V.
Purna sai sandeep reddy
U17EC140
ESD LAB-1 (LINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATOR)
Aim: To design linear voltage regulator using Op-amp and discrete components.
Also to find out its line and load regulation.
Theory:A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage independent
of the load current, temperature and a line voltage variation. The function of voltage regulator
should be capable of providing substantial output current.
It is classified as Series regulator and Switching regulator
Series Regulator:
The following are the major components of Regulator circuit.
• Reference voltage circuit
• Comparator
• Control element
• Sampling circuit.
Circuit Diagram:
Line Regulation:
Load Regulation:
Observations:
Line Regulation (Rl=1K)
Vin(V) Vout(V) ΔVout/Vin
5 5.004 1.0008
6 6.004 1
7 7.003 0.999
8 8.001 0.998
9 8.999 0.998
10 9.284 0.294
11 9.293 0.009
12 9.300 0.007
13 9.307 0.007
14 9.313 0.006
15 9.318 0.005
20 9.338 0.004
Load Regulation
Vin = 15V
ΔVout/Vin
RL(Ω) IL(mA) Vout(V)
0.5K 18.6 9.318 0
1K 9.32 9.318 0
2K 4.66 9.318 0
3K 3.11 9.318 0
4K 2.33 9.318 0
5K 1.86 9.318 0
6K 1.55 9.318 0
7K 1.33 9.318 0
8K 1.16 9.318 0
9K 1.04 9.318 0
10K 0.932 9.318 0
Graphs:
Line Regulation
Rl=1K
Load Regulation
Vin = 15V
Conclusion: In this experiment we implemented series voltage regulator based on Zener diode
and saw the output results for both line and load regulations. Thus Vout is constant for load
regulation and for line regulation it becomes saturated after certain input level.
V.Purna sai sandeep reddy
U17EC140
ESD LAB-1 LOW AND HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATION)
Aim: Low and high voltage generation using IC 723 and foldback current limiting circuit.
Theory:
Description of IC 723:
The LM723/LM723C is a voltage regulator designed primarily for series regulator applications.
By itself, it will supply output currents up to 150 mA; but external transistors can be added to
provide any desired load current. The circuit features extremely low standby current drain, and
provision is made for either linear or foldback current limiting.
The LM723/LM723C is also useful in a wide range of other applications such as a shunt
regulator, a current regulator or a temperature controller.
Features of IC 723:
• 150mA output current without external pass transistor
• Input voltage 40V Max
• Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 37 V
• Can be used as either a linear or switching regulator
Circuit Diagram:
Low Voltage Regulator:
High Voltage Regulator:
Fold Back Current Limiting:
Conclusion: In this experiment we have designed and implemented the low, high voltage
generation and foldback current limiting circuit using IC 723. We also calculated the
corresponding output load current and voltage.
V.Purna sai sandeep reddy
U17EC140
ESD LAB-3 (BUCK TYPE SMPS AND BOOST TYPE SMPS)
Aim:
A) Design & Implementation of Buck Type SMPS.
B) Design & Implementation of Boost Type SMPS.
Theory:
A switching regulator is a voltage regulator that uses a switching element to transform the
incoming power supply into a pulsed voltage, which is then smoothed using capacitors,
inductors, and other elements. Power is supplied from the input to the output by turning ON a
switch (MOSFET) until the desired voltage is reached. Once the output voltage reaches the
predetermined value the switch element is turned OFF and no input power is consumed.
Repeating this operation at high speeds makes it possible to supply voltage efficiently and with
less heat generation.
There are mainly three types of Switching Regulators. They are,
a) Buck Converter
b) Boost Converter
c) Buck-Boost Converter
Buck Converter:
A buck converter can step-down a higher voltage on the input to a lower voltage on the output.
This is similar to a linear regulator, except a buck regulator will waste much less power. If the
input voltage is much higher than the desired output voltage a buck regulator is usually
preferable to a linear regulator.
Buck Converter has two modes of operation: Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and
Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). In CCM, the buck power stage assumes two stages of
cycle. In the ON state, switch is ON and diode is OFF and in the OFF state, switch is OFF and
diode is ON.
Boost Converter:
A boost converter can step-up a lower voltage on the input to a higher voltage on the output
The inductor connected to input source leads to a constant input current, and thus the Boost
converter is seen as the constant current input source. And the load can be seen as a constant
voltage source. The controlled switch is turned on and off by using Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM). When duty cycle (D) of PWM increases, the output voltage increases. When D
decreases, the output voltage decreases.
Waveforms of Buck and Boost Converter:
Buck Converter
B) Boost Converter
Circuit Diagram:
Buck Converter:
Boost Converter:
Simulation Results:
Buck Converter:
Boost Converter:
Calculations:
Given Duty cycle of 60% to both transistors in Buck and Boost converter and input voltage (Vin)
of 12V.
Buck Converter:
Vout = (D)*Vin
Vout = 0.6 * 12V
Vout = 7.2V
Boost Converter:
Vout = Vin / (1-D)
Vout = 12 / (1-0.6)
Vout = 30V
Observations:
Converter Vout (V) (Theortical) Vout (V) (Practical)
Buck 7.2 6.85
Boost 30 28.7
Conclusion: In this experiment, we learned about Buck and Boost Converter, how to implement
them and found their results and found the results are closed to expected.
