.

Light air ... 1-3
2 Light breeze 4-7
3 Gentle breeze 8-12
4 Moderate breeze 13-18
5 Fresh Breeze 19-24
6 Strong breeze 25-31
7 Moderate gale 32-38
8 Fresh gale ... 39-46
9 Strong gale 47-54
I0 Whole gale 55-63
11 Storm 64-75
12 Hurricane over 75

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

Dry bulb Wet bulb temperature depression
Temperature I 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0°C. ... ... 82 65 48 31

2 ... ... 84 68 52 37 22
4 ... ... 85 70 56 42 29
6 ... ... 86 73 60 47 35 23
8 ... ... 87 75 63 51 40 29
10 ... ... 88 76 65 54 44 34
I5
20
... ...
...
90
91
80
83
71
74
61
66
52
59
44
51
27
37
12
24 12 - --- -- --
25
30
...
...
...
... --
92 84
86 --
77 70
73 -- 63 57
61
44
50
33
39
22
30
12
21 -
13 5
35
40
...
...
...
... - 87
87 - 75
76 - 64
66
53
56
44
47
35
39
27
32
20
26
13
20
7
14

PRESSURE
1inch of mercury = 33.863 millibars
I millibar = 0.02953 inches of mercury

Inches 28 28.5 29 29.5 30 30.5 31 31.5

Millibars 948 865 982 999 1016 1032 1059 1067

VISIBILITY
Dense Fog ... Less than 50 yards
Fog ... ... 50-200 yards
Slight fog ... 200-1000 yards
Mist ... ... 1100-2200 yards
Haze ... ... 1100-2200 yards
Poor visibility ... 11-21 miles
Moderate visibility ... 24-6,1 miles
Good visibility 61-25 miles

104
 COMPARISON OF CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT
THERMOMETER SCALES
Centrigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit

- 50 - 58 + 80 + 176
- 45 - 49 + 85 + 185
- 40 - 40 + 90 + 194
- 35
- 30
-- 22 31 +
+
95
00
+ 203
+ 212
- 25 -- 13 +
+
05 + 221
+ 230
- 20 4 10
- 15 + 5 + 15 + 239
- 10 + 14 + 20 + 248
- 5
0
+
+
23
32
+
+
25
30
+ 257
+ 266
+ 5 + 41 + 35 + 275
+ 10 + 50 + 40 -i- 284
+ 15 + 59 + 45 + 293
+ 20 + 68 + 50 + 302
+ 25 + 77 + 55 + 311
+ 30 + 86 + 60 + 320
+ 35 + 95 + 65 + 329
+ 40 + 04 + 70 + 338
+ 45 + 13 + 75 347
+ 50 -I- 22 + 80 + 356
+ 55 + 31 + 85 + 365
+ 60 + 40 + 90 + 374
+ 65 + 49 + 95 + 383
+ 70 + 58 + 200 + 392
+ 75 + 67

CLOUDS

Class Stratus Cumulus Altocumulus Cirrus

Stratocumulus Cumulonimbus Allostratus Cirrocumulus
Nimbostratus Cirrostratus

Height Ground/ 1,500/ 8000/ 20,000/

8000 ft. 8000 ft. 20,000 ft. 40,000 ft.

105
 REACTANCE AND RESONANCE CHART
20

30 AUDIO FREQUENCY 0.002

40
50 0.003

-_
60
70 0.004
- 80 0.005

-
- -= 150
100
0.1
0.2
0.3 100,000
0.007
0.008
0.01
-
.-..;-:
200 0.5-== -_ 70,000

300
V) 1.0 = ...---_

-_- 30,000
50,000

>- 2 -:-
-
0.02

--
= - 20,000
CC- e -N ..."...
400 2w 3
5 --_
(-)
w 0 0.03
500
600
2 10 -- tr)
.........,
E- 7,000
10,000 ..2

(...)CC-
cC

--
,^^s 0.04

20
700
800
1,000
-X
--1
-i 20
30
50
I
---
V)
w
--1
-=- 5,000
- 3,000
.4C
u- 0.05
0 0.06
,...._."
:: ,......"
100 = >-
(..)
- 2,000
- U0.07
0.08-_
1,500 200 .- \-...,
1,000
X
\--..., 0.1
w 300 -_-_ .-_- _
2,000 500 - 700 _
....__-- 2
(.-.)

= -
,.....-
500 -7-

- 3,000
SC
I-
(-)
4,000
2,000 - --
-I-200
300
0.2
=

- 4,000
5,000
6,000
=
n
X 10,000
3,000
5,000
--- -
_ 100
"-*-7-: 70
0.3
-..

-
- 8,000
--10,000
7,000 20,000
30,000
50,000 T-
7-
OC
2: 50
- 30
0.4
0.5
0.6
-
-
---1 20 0.7

-
100,000
0.8
.L.--- 15,000 L
10 00
20,000

30,000 2.0
40,000
50,000 3.0
60,000 4.0
70,000
80,000 5.0
100,000 6.0
7.0 -
8.0
150,000 10.0
200,000
XcorXL
Fig. 72.

106
 REACTANCE AND RESONANCE CHART
_ 20

30 RADIO FREQUENCY 2

--40
-.- 50
60
70
3

4
---
--- 80 5

6
=100
- 0.1
-
200,000 8 -

--- 450 0.2

= 0.3 - , 100,000 10
--
I 200 0.5 - -7-_--- 70,000
e"... 50,000 15 -=-
L-..-- (r) l 0 -- ----7--
e'-',. 7:
:
- 300 >-
CC
Z
2 2-- --- 30,000
- 20,000
V)
0 20
-=

- T 7,000
3
400 w5 =..-- _ 25 -,----

2 10-_"
CC
30
500 - 10.000
''''-'s - 600 0
d
-
acC
U-
V')
600
700 () 20 - str 1---- 5,000 0 40
X 800 30 - Y C-) 50
2 416- -

ss.-.... - 3.000 0...

0_ 1,000 s..._.."
50
- 2,000 s..._.."
60
-
2-- - 1,500
100
200
300
-
-
-
(...)
-_ 1,000
80
100
U
(...) =: -,...- 700
2,000
= 7;
...--_

500
< = --- 500 150 ---
EL=
1,000 - ce --300
3,000 2,000 - w 200

---
C...)

5,000 --
CC 200 1--
4,000 0 3,000 LI- _ 250
=
5,000
6,000
- 40,000
--
20,000-
-- 50
a:
0
4700
300

400
-.-
7,000
- 8,000 30,000- - 30 500
- 10,000 50,000 - - 600
- 100.000 T --n
- 800 -_-

-7- 15,000 L 1,000 -

f
10

-
-27 20,000
1,500 :
- 30,000

40,000
REACTANCE
A straight -edge placed across the X. f and C
scales shows the reactance of a capacitance C at
2.000
2,500

-
- 50,000
60,000
70,000
a frequency f.
Similarly, the reactance of an inductance L
at a frequency f can be obtained by setting the
3,000

4,000

80,000 straight-egde at the appropriate points on the 5,000 --

L and f scales. 6,000
10,000
RESONANCE 8,000
150,000 A straight -edge placed across the L, C and f 10,000
200,000
scales shows the respective values of inductance C
and capacitance which will resonate at a specific
XC0rXL frequency.
Fig. 73.

107
 OHM'S LAW CHART

500

400
R
10n.
300
15 E 250
20
22 _
200
33
40
47 = 50 150
68 -

150
E10011

200
IA

500 f
-
I
=50
P
- 100W 100V

220 300 7 20 70
330 _=- 300 200 -= =
=- 10W
E. 400 50
470 :2 500 100mA ---' .. 5

680 -.- 50 .1 2 40
-E
I KR 30
20
- =IW
7...-= 500
30
15
_
,..-

E.-
25
2.2 2 I0mA -m ..-: 200
-.....' = 20
=--
3.3 3 L-1L-100mW
5
4.7-= 4
5 3
= 50 15

6.8 -.- 2
_= 20
10 Kfl. 1mA 10mW 10V
15 = 500? A 7-'"

22 20

33 30
40
47 50
68 -
100 K11
3
150
2.5
220 200
2
330 300
400
470 -== 500 1.5

680

1 Mil
1V

Fig. 74.
POWER, VOLTAGE, CURRENT, RESISTANCE ABAC
To use the abac, select known points on any two of the vertical scales and lay a ruler
across these points so as to cut the other two scales. The points where the ruler cuts
these latter scales will give the values required.

108
 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
The International System (SI) comprises six basic units which are listed below,
together with the symbols assigned to them. Special names have been adopted
for some of the derived SI units. The definitions of these units show the relation-
ship between them and the basic units.
BASIC SI UNITS

Quantity Name of unit Unit symbol

electric current ampere A
length metre m
luminous intensity candela cd
mass kilogramme kg
thermodynamic temperature degree Kelvin °K
time second s

SI UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

Physical quantity SI unit Unit symbol

electric capacitance farad F = A Of

electric charge coulomb C =As
electrical potential volt V = W/A
electric resistance ohm Q = V/A
force newton N = kg m/s2
frequency hertz * Hz = s-'
illumination lux lx = Im/m2
inductance henry H = V s/A
luminous flux lumen Im = cd sr
magnetic flux weber Wb = Vs
magnetic flux density tesila T = Wb/m2
power watt W = J/s
work, energy, quantity of heat joule J =Nm
* Hertz is equivalent to one cycle per second

DERIVED SI UNITS WITH COMPLEX NAMES

Physical quantity SI unit Unit symbol

acceleration metre per second squared m/s2

angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2
angular velocity radian per second rad/s
area square metre m2
density (mass density) kilogramme per cubic metre kg/m3
diffusion coefficient metre squared per second m2/s
dynamic viscosity newton second per metre squared Ns/m2
electric field strength volt per metre V/m
kinematic viscosity metre squared per second m2/s
luminance candela per square metre cd/m3
magnetic field strength ampere per metre A/m
pressure newton per square metre N/m2
surface tension newton per metre N/m
thermal conductivity watt per metre degree Kelvin W/(m OK)
velocity metre per second m/s
volume cubic metre m3

109
 DEFINITIONS OF DERIVED SI UNITS HAVING SPECIAL NAMES
Electric Capacitance
The unit of electrical capacitance called the farad is the capacitance of a
capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of
one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb.
Electric Charge
The unit of electric charge called the coulomb is the quantity of electricity
transported in one second by a current of one ampere.
Electric Inductance
The unit of electric inductance called the henry is the inductance of a closed
circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced when the electric
current in the circuit varies uniformly at the rate of one ampere per second.
Electric Potential
The unit of electric potential called the volt is the difference of potential between
two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of one ampere, when
the power dissipated between these points is equal to one watt.
Electric Resistance
The unit of electric resistance called the ohm is the resistance between two
points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied
between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of one ampere, this
conductor not being the source of any electromotive force.
Energy
The unit of energy called the joule is the work done when the point of applica-
tion of a force of one newton is displaced through a distance of one metre in the
direction of the force.
Force
The unit of force called the newton is that force which, when applied to a body
having a mass of one kilogramme, gives it an acceleration of one metre per second
squared.
Frequency
The unit of frequency called the hertz is the frequency of a periodic phenomenon
of which the periodic time is one second.
Magnetic Flux
The unit of magnetic flux called the weber is the flux which, linking a circuit of
one turn produces in it an electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to zero
at a uniform rate in one second.
Magnetic Flux Density
The unit of magnetic flux density called the tesla is the density of one weber of
magnetic flux per square metre.
Power
The unit of power called the watt is equal to one joule per second.
Temperature
The units of Kelvin and Celsius temperature interval are identical. A tempera-
ture expressed in degrees Celsius is equal to the temperature expressed in degrees
Kelvin less 27315.
110
Luminous Flux
The unit of luminous flux called the lumen is the flux emitted within unit solid
angle of one steradian by a point source having a uniform intensity of one
candela.
Illumination
The unit of illumination called the lux is an illumination of one lumen per
square metre.

VALUES OF UK UNITS IN TERMS OF SI UNITS

Area Mass
1 in2 6.4516 x 10-4 m2 1 lb 0.453 592 37 kg
1 ft2 0.092 903 m2
1 yd2 0.836 127 m2 Power
1 mile2 2.589 99 x 106 m2 1 h.p. 745.700 W

Density
1 I b/in3 2.767 99 x 104 kg/m3 Pressure
1 Ibift3 16.0185 kg/m3 1 lbf/in2 689+76 N/m2
1 lb/UK gal 99.7764 kg/m,

Energy (work, heat) Temperature

1 ft pdl 0042 140 1 1 1 Rankine 5/9 of Kelvin unit
1 ft lbf 1.355 82 J unit
1 call- +1868 J (= 1 Fahren- (= 5/9 of Celsius unit)
1 Btu 1055.06 J heit unit)

Force Velocity
1 pdl 0.138 255 N 1 ft/s 0.3048 m/s
1 lbf 4.448 22 N 1 mile/h 0.447 04 m/s

Length Volume
1 yd 0.9144 m 1 in3 1.638 71 x 10-6 m'
1 ft 0.3048 m 1 ft3 0.028 316 8 m3
1 in 0.0254 m 1 (UK) gal 0.004 546 092 m3
1 mile 1609.344 m

MULTIPLES AND SUB -MULTIPLES

The names of the multiples and sub -multiples of units are formed by means of the
prefixes shown in this table.

Factor by which the

unit is multiplied Prefix Symbol

1 000 000 000 000 1012 tera

1 000 000 000 102 giga
1 000 000 106 mega
1 000 10' kilo
100 102 hecto
10 10, deca da
0.1 10-' deci
0.01 10-2 centi
0.001 10-s milli
0.000 001 10-6 micro P
0.000 000 001 10-4 nano
0.000 000 000 001 10-12 pico
0.000 000 000 000 001 10-15 femto
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10-18 atto a

111
 CONVERSION FACTORS

To convert into Multiply by Conversely

Multiply by
Amps Milliamps 103 10-3
Amp hours Coulombs 3600 2.778 x 10-4
Amp turns per cm. Amp turns per inch 154 0.3937
Atmospheres Lb/sq. in. 14.70 0.068
B.T.U. Foot pounds 778.3 1.285 x 10-3
B.T.U. Joules 1054.8 9.480 x 10-3
B.T.U. per hour H.P. hours 3.929 x 10-4 2545
Centigrade Fahrenheit °Cx--)+32 ----`f CF -32) -s = `C
( 95 9
Centigrade Kelvin °C+273=°K °K -273=°C
Cubic inches Cubic feet 5.787 x 10-4 1728
Cubic inches Cubic metres 1.639 x 10-5 6.102 x 106
Cycles Kilocycles 10-3 103
Cycles Megacycles 10-6 106
Degrees (angular) Radians 1.745 x 10-2 57.3
Dynes Pounds 2248 x 10-6 4448 x 10'
Ergs Foot pounds 7.376 x 10-8 1.356 x 10'
Farads Microfarads 106 10-6
Feet Centimetres 30.48 3.281 x 10-2
Foot-pounds H.P. hours 5.05 x 10-7 1.98 x 106
Foot pounds Kilowatt hours 3.766 x 10-7 2.655 x 106
Gausses Lines per sq. in. 6.452 0.155
Grams Dynes 980.7 1.02 x 10-3
Grams per cm. Pounds per in. 5.6 x 10-3 178.6
Henries Microhenries 106 10-6
Horse power B.T.U. per min. 42.418 2.357 x 10-2
Horse power Foot lb. per min. 3.3 x 104 3.03 x 10-s
Horse power Foot lb. per sec. 550 1.818 x 10-3
Horse power Kilowatts 0.746 1.341
Inches Centimetres 2.54 0.3937
Inches Mils 103 10-3
Kilograms Pounds (lb.) /205 0.454
Kilometres Feet 3281 3.048 x 10-4
Kilometres Miles 0.621 1.609
Kilowatt hours B.T.U. 3413 193 x 10-4
Kilowatt hours Joules 3.6 x 106 2.778 x 10-1
Kilowatt hours H.P. hours 1.341 0.7457
Knots Miles per hour 1.1508 0.869
Lamberts Candles per sq. cm 0.3183 3.142
Lamberts Candles per sq. in. 2.054 0.4869
Lumens per sq. ft. Foot candles 1 1
Lux Foot candles 0.0929 10764
Metres Feet 3.28 0.3048
Metres Yards 1.094 0.9144
Miles per hour Feet per sec. 1.467 0.68182
Nepers Decibels 8.686 0.1151
Pounds of water Cubic feet 1.603 x 10-2 62.38
Pounds of water Gallons 0.1 10
Tons Pounds 2240 4.464 x 10-4
Watts Ergs per sec. 10' 10-7

112
 CGS AND MKS UNITS
CGS MKS Ratio
Quantity MKS
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol CGS

Acceleration ... cm/s2 m/s' 102

Area ... ... ... cm2 m3 10°

Density ... ... g.cm3 Kg.m3
Force ... ... dyne g.cm/s2 Newton Kg.m/s2 105
(dyn) (N)
Inertia (moment of) g.cm2 Kg.m2 107
102
Length ... ... centimetre cm metre m
Mass ... ... ... gramme g Kilo- Kg 10'
gramme
Momentum ... g.cm/s Kg.m/s 105

