MODULE in RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS
This module will discuss the condition of liquids where every particle of it is at rest with
respect to the other particle and to the containing vessel, the entire mass, including the vessel
has a uniformly accelerated motion with respect to earth. The liquid may either be in equilibrium
or at rest in every particle and to the containing vessel but it is neither in equilibrium nor at rest
.
Hydrokinetics deals with liquids that are in motion with respect to the earth and to its
containers where the retarding effects of friction is being consider.
Relative equilibrium of fluids is considered as the half-way state between hydrostatics and
hydrokinetics.
LEARNING CONTENTS a
VESSEL MOVING WITH CONSTANT LINEAR ACCELERATION
W
a=0 a
N
From the first figure the vessel is not in motion where a=0, but it starts to move at a certain
direction the water inside the vessel starts to form an angle with the horizontal at it accelerates.
To determine the value of the angle or slope, it is important to consider the forces acting on the
liquid.
acceleration is the resultant of all the other forces that acts upon the mass. The force of gravity
resultant of the pressure produced by the particles of liquids which is normal to the free surface.
FBD W= Mg
F = REF=
Reverse Effective Force = Ma
F = Ma
Problem 1: A vessel containing liquid moves horizontally along a straight line. What is the form of
the liquid surface when the vessel moves with?
a. A constant velocity of 5m/sec
There will be no acceleration when the velocity is constant therefore the liquid surface is
horizontal.
b. A constant acceleration of
Therefore with the horizontal.
Problem 2: An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5m long, 2m wide
and 2.5m high is filled with water to a depth of 2m.
a. What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank
without spilling and water?
5m
0.5 m
2.5 m 2.5 m
2.0 m
b. Determine the accelerating Force, F = Ma
c. If the acceleration is increased to
5m
2.5 m
When
Vertical Motion
To be able to determine the relative pressure at a point in a container of fluid
accelerated upward or downward we must consider a force acting at that point of height
REF= ma
a
h
W =mg
F=
Note : + accelerated upward (-) downward acceleration
Problem # 3 : An open tank containing oil ( sp. Gr = 0.82) ia accelerated vertically at .
Determine the pressure 2.5 m below the surface if the motion is:
a) upward with positive acceleration
b.) Upward motion with a negative acceleration
use
c) downward with positive acceleration
d.) downward motion with a negative acceleration
use
Problem #4 : A cylindrical water tank used to lift water to the top of a tower is 2.0 m high. If the
pressure at the bottom of the tank must not exceed 25 KPa, what maximum vertical acceleraion
can be imposed in the cylinder when it is filled with water?
c. Inclined Motion
Motion going upward
Motion going downward
PROBLEM #5: A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15° with the
horizontal at . Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the motion is
a. Upward
b. downward Motion
Rotating Vessel about a Vertical Axis
A liquid mass rotated about the vertical axis with a constant angular velocity
every particle of the liquid has a normal acceleration .
Let us consider a force that acts on the small mass of the liquid M with the
The mass has a uniform circular motion a centripetal force which
causes or known as the REVERSE EFFECTIVE FORCE Linear or but
normal acceleration is equal to .
Integrate both sides
For cylindrical container
Volume of the parabolid is equal to ½ the volume of the cylinder
A. Open Cylindrical tank partially filled with water rotated at an
angular velocity.
h/2
h/2
B. Closed Cylindrical Vessel:
No pressure at the top of the vessel and it is full of water.
C. No pressure at the top of the vessel but partially filled with
water.
D. The vessel is full of water and with pressure on top of it.
Problemm#6: An open cylindrical vessel 0.60 m in diameter
and 0.90m high is 2/3 full of liquid. If the vessel is rotated about
its vertical axis.
a. What is the greatest speed in revolutions per minute that it
can have without causing any liquid to spill over the sides?
b. What speed must it have in order that the depth at the center
be zero?
c. What speed must it have in order that there may be no liquid
within 150mm of the vertical axis?
Problem #7
An open cylindrical tank 1.2m in diameter and 1.8m deep is
filled with water and rotated about its own axis at 60
revolutions per minute. How much liquid is spilled and what is
the pressure at the center of its bottom?
1.2 m
1.8 m