V.Purna sai sandeep reddy
U17EC140
ESD LAB-4 (BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER)
Aim: Design a buck-boost converter to regulate the output voltage
Theory:
Buck-Boost Converter:
A buck-boost boost converter can supply a regulated DC output from a power source delivering
a voltage either below or above the regulated output voltage. A buck-boost converter circuit
combines elements of both a buck converter and a boost converter, however they are often
larger in footprint than either alternative. The below simplified circuit diagram shows a typical
flow of current during a switching event through a buck-boost converter.
As you may have noticed in the circuit diagram, V out is actually negative with respect to the
supply potential, which can complicate certain designs. Buck-boost converters also require
more expensive components as they need to withstand both high Vin max voltage and high
input current at Vin min, but they are useful in many applications. A very common use of
buck-boost converters are for high power LED lighting where, for example, lead-acid batteries
supply a nominal 9-14V to a constant 12V LED load.
The basic principle of the inverting buck–boost converter
• while in the On-state, the input voltage source is directly connected to the inductor (L).
This results in accumulating energy in L. In this stage, the capacitor supplies energy to the
output load.
• while in the Off-state, the inductor is connected to the output load and capacitor, so
energy is transferred from L to C and R.
Circuit Diagram:
Simulations:
Buck Converter (For D = 0.3)
Boost Converter (For D = 0.6):
Calculations:
Given Duty cycle of 60% to both transistors in Buck and Boost converter and input voltage (Vin)
of 12V.
Buck Converter:
D=0.3
Vout = -(D/(1-D))*Vin
Vout = -(0.3/(1-0.3))* 12V
Vout = -5.14V
Boost Converter:
Vout = -(D/(1-D))*Vin
Vout = -(0.6/(1-0.6))* 12V
Vout = -18V
Observations
Converter Vout (V) (Theortical) Vout (V) (Practical)
Buck -5.14 - 4.15
Boost -18 -17
Conclusion: In this experiment, we learned about Buck Boost Converter, how to implement it
and obtained their results for 0 to 0.5 D which acts as buck and greater than 0.5 to 2/3 D to get
boost and found results are closed to expected.
V.Purna sai sandeep reddy
U17EC140
ESD LAB-5 (LOG AND ANTI-LOG AMPLIFIER)
Aim:To design log and anti-log amplifier with operational amplifier using
A) Diode.
B) Transistor.
Theory:
LOG AMPLIFIER:
A logarithmic amplifier, or a log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an output that is
proportional to the logarithm of the applied input. An op-amp based logarithmic amplifier
produces a voltage at the output, which is proportional to the logarithm of the voltage applied
to the resistor connected to its inverting terminal. the non-inverting input terminal of the
op-amp is connected to ground. That means zero volts is applied at the non-inverting input
terminal of the op-amp. According to the virtual short concept, the voltage at the inverting
input terminal of an op-amp will be equal to the voltage at its non-inverting input terminal. So,
the voltage at the inverting input terminal will be zero volts.
OP-AMP DIODE LOG AMPLIFIER:
This is nothing but an Op-Amp wired in closed loop inverting configuration with a diode in the
feedback path. The voltage across the diode will be always proportional to the log of the
current through it and when a diode is placed in the feedback path of an opamp in inverting
mode, the output voltage will be proportional to the negative log of the input current. Since the
input current is proportional to the input voltage, we can say that the output voltage will be
proportional to the negative log of the input voltage.
Op-Amp Transistor Log Amplifier:
In this configuration a transistor is placed in the feedback path of an opamp wired in inverting
mode. Collector of the transistor is connected to the inverting input of the opamp, emitter to
output and base is grounded. The necessary condition for a log amp to work is that the input
voltage must be always positive.
ANTI-LOG AMPLIFIER:
An anti-log amplifier is an electronic circuit that produces an output that is proportional to the
anti-logarithm of the applied input. An op-amp based anti-logarithmic amplifier produces a
voltage at the output, which is proportional to the antilog of the voltage that is applied to the
diode connected to its inverting terminal.
In basic antilog amplifier using diode the positions of diode and resistance are exchanged as
compared to basic log amplifier circuit. The non-inverting terminal is grounded and therefore,
inverting terminal is at virtual ground. Hence, =0. The output voltage is proportional to the
exponential function of . The exponential function is antilog and thus the circuit works as an
antilog amplifier.
The basic antilog amplifier using transistor comprises of a BJT (PNP), resistor (R) and op-amp.
The input is applied through transistor Q at the inverting terminal. �$is the output voltage.
The non-inverting terminal of the op-amp is connected to the ground. This implied the voltage
at non-inverting terminal ( ) is 0 volts. Also, there is a 180-degree phase difference
between input and output. It is used in analog multiplied circuits.
Op-Amp Diode Anti-Log Amplifier:
According to the PN junction diode equation, the relationship between current and voltage for
a diode is
1 (i)
Where is diode current,
is the saturation current, is Voltage across the diode and
is the thermal voltage.