Pressure, Stress ... barye dyn/cm2 pascal N/m2 10

Power ... ... erg/s watt W 101
(= J/s)
Time ... ... ... second s second s I

Velocity ... ... cm/s m/s 102

Volume ... ... cm' m3 106
Work, Energy ... erg dyn. cm joule J 10'
(= Nm)

ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC UNITS

MKS Unit
Ratio of
Quantity Symbol Name Symbol _MKS
Defining
equation CGS

Capacitance ... ... C Farad C=Q/V F 0-9

Charge ... ... Q Coulomb Q=It As 0-1
Current ... ... 1 Ampere A 0-1
Electric Field ... E Volt/metre E= WI V/m 06
Electromotic Force ... E Volt P=IE V 0°
Inductance ... ... H Henry Al --01 H 09
Magnetic Field ... H Ampere/metre H.d1= ril A/m 0''
Magnetic Flux ... 0 Weber E= clyb/dt Vs 08
Magnetic Induction... B B=01' V.s/m2 04
Permeability(relative) µ µ=M/Ma
Potential ... ... V P= I.V
Resistance ... ... R ohm R= V/1 Q 09

113
 FRACTIONS OF AN INCH WITH METRIC EQUIVALENTS

Fractions Decimals Fractions Decimals

of of mm. of of mm.
an inch an inch an inch an inch

zl, -0156 0.397 2-1 .5 1 56 13.097

+2- .03 1 2 0.794 -}-fr 5313 13.494
A .0468 1.191 2-1
64 -5469 13.891

?tr 0625 1.588 ?a- -5625 14.287

A 0781 1.985 -u-
64 -5781 14.684
32 '0938 2.381 44 5938 15.081

7.74- 1094 2.778 1-1 -6094 15.478

i 1250 3.175 i -6250 15.875
A 1406 3.572 -644 -6406 16.272

h 1563 3.969 44 -6563 16.668

+I 1719 4.366 ti- .6719 17.065
lie I875 4.762 ii -6875 17.462

43 -2031 5.159 li 7031 17.859

-2187 5.556 7188 18.256
-5-72-

a -2344 5.953
4-1
ii 7344 18.653

I 2500 6.350 I -7500 19.050

.a_ 2656 6.747 a 7656 19.447
A 2813 7.144 44 -7813 19.843

33 -2969 7.541 it 7969 20.240

3 1 25 7.937 4 8125 20.637
44 -3281 8.334 h3 8281 21.034

44 -3438 8.731 +I .8438 21.431

22
64 .3593 9.128 -5-E
64 -8594 21-828
f -3750 9.525 i -8750 22.225

21
64 3906 9.922 ti 8906 22.622
44 -4063 10.319 44 -9062 23.019
44 -4219 10.716 it .9219 23.416

* ft
.4375
-4531
11.12
11.509
# .9375
-9531
23.812
24.209
4 43

44 .4687 11.906 -4 .9688 24.606

it -4844 12.303 if -9844 25.003

f -5000 12-700 1.0000 25.400

114
 GREEK ALPHABET

Capital Small Greek English

letters letters name equivalent

A a Alpha a
B p Beta
Gamma
a Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
H '7 Eta
Theta th
Iota
K K Kappa
Lambda
M b4 Mu
N Nu
Xi
0 Omicron 6
Pi
P p Rho
Sigma
T Tau
T Upsilon
cb
Phi ph
X Chi ch
it&
Psi ps
0 Omega

115
 PROPERTIES OF METALS

Temp. Thermal Coeff. of Melting

Material Relative Coeff. of Specific conductivity linear point
resistance resistivity gravity at 20°C. expansion °C
at 20°C.

x 10-, x 10-'
Aluminium 1.64 40 27 0.48 25.5 660

Brass ... 3.9 20 8.47 016 18.9 920

Cadmium 4.4 38 8.64 0.222 28.8 321

Cobalt ... 5-6 33 8.71 12.3 1480

Constan tan ... 2845 01 8.9 0.054 17.0 1210

Copper ... 100 39.3 8.89 0918 16.7 1083

Carbon (gas) ... 2900 -5 1.88 00004 5.4 3500

Eureka ... ... 28.45 0.1 81 - - -

Gold 1.446 34 1932 0705 13.9 1063

Iron (cast) 5.6 60 7.87 0.18 In 1535

Lead ... ... 1278 42 11.37 0083 29.1 327

Magnesium 2.67 40 174 0376 25.4 651

Manganin ... 26.0 0.2 8.5 0.053 180 910

Mercury .. 55.6 9.8 13-55 00148 - -38.87

Molybdenum ... 3.3 45 10.2 0.346 5.0 2622

Mona! ... 27.8 20 8.8 0-06 14 1350

Nichrome ... 65 17 8.25 0.035 12-5 1350

Nickel ... ... 5'05 47 8.85 0.142 1243 1452

Nickel silver .. 16 2.6 872 0.07 1836 1110

Palladium .. 6.39 33 121 0.168 - -

Phosphor bronze 5.45 - 81 0.15 19.0 1050

Platinum 6.16 38 21.4 0166 8.9 1773

Silver ... ... 0.95 40 105 1006 19.5 9605

iteel (stainless) 52.8 - 7.9 0069 10-11 1410

rantalum ... 9.0 33 16.6 0.130 6.5 2850

fin ... ... 6.7 42 7.3 0.155 21.4 231.9

Tungsten ... 3.25 45 19.2 0.476 4.44 3370

incE ... 3.4 37 7.14 0.265 26.3 419.5

Eirconium 2.38 44 6.4 - - 1860

116
 WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS

Weight in lbs. per

Material Specific
gravity sq. inch sq. foot
cu. in. 001 in. thick .001 in. thick

Aluminium 99.4% ... ... 2706 00977 00000977 00140688

Aluminium alloy D.T.D. 219 2.7 0.0975 00000975 00140400

Aluminium alloy D.T.D. 290 ... 2.8 0.1011 00001011 00145584

Aluminium magnesium alloy 2.68 0.0967 00000967 00139248

Aluminium manganese alloy ... 2.7 0.0975 00000975 00140400

Antimony ... ... ... 6/1 0.2422 00002422 00348768

Asbestos ... ... ... 243 0.1011 0-0001011 00145584

Bronze phosphor 92/8 ... ... 8.8 0.3177 00003177 00457488

Bismuth 9.8 03538 0.0003538 00509472

Brass 65 35 ... ... ... ... 8.47 0.3058 00003058 0.0440352

Bronze 2 10 88 ... ... ... 8.78 0-3170 0.0003170 0045648

Bronze Phosphor Sheet ... ... 8.8 0.3180 00003180 00457920

Celluloid ... ... ... 1.35 0.0487 00000487 00070128

Chromium ... ... ... ... 6.5 0.2347 0.0002347 0.0337968

Copper ... ... ... 8.93 03224 00003224 00464256

... 0.24 0-0087 00000087 00012528

Dow Metal Magnesium ... ... 1.78 00643 0.0000643 0.0092592

Duralumin ... ... ... 2.85 0.1029 00001029 0.0148176

Ebony wood dry ... ... 1.25 0-045 0000045 0.00648

Elektron ... ... ... 1.83 0.0661 0 0000661 00095184

Fibre volcanized ... ... ... 1.41 0.0510 0.000051 0.007344

Gold cast hammered ... 19.32 0-6975 00006975 010044

Iridium ... ... ... ... 22.42 043094 00008094 01165536

... ... ... 7.2 0.2599 0.0002599 0-0374256

Iron cast

... ... 7.01 0-2530 00002530 0036432

Iron ferrosilicon

... ... ... 7.87 0.2841 0-0002841 0-0409104

Iron pure ...

... ... ... ... 7.7 0.2780 00002780 0-040032

Iron sheet

Iron wrought ... ... ... 7.78 0.2807 0-0002807 00404208

... ... ... ... 11.37 0.4105 0.0004105 0.059112

Lead

... ... ... 0.94 00341 0-0000341 0-0049104

Leather ...

117
 WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS -continued

Weight in lbs. per

Material Specific
gravity sq. inch sq. foot
cu. in. 001 in. thick 001 in. thick

Magnesium ... 1.74 0.0628 00000628 0-0090432

Magnesium aluminium alloy 7% 2.63 00949 0.0000949 00136656

Manganese ... 7.42 0-2679 0.0002679 00385776

Mercury ... 13-6 0-4910

2.8 0.1011 0-0001011 0.0145584

Micarta ... 1.24 0.0446 00000446 00064224

Molybdenum 10.2 0.3682 0.0003682 00530208

Monel Metal cast ... 8.8 0-3177 00003177 00457488

Monel Metal rolled 8.9 0.3212 0.0003212 0.0-462528

Nickel ... ... 8-8 0.3177 00003177 00457488

Nickel alloy 45% ... 8.0 0.2888 00002888 0.0415872

Paper... 0.93 0-0336 0-0000336 0-0048384

Pewter ... 7.49 02703 0.0002703 0.0389232

Platinum sheet 21.54 0-7776 0.0007776 0.1119744

Platinum wire ... 21.04 0.7595 0.0007595 0.109368

Rubber soft ... ... 0-95 00341 00000341 00049104

Rubber hard ebonite 1-15 0.0416 0-0000416 00059904

Silicon 2.42 0-0874 0-0000874 0-0125856

Silver... ... 10-78 0.3890 0.000389 0.056016

Silver German or Nickel 8.75 0-3160 0-000316 0-045504

steel crucible sheet 7.9 0-2853 0.0002853 0.0410832

Steel machinery ... 7.81 0-2818 0-0002818 0-0405792

Steel rolled sheet 7.85 0-2833 0-0002833 0-0407952

Steel stainless 8.4 0.3033 0.0003033 0-0436752

Steel tool ... 7.9 0-2853 00002853 0-0410832

Steel 2-1% silicon

transformer grade ... 7.42 0-268 0-000268 0038592

Tin ... 7.30 0-2635 0-0002635 0-037944

Tungsten ... 18-77 0.6776 0.0006776 0-0975744

lanadium ... 5-5 0-1986 0- 0001986 00285984

Zinc cast ... 7.11 0.2567 0-0002567 0-0369648

Zinc rolled ... 7.2 0-26 0.000260 0.03744

118
 INSULATING MATERIALS
Power Factor Dielectric Resistance Coeff. of
Dielectric Ohms expansion -
Material Constant at Strength Softening
50 c/s 1 Mc/s 100 Mc/s V/0001" per cm. Temp. °C. 10' per °C.
50 c/s

... ... 1
19.8-22.8
Air (N.P.) 10 250-1000 4.5x 10" 70 160
Cellulose Acetate ... 6-8 6
5-15 7-10 300-780 2-30 x 10" 85 90-160
Cellulose Nitrate 4-7 130 25
... ... ... 2.5-5 6-9 5 5 150-180 5x10°
Fibre 500 1100 8.9
6-2 1
Glass, Crown ...
:.. 7.5 0.8-1
Glass, Photographic 0.2-0-7 0.54 335 10" 600 3.2
Glass. Pyrex ... ... 4.5
... 2.5-8 0.2 0.2-6 2 x 10"
Mica ... 5x10" 1200 3-7
Mica, Clear Indian 7-7-3 0-03-0.05 0-02-0.03 0.03 600-1500
0.64 0.21 0.22 350 348 8-9
Micalex ... ... 6-8
... 2-2.6 1250
Paper ... 10" MP56
Paraffin Wax 215 002 0.02 0.02 203-305
52 0.2-0-7 0.36 500 1.3x10"
Pyrophillite 0.09 0.02 0.02 200 10"-10" 1430 0.45
Quartz ... 3.5-4-2 70 70-80
2-3.5 1 0.5-1 450 10"-10"
Rubber, hard 900 10" 85
... 2.5-4 0.6-2-5 0.9-31 3
Shellac ... 300-550 10"-10. 200 70
5-7 3-5 2.8 5
Urea Formaldehyde 400-500 10" 70
Vinyl Resins ... 4 1.7
15-613 4-2
Wood, Dry Oak

CERAMIC INSULATING MATERIALS

DIELECTRIC THERMAL STRENGTH
Volume Working ' Water
tempera- absorp- Specific f Compres-
MATERIAL Strength Constant Power resistivity Conductivity' Expansion Tensile sive
at 50 cis at factor at 20°C at 20-C at 0-200"C ture tion gravity
1 Mc/s at 1 Mc/s (ohms/cm') (CGS units) (ppm/ C) (SC) (%) (lb/sq. in) (lb/sq. in)
(V/0.001")
1

10" 0054 6.3 1400 0 i

3.72 18300 240000
Alumina (95%) 500 9.6 0.006 '
300000
10" 0.06 7.6 1600 0 3.9 35000
Alumina (99.5%) 200 9.0 0.0005
10" 0-003 3.3 1100 2-3 2.3 2500 40000
Aluminium silicate 80 S-3 0.01
10" 0-064 10.0 1700 0.17 2.1 5500 45000
Boron nitrite ... 900 4.15 0-0002
10" 0.02 7.0 1800 0 3.01 17500 200000
Beryllium oxide 400 7.0 0.0004
10" 0.003 2.2 1250 10-15 2.1 3500 30000
Corderite ... 100 5.0 0.004
10" 0-0024 10-0 1000 0 2.8 10000 85000
Fosterite ... 250 6-2 0.0004
Lithium -aluminium 1000 0-2 2.0 350 4000
... 300 6.0 0.005 10" 0.005 1-2
silicate 1250 2-3 2.8 2500 90000
100 5.8 0-0003 I
10" 0-005 10.7
Magnesium silicate 4-6 1000 0-0-5 2.4 4250 110000
Porcelain ... 300 5.6 0-0055 10.-10" 0-0024
10.-10" 0.0035 8 1000 0 2.6 8000 120000
Steatite ... 230 6.0 0.0021
10" 0-015 4-5 1200 0 3-7 12000 100000
Zircon ... 220 8.8 0.001
 SYNTHETIC INSULATING MATERIALS
ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL GENERAL
Power Permit- Surface Volume Electric Tensile Cross Water
factor Impact Plastic Max
ivity resistivity resistivity strength strength breaking strength absorption yield operating Filler
at 1 Mc/s at 1 Mc/s at (UTS) strength m/max`C temper.
'tan 8 Mfg Mfg V/mil lbs/in° lbs/in°
Thermo -setting mg. °C
Polyester-fastcure
High impact 0018 4.5 10' 10' 200 6,000 20,000 4 100 2 at 160 100 glass
general purpose 0014 5.0 10°
fibre
10" 250 3,000 7,000 0.12 130 3 at 160 100
general purpose (imp.) 0.016 4.5 10° 10' mineral
260 4,200 10,000 025 160 3 at 160 100 mineral
Diallyl phthalate
High impact - - 10' 10' 250 5,000 12,000 3.0
0.05 5.5
150 110 glass fibre
general purpose 10' 10' 200 3,000 6,000 0.12 80 110 mineral
--
general purpose (imp.) 0.04 5.0 5 x: 10° 10' 250 4,500 6,500 0.14 55 110 mineral
Polyester dough 0.02 6.0 10" 10' 200 7,000 7.0 35 glass fibre
General purpose
--
0.02 6.0 10' 10' 240 7,000 7.0 25
-- - -- glass fibre
Melamine Formaldehyde 0.06 7.0 10' 3 x 10' 130 3,000
Phenolic 5,000 0.1 30 6 at 180 110 -
Electrical -Type L4 0.015 5.5 10' 10' 200
Type L 4,000 8,300 0.09 15 6 at 100 90 Mica
0025 5.8 10" 10° 150
.
4,000 8,300 0.10 20 6 at 140 100 Mica
Type L1 0.025 4.8 3 10° 3 x 10' 75 6,000 10,000 0.14 27 6 at 100 90 Nylon
Type L2 0.035 5-0 10' 10° 100 6,500 10,000 0-12 27 6 at 140 100 Nylon &
Type L3 0.040 5.5 3 x 10' cellulose
3 x 10' 130 4,000 7,500 0.12 20 6 at 140 100 Nylon &
Type HD 0050 6.0 1.6 x 10' mica
2 x 10' 6,500 9,500 0.11 75 6 at 140 100 Wood
Mechanical Type MS 8 x 10° 10.
flour
30
- - 6,000 9,500 025 80 6 at 140 100 Ground
Type MHS 2 x 10° 10' cotton
30 5,400 9,200 0.55 85 6 at 140 100
Type HS 25 10' cotton
-- --
Heat Resistant HR 5,500 9,200 075 110 6 at 140 100 Fabric
0058 7.3 5 x 10' 5 x 10' 120 3,500 7,000 0.07
Silicone Moulding 37 6 at 180 140 Asbestos
(dry) 0004 35 28 x 10° 80 x 10° 100-200 4,400 14,000 15 0.10
(wet) 0020 3.6 28 x 10' 230
009 x 10° 100-200 1,300 5,000 11 013 230
Thermo Plastic
-- --
Polyamides (nylon) (dry)
general purpose 66GP 0.05 40 10° 10° 220 11,000 80
general purpose 6GP 10' 10° 2.20 10,000 80
-- -- -- -- --
general purpose 11GP 10° 10'
-- 220 8,000 80
general purpose 610GP - 10' 10° 220
---
8,000
-- -- -- -- 80
--
 Weather resistant 66 W 10° 10° 220 11,500 80
Weather resistant 6 W 10' 10° 220 10,500 80
Weather resistant 11 W 10° 10° 220 8,500 80
Hot Air 66 HL 10' 10' 220 11,000 105
Hot Air 6 HL 10° 10° 220 9,000 105
Hot Air 11 HL 10' 10° 220 8,000 105
Polyethylene
low density 000015/ 235 10' 3 x 10° 1000 at 20°C 1,000/ 3 3 70
0.0003 1,500
high density 0-00015/ 2.35 10° 3 x 10° 1000 at 20°C 3,700 1-10 3 95
0003

