11/01/2022, 09:49 Market Forms of Steel | Materials | Engineering

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Following are the standard shapes in which the

rolled steel sections are available in the market:

(1) Angle Sections:

The angle sections may be of equal legs or unequal
legs as shown in fig. 11-3 and fig. 11-4 respectively.
The equal angle sections are available in sizes varying
from 20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm to 200 mm x 200 mm x
25 mm. The corresponding weights per metre length
are respectively 9 N and 736 N.

The unequal angle sections are available in sizes

varying from 30 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm to 200 mm x 150
mm x 18 mm. The corresponding weights per metre
length are respectively 11 N and 469 N. Fig 11-3 shows
an equal angle section of size 100 mm x 100 mm x 10
Iron-Carbon
mm with weight per metre length as 149 N. Fig. 11-4 Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy
shows an unequal angle section of size 90 mm x 60
mm x 10 mm with weight per metre length as 110 N.
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11/01/2022, 09:49 Market Forms of Steel | Materials | Engineering

The angle sections are extensively used in the

structural steelwork especially in the construction of
steel roof trusses and filler joist floors.

(2) Channel Sections:

The channel sections consist of a web with two equal
flanges as shown in fig. 11-5. A channel section is
designated by the height of web and width of flange.
These sections are available in sizes varying from 100
mm x 45 mm to 400 mm x 100 mm. The corresponding
weights per metre length are respectively 58 N and 494
N. Fig. 11-5 shows a channel section of size 300 mm x
100 mm with weight per metre length as 331 N.

Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy

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11/01/2022, 09:49 Market Forms of Steel | Materials | Engineering

The Bureau of Indian Standards has classified channel

sections as junior channel, light channel and medium
channel and accordingly they are designated as
I.S.J.C., I.S.L.C. and I.S.M.C. respectively.

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The channel sections are widely used as the structural

members of the steel framed structures.

(3) Corrugated Sheets:

These are formed by passing steel sheets through
grooves. These grooves bend and press steel sheets
and corrugations are formed on the sheets. These
corrugated sheets are usually galvanized and they are
referred to as the galvanized iron sheets or G.I. sheets.
These sheets are widely used for roof covering.

(4) Expanded Metal:

This form of steel is available in different shapes and
sizes. Fig. 11-6 shows a plain expanded metal. It is
prepared from sheets of mild steel which are machine
cut and drawn out or expanded. A diamond mesh
appearance is thus formed throughout the whole area
of the sheet.

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The expanded metal is widely used for reinforcing

concrete in foundations, roads, floors, bridges, etc. It is
also used as lathing material and for partitions.

(5) T-Sections:
The shape of this section is like that of letter T and it
consists of flange and web as shown in fig. 11-8. It is
designated by overall dimensions and thickness. These
sections are available in sizes varying from 20 mm X
20 mm x 3 mm to 150 mm x 150 mm x 10 mm. The
corresponding weights per metre length are 9 N and
228 N respectively.

Fig. 11-8 shows T-section of size 100 mm X 100 mm x

10 mm with weight per metre length as 150 N. The
special T-sections with unequal sides, bulbs at the
bottom edge of web, etc. are also available. These
sections are widely used as members of the steel roof
trusses and to form built-up sections.

(6) I-Sections:
These are popularly known as the rolled steel joists or
beams. It consists of two flanges connected by a web
as shown in fig. 11-7. It is designated by overall depth,
width of flange and weight per metre length. They are
available in various sizes varying from 75 mm x 50 mm
at 61 N to 600 mm x 210 mm at 995 N.
Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy
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Fig. 11-7 shows a joist of size 300 mm X 150 mm at

377 N. The wide flange beams are available in sizes
varying from 150 mm X 100 mm at 170 N to 600 mm x
250 mm at 1451 N. The beams suitable for columns
are available in H-sections which vary in sizes from 150
mm x 150 mm at 271 N to 450 mm x 250 mm at 925 N.

The Bureau of Indian Standards has classified the I-

sections into junior beams, light beams, medium
beams, wide-flange beams and heavy beams and they
are accordingly designated as I.S.J.B., I.S.L.B.,
I.S.M.B., I.S.W.B. and I.S.H.B. respectively.

The R.S. joists are economical in material and they are

suitable for floor beams, lintels, columns, etc. The
economy in material is achieved by concentrating the
material in two flanges where the bending stresses are
maximum.

(7) Plates:
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The plate sections of steel are available in different

sizes with thickness varying from 5 mm to 50 mm. The
corresponding weights per square metre are 392 N and
3925 N respectively.

They are used mainly for the following purposes in

the structural steelwork:

(i) To connect steel beams for extension of the length;

(ii) To serve as tension members of steel roof truss;

and

(iii) To form built-up sections of steel.

(8) Ribbed (HYSD) Bars:

These bars are produced from the ribbed which is a
deformed high strength steel. These bars have ribs or
projections on their surface and they are produced by
controlled cold twisting of hot-rolled bars. Each bar is to
be twisted individually and it is tested to confirm the
standard requirements. These bars are also called
High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD) bars.

The ribbed (HYSD) bars are available in sizes varying

from 6 mm to 50 mm diameter, with the corresponding
weights per metre length as 2.22 N and 154.10 N.

These bars are widely used as reinforcement in

concrete structures such as buildings, bridges, docks
and harbour structures, roads, irrigation works, pile
foundations, pre-cast concrete works, etc.