Since is positive here and is a small quantity, equation (i) can be approximated as
(ii)
Since an ideal Op Amp has infinite input resistance, the input current has only one path and
that is through the resistor.
(iii)
Since the inverting input pin of Op Amp is virtually grounded,
(iv)
(v)
Comparing equations (ii), (iv) & (v)
(vi)
Op-Amp Transistor Anti-Log Amplifier:
We know that, for a transistor
!"
1# (vii)
Where is the collector current,
is the saturation current, $% is Voltage across the
diode and is the thermal voltage.
Since %$ is positive here and is a small quantity, equation (vii) can be approximated as
!"
(viii)
Since an ideal Op Amp has infinite input resistance, the input current has only one path and
that is through the transistor.
(ix)
Since the inverting input pin of Op Amp is virtually grounded,
$% (x)
(xi)
Comparing equations (viii), (x), & (xi)
(xii)
Circuit Diagram:
Log Amplifier with Diode:
Log Amplifier with Transistor:
Anti-Log Amplifier with Diode:
Anti-Log Amplifier with Transistor:
Observation Table:
Log Amplifier with Diode:
Vin Id Vd Vout
0.1 0.0000412 0.413293 -0.41226
0.2 0.000199 0.446016 -0.44498
0.3 0.000299 0.46506 -0.46403
0.4 0.000399 0.478527 -0.4775
0.5 0.000499 0.488992 -0.48796
0.6 0.000599 0.497579 -0.49655
0.7 0.000699 0.504787 -0.50375
0.8 0.000799 0.511035 -0.51
0.9 0.000899 0.51655 -0.51552
1 0.000999 0.521482 -0.52045
2 0.002001 0.554009 -0.55298
3 0.003001 0.573015 -0.57198
4 0.003999 0.586482 -0.58545
5 0.004999 0.596962 -0.59593
6 0.006004 0.605571 -0.60454
Graph:
Log Amplifier with Transistor
Vin I(Ic) Vbe V(Vout)
0.1 9.88978E-05 0.714367 -0.71437
0.2 0.000199088 0.732463 -0.73246
0.3 0.000299123 0.742993 -0.74299
0.4 0.000398907 0.750438 -0.75044
0.5 0.000498898 0.756224 -0.75622
0.6 0.000599394 0.76097 -0.76097
0.7 0.000699207 0.764954 -0.76495
0.8 0.000799068 0.768407 -0.76841
0.9 0.000899008 0.771455 -0.77145
1 0.000998897 0.77418 -0.77418
2 0.002000699 0.792145 -0.79215
3 0.00300106 0.802632 -0.80263
4 0.003998987 0.810057 -0.81006
5 0.004998905 0.81583 -0.81583
6 0.006003828 0.820567 -0.82057
7 0.007001977 0.824545 -0.82455
8 0.008000594 0.827993 -0.82799
9 0.009000002 0.831038 -0.83104
10 0.009999666 0.833762 -0.83376
Graph:
Anti-Log Amplifier with Diode
Vin I(Id) V(Vd) V(Vout)
0.1 1.05E-07 0.098971 0.000994
0.2 9.98E-07 0.198971 0.000101
0.3 8.57E-06 0.298971 -0.00747
0.4 7.28E-05 0.39897 -0.07171
0.5 0.000617 0.498967 -0.61634
0.6 0.005214 0.598943 -5.21298
0.7 0.01415 0.646005 -14.0959
0.8 0.014251 0.64634 -14.0967
0.9 0.01435 0.64667 -14.0965
1 0.014449 0.646997 -14.0963
2 0.015444 0.650151 -14.0938
3 0.016438 0.653111 -14.091
4 0.017432 0.655898 -14.088
5 0.018426 0.658533 -14.0845
6 0.01942 0.66103 -14.0805
7 0.020412 0.663403 -14.0757
8 0.021404 0.665663 -14.0699
9 0.022395 0.66782 -14.0623
10 0.023382 0.669878 -14.0516
Graph:
Anti-Log Amplifier with Transistor
Vin Ic VEB Vout
0.1 9.53E-12 0.1 0.001099
0.2 4.84E-10 0.2 0.001098
0.3 2.33E-08 0.3 0.001075
0.4 1.12E-06 0.4 -1.7E-05
0.5 5.35E-05 0.5 -0.0524
0.6 0.002547 0.6 -2.54588
0.7 0.014783 0.7 -14.0955
0.8 0.014883 0.8 -14.0952
0.9 0.014978 0.9 -14.095
1 0.01507 1 -14.0947
2 0.015999 2 -14.0923
3 0.016951 3 -14.0895
4 0.017893 4 -14.0864
5 0.018833 5 -14.0829
6 0.019772 6 -14.0789
7 0.020711 7 -14.0741
8 0.021648 8 -14.0682
9 0.022584 9 -14.0606
10 0.023517 10 -14.0498
Graph:
Conclusion: In this experiment, we learned about the log amplifier and anti-log amplifier using
diode and transistor and simulated to verify the relation between the input and output voltages
and the graph almost traces out the log and anti-log curve respectively.