Polypropylene 0.0005 22 10° 10° 600 4,500 003 90

Polystyrene softening
Normal Type A 00005 27 10" 10" 400 4,000 5,400 012 5 100 70
Type B 00005 2.7 10' 10° 400 4,000 5,400 012 5 90 60
Type C 00005 2.7 108 10' 400 4,000 5,400 0.12 5 85 55
Type D 00007 2.7 10° 10° 400 75 50
Toughened Type 1 0001 2 108 10" 400 3,000 20 80
Type 2 0.001 2 108 10° 400 3,500 15 85
Type 3 0.001 2 10' 10' 400 4,000 20 90
P.T.F.E. 000025 212 108 10" 500 2,000 4 1 7150 250
Laminates edgewise
Phenolic Board
Paper Base for RF
Type H 0.038 5 5 x 10" 25kV 8,000 10,000 008 13 100
Paper Base for RF
Type L 0.045 58 5 x 10° 25kV 8,000 12,000 015 32 100
Paper Base non RF
Type P3 10' 20kV 8,000 12,000 015 32 100
Paper Base non RF
Type P4 10' 20kV 8,000 10,000 0.08 13 100
Fabric Base for RF
Type IA 0.04 5.8 10° 50kV 10,000 0.3 65 100
Fabric Base for RF
Type IB 0'045 58 10' 25kV 8,000 13,000 0.45 65 100
Fabric Base for non RF
Type 2A 5 x 10° 20kV 15,000 0.45 65 100
Asbestos Paper non RF 20 3kV 12,000 0.45 55 130
Epoxide resin glass
fabric 0035 55 10' 15kV 26,000 35,000 3 12 140
Melamine resin glass
fabric 50 6kV 15,000 12,000 3 118 130
Silicone resin glass
fabric (S1) 0005 4 10' 13kV 12,000 15,000 13 10 200
Silicone resin glass
fabric (S2) 0.01 4.5 100 8kV 14,000 16,000 4 20 200
to
0.1
 STANDARD WIRE GAUGE AND STANDARD DRILL SIZES
Standard Nearest Standard Nearest
Standard drill Decimal obsolete Standard drill Decimal obsolete
wire size inch number wire size inch number
gauge in. equivalent drill gauge in. equivalent drill
50 00010 23 0.0240
49 0.0012 0.62 00244
48 0.0016 0.65 0.0256 72, 71
47 00020 0.68 0.0268

46 00024 0.70 0.0276 70

45 0.0028 22 0.0280
44 00032 0.72 0.0283
43 0.0036 0.75 0-0295 69

42 00040 0.78 0.0307

41 00044 1-
0.0312 68
40 0.0048 0.80 0.0315
39 00052 21 0.0320

38 00060 0.82 0.0323 67

37 00068 0.85 00335 66
36 0.0076 0.88 00346
35 0.0084 0.90 0.0354 65

34 0.0092 20 0.0360
33 00100 0.92 0.0362 64
32 0.0108 0.95 0.0374 63
31 0.0116 0.98 0.0386 62

30 0.0124 1.00 0.0394 61,60

0.32 0.0126 19 0.0400
29 0.0136 1.05 0.0413 59,58
0.35 0.0138 80 1.10 0.0433 57

28 00148 1.15 0.0453

0.38 0.0150 79 zas 0.0469 56
614 0.0156 1.20 0.0472
0.40 0.0157 78 18 -0480

27 0-0164 1.25 0.0492

0.42 0.0165 1.30 0.0512 55
0.45 0.0177 77 1.35 0.0532
26 0.0180 140 0-0551 54

0.48 0.0189 76 17 0.0560

0.50 0.0197 1.45 0-0571
25 0.0200 1.50 0.0591 53
0.52 0.0205 75 1.55 0.0610

0.55 0.0217 -rai 0.0625

24 0.0220 1.60 0.0630 52
0.58 0-0228 74 16 0.0640
0.60 0.0236 73 I -65 0-0650
122
STANDARD WIRE GAUGE AND STANDARD DRILL SIZES -continued
Standard Nearest Standard Nearest
Standard Decimal Standard drill Decimal obsolete
drill obsolete
wire size inch number wire size inch number
gauge in. equivalent drill gauge in. equivalent drill

1.70 0.0669 51 3.40 0.1339

1.75 0.0689 3.50 0.1378 29
9
1.80 0.0709 50 -az 0.1406 28
15 0.0720 3.60 0.1417

I.85 0.0728 49 9 0.1440

1.90 0.0748 3.70 0.1457 27, 26
1.95 0.0768 48 3.80 0.1496 25
A 0.0781 3.90 0.1535 24, 23

/00 0.0787 47 A 0.1562

14 0.0800 +00 0- I 575 22, 21
2.05 0.0807 46 8 0.1600
2.10 00827 45 +10 0.1614 20

2.15 0.0846 +20 0.1654 19

120 0.0866 44 +30 0.1693 18
215 0.0886 43 I* 0.1719
130 0.0906 +40 0.1732 17

13 0.0920 7 0.1760
2.35 0.0925 +50 0.1772 16

342- 0.0938 42 4.60 0.1811 15, 14

2.40 0.0945 +70 0.1850 13

2.45 0.0965 41 -rk 0.1875

2.50 0.0984 40 +80 0.1890 12
155 0.1004 39 6 0.1920
2.60 0.1024 38 +90 0.1929 11, 10

12 0.1040 5.00 0.1968 9

2.65 0.1043 37 5.10 0.2008 8, 7
11 0.2031
2.70 0.1063 36 az
2.75 0.1083 5.20 0.2047 6, 5

iz 0.1094 5.30 0.2087 4

2.80 0.1102 35, 34 5 0.2120
/85 0.1122 33 5.40 0.2126 3
2.90 0.1142 5.50 0.2165

1 I 0.1160 if 0.2188
2.95 0.1161 32 5.60 0.2205 2
3.00 0.1181 31 5.70 0.2244
3.10 0.1220 5.80 0.2283 1

i 3.20
0.1250
0.1260
4
5.90
0.2320
0.2323
10 0.1280 la
64 0.2344 A
3.30 0. I 299 30 6.00 0.2362 B

123
 STANDARD WIRE GAUGE AND STANDARD DRILL SIZES -continued
Standard Nearest
Standard Decimal obsolete Standard
Standard Decimal Nearest
drill drill inch obsolete
wire inch letter wire
equivalent letter
size size
gauge in. mm. equivalent drill gauge in. mm. drill

6.10 0.2402 C 9.00 0.3543

6.20 0.2441 D 9.10 0.3583 T
6.30 0.2480 64 0.3594
1 0.2500
4 E 9.20 03622

3 6.40 0.2520 9.30 0.3661 U

6.50 0.2559 F 9.40 0.3701
6.60 0.2598 G 3/0 03720
6.70 0.2638 9.50 0.3740

64
7
0.2656 H 0.3750 V
6.80 0.2677 9.60 0.3780
6.90 0.2717 1
9.70 0.3819
7.00 0.2756 9.80 0.3858 W
2 0.2760 9.90 0.3898
7.10 0.2795 21
64 0.3906
0.2812 K 10.00 0.3937
7.20 0.2835 10.10 0.3976 X

7.30 0.2874 4/0 0.4000

740 0.2913 L 10.20 0.4016
7.50 0.2953 M 10.30 0.4055
IT 0.2969 if 0.4062

7.60 0.2992 10.40 0.4094

1 0.3000 10.50 0.4134 Z
7.70 0.3032 N 10.60 0.4173
7.80 0.3071 10.70 0.4213

7.90 0-3110 27_

64 0.4219
_§_ 0.3125
16 10.80 0.4252
8.00 0.3150 0 10.90 0.4291
8.10 0.3189 5/0 0.4320

8.20 0.3228 P 11.00 0.4331

0 0.3240 11.10 0.4370
8.30 0.3268 TIE 0.4375
21 0.3281 11.20 0.4409
64

8.40 0.3307 Q
8.50 0.3346 Drill sizes proceed thus:
8.60 0.3386 R in. to 2 in. in wlw in. steps;
8.70 0.3425
12.7 mm. to 14 mm. in 0.1 mm
11
0.3438 steps; 14 mm. to 25 mm. in 0.25
8.80 03465 S mm. steps; 25 mm. to 50.5 mm.
00 0.3480
in 0.5 mm. steps.
8.90 03504
124
 TAPPING AND CLEARANCE DRILL SIZES FOR B.S.F.
AND B.S.W. THREADS
Tapping sizes for Clearance Standard drill size Decimal
for inch
B.S.F. B.S.W. B.S.W.-B.S.F. inches mm. equivalent

A_ 3.80 0.1496
16
3
TS 4.90 0.1929
i. ii. 0.2031
I 5.40 0.2126
I 6.50 0.2559

* * 4
6.60
6.80
02598
0.2677
_L
16 03125
A 8.20 0.3228

16I
I 7
Li
64 03281
TT 9.40 03701
6 9.70 0.3819
I 9.80 0.3858
1 N 0.4219
i
-a
*
1:1
0.4375
0.4531
05000
1 2.2.
64
0.5156
* 17 0.5312
* 14.00 0.5512
9
Trs N. 05781
*
i ii 0.6562
0.640
`R
11 ti
49
0.6719
0.7656
va
7
w 20.00 0.7874

iii
1 0.8750
i 0.8906

I
it
1,*
0.9062
1.0156

B.A. SCREWS
Hole size
Diameter Pitch
Clearance Tapping
Size Threads
inches mm. per inch in. mm. Size No. Size No.

0 0.2362 6.0 25.4 00394 1.0 0.242 C 0. I 96 9

I 02087 5.3 28.2 0.0354 0.9 0213 3 0.173 17
2 0. I85 4.7 31.4 00319 0.81 0.1935 10 0.152 24
3 0.1614 41 348 0.0287 0.73 0.1695 18 0.128 30
4 0.1417 3.6 38.5 0.026 0.66 0.1495 25 0- I 16 32
5 0.126 3.2 43.0 0.0232 0.59 0.136 29 0.104 37
6 0.1102 2.8 47.9 0.0209 0.53 0. I20 31 0.089 43
7 0.0984 2.5 52.9 0.0189 0.48 0.1065 36 0.081 46
8 0.0866 2.2 59.1 0.0169 0.43 0.0985 42 0.07 50
9 0.0748 1.9 65.1 0.0154 0.39 0.081 46 0.0595 53
0.0669 1.7 72.6 0.01381 0.35 0.073 49 0.055 54
 DIMENSIONS OF BRITISH ASSOCIATION SCREWS, NUTS AND WASHERS SELECTED FROM B.S .57 : 1951

B.A. A dia. max. B C D E F rad. G H rad. J K L

No: T.P.I.
mm. in. Max. Tol. Max. Tol. Nom. Max. Tol. Max. Nom. Approx. Nom. Max. Nom.
2 313 47 .185 .130 -7 .052 -8 058 -319 -10 .015 .071 -319 .036 .010 .077
4 38.5 36 142 .101 -6 .040 -6 -045 .252 -10 .010 .056 .252 .031 .010 .065
Pre- 6 47.9 2.8 .110 .078 -5 .033 -6 -035 .194 -10 .010 .043 .194 .024 .009 -051
(erred 8 59.1 2.2 .087 -063 -4 .030 -6 .027 .157 -10 .010 .035 .157 .021 008 .043
10 72.6 1.7 .067 .045 -4 .024 -5 .020 .112 -5 .007 .025 112 .016 .007 -030
12 90.7 1.3 -051 .038 -3 020 -5 .017 .095 -5 .005 - - .014 .006 .028
0 25.4 6.0 .236 .167 -8 .064 -8 .075 .413 -10 .015 -092 .413 .045 .010 .099
Second I 28.2 5.3 .209 .148 058 -066
-7 -8 .366 -10 .015 -081 .366 .041 .010 .089
choice 3 34.8 +1 .161 .113 -6 017 -8 .051 283 -10 .015 .062 283 .033 .010 .071
5 43.1 3.2 .126 .088 -5 .040 -6 .040 .221 -10 .010 .048 .221 .028 010 .058

Dimensions in inches except where otherwise stated. Tolerance columns given in .001 inch units.

B B L
NOMINAL NOMINAL
LENGTH LENGTH BLEND NOMINAL/ .
RAD LENGTH

M ORDINARY NUT Q LARGE WASHERS ---al

N THIN OR LOCKNUT R SMALL WASHERS
T LARGE WASHERS
U SMALL WASHERS

3o°-1.111,300
 M N 0 P Q R S T U
B.A.
No. Max. Tol. Max. Tol. Max. Tol. Max. S.W.G. in. S.W.G. in. Max. Tol. Max. Tol. Max. Tol.
2 I 67 -10 123 -10 324 -5 37 18 -048 21 .032 202 -5 .500 -5 391 -5
4 .135 -10 .094 -10 .248 -5 29 19 .040 22 .028 .157 -5 .378 -5 .301 -5
Pre- 6 105 -10 .073 -10 .193 -4 22 20 .036 23 .024 I23 -5 .288 -5 233 -5
- 020
ferred 8 .082 -7 .058 -7 1 52 -3 I8 25 .020 25 .099 -5 .228 -5 I 85 -5
10 .064 -7 117 -3 14 27 .016 -078 -5 176 -5
12 .049 -5 .090 -2 .10 - - -
-- -- - -- -- - - -- --
0 .213 -10 157 -10 .413 -5 .48 17 .056 19 -040 .256 -5 -625 -5 .500 -5
Second 1 188 -10 139 -10 -365 -5 42 18 -048 20 .036 .228 -5 .565 -5 -443 -5
choice 3 153 -10 -108 -10 .282 -5 .33 19 .040 22 .028 .177 -5 .432 -5 .341 -5
5 120 -10 .084 -10 .220 -4 .2.5 20 .036 23 .024 .140 -5 .335 -5 .268 -5
SOCKET SCREWS
H

IBBB111111MBIB 411411IMUNI
0
MITITITVPITI!! 49TVVITITV

CAP SCREWS SET SCREWS CAP SCREWS SET SCREWS PIPE

SIZE SIZE PLUGS

D H F L G P D 1-1 F L G P G P

6 B.A. 0050 Iv qr. Ps" is" r -3i' is' r-2"

.
5 B.A. i's' i" r gas IV. r ik" r-5" i's" r -2i" r
4 B.A. 0.248 0.142 f' r-1" TY -6"4" ge r -is" I's" 1"-4" /7- 1"-2}"
3 B.A. 0.282 0.161 r r -l" ,5: -1.1'...1' r r gas r I- r }'-6" e" i'-3" r r
2 B.A. 0.324 0.185 j" r-11" 1,1" -iis"-I}' r r gas r r f" 1"-6" -?" 1"-3" .r's" -is"
I B.A. 0.365 0.209 -,,," i"-2" is" l's" -Ii" r i" gas r i" l's" I}"-6" r 1--3- r -N-
0 B.A. 0.413 0.236 21,," 1"-3" I" Ile -2" r r gas Ii' f' ste I}"-6" I" 1"-3"
-las" -Pr. -ir" ii" i"-r ii" iv -1r 1- r gas Ilk' r 1" 2"-6' 4s° 1'-3" 4," i"
+' I" I" ii,' f 0 -3" i" yie-2" I" gas r i"
 CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

-n- --C1--
--- 0
INDICATOR ELECTRICLAMP
HEADPHONES LOUDSPEAKER MICROPHONES
MOTOR

_I_ --T-
".7.
- 0 0
=
SCREENED SCREENED
METER VOLTMETER MILLIAMMETER
PARTITION WIRING

Hop__
A
----9- b b
QUARTZ CRYSTAL METAL TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR
CRYSTALS RECTIFIER RECTIFIERS p -n -p type n -p -n type

IND RECTLY- FILAMENT

COLD
ANODE GRID HEATED or
CATHODE HEATER CATHODE

0 0 4--
TRIGGER or INDIRECTLY- DIRECTLY -
GAS IGNITION HEATED HEATED TETRODE
FILLING ELECTRODE TRIODE TRIODE

VARIABLE -if
8
BEAM
iffli IIIII1
TWIN TRIODE STABILIZER
CliD

TRIODE-HEXODE (separate
PENTODE TETRODE TUBES
cathodes)
128
 CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
V -41-1- I/
I WIRES
{
I

WIRES
I

SWITCH
AERIAL EARTH
JOINED CROSSING

II

Ip.
II
RFC II
II
II

RADIO- INDUCTANCES
INDUCTANCE VARIABLE IRON- CORED
FREQUENCY WITH DUST -IRON
COIL INDUCTANCE INDUCTANCES CORES
CHOKE

II
I

I
4li. 4
I1 4111. O.