Following are the advantages of the ribbed (HYSD)

bars:

(i) It is possible to bend these bars through 180°

without formation of any cracks or fractures on their
outside surface.
Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy
(ii) It is possible to weld certain type of ribbed HYSD
bars by electric flash butt welding or arc welding.

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(iii) There is overall reduction in reinforcement cost to
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the extent of about 30 to 40 per cent when these bars
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11/01/2022, 09:49 Market Forms of Steel | Materials | Engineering

are used.

(iv) These bars are easily identified as they have got

peculiar shape.

(v) These bars possess better structural properties than

ordinary plain round bars. It is therefore possible to
design with higher stresses.

(vi) These bars possess excellent bonding properties

and hence the end hooks are not required.

(vii) They can be used for all major types of reinforced

concrete structures.

(viii) They serve as efficient and economical concrete

reinforcement.

(ix) When these bars are used, the processes of

bending, fixing and handling are simplified to a great
extent. It results into less labour charges.

(9) Round Bars:

These are available in circular cross-sections with
diameters varying from 5 mm to 250 mm. They are
widely used as reinforcement in concrete structures,
construction of steel grillwork, etc. The commonly used
cross-sections have diameters varying from 5 mm to 25
mm with the corresponding weights per metre length as
1.50 N and 38 N respectively.

(10) Square Bars:

These are available in square cross-section with sides
varying from 5 mm to 250 mm. They are widely used in
the construction of steel grillwork, for windows, gates,
etc. The commonly use a cross-sections have sides
varying from 5 mm to 25 mm with corresponding
weights per metre length as 2 N and 49 N respectively.
Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy
(11) Flat Bars:
These are available in suitable widths varying from 10
mm to 400 mm with thickness varying from 3 mm to 40 Read Next Story
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11/01/2022, 09:49 Market Forms of Steel | Materials | Engineering

mm. They are widely used in the construction of steel

grillwork for windows and gates.

(12) Ribbed Mild Steel Bars:

These are the hot rolled mild steel bars but during
rolling steel rods, ribs are produced on them. These
ribs increase the bond strength of the bars. Such
ribbed mild steel bars are not recommended in the
code, but are available in the market. They look like
high strength ribbed bars, but the allowable stresses in
these ribbed mild steel bars are much lower than
HYSD bars. These bars should not be used in R.C.C.
work.

(13) Thermo-Mechanically Treated Bars

(TMT Bars):
Sudden quenching of red hot steel bars by a spray of
water can produce steel bars with high strength at the
surface with a core of mild steel. As the core of the wire
is still hot, the heat inside helps in tempering the
surface. The result is a structure with tempered
martensite on the periphery and a fine grained ferrite-
pearlite at the centre.

The combined strength of these materials raises the

yield point of steel with the high percentage of
elongation at ultimate failure. TMT bars are also rolled
with ribs to increase the bond strength.

They are more corrosion resistance than cold twisted

bars. Special TMT-CRS bars (Thermo-Mechanically
Treated Corrosion Resistant Steel bars) are also
available in the market, in which high corrosion
resistance is achieved by adding corrosion resistant
elements like copper, phosphorous and chromium.
These bars are produced in three grades like Fe 415,
Fe 500 and Fe 550.

Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy

(14) Cold Twisted Deformed Bars (CTD
Bars):
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11/01/2022, 09:49 Market Forms of Steel | Materials | Engineering

of high grade mild steel, with three or more parallel

straight ribs and other indentations on it. After cooling,
they are twisted by a separate operation so that the
steel is strained beyond the elastic limit and then
released.

This operation raises the yield point of steel for

subsequent tensile or compressive stresses. Thus, its
strength is increased. Normally welding is not done in
this type of steel as the strength of the steel is
increased due to cold working.

CTD bars can be easily identified in the field. As the

projections were rolled straight on the bars in hot
rolling, they will form a helix around the bars while cold
twisting. The bars can also be examined for efficiency
in twisting by measuring the pitch. Cold twisting
introduces residual stresses in the steel. Hence, these
bars corrode much faster than other steel bars and not
used in many advanced countries.

(15) Welded Wire Fabrics (WWF):

Welded wire fabric is fabricated from a series of wires
arranged at right angles to each other and electrically
welded at all intersections. It is made from medium
tensile steel drawn out from higher diameter mild steel
bars. It is much stronger than mild steel and are
available in different width rolls.

Welded Wire Fabric (WWF) has various uses in

reinforced concrete construction. It is mostly used for
floor slabs on well-compacted ground. Heavier fabric,
supplied mainly in flat sheets, is often used in walls and
for the primary reinforcement in structural floor slabs. It
is also used in road and runway pavements, box
culverts and small canal linings.

Four numbers are used to designate the style of wire

mesh i.e. 6 by 6 – 8 by 8. Here, the first number 6
Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Metallurgy
indicates the lengthwise spacing of the wire in inches;
the second number 6 indicates the crosswise spacing
of the wire in inches; the last two numbers (8 by 8)
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indicate the size of the wire on the Washburn and

Moen gauge.

In addition to fifteen standard shapes, the rolled steel

sections are also available in miscellaneous sections
such as acute and obtuse angle sections, rail sections,
trough sections and z-sections. These miscellaneous
sections are used to a limited extent in the structural
steelwork.

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