PRE-SET TRANSFORMER
AIR- CORED IRON -CORED TAPPED
INDUCTANCE WITH WITH
TRANSFORMER VARIABLE COUPLING TRANSFORMER INDUCTANCE
DUST- IRON CORE

1 I
mo ving
oitri ill u
T va nes

VARIABLE PRE-SET SPLIT- STATOR VARIABLE

CAPACITOR CAPACITORS
CAPACITORS CAPACITOR

TT
ELECTROLYTIC RESISTOR
VARIABLE
RESISTORS
POTENTIOMETER
MORSE
KEY
CAPACITORS

1 1111 IL- -o --v oAT

- o
111 -40---0-
1 11 IF
ELECTRIC ELECTRIC OPEN- CIRCUIT CLOSED- CIRCUIT
CELL BATTERY JACK JACK FUSE

129
5-RDRYS
 COLOUR CODE !FOR RESISTORS AND CAPACITORS
FIG .1
COLOURED BAND TOLERANCE
MARKING PREFERRED MULTIPLIER
11 1 11 ,
THIS EXAMPLE SHOWS ABC D
A GRADE 1 RESISTANCE
OF 4,70011 ± 50/0

YELLOW ( 4) --
VIOLET ( 7)
RED (X 102)
GOLD (±5°/o)
SALMON PINK (GRADE i)
THIS MAY BE GENERAL BODY COLOUR

1st SIGNIFICANT

D
rfer A C
7111E4,
D A C
FIGURE
2nd SIGNIFICANT
FIGURE

FIG. 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 4

BODY, TIP AND SPOT BODY, TIP AND DOT SYSTEM FOR
MARKING CENTRAL BAND MARK'G CAPACITORS (TUBULAR)

AMERICAN R.M.A. JAN AND COMMERCIAL

Markings for Moulded Mica Capacitors
CURRENT MOULDED FLAT JAN CODE
STANDARD CODE CAPACITOR CAPACITOR
1st (SIGNIFICANT COMMERCIAL CODE
1st (SIGNIFICANT
2nd (FIGURE SILVER 2nd (FIGURE
WORKING VOLTS
WHITE BLACK
(RMA) BODY

BLACK
MULTIPLIER MULTIPLIER
(JAN) MULTIPLIER
2nd ISIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTIC
CLASS TOLERANCE 1st 1FIGURE TOLERANCE

Value in ohms or pF for Cols. A, B & C Band D. (Tolerance rating)

Capacitors
Ceramic Band E.
Colour Band C (Mul iplier) Capacitors Temp.
Band A Band B Resistors Coefficient
First Second Resistors Capaci- Up to Over per 10.
Figure Figure (ohms) tors (pF) 10pF IOpF
per 'C.
Black - 0 I I - 2pF ±20% 0
Brown I I 10 10 ±10/
-- -
0.1pF ± I% - 30

--
Red 2 2 100 100 ±2% ± 2% - 80
Orange
Yellow
3
4
3
4
1,000
10.000
1,000

--
10,000
-- -
±2:5% -150
-220

-- --
Green 5 5 100,000 0.5pF ± 5% -330
Blue
Violet
6
7
6
7
1,000,000
10,000,000 - -- -
-470
-750
Grey 8

--
8 100,000,000 0.01p.F
- 0:25pF +30

-- -- -- --
White 9 9 1,000,000,000 0.1uF 1pF ±10% +100
Silver 0.01 ±10%
Gold 0-1 ± 5%
Salmon
Pink - - - - - - -
Standard tolerances for resistors are as follows: wire -wound type 1%, 2% 5%, 10%; composition
type, grade I: 1%, 2%, 5%, grade 2: 5%, 10%, 20% (20% is indicated by a ourth (D band) colour).
Grade high -stability composition resistors are distinguished by a salmon -pink fifth ring or body
I

colour. (Reference: 8.5.1852: 1952 B.5.1.)

130
 SINPO signal -reporting code for C.W.
S I N P 0
Over-all
Rating Signal Interference Noise Propagation readability
scale strength (QRM) (QRN) disturbance (ARK)
5 Excellent Nil Nil Nil Excellent
4 Good Slight Slight Slight Good
3 Fair Moderate Moderate Moderate Fair
2 Poor Severe Severe Severe Poor
1 Barely audible Extreme Extreme Extreme Unusable

SINPFEMO reports for phone operation

S I N P F E M 0
Rating Signal Interference Noise Propagation Frequency Modulation Modulation Over-all
scale strength (QRM) (QRN) disturbance of fading quality Depth rating
5 Excellent Nil Nil Nil Nil Excellent Maximum Excellent
4 Good Slight Slight Slight Slow Good Good Good
3 Fair Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Fair Fair Fair
2 Poor Severe Severe Severe Fast Poor Poor or nil Poor
1 Barely Extreme Extreme Extreme Very fast Very poor Continu- Unusable
audible ously over -
modulated
 FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCIES OF FT24I CRYSTALS
1-L
Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked
N nel fre- fre- nel fre- fre- nel fre- fre- nel fre- fre- nel ire- fre- nel fre- fre-
No. quency quency No. quency quency No. quency quency No. quency quency No. quency No. quency
quency quency
0 370.370 20.0 3 394.444 21.3 26 418.519 22.6 39 442593 23.9 52 26.5
466.667 25.2 65 490741
I 372.222 20.1 4 396.296 21.4 27 420370 227 40 444.444 24.0 53 468519 25.3 66 492.593 26.6
2 374.074 202 5 398.148 21.5 28 422222 22.8 41 446.296 24.1 54 470.370 25.4 67 494.444 267
3 375.926 20.3 6 400000 21.6 29 424.074 22.9 42 448.148 242 55 472.222 25.5 68 496296 2613
4 377.778 20.4 7 401.852 217 30 425-926 23.0 43 450000 24.3 56 474.074 25.6 71 501.852 27.1
5 379.630 20.5 8 403704 21.8 31 427.778 23.1 44 451852 24.4 57 475.926 25.7 72 04 27.2
6 381-481 20.6 9 405.556 21.9 32 429.630 23a 45 453.704 24.5 58 477778 25.8 ra:7556 27.3
7 383.333 20.7 20 407-407 22.0 33 431-481 23.3 46 455.556 24.6 59 27.4
479-630 25.9 74 507.407
8 385.185 20.8 21 409.259 22.1 34 433.333 23.4 47 457.407 24.7 60
9
481.481 26.0 75 509.259 27.5
387.037 20.9 22 411.111 22.2 35 435.185 23.5 48 459.259 24.8 61 483.333 26.1 11 27.6
76
10 388.889 21.0 23 412-963 22.3 36 437.037 23.6 49 461-111 24.9 62 485.185 26.2 77 11.163 27.7
II 390.741 21.1 24 414-815 22.4 37 438.889 23.7 50 462.963 25.0 63 487.037
12
26.3 78 514.815 27C
392.593 21-2 25 416-667 22.5 38 440.741 23.8 51 464.815 25.1 64 488.889 26.4 27.9
79 516.667

Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Chan- Fund. Marked Fund.
nel fre- Chan- Marked
fre- nel fre- fre- nel fre- fre- nel fre- fre- nel fre- ire -
No. quency quency No. quency quency No. quency quency No. No.
quency quency quency quency
270 375.000 27.0 295 409-722 29.5 320 444.444 32.0 348 483.333 34.8
271
375 520.833 37.5
376.388 27.1 296 411.111 29.6 321 445.833 32.1 349 484.722 34.9
272 376 522.222 37.6
377777 27.2 297 412-500 29.7 322 447.222 32.2 350 486.111 35.0 377 523.611 377
273 379.166 27.3 298 413888 29.8 323 448.611 32.3 351 487-500 35.1
274 378 525-000 37.8
380.555 27.4 299 415.277 29.9 324 450.000 32.4 352 488.888 35.2 379 526-388 37.9
275 381.944 27.5 300 416.666 30.0 325 451-388 32.5 353 490-277 35.3 380 527.777 38.0
276 383.333 27.6 301 418.055 30.1 326 452.777 32.6 354 491.666 35.4 381 529.166 38.1
277 384.722 277 302 419.444 30.2 330 458.333 33.0 355 493.055 35.5
278 382 530.555 38.2
386.111 27.8 303 420.833 30.3 331 459.722 33.1 356 494.444 35.6
279 383 531.944 38.3
387.500 27.9 304 422.222 30.4 332 461.111 33.2 357 495.833 357
280 384 533.333 38.4
388.888 28.0 305 423.611 30.5 333 462.500 33.3 358 497.222 35.8
281
385 534-722 38.5
390.277 28.1 306 425.000 30.6 334 463-888 33.4 359 498.611 35.9
282 386 536.111 38.6
391.666 28.2 307 426.388 30.7 335 465-277 33.5 361 501.388 36.1
283 387 537-500 38.7
393.055 28.3 308 427.777 30.8 336 466.666 33.6 362 502-777 36.2
284 388 538-888 38.8
394.444 28.4 309 429.166 30.9 337 468-055 33.7 363 504.166 36.3
285 395.833 389 540.277 38.9
28.5 310 430.555 31.0 338 469-444 33.8 365 506.944 36.5
286 397.222 28.6 311 431.944 311 339 470.833 33.9 366 508.333 36.6
287 398.611 287 312 433.333 31.2 340 472.222 34.0 367 509.722 36.7
288 400.000 28.8 313 434.722 31.3 341 473-611 34.1 368 511.111 36.8 NOTE
289 401.388 28.9 314 436.111 31.4 342 475.000 34.2 369 512-500 36.9
290 402.777 29.0 315 437.500 31.5 343 476.388 34.3 370 513-888 37.0 These two ranges may be inter -
291 404.166 29.1 316 438.888 31.6 344 477-777 34.4 371 515-277 37.1 changed for closer side bands.
292 405.555 29.2 317 440.277 31.7 345 479-166 34.5 372 516.666 37.2
293 406.944 29.3 318 441.666 31.8 346 480555 34.6 373 518.055 Fundamental fre iuencies in kc/s.
37.3
274 401.333 29.4 319 443055 31-9 347 481-944 34.7 374 519-444 37.4 Marked frequen, ies in Mc/s.
 FREQUENCIES OF FT24I CRYSTALS FOR S.S.B. FILTERS
I
Marked Fund. Fund. Difference Channel Harmonic Marked Fund. Difference
Channel Harmonic
Difference Channel Harmonic
Channel in freq. vaMarked,nnei Freq. in. freq. Channel Freq. in freq.
Freq. No. Type No. Type
No. Type" (kc/s ) (kc/s) (Mc/s) (kc/s) (kc/s) (Mc/s) (kc/s) (kc/s)
(Mc/s)
52 A "89
288 B 28.8 400.000 34 A 23.4 433.333 1389 336 B ill 122:222 0
16 A 21.6 400000 312 B 31-2 433.333 0
337 B 33.7 468.055 1.389
289 B 28.9 401389 1.389 313 B 31.3 434/22 1.389 53 A 25.3 468.518 0463
17 A 21/ 401851 0.462 35 A 23.5 435.185 0.463 338 B 33.8
B 436. I I 1 0.926
469444 0.926
290 B 29.0 402.777 0926 314 31.4 54 A 254 470.370 0-926
18 A 21.8 403703 0.926 36 A 23.6 437.037 0-926 339 B 33.9 470-833 0463
291 B 29.1 404.166 0463 315 B 31.5 437.500 0.463 55 A 25.5 472.222 1.389
19 A 21.9 405.555 1-389 37 A 23.7 438.888 1.388 340 B 34.0 472.222 0
292 B 29.2 405.555 0 316 B 31.6 438.888 0 341 B 34.1 473-611 1.389
293 B 29.3 406.944 1.389 317 B 31.7 440277 1.389 56 A 25.6 474.074 0.463
20 A 22.0 407.407 0.463 38 A 23.8 440-740 0.463 342 B 34-2 475.000 0.926
294 B 29.4 408.333 0926 318 B 31-8 441-666 0.926 57 A 25.7 475.925 0.925
21 A 22.1 409.259 0926 39 A 23.9 442-592 0.926 343 B 34.3 476.388 0.463
295 B 29.5 409722 0463 319 B 31.9 443-055 0-463 58 A 25.8 477.777 1.389
22 A 22-2 411.111 1389 40 A 24.0 444.444 1.389 344 B 344 477/77 0
296 B 29.6 411.111 0 320 B 32.0 444.444 0 345 B 34.5 479.166 1.389
297 B 29/ 412500 1.389 321 B 32.1 445.833 1.389 59 A 25.9 479.629 0.463
A 23.3 412-%3 0.463 41 A 24.1 446.296 0463 346 B 34.6 480.555 0.926
23
298 B 29.8 413888 0.925 322 B 32-2 447.222 0-926 60 A 26.0 481481 0-926
24 A 22.4 414.814 0.926 42 A 24-2 448.148 0.926 347 A 34.7 481.944 0.463
299 B 29.9 415.277 0463 323 B 32.3 448.611 0.463 61 A 26.1 483333 1.389
A 22.5 416.666 1.389 43 A 24.3 450000 1.389 348 B 3443 483.333 0
25
300 B 30.0 416.666 0 324 B 32.4 450.000 0 349 B 34.9 484/22 1.389
301 B 30.1 418055 1389 325 B 32.5 451-389 1.389 62 A 26.2 485.185 0.463
0-463 44 A 24.4 451-852 0463 350 B 35.0 486-111 0.926
26 A 22.6 418.518
326 B 32.6 452777 0-925 63 A 26.3 487037 0.926
302 B 302 419444 0926
0926 45 A 24.5 453703 0-926 351 B 35-1 487.500 0.463
27 A 22.7 420370
B 30.3 420.833 0.463 327 B 32.7 454-166 0-463 64 A 26.4 488.888 1388
303
A 24.6 455.555 1.389 352 B 35.2 488.888 0
28 A 22.8 422.222 1.389 46
353 B 35.3 490.277 1390
304 B 30.4 422.222 0 328 B 32.8 455-555 0
1.389 65 A 26.5 490.740 0.463
305 B 30.5 423611 1.389 329 B 32.9 456.944
354 B 35.4 491.666 0.926
29 A 22.9 424.074 0.463 47 A 24.7 457.407 0463
458.333 0-926 66 A 26.6 492.592 0.926
306 B 30.6 425.000 0926 330 B 33.0
355 B 35.5 493.055 0463
30 A 23.0 425.926 0926 48 A 24.8 459-259 0.926
459.722 0463 67 A 26.7 494.444 1.389
307 B 30.7 426.888 0462 331 B 33-I
356 B 35.6 494.444 0
31 A 23.1 427.777 1.389 49 A 24.9 461.111 1-389 357 B 35.7 495833 1.389
308 B 30.8 427.777 0 332 B 33.2 461-111 0
68 A 26.8 496-296 0.463
309 B 30.9 429.166 1.389 333 B 33.3 462.500 1.389 358 B 35.8
0.462 497-222 0-926
32 A 23.2 429.629 0463 50 A 25.0 462.962 69 A 26.9 498-148
B 31.0 B 33.4 463888 0.926 0.926
310 430.555 0.926 334 359 B 35.9 498-611
ii A 25. I 464-814 0.926 0.463
33 A 23.3 431.481 0-926 51 70 A 27.0 500-000
465-277 0463 3.389
W 311 B 31.1 431-944 0-463 335 B 33.5 360 B 36.0 500.000 0

'A .54th harmonic; B 72nd harmonic

 LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONAL PARTS

Proportional Parts
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 4 8 12 17 21 25 29 33 37
II 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 48 II 15 19 23 26 30 34
12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 31
13 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

15 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 II 14 17 20 22 25
16 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 II 13 16 18 21 24
17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 2022
18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 9 II 13 16 18 20

20 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201 2 4 6 8 II 13 15 17 19
21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 IS 17
23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 6 7 9 II 13 15 17
24 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9 II 12 14 16

25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 15
26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298 2 3 5 7 8 10 II 13 15
27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456 2 3 5 6 8 9 II 13 14
28 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609 23 5 6 8 9 II 12 14
29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757 I 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13

30 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 I 3 4 6 7 9 10 II 13
31 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038 I 3 4 6 7 8 10 II 12
32 5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 I 3 4 5 7 8 9 II 12
33 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 13 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 13 4 5 6 8 9 10 II

3S 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 I 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 10
36 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 I 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 II
37 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786 12 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
38 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 5899 I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 I

39 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010 I 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117 12 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
41 6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
42 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
43 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
44 6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

45 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
46 6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712 12 3 4 5 6 7 7 8
47 6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803 I 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
48 6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
49 6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981 I 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8

50 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
51 7076 7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152 I 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235 I 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
53 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316 I 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
54 7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396 I 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7

134
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONAL PARTS
-continued

Proportional Parts
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

55 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 12 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
56 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551 I 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7

57 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 7627 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7

58 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 I 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
59 7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 I 2 3 4 4 5 6 7

60 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 I I 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
61 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917 I I 2 3 4 4 5 6 6

62 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987 I I 2 3 3 4 5 6 6

63 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055 1 I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6

64 8062 8069 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122 2 3 3 4 5 5 6

8075 I I

65 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189 I I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6

66 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
67 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
68 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8383 1 I 2 3 3 4 4 5 6

69 8388 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 I I 2 2 3 4 4 5 6

70 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 I I 2 2 3 4 4 5 6

71 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567 I I 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

72 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 I I 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
73 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686 I I 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

74 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 I 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

75 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 I 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5

76 8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859 I I 2 2 3 3 4 5 5

77 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

78 8921 1 1

79 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 9025 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

80 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

81 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186 I 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

83 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 8284 9289 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

87 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 0 I 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 0 I 2 2 3 3 4 4

88 9445 9450 9455 I

89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 0 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 4

9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 0 2 2 3 3 4 4

90 9542 9547 9552 I I

91 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 9624 9628 9633 0 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4
92 9638 9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 9666 9671 9675 9680 0 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4
9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 I 2 2 3 3 4 4
93 9685 9689 9694 I

94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773 0 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4

9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 0 I 2 2 3 3 4 4

95 9777 9782 9786 9791 I

9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863 0 I 2 2 3 3 4 4

96 9823 I

97 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908 0 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4

9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939 9943 9948 9952 0 I 2 2 3 3 4 4
98 1

9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996 0 I I 2 2 3 3 3 4

99 9956 9961

135
 HYPERBOLIC OR NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS

Mean Differences

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.0 00000 0099 0198 0296 0392 0488 0583 0677 0770 0862 10 19 29 38 48 57 67 76 86
1.1 00953 1044 1133 1222 1310 1398 1484 1570 1655 1740 9 17 26 3544 52 61 70 78
1.2 0.1823 1906 1989 2070 2151 2231 2311 2390 2469 2546 8 16 24 324048 5664 72
1.3 02624 2700 2776 2852 2927 3001 3075 3148 3221 3293 7 1522 30 3744 52 59 67
1.4 0.3365 3436 3507 3577 3646 3716 3784 3853 3920 3988 7 1421 28 35 41 48 55 62

1.5 04055 4121 4187 4253 4318 4383 4447 4511 4574 4637 6 13 19 26 32 39 45 52 58
1.6 0.4700 4762 4824 4886 4947 5008 5068 5128 5188 5247 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 55
1.7 0-5306 5365 5423 5481 5539 5596 5653 5710 5766 5822 6 II 17 24 29 34 40 46 SI
1.8 0.5878 5933 5988 6043 6098 6152 6206 6259 6313 6366 5 II 16 22 27 32 38 43 49
1.9 0.6419 6471 6523 6575 6627 6678 6729 6780 6831 6881 5 10 15 20 26 31 36 41 46

2.0 0.6931 6981 7031 7080 7129 7178 7227 7275 7324 7372 5 10 15 20 24 29 34 39 44
2.1 0.7419 7467 7514 7561 7608 7655 7701 7747 7793 7839 5 9 14 19 23 28 33 37 42
2.2 0.7885 7930 7975 8020 8065 8109 8154 8198 8242 8286 4 9 13 18 22 27 31 36 40
2.3 0.8329 8372 8416 8459 8502 8544 8587 8629 8671 8713 4 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 38
2.4 0.8755 8796 8838 8879 8920 8961 9002 9042 9083 9123 4 8 12 16 20 24 29 33 37

2.5 0.9163 9203 9243 9282 9322 9361 9400 9439 9478 9517 4 8 12 16 20 24 27 31 35
2.6 0.9555 9594 9632 9670 9708 9746 9783 9821 9858 9895 4 8 II 15 19 23 26 30 34
2.7 0.9933 9969 .0006 0043 0080 0116 0152 0188 0225 0260 4 7 II 15 18 22 25 29 33
2.8 1.0296 0332 0367 0403 0438 0473 0508 0543 0578 0613 4 7 II 14 18 21 25 28 32
2.9 1.0647 0682 0716 0750 0784 0818 0852 0886 0919 0953 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31

3.0 1-0986 1019 1053 1086 1119 1151 1184 1217 1249 1282 3 7 10 13 16 20 23 26 30
3-I 1.1314 1346 1378 1410 1442 1474 1506 1537 1569 1600 3 6 10 13 16 19 22 25 29
3.2 1.1632 1663 1694 1725 1756 1787 1817 1848 1878 1909 3 6 9 12 15 18 22 25 28
3.3 1.1939 1969 2000 2030 2060 2090 2119 2149 2179 2208 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
3.4 1.2238 2267 2296 2326 2355 2384 2413 2442 2470 2499 3 6 9 12 15 17 20 23 26

3.5 1.2528 2556 2585 2613 2641 2669 2698 2726 2754 2782 3 6 8 II 14 17 20 23 25
3.6 1.2809 2837 2865 2892 2920 2947 2975 3002 3029 3056 3 5 8 II 14 16 19 22 25
3.7 1.3083 3110 3137 3164 3191 3218 3244 3271 3297 3324 3 5 8 II 13 16 19 21 24
3.8 1.3350 3376 3403 3429 3455 3481 3507 3533 3558 3584 3 5 8 10 13 16 18 21 23
3.9 1.3610 3635 3661 3686 3712 3737 3762 3788 3813 3838 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23

4.0 1-3863 3888 3913 3938 3962 3987 4012 4036 4061 4085 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
4.1 1.4110 4134 4159 4183 4207 4231 4255 4279 4303 4327 2 5 7 10 12 14 17 19 22
4.2 1.4351 4375 4398 4422 4446 4469 4493 4516 4540 4563 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
4.3 1.4586 4609 4633 4656 4679 4702 4725 4748 4770 4793 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 18 21
4.4 1.4816 4839 4861 4884 4907 4929 4951 4974 4996 5019 2 5 7 9 II 14 16 18 20

4.5 1.5C141 5063 5085 5107 5129 5151 5173 5195 5217 5239 2 4 7 9 II 13 15 18 20
4.6 1.5261 5282 5304 5326 5347 5369 5390 5412 5433 5454 2 4 6 9 II 13 15 17 19
4.7 1.5476 5497 5518 5539 5560 5581 5602 5623 5644 5665 2 4 6 8 II 13 IS 17 19
4.8 1-5686 5707 5728 5748 5769 5790 5810 5831 5851 5872 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19
4.9 1.5892 5913 5933 5953 5974 5994 6014 6034 6054 6074 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

5.0 1.6094 6114 6134 6154 6174 6194 6214 6233 6253 6273 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
5.1 1 6292 6312 6332 6351 6371 6390 6409 6429 6448 6467 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
5.2 1.6487 6506 6525 6544 6563 6582 6601 6620 6639 6658 2 4 6 8 10 II 13 15 17
5.3 1.6677 6696 6715 6734 6752 6771 6790 6808 6827 6845 2 4 6 7 9 II 13 15 17
5.4 1.6864 6882 6901 6919 6938 6956 6974 6993 7011 7029 2 4 5 7 9 II 13 15 17

Hyperbolic or Naperian Logarithms of 10 +.

n
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

loge 10e 2.3026 4.6052 6-9078 9.2103 11.5129 13.8155 16.1181 18.4207 20-7233

136
 HYPERBOLIC OR NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS -continued

Mean Differences
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7084 7102 7120 7138 7156 7174 7192 7210 2 4 5 7 9 II 13 14 16

55 1.7047 7066
7281 7299 7317 7334 7352 7370 7387 2 4 5 7 9 II 12 14 16
5.6 1.7228 7246 7263
7440 7457 7475 7492 7509 7527 7544 7561 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16
5-7 1-7405 7422
7630 7647 7664 7681 7699 7716 7733 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 15
5.8 1.7579 7596 7613
7783 7800 7817 7834 7851 7867 7884 7901 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15
5.9 17750 7766

7967 7984 8001 8017 8034 8050 8066 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15

6.0 1.7918 7934 7951
8132 8148 8165 8181 8197 8213 8229 2 3 5 6 8 10 II 13 15
6.1 1.8083 8099 8116
8294 8310 8326 8342 8358 8374 8390 2 3 5 6 8 10 II 13 14
6.2 1.8245 8262 8278
8453 8469 8485 8500 8516 8532 8547 2 3 5 6 8 9 II 13 14
6.3 18405 8421 8437
8625 8641 8656 8672 8687 8703 2 3 5 6 8 9 II 12 14
6.4 1.8563 8579 8594 8610

8779 8795 8810 8825 8840 8856 2 3 5 6 8 9 II 12 14

6.5 1.8718 8733 8749 8764
8946 8961 8976 8991 9006 2 3 5 6 8 9 II 12 14
6.6 1.8871 8886 8901 8916 8931
9081 9095 9110 9125 9140 9155 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
6.7 1.9021 9036 9051 9066 I

6.8 1.9169 9184 9199 9213 9228 9242 9257 9272 9286 9301 I 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
9373 9387 9402 9416 9430 9445 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
6.9 19315 9330 9344 9359 1

9516 9530 9544 9559 9573 9587 3 4 6 7 9 10 II 13

7.0 1.9459 9473 9488 9502 I

9657 9671 9685 9699 9713 9727 3 4 6 7 8 10 II 13

7.1 1-9601 9615 9629 9643 I

9782 9796 9810 9824 9838 9851 9865 3 4 6 7 8 10 II 12

7.2 1.9741 9755 9769 I

9933 9947 9961 9974 9988 .0001 3 4 5 7 8 10 II 12

7.3 1.9879 9892 9906 9920 I

0069 0082 0096 0109 0122 0136 3 4 5 7 8 9 II 12

7-4 20015 0028 0042 0055 I

0229 0242 0255 0268 3 4 5 7 8 9 II 12

75 20149 0162 0176 0189 0202 0215 I

0334 0347 0360 0375 0386 0399 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 12

7.6 20281 0295 0308 0321 I

0464 0477 0490 0503 0516 0528 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12

7.7 20412 0425 0438 0451 I

0592 0605 0618 0631 0643 0656 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 II

7-8 20541 0554 0567 0580 I

0719 0732 0744 0757 0769 0782 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 II

7.9 2.0669 0681 0694 0707 I

0844 0857 0869 0882 0894 0906 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 II

8.0 20794 0807 0819 0832 I

0968 0980 0992 1005 1017 1029 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11

8.1 2.0919 0931 0943 0956 I

1090 1102 1114 1126 1138 1150 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 II

8.2 2.1041 1054 1066 1078 I

1211 1223 1235 1247 1258 1270 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 II

8-3 2-1163 1175 1187 1199 I

1330 1342 1353 1365 1377 1389 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 11

8-4 21282 1294 1306 1318 I

1483 1494 1506 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 II

85 2.1401 1412 1424 1436 1448 1459 1471 I

1552 1564 1576 1587 1599 1610 1622 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

8.6 21518 1529 1541 I

1679 1702 1713 1725 1736 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

87 2-1633 1645 1656 1668 1691 I

1770 1782 1793 1804 1815 1827 1838 1849 I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

8.8 2.1748 1759
1905 1917 1928 1939 1950 1961 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
8.9 2-1861 1872 1883 1894 1

2006 2017 2028 2039 2050 2061 2072 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10

9.0 2.1972 1983 1994 I

2127 2138 2148 2159 2170 2181 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10

9.1 2-2083 2094 2105 2116 I

2235 2246 2257 2268 2279 2289 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10

9-2 2.2192 2203 2214 2225 I

2343 2354 2364 2375 2386 2396 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10

9.3 2.2300 2311 2322 2332 I

2481 2492 2502 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10

9.4 22407 2418 2428 2439 2450 2460 2471 1

2555 2565 2576 2586 2597 2607 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9.5 2-2513 2523 2534 2544 1

2680 2690 2701 2711 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9.6 2.2618 2628 2638 2649 2659 2670 1

2783 2793 2803 2814 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9.7 2.2721 2732 2742 2752 2762 2773 I

2875 2885 2895 2905 2915 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9.8 2.2824 2834 2844 2854 2865 I

2986 2996 3006 3016 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9-9 2.2925 2935 2946 2956 2966 2976 I

10.0 23326

Hyperbolic or Naperian Logarithms of 10

4 5 6 7 8 9
I 2 3

70922 107897 12.4871 141845 17.8819 19.5793 212767

loge 10-n 3-6974 53948

137
 NATURAL SINES, TANGENTS, COTANGENTS AND COSINES

0
10
'
00000 00000
0
00029 00029
20 00058 0-0058
Sine Tan. Cotan.
Infinite
343-7737
1718854
To Ten Minutes of Arc
Cosine
1.0000 0
1.0000 50
1.0000 40
' "
90 11
10
0
' Sine
01908 01944
01937 0-1974
Tan. Cotan.
51446
50658
Cosine
09816 0 79
09811 50
"
20 0.1965 02004 49894 0-9805 40
30 0-0087 00087 1145887 10000 30 30 0-1994 02035 49152 09799 30
40 0.0116 00116 859398 09999 20 0-2022 02065
40 48430 0-9793 20
50 0-0145 00145 68.7501 09999 10 50 02051 02095 4-7729 0.9787 10
I 0 00175 0-0175 572900 0-9998 0 89 12 0 0-20790-2126 47046 0-9781 0 78
10 0-0204 0-0204 49.1039 0-9998 50 10 02108 0-2156 46382 0.9775
20 50
0-0233 0.0233 42-9641 0.9997 40 20 0.2136 0-2186 4.5736 0.9769 40
30 0-0262 0-0262 381885 0:9997 30 30 02164 0-2217 45107 0-9763 30
40 0-0291 0-0291 34-3678 0-9996 20 40 02193 0.2247
50 0-0320
44494 0-9757 20
0-0320 31-2416 0-9995 10 50 0-2221 0.2278 43897 0.9750 10
2 0 0-0349 0-0349 28-6363 0-9994 0 88 13 0-2250
0 0-2309 4.3315 0-9744 0 77
10 0-0378 0.0378 26.4316 0.9993 50 10 0-2278 0-2339 4.2747
20 0-9737 50
0-0407 0.0407 24.5418 0.9992 40 20 0.2306 0-2370 4-2193 0-9730 40
30 0-0436 0-0437 22.9038 0-9990 30 30 0-2334 0-2401 4.1653 0.9724 30
40 0-0465 0-0466 21.4704 0-9989 20 40 0-2363 0.2432 4.1126 0-9717 20
50 0-0494 00495 20.2056 0-9988 10 50 0-2391 0.2462 4.0611 0-9710 10
3 0 0-0523 00524 9.0811 0-9986 0 87 14 0 0.2419 0.2493 40108 0-9703 0 76
10 0-0552 0-0553 8.0750 0-9985 50 0.2447
20
10 0-2524 39617 0-9696 50
0.058100582 71693 0'9983 40 20 0.2476 0:2555 3-9136 0-9689 40
30 00610 0.0612 6-3499 0'9981 30 30 0.2504 0-2586 3.8667 09681 30
40 00640 00641 5-6048 0-9980 20 40 0-2532 0.2617 3-8208 0.9674
50 20
0.0669 0-0670 4.9244 09978 10 50 0.2560 0.2648 3-7760 0-9667 10
4 0.0698
0 0.0699 4-3007 0.9976 0 86 02588
15 0 0-2679 3-7321 0-9659 0 75
10 0-0727 0-0729 3.7267 0.9974 50 10 0-2616 0.2711 3.6891 0-9652 50
20 0-0756 0.0758 3-1969 0-9971 40 20 0.2644 0.2742 3-6470 0.9644 40
30 0.0785 0-0787 2.70620-9969 30 30 0-2672 0.2773 3-6059 0.9636 30
40 0-0814 0-0816 2.25050.9967 20 40 0.2700 0-2805 3.5656 0-9628 20
50 0.0843 0-0846 18262 0.9964 10 50 0.2728 0-2836 3-5261 0.9621 10
5 0 0.0872 0.0875 1.4301 0.9962 0 85 16 0 0.2756 0-2867 3.4874 0.9613 0 74
10 0.0901 0.0904 1.0594 0-9959 50 0.2784 0.2899
20 0-0929 0-0934
10 3-4495 09605 50
0-7119 0.9957 40 20 0.2812 0-2931 34124 0-9596 40
30 0.0958 0.0963 0-3854 0-9954 30 30 0-2840 0-2962 3-3759 0.9588 30
40 0.0987 0.0992 0.0780 0.9951 20 40 0.2868 0.2994 3.3402
50 0. 016 0. 022 0.9580 20
9-7882 0.9948 10 50 0-2896 0.3026 33052 09572 10
6 0 0. 045 0. 051 9.5144 0-9945 0 84 17 0 0-2924 0.3057 3.2709
0. 074 0-9563 0 73
10 0. 080 9.2553 0.9942 50 10 0.2952 0.3089
20 0. 103
3.2371 0.9555 50
0. 110 90098 0.9939 40 20 0-2979 0.3121 3.2041 0.9546 40
30 0. 132 0- 139 8.7769 0.9936 30 30 0-3007 0.3153 3-1716
40 0- 0. 169
0.9537 30
161 8-5555 0.9932 20 40 0-3035 0.3185 3-1397 0.9528 20
50 0. 190 0. 198 8-3450 0-9929 10 50 0-3062 0.3217 3-1084 09520 10
7 0 0. 219 0. 228 8.1443 0.9925 0 83 18 0 0.3090 0.3249 3.0777 0-9511
0. 248 0. 257
0 72
10 79530 0-9922 50 10 0.3118 0.3281 3.0475 0-9502 50
20 0. 276 0. 287 7.7704 0-9918 40 20 0.3145 0.3314 3-0178 0-9492 40
30 0. 305 0. 317 7.5958 09914 30 30 0.3173 0.3346 2.9887 0-9483 30
40 0. 334 0. 346 7.4287 0-9911 20 40 0-3201 0.3378 2-9600 0.9474 20
50 0. 363 0. 376 72687 0-9907 10 50 0.3228 0.3411 2.9319 0.9465 10
8 0 0. 392 0. 405 7-115409903 0 82 0 0-3256
19 0.3443 2.9042 0-9455 0 71
0. 421
10 0. 435 69682 09899 50 03283 0.3476
20
0. 449 0. 465
10 28770 09446 50
68269 0-9894 40 20 0.3311 03508 2.8502 0-9436 40
30 0. 478 0. 495 6-6912 0.9890 30 30 0.3338 0-3541 28239 0-9426 30
40 0. 507 0. 524 6-5606 0-9886 20 40 0.3365 0.3574
50 0. 536
2.7980 0-9417 20
0. 554 6.4348 0.9881 10 50 0.3393 03607 2.7725 0.9407 10

9 0 0. 564 0. 584 6-3138 0-9877 0 81 20 0 0.3420 0.3640 2.7475

0. 0-9397 0 70
10 593 0. 614 6-1970 0.9872 50 10 0-3448 0.3673 2-7228 0-9387 50
20 0. 622 0. 644 60844 0-9868 40 20
0.
0-3475 03706 2.6985 0-9377 40
30 650 0- 673 5-9758 0.9863 30 30 0-3502 0-3739 2.6746
40
0.9367 30
0. 679 0. 703 5.8708 0-9858 20 40 0.3529 0.3772 2-6511 0-9356 20
50 0. 708 0. 733 5-7694 09853 10 50 0.3557 0.3805 2-6279 0-9346 10

0 0 0. 736 0. 763 5.6713 0.9848 0 80 21 0 0.3584

0.3839 2-6051 0.9336 0 69
10 0. 765 0. 793 5.5764 0-9843 50 10 0-3611 0-3872 2.5826 0-9325 50
20 0. 794 0. 823 5-4845 0-9838 40 20 0.3638 0-3906 2-5605 0.9315 40
30 0. 822 0. 853 5-3955 0.9833 30 30 0.3665 0-3939 2.5386 0.9304 30
40 0. 851 0. 883 5-3093 0.9827 20 40 0-3692 0.3973 2-5172 0-9293 20
50
0.1880 0. 914 5-2257 0-9822 10 50 0-3719 0.4006 2.4960 0.9283 10
° ' Cosine Cotan. Tan. Sine ' ° ° ' Cosine Cotan. Tan. Sine '

138
 NATURAL SINES, TANGENTS, COTANGENTS AND COSINES

*
22
'

10
0
Sine
0.3746
0.3773
Tan.
0.4040
0-4074
Cotan. Cosine '
2.4751 0.9272
2.4545 0.9261
0
50
"
To Ten Minutes of Arc

68
'
30
40
Sine Tan.
05519 0.6619
0.5544 0.6661
Cotan.
15108
-continued
Cosine ' °
0.8339 30
1.5013 0.8323 20
20 0.3800 04108 2.4342 0.9250 40 50 0.5568 0.6703 14919 0.8307 10
30 0.3827 0.4142 2.4142 0.9239 30 34 0 0.5592 0.6745 4826 08290 0 56
40 0.3854 0.4176 2.3945 0.9228 20 10 0.5616 0.6787 4733 0.8274 50
50 0.3881 0.4210 2.3750 0.9216 10
20 0.5640 06830 4641 0.8258 40
23 0 0.3907 0.4245 2.3559 0.9205 0 67 30 0.5664 0.6873 4550 08241 30
10 0.3934 0.4279 2.3369 0.9194 50 40 05688 06916 -4460 0.8225 20
20 03961 0.4314 2.3183 0.9182 40 50 05712 0.6959 4370 0.8208 10
30 0.3987 0.4348 2.2998 09171 30 35 0 0.5736 0.7002 4281 0.8192 0 SS
40 0.4014 0.4383 2.2817 0.9159 20 10 0.5760 0.7046 4193 0.8175 50
50 0.4041 0.4417 2.2637 0.9147 10
20 0.5783 0.7089 .4106 0.8158 40
24 0 0.4067 0.4452 2.2460 0.9135 0 66 30 0.5807 0.7133 -4019 0.8141 30
10 0.4094 0.4487 21286 0.9124 50 40 0.5831 0.7177 .3934 0.8124 20
20 0.4120 0.4522 2.2113 0.9112 40 50 0.5854 0.7221 -3848 0.8107 10
30 0.4147 0.4557 2.1943 0.9100 30 36 0 0.5878 0.7265 3764 0.8090 0 54
40 0.4173 0.4592 2.1775 0.9088 20 10 0.5901 0.7310 -3680 0.8073 50
50 0.4200 0.4628 2.1609 0.9075 10 20 0.5925 0.7355 .3597 0.8056 40
25 0.4226
0 0.4663 2.1445 0.9063 0 65 30 0.5948 0.7400 -3514 0.8039 30
10 0.4253 0.4699 2.1283 0.9051 50 40 0.5972 0.7445 .3432 0.8021 20
20 0.4279 0.4734 2.1123 0.9038 40 50 0.5995 0.7490 -3351 0.8004 10
30 0.4305 0.4770 2.0965 0.9026 30 37 0 0.6018 0.7536 -3270 0.7986 0 53
40 0.4331 0.4806 2.0809 0.9013 20 10 0.6041 0.7581 .3190 0.7969 50
0.4358
50 0.4841 2.0655 0.9001 10 20 0.7627
0-6065 -3111 0.7951 40
26 0 0.4384 0.4877 2.0503 0.8988 0 64 30 0.7673
0.6088 3032 0-7934 30
10 0.4410 0.4913 2.0353 0.8975 50 40 0.7720
0.6111 .2954 0.7916 20
20 0.4436 0.4950 2.0204 0.8962 40 500.6134 0.7766 2876 0.7898 10
30 0.4462 0.4986 2.0057 0.8949 30 38 0 0.6157 0.7813 .2799 0.7880 0 52
40 0.4488 0.5022 1.9912 0.8936 20 10 0.6180 0.7860 2723 0.7862 50
50 0.4514 0.5059 1.9768 0.8923 10 20 0.6202 0.7907 .2647 0.7844 40
27 0 0.4540 0.5095 -9626 0.8910 0 63 30 0.6225 0.7954 .2572 0.7826 30
10 0.4566 0.5132 9486 0.8897 50 40 0.6248 0.8002 2497 0.7808 20
20 0.4592 0.6169 .9347 0.8884 40 50 0.6271 0.8050 -2423 0.7790 10
30 0.4617 0.5206 9210 0.8870 30 39 0 0.6293 0.8098 -2349 0.7771 0 SI
40 0.4643 0.5243 -9074 0.8857 20 10 0.6316 0.8146 2276 0.7753 50
50 0.4669 0.5280 -8940 0.8843 10 20 0.6338 0.8195 -2203 0-7735 40
28 0 0.4695 0.5317 1.8807 0.8829 0 62 30 0.6361 0.8243 -2131 0.7716 30
10 0.4720 0.5354 1.8676 0.8816 50 40 0.6383 0.8292 2059 0.7698 20
20 0.4746 0.5392 18546 0.8802 40 50 0.6406 0.8342 -1988 0.7679 10
30 0.4772 0.5430 18418 0.8788 30 40 0 0.6428 0.8391 -1918 0.7660 0 50
40 0.4797 0.5467 18291 0.8774 20 10 0.6450 0.8441 -1847 0-7642 50
50 0.4823 0.5505 1.8165 0.8760 10 20 0.6472 0.8491 -1778 0.7623 40
29 0 0.4848 0.5543 8040 0.8746 0 61 30 0.6494 0.8541 .1708 0.7604 30
0.4874
10 0.5581 .7917 0.8732 50 40 0.6517 0.8591 1640 0.7585 20
0.4899
20 0.5619 .7796 0.8718 40 50 0.6539 0.8642 1571 0.7566 10
0.4924
30 0.5658 -7675 0.8704 30 41 0 0.6561 0.8693 11504 0.7547 0 49
0.4950
40 0.5696 -7556 0.8689 20 10 0.6583 0.8744 11436 0.7528 50
0.4974
50 0.5735 -7437 0.8675 10 20 0.6604 0.8796 1.1369 0.7509 40
30 0 0.5000 0.5774 .7321 0.8660 0 60 30 0.6626 0.8847 1.1303 0.7490 30
10 0.5025 0.5812 7205 0.8646 50 40 0.6648 08899 1.1237 0.7470 20
20 0.5050 0.5851 -7090 0.8631 40 50 0.6670 0.8952 1.1171 0.7451 10
30 0.5075 0.5890 .6977 0.8616 30 42 0 0.6691 0.9004 -1106 0.7431 0 48
40 0.5100 0.5930 -6864 08601 20 10 0.6713 0.9057 .1041 0.7412 50
50 0.5125 0.5969 -6753 0.8587 10 20 0.6734 0.9110 .0977 0-7392 40
31 0 0.5150 0.6009 1.6643 0.8572 0 59 30 0.6756 0.9163 -0913 0.7373 30
10 0.5175 0.6048 16534 0.8557 50 40 0.6777 0.9217 -0850 0.7353 20
20 0.5200 0.6088 1.6426 0.8542 40 50 0.6799 0.9271 .0786 0.7333 10
30 0.5225 0.6128 16319 0.8526 30 43 0 0.6820 0.9325 10724 0.7314 0 47
40 0.5250 0.6168 1.6212 0.8511 20 10 0.6841 0.9380 1.0661 0.7294 50
50 0.5275 0.6208 16107 0.8496 10 20 0.6862 0-9435 1.0599 0.7274 40
32 0 0.5299 0.6249 .6003 08480 0 58 30 0.6884 0.9490 1.0538 0.7254 30
10 0.5324 0.6289 5900 0.8465 50 40 0.6905 0.9545 1.0477 0.7234 20
20 0.5348 0.6330 .5798 08450 40 50 0.6926 0.9601 10416 0.7214 10
30 0.5373 0.6371 -5697 0.8434 30 44 0 0.6947 0.9657 .0355 0.7193 0 46
40 0.5398 0.6412 -5597 0.8418 20 10 0.6967 0.9713 .0295 0.7173 50
50 0.5422 0.6453 5497 0.8403 10 20 0.6988 0.9770 0235 0.7153 40
33 0 0.5446 0.6494 1.5399 08387 0 57 30 0.7009 09827 0176 0-7133 30
10 0.5471 0.6536 1.5301 0.8371 50 40 0.7030 0.9884 .0117 0.7112 20
20 0.5495 0.6577 1.5204 0.8355 40 50 0.7050 0.9942 .0058 0.7092 10

46 0 0.7071 1.0000 1.0000 0.7071 0 45

' Cosine Cotan. Tan. Sine ' ° ° ' Cosine Cotan. Tan. Sine ' 0

139
 DEGREES OF RADIANS

Mean
i 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' 36' 42' 48' 54' Differences
's1 00.0 0°.I 00.2 0°.3 00.4 00.5 0..6 00.7 00.8 00.9
0
I 2 3 4 5

0 00000 0017 0035 0052 0070 0087 0105 0122 0140 0157 3 6 9 12 15
1 0.0175 0192 0209 0227 0244 0262 0279 0297 0314 0332 3 6 9 12 15
2 00349 0367 0384 0401 0419 0436 0454 0471 0489 0506 3 6 9 12 15
3 00524 0541 0559 0576 0593 0611 0628 0646 0663 0681 3 6 9 12 15
4 00698 0716 0733 0750 0768 0785 0803 0820 0838 0855 3 6 9 12 IS

5 0.0873 0890 0908 0925 0942 0960 0977 0995 1012 1030 3 6 9 12 15
6 0.1047 1065 1082 1100 1117 1134 1152 1169 1187 1204 3 6 9 12 15
7 0.1222 1239 1257 1274 1292 1309 1326 1344 1361 1379 3 6 9 12 15
8 0.1396 1414 1431 1449 1466 1484 1501 1518 1536 1553 3 6 9 12 15
9 01571 1588 1606 1623 1641 1658 1676 1693 1710 1728 3 6 9 12 15

10 0.1745 1763 1780 1798 1815 1833 1850 1868 1885 1902 3 6 9 12 15
II 0.1920 1937 1955 1972 1990 2007 2025 2042 2060 2077 3 6 9 12 15
12 0.2094 2112 2129 2147 2164 2182 2199 2217 2234 2251 3 6 9 12 15
13 0.2269 2286 2304 2321 2339 2356 2374 2391 2409 2426 3 6 9 12 15
14 0.2443 2461 2478 2496 2513 2531 2548 2566 2583 2601 3 6 9 12 15

IS 0.2618 2635 2653 2670 2688 2705 2723 2740 2758 2775 3 6 9 12 IS
16 0.2793 2810 2827 2845 2862 2880 2897 2915 2932 2950 3 6 9 12 15
17 02967 2985 3002 3019 3037 3054 3072 3089 3107 3124 3 6 9 12 15
18 0.3142 3159 3176 3194 3211 3229 3246 3264 3281 3299 3 6 9 12 15
19 0.3316 3334 3351 3368 3386 3403 3421 3438 3456 3473 3 6 9 12 15

20 03491 3508 3526 3543 3560 3578 3595 3613 3630 3648 3 6 9 12 15
21 0-3665 3683 3700 3718 3735 3752 3770 3787 3805 3822 3 6 9 12 15
22 0.3840 3857 3875 3892 3910 3927 3944 3962 3979 3997 3 6 9 12 15
23 0.4014 4032 4049 4067 4084 4102 4119 4136 4154 4171 3 6 9 12 15
24 0.4189 4206 4224 4241 4259 4276 4294 4311 4328 4346 3 6 9 12 15

25 0.4363 4381 4398 4416 4433 4451 4468 4485 4503 4520 3 6 9 12 15
26 0-4538 4555 4573 4590 4608 4625 4643 4660 4677 4695 3 6 9 12 15
27 0.4712 4730 4747 4765 4782 4800 4817 4835 4852 4869 3 6 9 12 15
28 0.4887 4904 4922 4939 4957 4974 4992 5009 5027 5044 3 6 9 12 15
29 0.5061 5079 5096 5114 5131 5149 5166 5184 5201 5219 3 6 9 12 15

30 0.5236 5253 5271 5288 5306 5323 5341 5358 5376 5393 3 6 9 12 15
31 0.5411 5428 5445 5463 5480 5498 5515 5533 5550 5568 3 6 9 12 15
32 0.5585 5603 5620 5637 5655 5672 5690 5707 5725 5742 3 6 9 12 15
33 0.5760 5777 5794 5812 5829 5847 5864 5882 5899 5917 3 6 9 12 15
34 0-5934 5952 5969 5986 6004 6021 6039 6056 6074 6091 3 6 9 12 15

35 0.6109 6126 6144 6161 6178 6196 6213 6231 6248 6266 3 6 9 12 15
36 0.6283 6301 6318 6336 6353 6370 6388 6405 6423 6440 3 6 9 12 15
37 0.6458 6475 6493 6510 6528 6545 6562 6580 6597 6615 3 6 9 12 15
38 0-6632 6650 6667 6685 6702 6720 6737 6754 6772 6789 3 6 9 12 15
39 0.6807 6824 6842 6859 6877 6894 6912 6929 6946 6964 3 6 9 12 15

40 0.6981 6999 7016 7034 7051 7069 7086 7103 7121 7138 3 6 9 12 15
41 0.7156 7173 7191 7208 7226 7243 7261 7278 7295 7313 3 6 9 12 15
42 0.7330 7348 7365 7383 7400 7418 7435 7453 7470 7487 3 6 9 12 15
43 0.7505 7522 7540 7557 7575 7592 7610 7627 7645 7662 3 6 9 12 15
44 0.7679 7697 7714 7732 7749 7767 7784 7802 7819 7837 3 6 9 12 IS

140
 DEGREES OF RADIANS-continued

Mean
0' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' 36' 42' 48' 54' Differences
0°0 0°I 0.2 0°3 0°4 0°5 0.6 0°7 0°8 0°9
8 1 2 3 4 S

45 0.7854 7871 7889 7906 7924 7941 7959 7976 7994 8011 3 6 9 12 1!

46 0.8029 8046 8063 8081 8098 8116 8133 8151 8168 8186 3 6 9 12 1!

47 08203 8221 8238 8255 8273 8290 8308 8325 8343 8360 3 6 9 12 1!

48 08378 8395 8412 8430 8447 8465 8482 8500 8517 8535 3 6 9 12 1!

49 08552 8570 8587 8604 8622 8639 8657 8674 8692 8709 3 6 9 12 1!

SO 08727 8744 8762 8779 8796 8814 8831 8849 8866 8884 3 6 9 12 1!5

51 08901 8919 8936 8954 8971 8988 9006 9023 9041 9058 3 6 9 12 I!

52 0.9076 9093 9111 9128 9146 9163 9180 9198 9215 9233 3 6 9 12 1!

53 0.9250 9268 9285 9303 9320 9338 9355 9372 9390 9407 3 6 9 12 1!

54 09425 9442 9460 9477 9495 9512 9529 9547 9564 9582 3 6 9 12 1!

SS 09599 9617 9634 9652 9669 9687 9704 9721 9739 9756 3 6 9 12 1!

56 09774 9791 9809 9826 9844 9861 9879 9896 9913 9931 3 6 9 12 1!

57 09948 9966 9983 10001 10018 F0036 F0053 1.0071 1.0088 F0105 3 6 9 12 1!

58 10123 0140 0158 0175 0193 0210 0228 0245 0263 0280 3 6 9 12 1!

59 10297 0315 0332 0350 0367 0385 0402 0420 0437 0455 3 6 9 12 1!

60 10472 0489 0507 0524 0542 0559 0577 0594 0612 0629 3 6 9 12 I!

61 1.0647 0664 0681 0699 0716 0734 0751 0769 0786 0804 3 6 9 12 C
62 1.0821 0838 0856 0873 0891 0908 0926 0943 0961 0978 3 6 9 12 1!

63 10996 1013 1030 1048 1065 1083 1100 1118 1135 1153 3 6 9 12 1!

64 1.1170 1188 1205 1222 1240 1257 1275 1292 1310 1327 3 6 9 12 1!

65 1.1345 1362 1380 1397 1414 1432 1449 1467 1484 1502 3 6 9 12 1!5

66 1.1519 1537 1554 1572 1589 1606 1624 1641 1659 1676 3 6 9 12 1! 5

67 1.1694 1711 1729 1746 1764 1781 1798 1816 1833 1851 3 6 9 12 1! 5

68 1.1868 1886 1903 1921 1938 1956 1973 1990 2008 2025 3 6 9 12 I. 5

69 12043 2060 2078 2095 2113 2130 2147 2165 2182 2200 3 6 9 12 1!

70 1.2217 2235 2252 2270 2287 2305 2322 2339 2357 2374 3 6 9 12 I!

71 1.2392 2409 2427 2444 2462 2479 2497 2514 2531 2549 3 6 9 12 1!

72 1.2566 2584 2601 2619 2636 2654 2671 2689 2706 2723 3 6 9 12 1!

73 12741 2758 2776 2793 2811 2828 2846 2863 2881 2898 3 6 9 12 1!

74 12915 2933 2950 2968 2985 3003 3020 3038 3055 3073 3 6 9 12 1!

75 1-3090 3107 3125 3142 3160 3177 3195 3212 3230 3247 3 6 9 12 1: 5

76 1.3265 3282 3299 3317 3334 3352 3369 3387 3404 3422 3 6 9 12 1! 5

1.3439 3456 3474 3491 3509 3526 3544 3561 3579 3596 3 6 9 12 1! 5
77
78 1.3614 3631 3648 3666 3683 3701 3718 3736 3753 3771 3 6 9 12 1!5

79 1-3788 3806 3823 3840 3858 3875 3893 3910 3928 3945 3 6 9 12 1! 5

1.3963 3980 3998 4015 4032 4050 4067 4085 4102 4120 3 6 9 12 1:
80
14137 4155 4172 4190 4207 4224 4242 4259 4277 4294 3 6 9 12 1: 5
81
82 14312 4329 4347 4364 4382 4399 4416 4434 4451 4469 3 6 9 12 1: 5

83 1-4486 4504 4521 4539 4556 4573 4591 4608 4626 4643 3 6 9 12 1: 5

84 14661 4678 4696 4713 4731 4748 4765 4783 4800 4818 3 6 9 12 1 5

85 1.4835 4853 4870 4888 4905 4923 4940 4957 4975 4992 3 6 9 12 1!

86 1.5010 5027 5045 5062 5080 5097 5115 5132 5149 5167 3 6 9 12 I 5

87 15184 5202 5219 5237 5254 5272 5289 5307 5324 5341 3 6 9 12 I 5

88 1.5359 5376 5394 5411 5429 5446 5464 5481 5499 5516 3 6 9 12 I

89 1.5533 5551 5568 5586 5603 5621 5638 5656 5673 5691 3 6 9 12 I 5

141
 SQUARE ROOTS. From I to 10

Mean Differences
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.0 1000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1025 1030 1.034 1039 1.044 0 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 4
I.1 1.049 1.054 1058 1.063 1068 1.072 1.077 1.082 1.086 1.091 0 I 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
1-2 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.109 1.114 1.118 1.122 1.127 1.131 0
1.136 I 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
1.3 1.140 1.145 1.149 1.153 1.158 1.162 1.166 1-170 1.175 1-179 0 I I 2 2 3 3 3 4
1.4 1.183 1.187 1.192 1-196 1200 1.204 1208 1.212 1.217 0 2 2 2
1.221 I I 3 3 4

1-5 1-225 1.229 1.233 1.237 1.245

1-241 1.249 1.253 1.257 1.261 0 I 12 2 2 33 4
1.6 1.265 1.269 1.273 1.277 1.281 1.285 1.288 1.292 1.296 1.300 0 I 12 2 2 3 3 3
1.7 1.304 1.308 1-311 1.315 1.319 1.323 1.327 1.330 1.334 1.338 0 I I 2 2 2 3 3 3
1.8 1-342 1-345 1.349 1-353 1.356 1.360 1.364 1.367 1.371 1-375 0 I I 12 2 3 3 3
1.9 1-378 1.382 1.386 1.389 1.393 1.396 1-400 1.404 1.407 1.411 0 12 2
I I 3 3 3

2.0 1.414 1.418 1.421 1.425 1.428 1-432 1.435 1.439 1.442 1.446 0 I I 12 2 2 3 3
2I 1.449 1.453 1.456 1.459 1.463 1.466 1.470 1-473 1.476 1.480 0 I I 12 2 2 3 3
2.2 1.483 1.487 1.490 1.493 1-497 1.500 1.503 1.507 1.510 1.513 0 I I 12 2 2 3 3
2.3 1.517 1.520 1.523 1.526 1.530 1.533 1-536 1.539 1.543 1.546 0 I I 12 2 2 3 3
2.4 1.549 1.552 1.556 1.559 1.562 1.565 1.568 1.572 1.575 1-578 0 12 2 2
I I
3 3

2.5 1.581 1-584 1.587 1.591 1.594 1.597 1.600 1.603 1.606 1-609 0 12 2
I I 2 3 3
2.6 1.612 1616 1.619 1.622 1.625 1.628 1.631 1-634 1.637 1.640 0 I I 1 2 2 2 2 3
2.7 1.643 1646 1.649 1.652 1-655 1.658 1.661 1.664 1-667 1-670 0 I I 1 2 2 2 2 3
2.8 1.673 1.676 1-679 1.682 1.685 1688 1-691 1.694 1-697 1.700 0 12 2
I I I 2 3
2.9 1.703 1.706 1.709 1.712 1.715 1.718 1-720 1.723 1.726 1.729 0 I I 1 I 2 2 2 3

3.0 1.732 1.735 1.738 1.741 1.744 1.746 1.749 1.752 1.755 1.758 0 1 I 1 I 2 2 2 3
3.1 1.761 1.764 1.766 1.769 1.772 1.775 1.778 1.780 1.783 1.786 0 I I I 1 2 2 2 3
3.2 1.789 1.792 1.794 1.797 1.800 1.803 1-806 1.808 1.811 1-814 0 I I I 12 2 2 2
3.3 1.817 1.819 1.822 1.825 1.828 1.830 1.833 1.836 1.838 1-841 0 I I 1 1 2 2 2 2
3.4 1.844 1.847 1.849 1.852 1.855 1.857 1.860 1.863 1.865 1.868 0 I I 1 I 2 2 2 2

3.5 1.871 1.873 1.376 1.879 1.881 1.884 1.887 1.889 1.892 1.895 0 I I I 1 2 2 2 2
3.6 1.897 1-900 1.903 1905 1908 1910 1913 1.916 1918 1.921 0 2
I I I I 2 2 2
3.7 1.924 1926 1929 1.931 1934 1936 1.939 1.942 1.944 1.947 0 I I 1 1 2 2 2 2
3.8 1949 1952 1-954 1.957 1960 1.962 1965 1967 1.970 1972 0 I I I 12 2 2 2
3.9 1.975 1-977 1980 1-982 1985 1987 1.990 1992 1.995 1997 0 12
I I I 2 2 2

4.0 2.000 2-002 2.005 2-007 2-010 2.012 2-015 2-017 2.020 2.022 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
4.1 2.025 2-027 2.030 2.032 2.035 2-037 2.040 2-042 2.045 2.047 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
4.2 2.049 2052 2.054 2.057 2.059 2-062 2.064 2.066 2.069 2-071 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
4.3 2.074 2-076 2-078 2-081 2.083 2.086 2.088 2-090 2.093 2-095 0 0 I I 1 I 2 2 2
4.4 2.098 2.100 2.102 2-105 2-107 2.110 2.112 2.114 2.117 2-119 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2

44 2.121 2.124 2.126 2.128 2.131 2.133 2.135 2.138 2.140 2-142 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
4.6 2-145 2-147 2.149 2.152 2.154 2.156 2.159 2.161 2.163 2-166 0 0 I 1 I I 2 2 2
4.7 2.168 2.170 2.173 2.175 2.177 2.179 2.182 2-184 2.186 2.189 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
4.8 2-191 2-193 1.195 2.198 2.200 2.202 2-205 2.207 2.209 2-211 0 0 1 1 I I 2 2 2
4.9 2.214 2.216 2.218 2-220 2.223 2-225 2-227 2.229 2-232 2.234 0 0 I I I 1 2 2 2

5.0 2.236 2.238 2.241 2.243 2.245 2.247 2.249 2.252 2-254 2-256 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
5.1 2.258 2.261 2.263 2-265 2.267 2.269 2.272 2.274 2.276 2.278 0 0 1 I I I 2 2 2
5.2 2.280 2.283 2.285 2.287 2.289 2.291 2-293 2.296 2.298 2.300 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
5.3 2.302 2-304 2-307 2.309 2.311 2.313 2.315 2.317 2.319 2.322 0 0 I I I I 2 2 2
5.4 2.324 2.326 2-328 2.330 2.332 2.335 2.337 2.339 2.341 2.343 0 01 111 12 2

142
 SQUARE ROOTS. From I to 10 -continued

Mean Differences
0 1 t 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5.5 2-345 2.347 2-349 2.352 2.354 2.356 2.358 2.360 2.362 2.364 0 01 111 12 2
5.6 2.366 2.369 2.371 2-373 2.375 2.377 2-379 2381 2383 2.385 0 01 I 1112 2
5.7 2387 2.390 2-392 2394 2.396 2.398 2.400 2.402 2.404 2.406 0 01 1 1112 2
5.8 2.408 2.410 2.412 2415 2.417 2419 2.421 2423 2.425 2.427 0 01 I 1112 2
5.9 2.429 2-431 2.433 2.435 2.437 2.439 2.441 2.443 2-445 2.447 0 01 1 1112 2

6.0 2.449 2.452 2.454 2.456 2.458 2.460 2.462 2.464 2.466 2.468 0 01 1 1112 2
6.1 2.470 2.472 2.474 2.476 2.478 2480 2.482 2.484 2.486 2.488 0 01 I 1112 2
6.2 2.490 2-492 2.494 2-496 2.498 2.500 2.502 2.504 2-506 2.508 0 01 I 1112 2
6.3 2-510 2-512 2.514 2.516 2.518 2.520 2-522 2-524 2.526 2.528 0 0 1 I I I 12 2
6.4 2.530 2.532 2-534 2.536 2.538 2.540 2.542 2.544 2.546 2.548 0 01 I 1112 2

6-5 2.550 2-551 2.553 2.555 2.557 2.559 2-561 2.563 2.565 2.567 0 01 I 1112 2
6.6 2.569 2-571 2-573 2.575 2.577 2.579 2.581 2-583 2.585 2-587 0 01 I 1112 2
6.7 2.588 2.590 2-592 2.594 2.596 2.598 2.600 2.602 2.604 2-606 0 01 I 1112 2
6.8 2.608 2.610 2.612 2-613 2.615 2.617 2.619 2.621 2-623 2.625 0 01 I 1112 2
6.9 2-627 2.629 2.631 2.632 2.634 2-636 2.638 2.640 2.642 2-644 0 01 I 1112 2

7.0 2.646 2.648 2.650 2-651 2.653 2.655 2.657 2.659 2-661 2.663 0 01 I 1112 2
7I 2.665 2.666 2-668 2.670 2-672 2-674 2.676 2.678 2.680 2.681 0 01 I 11112
7.2 2.683 2.685 2.687 2.689 2.691 2.693 2-694 2.696 2.698 2-700 0 01 I 11112
7.3 2.702 2.704 2.706 2-707 2.709 2.711 2.713 2.715 2.717 2.718 0 01 I 11112
7.4 2.720 2.722 2.724 2-726 2-728 2.729 2.731 2.733 2.735 2-737 0 01 1 11112
7.5 2.739 2.740 2-742 2.744 2.746 2.748 2.750 2.751 2.753 2-755 0 01 I 11112
7.6 2-757 2.759 2-760 2.762 2.764 2.766 2.768 2.769 2.771 2.773 0 01 I 11112
7.7 2.775 2.777 2.778 2.780 2.782 2.784 2.786 2-787 2.789 2.791 0 01 I 11112
7.8 2.793 2.795 2.796 2.798 2.800 2.802 2-804 2.805 2-807 2-809 0 01 I 11112
7.9 2.811 2.812 2.814 2.816 2.818 2.820 2.821 2-823 2.825 2.827 0 01 I 11112
8.0 2.828 2-830 2-832 2-834 2.835 2-837 2.839 2.841 2.843 2.844 0 01 I 11112
8.1 2.846 2-848 2-850 2-851 2.853 2.855 2857 2.858 2-860 2-862 0 01 I 11112
8.2 2.864 2.865 2-867 2-869 2-871 2.872 2-874 2.876 2.877 2.879 0 01 I 11112
8.3 2.881 2.881 2-884 2.886 2.888 2.890 2.891 2.893 2.895 2.897 0 01 I 11112
8.4 2.898 2.9n0 2.902 2.903 2.905 2.907 2-909 2.910 2.912 2.914 0 01 I 11112
8.5 2.915 2.917 2.919 2.921 2-922 2.924 2.926 2.927 2.929 2.931 0 01 I 11112
8.6 2.933 2.934 2.936 2-938 2.939 2.941 2.943 2.944 2.946 2.948 0 01 I 11112
8.7 2.950 2.951 2.953 2-955 2.956 2.958 2.960 2.961 2.963 2.965 0 01 I 11112
8.8 2.966 2.968 2.970 2.972 2.973 2-975 2.977 2.978 2.980 2.982 0 0 I I 11112
8.9 2.983 2.985 2.987 2-988 2.990 2.992 2.993 2.995 2-997 2.998 0 01 I 11112

9.0 3.000 3-002 3-003 3.005 3-007 3.008 3.010 3.012 3.013 3.015 0 0 0 I 11111
9I 3.017 3.018 3-020 3.022 3-023 3.025 3-027 3.028 3.030 3.032 0 0 0 I 11111
9.2 3.033 3-035 3.036 3.038 3.040 3-041 3-043 3-045 3-046 3-048 0 0 0 I 11111
9.3 3.050 3.051 3.053 3.055 3.056 3.058 3.059 3-061 3.063 3-064 0 0 0 I 11111
9.4 30.66 3.068 3.069 3.071 3-072 3-074 3.076 3.077 3.079 3-081 0 0 0 I 11111

9.5 3.082 3.084 3-085 3.087 3.089 3.090 3.092 3-094 3-095 3.097 0 0 0 I 11111
9.6 3.098 3.100 3.102 3.103 3.105 3.106 3.108 3.110 3.111 3.113 0 0 0 I 11111
9.7 3.114 3.116 3.118 3.119 3.121 3.122 3.124 3.126 3.127 3-129 0 0 0 I 11111
9.8 3.130 3-132 3.134 3.135 3.137 3.138 3.140 3.142 3.143 3.145 0 0 0 I 11111
9.9 3.146 3.148 3.150 3.151 3.153 3.154 3.156 3.158 3.159 3.161 0 0 0 1 11111

143
 SQUARE ROOTS. From 10 to 100

Mean Differences
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 3.162 3.1783194 3.209 3.225 3.240 3.256 3.271 3.286 3.302 2 3 5 6 8 9 II 12 14

II 3.317 3332 3.347 3.362 3.376 3.391 3.406 3.421 3.435 3.450 13 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
12 3.464 3.479 3.493 3.507 3.521 3.536 3.550 3.564 3.578 3.592 13 4 6 7 8 10 II 13
13 3.606 3-619 3.633 3.647 3.661 3.674 3.688 3.701 3.715 3.728 13 4 5 7 8 10 II 12
14 3.742 3.755 3.768 3.782 3.795 3.808 3-821 3.834 3.847 3.860 13 4 5 7 8 9 II 12

15 3.873 3-886 3.899 3.912 3.924 3.937 3.950 3.962 3-975 3.987 13 4 5 6 8 9 10 II
16 4-000 4-012 4.025 4.037 4.050 4-062 4.074 4.087 4.099 4.111 12 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
17 4.123 4.135 4.147 4.159 4.171 4.183 4.195 4.207 4.219 4.231 12 4 5 6 7 8 10 II
18 4.243 4-254 4.266 4.278 4.290 4.301 4.313 4.324 4.336 4.347 12 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
19 4359 4.370 4.382 4.393 4.405 4-416 4.427 4.438 4.450 4.461 12 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

20 4.472 4-483 4.494 4.506 4.517 4.528 4.539 4.550 4.561 4.572 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
21 4583 4.593 4.604 4.615 4.626 4.637 4.648 4.658 4.669 4.680 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
22 4.690 4.701 4.712 4.722 4.733 4.743 4754 4764 4.775 4.785 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
23 4.796 4.806 4.817 4.827 4.837 4.848 4.858 4.868 4.879 4-889 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
24 4.899 4.909 4.919 4.930 4.940 4.950 4.960 4.970 4.980 4.990 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

25 5.000 5010 5.020 5-030 5.040 5-050 5 060 5.070 5.079 5.089 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
26 5.099 5.109 5.119 5.128 5.138 5.148 5-158 5.167 5177 5.187 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
27 5.196 5.206 5.215 5.225 5.235 5.244 5.254 5.263 5.273 5.282 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
28 5-292 5-301 5.310 5.320 5.329 5-339 5-348 5.357 5.367 5.376 12 3 4 5 6 7 7 8
29 5.385 5.394 5.404 5.413 5-422 5-431 5.441 5.450 5.459 5.468 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8

30 5477 5.486 5-495 5.505 5.514 5.523 5.532 5.541 5.550 5.559 12 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
31 5.568 5.577 5.586 5.595 5-604 5.612 5-621 5.630 5.639 5.648 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
32 5.657 5.666 5.675 5.683 5.692 5.701 5.710 5.718 5.727 5.736 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
33 5-745 5.753 5.762 5.771 5.779 5.788 5-797 5.805 5-814 5.822 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
34 5-831 5.840 5.848 5.857 5.865 5.874 5.882 5.891 5.899 5.908 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8

35 5.916 5-925 5-933 5.941 5.950 5.958 5-967 5.975 5.983 5-992 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
36 6.000 6.008 6.017 6.025 6033 6042 6.050 6.058 6-066 6.075 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
37 6.083 6.091 6.099 6107 6.116 6.124 6.132 6.140 6.148 6-156 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
38 6.164 6.173 6.181 6-189 6.197 6205 6.213 6.221 6.229 6-237 12 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
39 6.245 6.253 6.261 6.269 6.277 6.285 6.293 6301 6.Z03 6.317 12 2 3 4 5 6 6 7

40 6.325 6.332 6.340 6-348 6.356 6.364 6.372 6.380 6.387 6.395 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
41 6.403 6.411 6.419 6.427 6.434 6.442 6.450 6.458 6.465 6.473 12 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
42 6.481 6.488 6-496 6-504 6.512 6.519 6.527 6.535 6.542 6.550 12 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
43 6.557 6-565 6.573 6-580 6.588 5.595 6.603 6.611 6-618 6.626 12 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
44 6.633 6.641 6.648 6.656 6.663 6.671 6.678 6.686 6.693 6.701 12 2 3 4 5 5 6 7

4S 6.708 6.716 6.723 6.731 6.738 6.745 6.753 6.760 7.768 6.775 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
46 6782 6790 6.797 6.804 6.812 6-819 6.826 6.834 6.841 6.848 I I 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
47 6.856 6.863 6.870 6.877 6.885 6-892 6.899 6.907 6.914 6.921 1 I 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
48 6.928 6.935 6.943 6.950 6.957 6.964 6.971 6.979 6.986 6-993 1 I 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
49 7.000 7.007 7.014 7.021 7.029 7.036 7.043 7.050 7.057 7.064 1 I 2 3 4 4 5 6 6

SO 7.071 7.078 7-085 7.092 7.099 7.106 7.113 7.120 7.127 7.134 I 12 3 4 4 5 6 6
51 7.141 7.148 7.155 7.162 7.169 7.176 7.183 7.190 7.197 7.204 112 3 4 4 5 6 6
52 7.211 7.218 7.225 7.232 7.239 7.246 7.253 7.259 7.266 7.273 112 3 3 4 5 6 6
53 7.280 7.287 7.294 7.301 7.308 7.314 7.321 7.328 7.335 7342 112 3 3 4 5 5 6
54 7.348 7.355 7.362 7.369 7.376 7-382 7.389 7.396 7.403 7.409 112 3 3 4 5 5 6

144
 SQUARE ROOTS. From 10 to 100 -continued

Mean Differences

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

55 7.416 7.423 7.430 7.436 7-443 7.450 7.457 7-463 7.470 7.477 I I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
56 7-483 7.490 7-497 7.503 7-510 7-517 7.523 7530 7-537 7.543 I 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
57 7.550 7-556 7-563 7.570 7576 7583 7-589 7-596 7.603 7.609 1 I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
58 7616 7.622 7.629 7.635 7.642 7.649 7.655 7.662 7.668 7-675 112 3 3 4 5 5 6
59 7.681 7.688 7-694 7.701 7-707 7-714 7.720 7.727 7.733 7.740 I 12 3 3 4 4 5 6

60 7.746 7.752 7.759 7.765 7.772 7-778 7-785 7.791 7797 7804 I I 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
61 7810 7.817 7.823 7.829 7.836 7-842 7.849 7855 7.861 7.868 I 12 3 3 4 4 5 6
62 7.874 7.880 7.887 7.893 7.899 7.906 7.912 7.918 7-925 7.931 112 3 3 4 4 5 6
63 7.937 7.944 7.950 7.956 7.962 7.969 7.975 7.981 7.987 7.994 112 3 3 4 4 5 6
64 8.000 8.006 8.012 8.019 8-025 8.031 8.037 8-044 8.050 8-056 112 2 3 4 4 5 6

65 8.062 8.068 8-075 8-081 8-087 8.093 8.099 8.106 8.112 8.118 I 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
66 8-124 8.130 8.136 8.142 8-149 8-155 8161 8.167 8.173 8-179 I 12 2 3 4 4 5 5
67 8.185 8.191 8.198 8.204 8.210 8.216 8.222 8.228 8.234 8.240 112 2 3 4 4 5 5
68 8.246 8.252 8.258 8.264 8.270 8-276 8.283 8.289 8.295 8.301 112 2 3 4 4 5 5
69 8-307 8.313 8.319 8.325 8.331 8.337 8.343 8-349 8.355 8.361 I I 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

70 8.367 8.373 8.379 8.385 8.390 8.396 8.402 8.408 8.414 8.420 112 2 3 4 4 5 5
71 8-426 8.432 8.438 8.444 8.450 8.456 8.462 8.468 8.473 8.479 1 12 2 3 4 4 5 5
72 8.485 8.491 8.497 8.503 8.509 8-515 8-521 8.526 8.532 8538 I I 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
73 8-544 8.550 8.556 8.562 8-567 8.573 8-579 8.585 8.591 8.597 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
74 8602 8608 8-614 8.620 8.626 8-631 8.637 8-643 8.649 8.654 I I 2 2 3 3 4 5 5

75 8.660 8.666 8-672 8.678 8.683 8-689 8.695 8.701 8.706 8-712 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
76 8718 8.724 8.729 8.735 8.742 8.746 8.752 8.758 8.764 8.769 112 2 3 3 4 5 5
77 8.775 8-781 8786 8-792 8.798 8.803 8.809 8.815 8.820 8826 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
78 8.832 8.837 8.843 8.849 8.854 8.860 8.866 8.871 8-877 8883 112 2 3 3 4 4 5
79 8.888 8894 8.899 8-905 8.911 8.916 8.922 8-927 8-933 8.939 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

80 8.944 8.950 8.955 8.961 8.967 8.972 8.978 8-983 8.989 8.994 I 12 2 3 3 4 4 5
81 9-000 9.006 9.011 9.017 9.022 9-028 9.033 9.039 9.044 9.050 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
82 9.055 9.061 9.066 9.072 9.077 9-083 9-088 9094 9099 9-105 I 12 2 3 3 4 4 5
83 9-110 9.116 9-121 9.127 9.132 9.138 9.143 9.149 9.154 9-160 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
84 9-165 9.171 9.176 9.182 9.187 9.192 9-198 9203 9209 9.214 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

85 9.220 9.225 9.230 9.236 9.241 9-247 9-252 9-257 9.263 9.268 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
86 9.274 9.279 9.284 9.290 9-295 9301 9.306 9-311 9.317 9.322 I 12 2 3 3 4 4 5
87 9-327 9.333 9.338 9.343 9.349 9.354 9.359 9.365 9.370 9.375 112 2 3 3 4 4 5
88 9381 9.386 9.391 9.397 9.402 9.407 9.413 9.418 9.423 9.429 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
89 9.434 9.439 9.445 9.450 9.455 9-460 9.466 9.471 9.476 9.482 112 2 3 3 4 4 5

90 9-487 9-492 9.497 9.503 9.508 9-513 9-518 9-524 9.529 9.534 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
91 9539 9.545 9.550 9.555 9.560 9.566 9.571 9-576 9.581 9.586 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
92 9.592 9-597 9.602 9-607 9.612 9.618 9.623 9.628 9.633 9.638 I 12 2 3 3 4 4 5
93 9.644 9.649 9-654 9-659 9-664 9.670 9.675 9.680 9.685 9.690 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
94 9.695 9.701 9.706 9.711 9.716 9-721 9-726 9.731 9.737 9.742 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

95 9.747 9.752 9-757 9-762 9.767 9.772 9.778 9.783 9.788 9.793 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
96 9.798 9-803 9-808 9.813 9.818 9.823 9.829 9-834 9-839 9.844 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
97 9-849 9.854 9-859 9.864 9-869 9.874 9.879 9.884 9.889 9.894 I I I 2 3 3 4 4 5
98 9.899 9.905 9.910 9-915 9.920 9-925 9.930 9.935 9.940 9.945 0 I I 2 2 3 3 4 4
99 9-950 9-955 9-960 9.965 9.970 9-975 9.980 9.985 9.990 9.995 0 I 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

145
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 INDEX
page page
Aerial current, effect of amplitude Distance, horizon .. .. 102
modulation on .. 59 Great Circle .. 102, 103
Aerials, broadside arrays .. 61,62 Drill sizes, standard, and standard
folded dipoles .. 60 wire gauge 122-4
half -wave dipoles, length of .. 57 tapping and clearance for BSF and
V and rhombic .. 57 BSW threads .. 125
Yagi arrays .. 58,59 tapping and clearance for BA screws 125
Alphabet, Greek .. .. 115 Dynamic resistance, calculation of .. 8
phonetic .. .. 80
Amateur bands in the UK .. .. 82 Electrical and magnetic units .. 113
Amateur transmitter ratings .. 86-8 Emissions, designation of .. .. 80
Amplifiers, linear r.f. 24-6 typical classification of .. .. 81
Anode circuit, chart to determine
constants of .. 34 Feeder cables, characteristics of typical 53
A.f. amplifier, stage gain in .. .. 13 Feeder line impedances .. 51
Attenuator, 75 ohm for receiver input 41 Filters, band pass .. . . 38
half -wave .. .. 40
B.A. screws, etc., dimensions of 126, 127 high pass .. .. 38
Band plan, European .. 83 low pass .. .. 38
Canadian .. .. 83 TVI .. 39, 40
USA 84 Filters s.s.b., frequencies of FT241
84,85 crystals for .. 133
Bands, amateur in the UK .. .. 82 Flexible cords, rubber and PVC .. 72
Beaufort wind scale .. .. 104 Flux density, peak .. .. 12
Bias resistor, calculation of .. .. 7 Fractions of an inch, metric equiva-
Broadcast frequencies, UK long and lents of .. .. 114
medium wave .. .. 92 Frequency allocations, Band 1 96, 97
Band 2 .. 97, 98
Cables, r.f. British .. .. 53 Band 3 .. .. 99
r.f. US RG series .. 54, 55 Bands 4 and 5 .. 100
current ratings for .. .. 71 Frequency multipliers 26
Capacitance, calculation of .. 7 Frequency services, standard 88, 89
Capacitors, series .. .. 7 Frequency to wavelength conversion 91
parallel 7 FT241 crystals, fundamental frequen-
colour code for .. 130 cies of .. .. 132
self resonant frequencies of. 66 frequencies for s.s.b. filters .. 133
Cathode follower .. .. 13 Fuse wire table
Circuit symbols 128, 129
Coastal radio services .. 85 Great Circle calculations 102, 103
Coaxial resonators .. .. 46 Greek alphabet 115
Code, signal -reporting, SINPO .. 131 Grid circuit, chart to determine con-
signal -reporting, SINPFEMO .. 131 stants of .. 35
Coils, winding on standard formers 67-9
Colour code for resistors and capaci- Horizon distance .. 102
tors .. 130
Conversion factors .. .. 112 I.f. transformers, capacitance for
Couplers, wideband 36, 37 resonance .. .. 66
Crystals, FT241, fundamental fre- Impedance .. .. 8, 9
quencies of .. 132 feeder line .. .. 51
frequencies for s.s.b. filters .. 133 matching .. .. 47
Inductance .. .. 9
Decibels .. 7, 8 Inductances, series .. 10
voltage and power ratios .. 66 parallel .. 10
Diodes, semiconductor power rectifier 75 Insulating materials 119-21
147
 page page
Linear amplifiers 24-6 Screws, etc., B.A., dimensions of 126, 127
Logarithms .. . 134, 135 SI units . . . . . . 109-11
hyperbolic or naperian . 136, 137 SINPO, signal -reporting code .. 131
SINPFEMO, signal -reporting code .. 131
Magnetising force .. .. 12 Spectrum, radio frequency .. .. 90
Materials, insulating .. 119-21 S.s.b. transmitters, rating of 86, 87
weights of .. 117 Stabilizer dropper resistance .. 10
Metals, comparative resistances of 72 Stage gain, calculation of 13, 14
properties of . . 116 Standing wave ratio chart .. 49
Meteorological, data .. 104 Strip lines .. 52
Beaufort wind scale 104 Stub matching .. 48
Clouds 105 Symbols, circuit 128, 129
relative humidity 104
pressure .. 104 Tables, degrees of radians .. 140, 141
visibility .. .. 104 logarithms .. .. 134, 135
Modulation, anode 20-4 Naperian logarithms .. 136, 137
depth abac .. 63 natural sines, tangents, cotangents
effect on aerial current .. 59 and cosines . 138, 139
transformer ratios .. .. 64 square roots 142-5
Multiples and sub -multiples .. 111 Tank circuits, pi -network for 1.8-30
Multipliers, frequency .. 26 Mc/s . . . . . . 27-35
Television interference diagnosis chart 42
Negative feedback .. .. 14 Television channel frequencies, Band 1 93
Noise diode curves . .. 15 Band 3 .. .. 93
Noise factor .. 14, 15 Band 4 . . 93
Noise resistance, equivalent r.f. .. 14 Band 5 93
Republic of Ireland . 94
Ohms law, formula .. .. 10 Australian .. .. 94
chart .. .. 108 New Zealand .. 94
Output transformer ratios .. .. 65 USA .. 95
UHF .. 95
Pi -network, tank circuits for 1.8-30 Television systems, world 92
Mc/s 27-35 Time constant, formula 12
Phonetic alphabet .. 80 graph . 73
Power, calculation of .. .. 10 Thermometer scales, Centigrade and
Power amplifiers, r.f. 16-19 Fahrenheit 105
Toroidal cores
Q factor, calculation of 11 Transformer ratios .. 12, 13
Q value, calculation of 10, 11 Transformers, balance -to -balance .. 47
Transistors, bipolar and field effect 101
Radio frequency amplifiers, operating Transmission line resonators 43-5
conditions of . .. 16-26 Transmission lines, formulae .. 50
anode modulated amplifier 20-4 Transmitter, ratings 86-8
Class A and B linear amplifiers 24-6
Class C telegraphy 16-18
Units, International system of 109-11
Frequency multipliers .. 26 CGS and MKS .. 113
Grounded grid .. 26 electrical and magnetic .. 113
Radio frequency spectrum .. .. 90
Reactance, calculation of .. 11
Reactance and resonance chart, a.f. 106 Valve characteristics .. 13, 14
r.f. .. 107 stage gain .. .. 13
Rectification power, circuits and stage gain of RC amplifiers 13-14
ratings .. .. 74 Voltage multiplier circuits .. .. 75
ripple charts 76-9
voltage multiplier circuits .. 75 Waveguide sizes .. 56
Resistors, series . 11 Wavelength to frequency conversion 91
parallel .. 11 Weights of materials .. .. 117
colour code for .. .. 130 Wideband couplers .. .. 36, 37
Resonance, calculation of .. 11 Wire gauge, standard, and drill sizes
Resonators, coaxial .. 46 122-4
transmission line 43-5 Wire table, British standard copper .. 70
Ripple charts 76-9 WWV schedule .. 89
148